Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 102 1664 2412639 2412599 2022-08-08T14:42:59Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/92.184.124.245|92.184.124.245]] ([[User_talk:92.184.124.245|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Mtarch11|Mtarch11]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{{{#titleparts:Portal:Humanities|1}}/start tab}} {{box-transclude|Introduction|The Humanities Portal}} <div style="float:left; width:66%; min-width:300px;"> {{Portal:Humanities/box-header|Featured Resource|Portal:Humanities/Featured Resource}} {{#invoke:Portals|lead|{{#invoke:Portals|randomlink|Portal:Humanities/Featured Resource}}}} {{clear}} {{Portal:Humanities/box-footer|}} {{Portal:Humanities/box-header|Featured Picture|Portal:Humanities/Featured Picture}} [[{{#invoke:Portals|randomlink|Portal:Humanities/Featured Picture}}]] {{Portal:Humanities/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; 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height: 60px;" colspan="1" | <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><big>[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|128px]] Film</big></big></big></div> |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 60%; background-color: LightYellow; border: 1px solid Gray; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" | [[Image:Crystal Clear action editcut.png|100px|right]] == Film== ;The many subjects of "Film" :Film covers a wide range of topics. *Narrative film production *Documentary film production *Film studies (writing film reviews) ---- ---- Currently, the only completed courses are for narrative film production. <div style="text-align: center;"><big>To start, go to [[filmmaking]].</big></div> | style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid Gray; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" rowspan="1" | <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png]]</div> == Narrative Film Production== ;Three courses *Pre-production - an introduction to film making using FrameForge 3D Studio. *Film editing - a course where you edit actual scenes from old and forgotten television productions. *Film scoring - a course for musicians and filmmakers who want to create musical sound effects for motion pictures using programs like GarageBand with Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra. |} ==Possible projects== * [[Collaborative script writing]] ==Resources== {{Col}} * [[w: Film]] * [[w: Film theory]] * [[w: Film industry]] * [[w: Filmmaking]] {{Break}} * [[w: Film crew]] * [[w: Basic outline of film topics]] * [[w: List of film topics]] * [[w: Screenplay]] {{Break}} * [[w: Film producer]] * [[w: Pre-production]] * [[w: Post-production]] {{Col/end}} ==See also== * [[Film scoring]] * [[Film photography]] * [[Film writing]] * [[Music in film|Topic:Music in film]] * [[Film editing]] * [[Journeys in Film]] * [[Film learning project]] * [[Acting (Film and Stage)|Topic:Acting (Film and Stage)]] * [[Film workspace]] * [[Film Studies|Topic:History of Film]] * [[Asian film studies]] * [[Making a film]] *[[Filmmaking]] * [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1&ns4=1&ns100=1&ns102=1&ns104=1&search=film&fulltext=Advanced+search Search] [[Category:Film| ]] [[Category:Film School| ]] [[Category:Narrative Film Production]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Film Scoring Lessons]] 5q3xfu0wzi3e76reidn5o2abrfb34zb 103 23096 2412609 2343948 2022-08-08T13:03:10Z 41.113.227.224 /* Physics */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki If you want to experiment with a radical new version of [[Portal:Science]] you can work at [[Portal:Sciencenew]]. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 16:09, 18 January 2007 (UTC) If you update featured content on the portal, make sure that you update [[Portal:Science/Featured]]. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 18:45, 18 January 2007 (UTC) == resource == [[Wikipedia:Fields of science]] may be useful. --[[User:Remi|Remi]] 01:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC) == The zero consept == I want to know if we can make 2=1 [[Special:Contributions/197.46.156.251|197.46.156.251]] ([[User talk:197.46.156.251|discuss]]) 20:33, 3 November 2021 (UTC) :Sure. Raise both sides with a [[Wikipedia: Zero exponent|zero exponent]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:07, 3 November 2021 (UTC) == Physics == Electrostatic [[Special:Contributions/41.113.227.224|41.113.227.224]] ([[User talk:41.113.227.224|discuss]]) 13:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC) kvokfyzl32dnj8omae19v1w8vr3yudl 0 60170 2412684 2400201 2022-08-08T21:06:17Z 102.140.242.101 wikitext text/x-wiki 2412685 2412684 2022-08-08T21:19:36Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/102.140.242.101|102.140.242.101]] ([[User_talk:102.140.242.101|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rise to Power''' :* Georgian from lower classes. :* 1905- Stalin led fighting squads in bank robberies to raise money for the Bolshevik Party. He was characterized as a basic thug. :* 1917- Stalin was the editor of the official Communist Newspaper, the ''Pravda''. At this time, Trotsky was in the US, and Lenin in Switzerland. :* April 1917- elected to the Politburo of the central committee. :* 1917-1923: Commissar for Nationalities :* 1922- Stalin made General secretary of the Central Committee; this was seen as a minor position by the others, but it allowed Stalin to build his power base. He was referred to by others as "Comrade Card-Index". Stalin began to fill positions with cronies. :* A dying Lenin explained his fear of Stalin's imprudence in his Testament, stating that his views were too extreme and his methods too violent. However, he didn't think that his natural heir would be the best ruler for the USSR either. He believed that the best way to lead the country would be if Stalin and Trotsky were to work together. :*1924- Stalin forms the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev against Trotsky. :*Stalin organized Lenin's funeral and made a speech which religiously told of his devotion and loyalty. Stalin undermined Trotsky by misleading him about the date of the funeral, thus Trotsky did not attend. This showed the Soviet public that Stalin cared more about their fallen leader. :*Stalin referred back to a document where Trotsky slandered Lenin pre-revolutionary doctrine. Stalin also played on the fact that Trotsky joined the Bolsheviks just before the revolution and that he was a Bonapartist threat. :*Stalin was also extremely manipulative. As soon as Trotsky had been eliminated, Stalin joined forces with the right wing and Bukharin and went against Kamenev and Zinoviev. Using the fact that they had voted against insurrection in 1917. :*In 1927, he turned against the right and Bukharin. :* There was a popular appeal to Stalin since he was a man of the people. Also his Socialism in One Country appealed to a people who had been fighting since 1914 and simply wanted peace. :* He had dominated the leadership by 1928, but would not gain control until The Purges. '''Five Year Plan''' :* The NEP introduced following the failure of War Communism which allowed for a sufficient degree of market flexibility under the context of socialism. This was because 1922 levels of output were at 14% of the ones in 1914. :*Stalin established the GOSPLAN in 1927. This was a state general planning commission which had a goal to accelerate industrialization. In 1929, it wrote two drafts which eventually became the basis for the five year plan. :*It shifted from the NEP and placed the emphasis on central planning. It focused on the transformation of a largely agrarian nation consisting of peasants into an industrial superpower. It attempted to increase coal, iron, and other vital resources. :*1928-1933: Pig iron rose from 3.3 million to 10 million ::*Coal from 34 to 75 ::*Ore from 5.7 to 14 ::*In addition, there were numerous tractor, automobile, and machinery plants built. :*It succeeded in 4 years, Stalin announced his success. The costs were extremely high. Some 127,000 workers died during the four years that it ran. Collectivization helped induce a famine where some 10 million people died. :* Soviets stated that Economic Growth was around 13.9%, Americans think it's around 5%. '''Collectivization''' :* Intended to increase agricultural output. Consolidated farms into collective farms or state farms. Transfer of land from the kulaks to the peasants. :*1928- Stalin blamed the kulaks for the lack of grain. To some extent this was true, as grain was hoarded by peasants. :*1929- tried to modernize agriculture. Predicted an increase of 200% of output. Collectivization at this point was voluntary, but only some 2% of the peasants agreed. By November of 1929, collectivization was absolutely mandatory. :* It was good for those without land, but not good for those with it. Widespread opposition, sometimes even sabotage. Peasants were forced to join the collective farms. The kulak class was liquidated. ::* 1/6 of kulaks died. ::* 6 million peasants lost their lives. :* 1930- number collectivized fell as 50%, peasants began to simply leave. :* 1936- 90% collectivized. Many farmers refused to work. :* 125,000 peasants sentenced to death for staling collective farming. ::* Lack of success lead to the Great Famine of 1932-1933. Ukraine was hit hard especially since there was no warning as the government attempted to make it secret. '''Social liberalization''' :* Women were given equal education, rights to employment. Stalinist development led to an improvement in health care and the quality of life. Stalin's policies granted universal access to health and education which cut down on malaria, cholera, and typhus. New generation of almost university literate. New generation of Soviet women who could give birth in hospitals. '''Culture and Religion''' :* Socialist realism made the official style for music, drama, literature, art, and almost everything. :* Artists and poets persecuted. :* Hunted down on the church. ::*Only mere hundreds of active parishes ::*Thousands of priests were killed, churches leveled. :* Reintroduced as a patriotic organization during WW2. '''Great Purge''' :* Stalin's consolidation of power, justified by the assassination of Sergei Kirov, a popular leader in Leningrad. Evidence has come to light that the death of Kirov, once blamed by Stalin on the opposition was actually ordered by Stalin himself because he feared that Kirov was more popular and could take over his position. :* Communist party itself purged. Millions died, the exact number is unknown. Carried out by the NKVD. :*1933- 400,000 members were expelled from the party. :* Moscow Trials from 1936- 16 members of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre. Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev sentenced to death and executed. Another minor one in 1937. :* 1938- Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov executed, as well as Right Wing politicians. :* Also in 1937, purging of the military including the general Mikhail Tukachevsky who was said to have connections with the German high command. :* Stalin would be the only living member of Lenin's politburo. Leon Trotsky would be assassinated in 1940 by with an icepick while exiled in Mexico. :* People who were killed were removed from texts and photographs. NKVD leader Yezhov also purged in 1938. '''Cult of Personality''' :* Numerous towns renamed after Stalin :* Grandesque titles such as "Father of all nations" and the "Great Helmsman". :* Focus on literature, poetry, music, and films. ====Struggle for Leadership==== ---- :*In the early 1920's, a lot of the idealism that was in the minds of Russia's people ceased to exist. In January 1923, Lenin published in article in which he supported the idea of Russia's people being educated about the revolution. Two months later, in March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke and lost the ability to speak, and implicitly, of ruling Russia. :*This left a power vacuum in Russia. His successor would be the most powerful man in the country. There were five candidates for this: ::*'''Leon Trotsky.''' He was an able revolutionary, who had managed to win the Civil War. He had been Lenin's right hand man. He had led the Red Army, but Trotsky was idealist and very arrogant. He refused to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk and believed in world revolution. Furthermore, he had previously been a 'Menshevik,' something which Stalin successfully used against him. ::*'''Grigory Zinoviev.''' He was a colleague of Lenin, and head of the COMINTERN. ::*'''Lev Kamenev.''' He was the president of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party. ::*'''Stalin.''' He was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Main Commissar for Nationalities. He was of Georgian descent. ::*'''Bukharin''': Editor of the Pravda, believed that the economy should develop at its own pace and was Pro-NEP. :*Stalin, the most powerful, managed to unite with Kamenev and Zinoviev against Trotsky, the second most powerful. This was known as the '''Triumvirate'''. It was powerful from 1922-1924 until Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Trotsky in order to oppose Stalin. Their main reason lay in Trotsky's belief that governmental control was vital in fueling a permanent revolution. '''Politics from 1917 to 1924''': Had to deal with internal and external opposition. Party was becoming a mass movement and the bureaucracy remained from the Tsarist regime. Council of People's Commissars formed, which has 10 main members- the most powerful body and greatest concentration of power. Stalin was appointed the General Secretary in 1922. This placed him in a position by which he could influence who obtained positions of power within the regime. By 1921, the bureaucracy was 10 times larger than the Tsarist one, consuming 90% of Russia's paper. In 1921, Lenin introduced his ban on factions. The CHEKA was used as government policy to incite the Red Terror from 1921 to 1923. The CHEKA included 30,000 members and was responsible for two million deaths. :::*Trotsky "We will not enter the kingdom of socialism with white gloves on a polished floor" '''Nationalities from 1917-1924''': Russia was a huge country with many different nationalities. At first, Lenin advocated self-determination, but in the 1920s he began to change his mind after the failed invasion of Poland. He made Stalin, a Georgian, Commissar for nationalities. Ukraine is retaken in 1921 and made part of the old empire. Asian states are brought into the empire. The USSR emerges in 1922. '''Culture and Social Life from 1917-1924''': Religion is banned, 8,000 clergy members are killed in the terror and the state acquired the wealth of the church. There is more personal freedom, it is easier to divorce, women gain equal property rights, and there is more freedom of expression. However, in 1924 all the writers and poets became exiled. :*Even with the improvements that Lenin's NEP brought in Russia, Stalin still supported the idea of '''Socialism in One Country.''' He thought that the Soviet Union must first be a well-established country before trying to spread its communism. :*It was clear that whoever became the ruler of Russia had to be very close to Lenin. Stalin fostered a cult of personality around Lenin, and emphasized his own close relationship with the dead leader. In this way, he could gain support from those who sympathised with Lenin's beliefs. :*An important feature of Stalin’s rise to power is the way that he manipulated his opponents and played them off against each other. Stalin formed a "troika" of himself, Zinoviev, and Kamenev against Trotsky. When Trotsky had been eliminated Stalin then joined Bukharin and Rykov against Zinoviev and Kamenev, emphasizing their vote against the insurrection in 1917. Zinoviev and Kamenev then turned to Lenin's widow, Krupskaya; they formed the United Opposition in July 1926. :*In 1927 during the 15th Party Congress Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the party and Kamenev lost his seat on the Central Committee. Stalin soon turned against the "Right Opposition", represented by his erstwhile allies, Bukharin and Rykov. :*Stalin gained popular appeal from his presentation as a 'man of the people' from the poorer classes. The Russian people were tired from the world war and the civil war, and Stalin's policy of concentrating in building "Socialism in One Country" was seen as an optimistic antidote to war. ==== Collectivization ==== ---- :*"We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this gap in 10 years. Either we do it or they crush us." (Stalin 1931) Stalin and xenophobic. By 1926, NEP is not an effective policy. 17% of what is grown is marketed. Most of the food is hoarded by peasants in fear of a famine. :*'''Collectivization''': Stalin's plan for agricultural reform. Attempted to increase efficiency and productivity through modernization and improvement in agricultural methods. It was piloted in Siberia in 1927, and then made the official government policy later that year. It involved large farms owned by the state of a workforce of 1,000. Resources and labour were shared on the land, the government took a percentage of what was produced regularly. It was introduced in the country in 1929 as a volunteer program, but no one wanted to join and so it was made mandatory. Between December 1929 and March 1930, 60% of peasants were collectivized. By June, only 25% of peasants are collectivized, as 35% leave their collective farms. The process happened again in by September 1930, this time much more organized and peasants were given incentives to join such as tractors. By 1936, collectivization is complete and the Kulak class (rich peasants who owned land) were collectivized or sent to Gulags. :*'''Famine''': (1931-1934) 10-15 million people die, but kept a secret. This is because peasants burned their crops to avoid collectivization and collectivization was slow to get going. This is due to Stalin's emphasis to push collectivization too quickly. :*Stalin's regime moved to force collectivization of agriculture. This was intended to increase agricultural output from large-scale mechanized farms, to bring the peasantry under more direct political control, and to make tax collection more efficient. Collectivization meant a drastic drop in living standards for many peasants, and it faced violent reaction among the peasantry. :*The '''Kulaks''', the rich peasants who owned land posed the greatest problem. Stalin believed that peasants, being the backbone of the USSR, were supposed to work for the country, and not for themselves. :*There were many problems, though. Farms were unable to benefit from modern equipment, and a great number of them still used methods developed in the Middle Ages. Transportation was also a great problem, and often the collection and distribution of goods were severely slowed down. :*The Kulaks were killed or deported to Gulags, so that the USSR can benefit from their land. This created an immense famine, because: Peasants the peasants were supposed to take over the Kulak's land and property. The latter, reluctant, burned everything. The produce that was meant for the rapidly-industrializing cities was slowed down by a terrible transportation system. O:*Overall, seven million people were deported to Siberia, and most of them found their death there. For the Communist Party, the Collectivization was a success, as it had achieved its goal of having complete control over the agriculture and what was going on in the countryside. ==== The Five Year Plans ==== ---- The Two Five Year plans are best viewed from an Economic and Social Perspective. '''Economic: ''' :*The GOSPLAN (state planning commission) was to guide the economy towards rapid industrialization. It established the 1st '''Five Year Plan''' (’28 – ’32), focusing on the mobilization of natural resources to build up a heavy industrial base by increasing output of coal and iron. '''At high human cost, this was largely successful.''' Output of coal rose from 35 to 75 million tons, and iron ore from 5.7 to 19. The goals were fulfilled in 4 years. The 2nd FYP (’32 –’36) saw an 80% rise in steel production, to 17 million tons. The USSR was just behind Germany as a major steel-producing country. The 2nd Five Year Plan was not uniformly successful, failing to reach the planned production levels in coal and oil. By 1936, 90% of farms were collectivized. '''Social: ''' :*In the USSR, by 1940, employment tripled to 8.3 million. The industrialization of agriculture reduced unemployment to virtually 0. In 1924 there were 6 million students, while in 1939 there were 13 million. The people benefited from a degree of social liberalization. Women were given equal rights in labor and education. Universal access to healthcare increased life spans by decades. ====Nature of the Soviet State==== ---- :*By the late 1930's, Stalin had managed to centralize and plan the USSR's economy. Priority was given to the heavy industry, as Stalin thought it to be "the way of the future". Socially, workers in lower ranks do have a chance of succeeding, but this can only be done through their own hard work. :*The intelligentia were used to contribute to political goals, meaning that the Communist Party benefited from everything. Stalin created the Cult of Personality around him. His one man leadership was supported by a great deal of propaganda. :*The USSR became, in fact, a Totalitarian Society, in which Stalin was the autocrat. ====The Purges==== ---- :*Stalin's Purges originated during the early 1930's as 'means of punishing those blamed for the lack of succese of the Five Year Plans.' Eventually, it became a means by which Stalin resolved his suspicion of all those around him and managed to rid the Communist Party of those who Stalin considered "unfaithful" members. It's worth mentioning that both Kamenev and Zinoviev were executed in 1936, during the '''Moscow Show Trials'''. These trials had verdicts predetermined by Stalin, and were merely formalities. They also served as an effective warning to other members of the Communist Party. Stalin used more of these trials to dispose of other political adversaries, such as Serge Kirov. :*Eventually, only two of Lenins's initial Politburo survived: Stalin and Trotsky. Trotsky was assassinated with an icepick in 1940 while living in Mexico. Stalin died on March 3 1953 after suffering from an apparent paralyzing stroke. Some people believe that he was poisoned by his own party members. Before his death Stalin had been on the verge of beginning a new series of purges and had considered poisoning his own party to cleanse the system, i.e. Jewish Doctor's Plot. ====Foreign Relations==== ---- :*After Lenin's death, the more industrialized powers saw Russia and the Soviet Union as a threat, and therefore isolated it from commercial and political relations, even though it tried to establish political relations with the Western Countries. :*Eventually, the USSR signed a treaty with the Weimar Republic by which the latter would give the former technology in exchange for natural resources. The Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact that divided Poland was eventually the starter of WWII. Nazi-Soviet Pact :*Axis formed in Oct. 1936. Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, Nov. By this time, Stalin giving up on collective security. :*Nazi gains in 1938, destroyed any hope of USSR getting help from West :*Munich Conference in October, USSR not included, France and Britain surrendered Czech Sudetenland to Hitler and made Czechoslovakia indefensible :*Stalin signs friendship treaty with China, and supplies Chiang with arms and credits :*May 1939, Molotov replaces Litvinov as foreign commissar. Imposes rigid conformity upon Narkomindel. :*West promises to protect Poland and Romania, but Stalin not convinced. :*18th Party Congress, Stalin accuses West of trying to provoke war between Germany and Russia (March) :*August, West sends military missions. Too late, b/c Hitler already making negotiations with USSR. :*Aug. 23, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Pact signed. Secret: delimited Soviet and German spheres; Poland disintegrated, and partitioned. Happens with other countries as well :*USSR attacks Finland to gain land, so that they aren’t totally weak/completely dependent on Germany. Find much resistance, but finally win :*July 1940, Hitler wants to invade USSR :*Trying to avoid, Molotov states Soviet demands in pragmatic, power-political terms.: 1) Finland USSR’s, once German troops leave. 2) Security of USSR interests in Straits. 3) recognize area south of Batum and Baku in direction of Persian Gulf is recognized as center of the aspirations of the Soviet Union. :*Japan renounces rights to concessions for coal and oil in northern Sakhalin [[Category:Pages moved from Wikibooks]] celj542p13u13u0ej5fw8kdy2hefys8 2412686 2412685 2022-08-08T21:19:51Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Protected "[[IB History Review Guide/The USSR and Stalin]]": Excessive vandalism ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 21:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 21:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC))) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rise to Power''' :* Georgian from lower classes. :* 1905- Stalin led fighting squads in bank robberies to raise money for the Bolshevik Party. He was characterized as a basic thug. :* 1917- Stalin was the editor of the official Communist Newspaper, the ''Pravda''. At this time, Trotsky was in the US, and Lenin in Switzerland. :* April 1917- elected to the Politburo of the central committee. :* 1917-1923: Commissar for Nationalities :* 1922- Stalin made General secretary of the Central Committee; this was seen as a minor position by the others, but it allowed Stalin to build his power base. He was referred to by others as "Comrade Card-Index". Stalin began to fill positions with cronies. :* A dying Lenin explained his fear of Stalin's imprudence in his Testament, stating that his views were too extreme and his methods too violent. However, he didn't think that his natural heir would be the best ruler for the USSR either. He believed that the best way to lead the country would be if Stalin and Trotsky were to work together. :*1924- Stalin forms the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev against Trotsky. :*Stalin organized Lenin's funeral and made a speech which religiously told of his devotion and loyalty. Stalin undermined Trotsky by misleading him about the date of the funeral, thus Trotsky did not attend. This showed the Soviet public that Stalin cared more about their fallen leader. :*Stalin referred back to a document where Trotsky slandered Lenin pre-revolutionary doctrine. Stalin also played on the fact that Trotsky joined the Bolsheviks just before the revolution and that he was a Bonapartist threat. :*Stalin was also extremely manipulative. As soon as Trotsky had been eliminated, Stalin joined forces with the right wing and Bukharin and went against Kamenev and Zinoviev. Using the fact that they had voted against insurrection in 1917. :*In 1927, he turned against the right and Bukharin. :* There was a popular appeal to Stalin since he was a man of the people. Also his Socialism in One Country appealed to a people who had been fighting since 1914 and simply wanted peace. :* He had dominated the leadership by 1928, but would not gain control until The Purges. '''Five Year Plan''' :* The NEP introduced following the failure of War Communism which allowed for a sufficient degree of market flexibility under the context of socialism. This was because 1922 levels of output were at 14% of the ones in 1914. :*Stalin established the GOSPLAN in 1927. This was a state general planning commission which had a goal to accelerate industrialization. In 1929, it wrote two drafts which eventually became the basis for the five year plan. :*It shifted from the NEP and placed the emphasis on central planning. It focused on the transformation of a largely agrarian nation consisting of peasants into an industrial superpower. It attempted to increase coal, iron, and other vital resources. :*1928-1933: Pig iron rose from 3.3 million to 10 million ::*Coal from 34 to 75 ::*Ore from 5.7 to 14 ::*In addition, there were numerous tractor, automobile, and machinery plants built. :*It succeeded in 4 years, Stalin announced his success. The costs were extremely high. Some 127,000 workers died during the four years that it ran. Collectivization helped induce a famine where some 10 million people died. :* Soviets stated that Economic Growth was around 13.9%, Americans think it's around 5%. '''Collectivization''' :* Intended to increase agricultural output. Consolidated farms into collective farms or state farms. Transfer of land from the kulaks to the peasants. :*1928- Stalin blamed the kulaks for the lack of grain. To some extent this was true, as grain was hoarded by peasants. :*1929- tried to modernize agriculture. Predicted an increase of 200% of output. Collectivization at this point was voluntary, but only some 2% of the peasants agreed. By November of 1929, collectivization was absolutely mandatory. :* It was good for those without land, but not good for those with it. Widespread opposition, sometimes even sabotage. Peasants were forced to join the collective farms. The kulak class was liquidated. ::* 1/6 of kulaks died. ::* 6 million peasants lost their lives. :* 1930- number collectivized fell as 50%, peasants began to simply leave. :* 1936- 90% collectivized. Many farmers refused to work. :* 125,000 peasants sentenced to death for staling collective farming. ::* Lack of success lead to the Great Famine of 1932-1933. Ukraine was hit hard especially since there was no warning as the government attempted to make it secret. '''Social liberalization''' :* Women were given equal education, rights to employment. Stalinist development led to an improvement in health care and the quality of life. Stalin's policies granted universal access to health and education which cut down on malaria, cholera, and typhus. New generation of almost university literate. New generation of Soviet women who could give birth in hospitals. '''Culture and Religion''' :* Socialist realism made the official style for music, drama, literature, art, and almost everything. :* Artists and poets persecuted. :* Hunted down on the church. ::*Only mere hundreds of active parishes ::*Thousands of priests were killed, churches leveled. :* Reintroduced as a patriotic organization during WW2. '''Great Purge''' :* Stalin's consolidation of power, justified by the assassination of Sergei Kirov, a popular leader in Leningrad. Evidence has come to light that the death of Kirov, once blamed by Stalin on the opposition was actually ordered by Stalin himself because he feared that Kirov was more popular and could take over his position. :* Communist party itself purged. Millions died, the exact number is unknown. Carried out by the NKVD. :*1933- 400,000 members were expelled from the party. :* Moscow Trials from 1936- 16 members of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre. Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev sentenced to death and executed. Another minor one in 1937. :* 1938- Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov executed, as well as Right Wing politicians. :* Also in 1937, purging of the military including the general Mikhail Tukachevsky who was said to have connections with the German high command. :* Stalin would be the only living member of Lenin's politburo. Leon Trotsky would be assassinated in 1940 by with an icepick while exiled in Mexico. :* People who were killed were removed from texts and photographs. NKVD leader Yezhov also purged in 1938. '''Cult of Personality''' :* Numerous towns renamed after Stalin :* Grandesque titles such as "Father of all nations" and the "Great Helmsman". :* Focus on literature, poetry, music, and films. ====Struggle for Leadership==== ---- :*In the early 1920's, a lot of the idealism that was in the minds of Russia's people ceased to exist. In January 1923, Lenin published in article in which he supported the idea of Russia's people being educated about the revolution. Two months later, in March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke and lost the ability to speak, and implicitly, of ruling Russia. :*This left a power vacuum in Russia. His successor would be the most powerful man in the country. There were five candidates for this: ::*'''Leon Trotsky.''' He was an able revolutionary, who had managed to win the Civil War. He had been Lenin's right hand man. He had led the Red Army, but Trotsky was idealist and very arrogant. He refused to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk and believed in world revolution. Furthermore, he had previously been a 'Menshevik,' something which Stalin successfully used against him. ::*'''Grigory Zinoviev.''' He was a colleague of Lenin, and head of the COMINTERN. ::*'''Lev Kamenev.''' He was the president of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party. ::*'''Stalin.''' He was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Main Commissar for Nationalities. He was of Georgian descent. ::*'''Bukharin''': Editor of the Pravda, believed that the economy should develop at its own pace and was Pro-NEP. :*Stalin, the most powerful, managed to unite with Kamenev and Zinoviev against Trotsky, the second most powerful. This was known as the '''Triumvirate'''. It was powerful from 1922-1924 until Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Trotsky in order to oppose Stalin. Their main reason lay in Trotsky's belief that governmental control was vital in fueling a permanent revolution. '''Politics from 1917 to 1924''': Had to deal with internal and external opposition. Party was becoming a mass movement and the bureaucracy remained from the Tsarist regime. Council of People's Commissars formed, which has 10 main members- the most powerful body and greatest concentration of power. Stalin was appointed the General Secretary in 1922. This placed him in a position by which he could influence who obtained positions of power within the regime. By 1921, the bureaucracy was 10 times larger than the Tsarist one, consuming 90% of Russia's paper. In 1921, Lenin introduced his ban on factions. The CHEKA was used as government policy to incite the Red Terror from 1921 to 1923. The CHEKA included 30,000 members and was responsible for two million deaths. :::*Trotsky "We will not enter the kingdom of socialism with white gloves on a polished floor" '''Nationalities from 1917-1924''': Russia was a huge country with many different nationalities. At first, Lenin advocated self-determination, but in the 1920s he began to change his mind after the failed invasion of Poland. He made Stalin, a Georgian, Commissar for nationalities. Ukraine is retaken in 1921 and made part of the old empire. Asian states are brought into the empire. The USSR emerges in 1922. '''Culture and Social Life from 1917-1924''': Religion is banned, 8,000 clergy members are killed in the terror and the state acquired the wealth of the church. There is more personal freedom, it is easier to divorce, women gain equal property rights, and there is more freedom of expression. However, in 1924 all the writers and poets became exiled. :*Even with the improvements that Lenin's NEP brought in Russia, Stalin still supported the idea of '''Socialism in One Country.''' He thought that the Soviet Union must first be a well-established country before trying to spread its communism. :*It was clear that whoever became the ruler of Russia had to be very close to Lenin. Stalin fostered a cult of personality around Lenin, and emphasized his own close relationship with the dead leader. In this way, he could gain support from those who sympathised with Lenin's beliefs. :*An important feature of Stalin’s rise to power is the way that he manipulated his opponents and played them off against each other. Stalin formed a "troika" of himself, Zinoviev, and Kamenev against Trotsky. When Trotsky had been eliminated Stalin then joined Bukharin and Rykov against Zinoviev and Kamenev, emphasizing their vote against the insurrection in 1917. Zinoviev and Kamenev then turned to Lenin's widow, Krupskaya; they formed the United Opposition in July 1926. :*In 1927 during the 15th Party Congress Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the party and Kamenev lost his seat on the Central Committee. Stalin soon turned against the "Right Opposition", represented by his erstwhile allies, Bukharin and Rykov. :*Stalin gained popular appeal from his presentation as a 'man of the people' from the poorer classes. The Russian people were tired from the world war and the civil war, and Stalin's policy of concentrating in building "Socialism in One Country" was seen as an optimistic antidote to war. ==== Collectivization ==== ---- :*"We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this gap in 10 years. Either we do it or they crush us." (Stalin 1931) Stalin and xenophobic. By 1926, NEP is not an effective policy. 17% of what is grown is marketed. Most of the food is hoarded by peasants in fear of a famine. :*'''Collectivization''': Stalin's plan for agricultural reform. Attempted to increase efficiency and productivity through modernization and improvement in agricultural methods. It was piloted in Siberia in 1927, and then made the official government policy later that year. It involved large farms owned by the state of a workforce of 1,000. Resources and labour were shared on the land, the government took a percentage of what was produced regularly. It was introduced in the country in 1929 as a volunteer program, but no one wanted to join and so it was made mandatory. Between December 1929 and March 1930, 60% of peasants were collectivized. By June, only 25% of peasants are collectivized, as 35% leave their collective farms. The process happened again in by September 1930, this time much more organized and peasants were given incentives to join such as tractors. By 1936, collectivization is complete and the Kulak class (rich peasants who owned land) were collectivized or sent to Gulags. :*'''Famine''': (1931-1934) 10-15 million people die, but kept a secret. This is because peasants burned their crops to avoid collectivization and collectivization was slow to get going. This is due to Stalin's emphasis to push collectivization too quickly. :*Stalin's regime moved to force collectivization of agriculture. This was intended to increase agricultural output from large-scale mechanized farms, to bring the peasantry under more direct political control, and to make tax collection more efficient. Collectivization meant a drastic drop in living standards for many peasants, and it faced violent reaction among the peasantry. :*The '''Kulaks''', the rich peasants who owned land posed the greatest problem. Stalin believed that peasants, being the backbone of the USSR, were supposed to work for the country, and not for themselves. :*There were many problems, though. Farms were unable to benefit from modern equipment, and a great number of them still used methods developed in the Middle Ages. Transportation was also a great problem, and often the collection and distribution of goods were severely slowed down. :*The Kulaks were killed or deported to Gulags, so that the USSR can benefit from their land. This created an immense famine, because: Peasants the peasants were supposed to take over the Kulak's land and property. The latter, reluctant, burned everything. The produce that was meant for the rapidly-industrializing cities was slowed down by a terrible transportation system. O:*Overall, seven million people were deported to Siberia, and most of them found their death there. For the Communist Party, the Collectivization was a success, as it had achieved its goal of having complete control over the agriculture and what was going on in the countryside. ==== The Five Year Plans ==== ---- The Two Five Year plans are best viewed from an Economic and Social Perspective. '''Economic: ''' :*The GOSPLAN (state planning commission) was to guide the economy towards rapid industrialization. It established the 1st '''Five Year Plan''' (’28 – ’32), focusing on the mobilization of natural resources to build up a heavy industrial base by increasing output of coal and iron. '''At high human cost, this was largely successful.''' Output of coal rose from 35 to 75 million tons, and iron ore from 5.7 to 19. The goals were fulfilled in 4 years. The 2nd FYP (’32 –’36) saw an 80% rise in steel production, to 17 million tons. The USSR was just behind Germany as a major steel-producing country. The 2nd Five Year Plan was not uniformly successful, failing to reach the planned production levels in coal and oil. By 1936, 90% of farms were collectivized. '''Social: ''' :*In the USSR, by 1940, employment tripled to 8.3 million. The industrialization of agriculture reduced unemployment to virtually 0. In 1924 there were 6 million students, while in 1939 there were 13 million. The people benefited from a degree of social liberalization. Women were given equal rights in labor and education. Universal access to healthcare increased life spans by decades. ====Nature of the Soviet State==== ---- :*By the late 1930's, Stalin had managed to centralize and plan the USSR's economy. Priority was given to the heavy industry, as Stalin thought it to be "the way of the future". Socially, workers in lower ranks do have a chance of succeeding, but this can only be done through their own hard work. :*The intelligentia were used to contribute to political goals, meaning that the Communist Party benefited from everything. Stalin created the Cult of Personality around him. His one man leadership was supported by a great deal of propaganda. :*The USSR became, in fact, a Totalitarian Society, in which Stalin was the autocrat. ====The Purges==== ---- :*Stalin's Purges originated during the early 1930's as 'means of punishing those blamed for the lack of succese of the Five Year Plans.' Eventually, it became a means by which Stalin resolved his suspicion of all those around him and managed to rid the Communist Party of those who Stalin considered "unfaithful" members. It's worth mentioning that both Kamenev and Zinoviev were executed in 1936, during the '''Moscow Show Trials'''. These trials had verdicts predetermined by Stalin, and were merely formalities. They also served as an effective warning to other members of the Communist Party. Stalin used more of these trials to dispose of other political adversaries, such as Serge Kirov. :*Eventually, only two of Lenins's initial Politburo survived: Stalin and Trotsky. Trotsky was assassinated with an icepick in 1940 while living in Mexico. Stalin died on March 3 1953 after suffering from an apparent paralyzing stroke. Some people believe that he was poisoned by his own party members. Before his death Stalin had been on the verge of beginning a new series of purges and had considered poisoning his own party to cleanse the system, i.e. Jewish Doctor's Plot. ====Foreign Relations==== ---- :*After Lenin's death, the more industrialized powers saw Russia and the Soviet Union as a threat, and therefore isolated it from commercial and political relations, even though it tried to establish political relations with the Western Countries. :*Eventually, the USSR signed a treaty with the Weimar Republic by which the latter would give the former technology in exchange for natural resources. The Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact that divided Poland was eventually the starter of WWII. Nazi-Soviet Pact :*Axis formed in Oct. 1936. Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, Nov. By this time, Stalin giving up on collective security. :*Nazi gains in 1938, destroyed any hope of USSR getting help from West :*Munich Conference in October, USSR not included, France and Britain surrendered Czech Sudetenland to Hitler and made Czechoslovakia indefensible :*Stalin signs friendship treaty with China, and supplies Chiang with arms and credits :*May 1939, Molotov replaces Litvinov as foreign commissar. Imposes rigid conformity upon Narkomindel. :*West promises to protect Poland and Romania, but Stalin not convinced. :*18th Party Congress, Stalin accuses West of trying to provoke war between Germany and Russia (March) :*August, West sends military missions. Too late, b/c Hitler already making negotiations with USSR. :*Aug. 23, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Pact signed. Secret: delimited Soviet and German spheres; Poland disintegrated, and partitioned. Happens with other countries as well :*USSR attacks Finland to gain land, so that they aren’t totally weak/completely dependent on Germany. Find much resistance, but finally win :*July 1940, Hitler wants to invade USSR :*Trying to avoid, Molotov states Soviet demands in pragmatic, power-political terms.: 1) Finland USSR’s, once German troops leave. 2) Security of USSR interests in Straits. 3) recognize area south of Batum and Baku in direction of Persian Gulf is recognized as center of the aspirations of the Soviet Union. :*Japan renounces rights to concessions for coal and oil in northern Sakhalin [[Category:Pages moved from Wikibooks]] celj542p13u13u0ej5fw8kdy2hefys8 0 61415 2412798 2269258 2022-08-09T11:45:08Z 200.84.115.76 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 96385 2412770 2404754 2022-08-09T08:09:36Z Jtneill 10242 Update for 2022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Quiz - Guidelines}} <div style="text-align: center;">''Quizzes about each of the 6 [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]]''</div> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --> ==Summary== There are 6 equally-weighted, 10-question, 10-minute, multiple-choice, online quizzes. There is one quiz per [[Motivation_and_emotion/Modules|module]]. ==Overview== # Weight: 30% # Due: {| |- | style="width: 15%"| | {{/Due}} |} <ol start="3"> <li> 6 equally-weighted online quizzes assess understanding of motivation and emotion theories and research as described by the {{Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook}} textbook and discussed in [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]].</li> </ol> ==Learning outcomes== How the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|learning outcomes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise: {| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing="0" background:transparent style="width:100%;" |- | style="width:40%;" | '''Learning outcome''' | style="width:60%;" | '''Assessment task''' |- | Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion | The quizzes test understanding of key theories and research in the field of motivation and emotion as emphasised in the textbook, lectures, and tutorials. |} ==Graduate attributes== How this assessment exercise addresses the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributes]]: {| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing="0" background:transparent style="width:100%;" |- | style="width:40%;" | '''Graduate attribute''' | style="width:60%;" | '''Assessment task''' |- | Be professional - up-to-date knowledge and skills | Develop a broad understanding of current psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion. |} ==Guidelines== There are 6 online quizzes (one per module; each quiz counts equally): #'''Attempts''': ## Quizzes can be attempted at any time before the due date from any internet-connected computer. Google Chrome is the recommended browser. ## Each quiz can be attempted once. ## Missed quizzes receive 0. <!-- #'''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester. --> #'''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding textbook chapters. #'''Reviewing results''': Once a quiz attempt has been submitted, the questions, responses, and correct answers will be viewable. Once the review screen has been closed, this information will no longer be available. #'''Time limit''': 10 minutes. #'''Academic integrity''': Quizzes should be completed independently, with no assistance from other people. Study materials such as the {{Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook}} textbook, lecture/study notes, and internet resources are permitted. #'''Bonus marks''': Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions will earn a bonus quiz mark. ==Schedule== The [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|recommended schedule]] for regular completion of the quizzes is: <div align = "center"> {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" !'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]''' !'''Quiz''' |- |00 |0: Practice |- |01-02 |1: Introduction |- |03-04 |2: Needs |- |05-06 |3: Goals and self |- |07-09 |4: Emotion |- |10-11 |5: Individual emotions |- |12-13 |6: Growth and interventions |} </div> [[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]] ==See also== * Assessment ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Instructions|Quiz instructions]] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}| ]] oi3lukddh21krf3deewop3r3wg3d5pu 2412771 2412770 2022-08-09T08:15:12Z Jtneill 10242 /* Schedule */ Expand wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Quiz - Guidelines}} <div style="text-align: center;">''Quizzes about each of the 6 [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]]''</div> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --> ==Summary== There are 6 equally-weighted, 10-question, 10-minute, multiple-choice, online quizzes. There is one quiz per [[Motivation_and_emotion/Modules|module]]. ==Overview== # Weight: 30% # Due: {| |- | style="width: 15%"| | {{/Due}} |} <ol start="3"> <li> 6 equally-weighted online quizzes assess understanding of motivation and emotion theories and research as described by the {{Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook}} textbook and discussed in [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]].</li> </ol> ==Learning outcomes== How the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|learning outcomes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise: {| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing="0" background:transparent style="width:100%;" |- | style="width:40%;" | '''Learning outcome''' | style="width:60%;" | '''Assessment task''' |- | Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion | The quizzes test understanding of key theories and research in the field of motivation and emotion as emphasised in the textbook, lectures, and tutorials. |} ==Graduate attributes== How this assessment exercise addresses the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributes]]: {| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing="0" background:transparent style="width:100%;" |- | style="width:40%;" | '''Graduate attribute''' | style="width:60%;" | '''Assessment task''' |- | Be professional - up-to-date knowledge and skills | Develop a broad understanding of current psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion. |} ==Guidelines== There are 6 online quizzes (one per module; each quiz counts equally): #'''Attempts''': ## Quizzes can be attempted at any time before the due date from any internet-connected computer. Google Chrome is the recommended browser. ## Each quiz can be attempted once. ## Missed quizzes receive 0. <!-- #'''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester. --> #'''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding textbook chapters. #'''Reviewing results''': Once a quiz attempt has been submitted, the questions, responses, and correct answers will be viewable. Once the review screen has been closed, this information will no longer be available. #'''Time limit''': 10 minutes. #'''Academic integrity''': Quizzes should be completed independently, with no assistance from other people. Study materials such as the {{Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook}} textbook, lecture/study notes, and internet resources are permitted. #'''Bonus marks''': Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions will earn a bonus quiz mark. ==Schedule== The [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|recommended schedule]] for regular completion of the quizzes is: <div align = "center"> {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" !Module !'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]''' !'''Quiz''' !Chapter !Due Mon 9am |- | |00 |0: Practice | | |- |1 |01-02 |1: Introduction |01 - 02 |Week 04 |- |2 |03-04 |2: Needs |03 - 06 |Week 06 |- |3 |05-06 |3: Goals and self |07 - 11 |Week 08 |- |4 |07-09 |4: Emotion |12 - 13 |Week 11 |- |5 |10-11 |5: Individual emotions |14, 16 |Week 13 |- |6 |12-13 |6: Growth and interventions |15. 17 |Week 15 |} </div> [[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]] ==See also== * Assessment ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Instructions|Quiz instructions]] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}| ]] b8fq4z6t9qf5agwy8mpjzasqqm63dfi 0 98592 2412774 2398406 2022-08-09T10:27:20Z Jtneill 10242 /* Recording */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 02: Historical development and assessment skills|second}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> [[File:Forestay-Eye-Round-seizings-Bulls-eye.jpg|250px|right]] ==Overview== This lecture: * Discusses the historical context and development of psychological motivation and emotion knowledge. * Explains the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]], including how to: ** use [[Wikiversity]] for the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] and [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]] assessment exercises and ** develop a [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] recording ** complete the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Quizzes|quizzes]] ** access additional support for completing the assessment exercises Take-home messages: * What we don't know about motivation and emotion exceeds what we do know * A wiki is the simplest collaborative platform - anyone can edit to share knowledge ==Major project examples== Examples of high quality major project submissions for: # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Examples|Topic development]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Examples|Book chapter]] + [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Summarising social contributions#Socialcontributionexamples|Social contributions]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia#Examples|Multimedia presentation]] ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=90&end=219 The power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining instinct and drive theory. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o A vision of students today] (YouTube; 4:44 mins): Explores some of the reasons behind why are approaching the assessment this way. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in plain English] (Commoncraft; 3:53 mins) explains the concept of a wiki and how it works. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WghdsOz9KwA Wikipedia - An investment for your future; your children's future] (YouTube; 4:10 mins) explains the purpose of Wikipedia. ==Readings== # Chapter 02: Motivation in historical perspective ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|Wikiversity skills]] ==Slides== * Lecture slides ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1iEIUhiFJ4ecCVZgxnC5uGYOfK3t8Uq4_FKUW06Eyg/edit?usp=sharing Historical development] (Google Slides) ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/157gL4ep4QJ9CuIqEV5t6PsDFCGtXO2N8AeIFodXUqK8/edit?usp=sharing Assessment skills] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-in-historical-perspective Lecture slides - Part A - Historical development] (Slideshare) * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-assessment-task-skills Lecture slides - Part B - Assessment skills] (Slideshare) --> * Handouts ** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|100px|3 slides per page]] ** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|100px|6 slides per page]] ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Introduction|Introduction]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Next lecture) ;Tutorials * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02: Wiki editing]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Drive reduction theory (learning theory)|Drive reduction theory]] * [[w:Instinct|Instinct]] * [[w:Will (philosophy)|Will]] <!-- * [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] --> ;Book chapters * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Drive reduction theory of motivation|Drive-reduction theory of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2017) <!-- * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Willpower|Willpower: What is it and how can it be strengthened?]] (Book chapter, 2015) --> ==Recording== * Lecture 02 recording (2022) TBA * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3951859be633471f9544ac5084837075 Lecture 02 recording] (2021)<!-- * [https://echo360.org.au/media/51afc864-1492-460c-afd2-45f6f9956d4e/public Lecture 02 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/3d3dc69a-6bcc-4aad-b6eb-b7615ac45c4d/public Lecture 02 recording] (2018) --> ==External links== * [https://www.verywellmind.com/drive-reduction-theory-2795381 Drive-reduction theory and human behavior: Biological need motivates behavior] (verywellmind) <!-- [http://study.com/academy/lesson/drive-reduction-theory-of-motivation-definition-examples-quiz.html Drive reduction theory of motivation: Definition & examples] --> {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]] dl9wb8dnn4f6qkknwf8uncien4fmkpk 2412780 2412774 2022-08-09T10:30:29Z Jtneill 10242 Update for 2022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 02: Historical development and assessment skills|second}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> [[File:Forestay-Eye-Round-seizings-Bulls-eye.jpg|250px|right]] ==Overview== This lecture: * Discusses the historical context and development of psychological motivation and emotion knowledge. * Explains the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]], including how to: ** use [[Wikiversity]] for the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] and [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]] assessment exercises and ** develop a [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] recording ** complete the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Quizzes|quizzes]] ** access additional support for completing the assessment exercises Take-home messages: * What we don't know about motivation and emotion exceeds what we do know * A wiki is the simplest collaborative platform - anyone can edit to share knowledge ==Major project examples== Examples of high quality major project submissions for: # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Examples|Topic development]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Examples|Book chapter]] + [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Summarising social contributions#Socialcontributionexamples|Social contributions]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia#Examples|Multimedia presentation]] ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=90&end=219 The power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining instinct and drive theory. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o A vision of students today] (YouTube; 4:44 mins): Explores some of the reasons behind why are approaching the assessment this way. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in plain English] (Commoncraft; 3:53 mins) explains the concept of a wiki and how it works. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WghdsOz9KwA Wikipedia - An investment for your future; your children's future] (YouTube; 4:10 mins) explains the purpose of Wikipedia. ==Readings== # Chapter 02: Motivation in historical perspective ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) # [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|Wikiversity skills]] ==Slides== * Lecture slides ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1iEIUhiFJ4ecCVZgxnC5uGYOfK3t8Uq4_FKUW06Eyg/edit?usp=sharing Historical development] (Google Slides) ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/157gL4ep4QJ9CuIqEV5t6PsDFCGtXO2N8AeIFodXUqK8/edit?usp=sharing Assessment skills] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-in-historical-perspective Lecture slides - Part A - Historical development] (Slideshare) * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-assessment-task-skills Lecture slides - Part B - Assessment skills] (Slideshare) --> * Handouts ** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|100px|3 slides per page]] ** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|100px|6 slides per page]] ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Introduction|Introduction]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Next lecture) ;Tutorials * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02: Wiki editing]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Drive reduction theory (learning theory)|Drive reduction theory]] * [[w:Instinct|Instinct]] * [[w:Will (philosophy)|Will]] <!-- * [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] --> ;Book chapters * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Drive reduction theory of motivation|Drive-reduction theory of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2017) <!-- * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Willpower|Willpower: What is it and how can it be strengthened?]] (Book chapter, 2015) --> ==Recording== * Lecture 02 recording (2022) TBA * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3951859be633471f9544ac5084837075 Lecture 02 recording] (2021)<!-- * [https://echo360.org.au/media/51afc864-1492-460c-afd2-45f6f9956d4e/public Lecture 02 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/3d3dc69a-6bcc-4aad-b6eb-b7615ac45c4d/public Lecture 02 recording] (2018) --> ==External links== * [https://www.verywellmind.com/drive-reduction-theory-2795381 Drive-reduction theory and human behavior: Biological need motivates behavior] (verywellmind) <!-- [http://study.com/academy/lesson/drive-reduction-theory-of-motivation-definition-examples-quiz.html Drive reduction theory of motivation: Definition & examples] --> {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]] kek3dnzky56q5h5cwt6g532q93hivko 0 116877 2412687 2358817 2022-08-08T21:47:41Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Replacing Performa_6400.jpg with [[File:Macintosh_Performa_6400.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). wikitext text/x-wiki {{LeftTOC}} {{it}} {{secondary}} {{Lesson}} {{complete}} {{center top}}<big>This is a lesson in the course [[Introduction to Computers]], which is a part of [[School:Computer Science|The School of Computer Science]]</big>{{center bottom}} {{clear}} {{:Introduction to Computers/Sidebar}} ==Objective== Familiarize the student with the basics of computers. This should give the student a stepping stone to use when learning more specific details about computer [[Hardware#Hardware|hardware]]. == What is a Computer? == A computer is an electronic device that takes input or output such as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that could be understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video used as input are called [[Data#Data|data]], and all numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video returned as output are called [[Data#Information|information]]. A computer is composed of five crucial parts: * An '''[[Hardware#Input unit and Output unit (I/O)|input]]''' device * A '''[[Hardware#Memory Unit|storage]]''' facility to hold numbers for processing * A '''[[Hardware#CPU|processor]]''' or number calculator * A '''[[Introduction to Computers/Processor#Control unit|control]]''' unit to direct tasks to be performed * An '''[[Hardware#Input unit and Output unit (I/O)|output]]''' computer ==Keyboard (not all are the same)== <gallery> Image:Swedish keyboard 20050614.jpg|Keyboard with a Swedish layout Image:Computer keyboard with danish layout.jpg|Keyboard with Danish layout Image:OLED keyboard.jpg|Optimus-113 keyboard with color screens in each key Image:2007 09 30 de Apple-Tastatur.jpg|Apple keyboard with German layout Image:Space-cadet.jpg|Symbolics [[w:space-cadet keyboard|space-cadet keyboard]] </gallery> *A computer will process data differently based on the kind of data being handled, using a set of instructions called a program or routine. *A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up the system security options screen. A command-line interface is a type of user interface navigated entirely using a keyboard, or some other similar device that does the job of one. ==Computer Case== The CPU, [[Hardware#Motherboard|motherboard]], memory, and any internal components are typically put into a computer case/housing. <gallery> File:Macintosh Performa 6400.jpg|Macintosh Performa 6400 File:Pm7600 01.jpg|Power Macintosh 7600<br /> File:Power-Macintosh-8100-80av.jpg|Power Macintosh 8100 File:Power Macintosh 8200 100.jpg|Power Macintosh 8200 File:FujitsuSiemens-Celvin-1.jpg|Fujitsu-Siemens Celvin-1 File:Computer case.JPG|Open computer case with visible hardware </gallery> *The [[Introduction to Computers/Processor#Control unit|control unit]], [[Introduction to Computers/Processor#ALU|ALU]], and [[wikipedia:Processor_register|registers]] are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. ==Monitor== • A computer monitor is the most commonly used graphical output device, for the information processed by the CPU. <gallery> Image:Monitor.jpg|A Fujitsu computer monitor Image:Monitor_LG.jpg|A CRT computer monitor Image:Computer_monitor_screen_image_simulated.jpg|KDS XFlat monitor, screen Image:MonitorLCD_17in.jpg|LCD, ''SyncMaster'' 710 </gallery> ==Computer System == [[File:Computer barnstar.png|right|Computer]] The minimum requirements for a functional computer system include; a keyboard, a case/ housing containing a CPU and memory (although the case itself isn't strictly necessary), and a monitor. The data is usually entered via the keyboard and the information is usually presented through a screen; however, information can also be presented through speakers, braille displays, or any other output devices. The way components inside a computer fit together helps describe how the computer works. Data comes in through an Input Device, and is sent to the CPU by Memory. The CPU processes the data, based on the input data and the program which is installed in the computer memory. When the CPU has finished processing the data, it is presented through the output device as information. The information can be stored in the computer memory or presented through an Output Device. == See Also == * [[Introduction to Computers]] * [[IT Fundamentals]] ==References== {{reflist}} 5t07821nh2pvshnrrtb4wx000yc6gft 0 124343 2412764 2399460 2022-08-09T04:55:04Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Gamma-ray bubbles */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Moon egret.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Moon is seen by the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]], in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. Credit: D. J. Thompson, D. L. Bertsch (NASA/GSFC), D. J. Morris (UNH), R. Mukherjee (NASA/GSFC/USRA).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Gamma-ray astronomy''' is radiation astronomy applied to the various extraterrestrial gamma-ray sources, especially at night. It is usually conducted above the Earth's atmosphere and at locations away from the Earth as a part of explorational (or exploratory) gamma-ray astronomy. An introduction to gamma rays may occur at the secondary education level. The study of this type of radiation usually intensifies at the university undergraduate level. The more hazardous aspects of gamma radiation become known when a student embarks on graduate study. As with general radiation astronomy some cautionary speculation may be introduced unexpectedly to stimulate the imagination and open a small crack in a few doors that may appear closed at present. This advances the learning portion of the resource to being a lecture and part article so some state-of -the-art results from the scholarly literature can be included. The laboratories of gamma-ray astronomy are limited to the observatories themselves and the computers and other instruments (sometimes off site) used to analyze the results. "Gamma radiation astronomy" is a term that dates back to 1965: PETERSON, LE. "Experiments in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy(X-ray and gamma radiation astronomy- OSO MEASUREMENTS)." ''1965. 15 P'' (1965). {{clear}} ==Astronomy== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Astronomy}} When any effort to acquire a system of laws or knowledge focusing on an ''astr'', ''aster'', or ''astro'', that is, any natural body in the sky especially at night,<ref name=Gove>{{ cite book |author= |title=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary |publisher=G. & C. Merriam Company |location=Springfield, Massachusetts |year=1963 |editor=Philip B. Gove |pages=1221 |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= }}</ref> discovers an entity emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing gamma rays, succeeds even in its smallest [[measurement]], '''gamma-ray astronomy''' is the name of the effort and the result. Once an entity, source, or object has been detected as emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing gamma rays, it may be necessary to determine what the mechanism is. Usually this information provides understanding of the same entity, source, or object. Gamma rays are the most energetic rays of the electromagnetic spectrum. ==Radiation== {{main|Radiation}} [[Image:Operation Upshot-Knothole - Badger 001.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Gamma rays are emitted during radioactive decay processes such as those occurring in nuclear explosions. Credit: National Nuclear Security Administration, USA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' very high [[wikt:frequence|frequency]] (and therefore very high [[wikt:energy|energy]]) [[wikt:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]] emitted as a [[wikt:consequence|consequence]] of [[wikt:radioactivity|radioactivity]] is called a '''gamma ray'''. '''Def.''' electromagnetic radiation consisting of gamma rays is called '''gamma radiation'''. Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 [[w:Hertz|exahertz]] (or >10¹⁹ Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 [[w:electronvolt|keV]] and wavelengths less than 10 [[w:picometer|picometer]]s (less than the diameter of an [[w:atom|atom]]). However, this is not a hard and fast definition, but rather only a rule-of-thumb description for natural processes. Gamma rays from [[w:radioactive decay|radioactive decay]] are defined as gamma rays no matter what their energy, so that there is no ''lower'' limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay. Gamma decay commonly produces energies of a few hundred [[w:keV|keV]], and almost always less than 10 [[w:MeV|MeV]]. In astronomy, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process need be specified. The energies of gamma rays from astronomical sources range over 10 TeV, at a level far too large to result from radioactive decay. A notable example is extremely powerful bursts of high-energy radiation normally referred to as long duration [[w:gamma-ray burst|gamma-ray burst]]s, which produce gamma rays by a mechanism not compatible with radioactive decay. "The unusually wide span of the gamma-ray spectral window [covers] at least ten decades of photon energies (~10⁵ - 10¹⁵ eV)".<ref name=Bhat>{{ cite journal |author=C. L. Bhat |title=Ground-based γ-ray astronomy : Present status and future prospects |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |month=December |year=1997 |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=461-84 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1997BASI...25..461B |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-10 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Actinide minerals== {{main|Minerals/Actinides}} Actinide minerals, or actinides, are those with unusually high concentrations, atomic per cents, or weight per cents, of the actinide elements. ==Autunites== [[Image:Gammaspektrum Uranerz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gamma-ray spectrum contains the typical isotopes of the uranium-radium decay line. Credit: [[commons:User:Wusel007|Wusel007]].]] Elements usually emit a gamma-ray during nuclear decay or fission. The gamma-ray spectrum at right shows typical peaks for ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁴Pb, and ²¹⁴Bi. These isotopes are part of the uranium-radium decay line. As ²³⁸U is an alpha-ray emitter, it is not shown. The peak at 40 keV is not from the mineral. From the color of the rock shown the yellowish mineral is likely to be [[w:Autunite|autunite]]. Autunite occurs as an oxidizing product of uranium minerals in granite pegmatites and hydrothermal deposits. {{clear}} ==Pitchblendes== [[Image:Pitchblende schlema-alberoda.JPG|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of the mineral pitchblende, or [[w:Uraninite|uraninite]]. Credit: [[commons:User:Geomartin|Geomartin]].]] [[Image:Uraninite-usa32abg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|These crystals are uraninite from Trebilcock Pit, Topsham, Maine. Credit: [[commons:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].]] '''Uraninite''' is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely uranium dioxide UO₂, but also contains uranium trioxide UO₃ and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is most commonly known as '''pitchblende''' (from ''pitch'', because of its black color. All uraninite minerals contain a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes ²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes ²³⁸U and ²³⁵U respectively. The extremely rare element technetium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 0.2 ng/kg), produced by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238. The image at left shows well-formed crystals of uraninite. The image at right shows botryoidal uraninite. Because of the uranium decay products, both sources are gamma-ray emitters. {{clear}} ==Thorianites== [[Image:Thorianite-54888.jpg|thumb|right|120px|This specimen of thorianite is from th Ambatofotsy pegmatite in Madagascar. Credit: [[commons:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].]] '''Thorianite''' is a rare [[w:thorium|thorium]] [[w:oxide mineral|oxide mineral]], ThO₂.<ref name=Frondel>{{ cite book | publisher = United States Government Printing Office | author = C. Frondel | title = Systematic Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium | year = 1958 }}</ref> ... [It has a] high percentage of thorium; it also contains the oxides of uranium, [[w:lanthanum|lanthanum]], [[w:cerium|cerium]], [[w:praseodymium|praseodymium]] and [[w:neodymium|neodymium]]. ... the mineral is slightly less radioactive than pitchblende, but is harder to shield due to its high energy gamma rays. It is common in the [[w:alluvial|alluvial]] gem-gravels of [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], where it occurs mostly as water worn, small, heavy, black, cubic crystals. {{clear}} ==Torbernites== [[Image:Torbernite Aveyron HD.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Torbernitte is a hydrated green copper uranyl phosphate mineral. Credit: [[commons:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].]] '''Torbernite''' is a radioactive, hydrated green copper uranyl phosphate mineral, found in granites and other uranium-bearing deposits as a secondary mineral. Torbernite is isostructural with the related uranium mineral, autunite. The chemical formula of torbenite is similar to that of autunite in which a Cu²⁺ cation replaces a Ca²⁺. The number of water hydration molecules can vary between 12 and 8, giving rise to the variety of metatorbernite when torbernite spontaneously dehydrates. {{clear}} ==Uranophanes== [[Image:Uranophane.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Uranophane is a calcium uranium silicate hydrate mineral. Credit: United States Geological Survey.]] '''Uranophane''' [[w:calcium|Ca]]([[w:uranium|U]][[w:oxygen|O]]₂)₂([[w:silicon|Si]]O₃O[[w:hydrogen|H]])₂·5[[w:water|H₂O]] is a rare calcium uranium [nesosilicate] hydrate mineral that forms from the oxidation of uranium bearing minerals. Uranophane is also known as ''uranotile''. It has a yellow color and is radioactive. {{clear}} ==Continua== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Continua}} In the spectrum above for probably the mineral autunite, there are about a dozen discrete lines superimposed on a smooth continuum. Because the energy level spectrum of nuclei typically dies out above about 10 MeV, gamma-ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum spectra, so that the moderate spectral resolution of scintillation (often sodium iodide (NaI) or caesium iodide, (CsI) spectrometers), often suffices for such applications. Like X-rays, the gamma-ray "continuum can arise from bremsstrahlung, black-body radiation, synchrotron radiation, or what is called inverse Compton scattering of lower-energy photons by relativistic electrons, knock-on collisions of fast protons with atomic electrons, and atomic recombination, with or without additional electron transitions.<ref name=Morrison>{{ cite journal |author=Morrison P |title=Extrasolar X-ray Sources |journal=Ann Rev Astron Astrophys |year=1967 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=325 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.05.090167.001545 |bibcode=1967ARA&A...5..325M }}</ref> The acceleration of electrons is revealed by hard X-ray and gamma-ray bremsstrahlung while the acceleration of protons and ions is revealed by gamma-ray lines and continuum. At the same time, there is a continuum containing all the "different kinds" of electromagnetic radiation. Americium-241 is suitable for calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers in the low-energy range, since its spectrum consists of nearly a single peak and negligible Compton continuum (at least three orders of magnitude lower intensity).<ref>[http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/indx_dec.jsp Nuclear Data Viewer 2.4], NNDC</ref> When compared to the more luminous active nuclei ([[w:quasar|quasar]]s) with strong emission lines, BL Lac objects have spectra dominated by a featureless non-thermal continuum.<ref name="stein1976">{{ cite journal |url=http://james.as.arizona.edu/~psmith/Blazars/stein.pdf |title=The BL Lacertae Objects |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |publisher=Annual Reviews |author=W A Stein |author2=S L O'Dell |author3=P A Strittmatter |volume=14 |month=September |year=1976 |pages=173-95 |bibcode=1976ARA&A..14..173S |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.14.090176.001133 }}</ref> ==Backgrounds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Backgrounds}} [[Image:Extragalactic-background-power-density.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This graph shows the power density spectrum of the extragalactic or cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB). Credit: pkisscs@konkoly.hu.]] In March 2010 it was announced that active galactic nuclei are not responsible for most gamma-ray background radiation.<ref name=GLAST>{{ cite book |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/gamma-ray-dragons.html |title=NASA’s Fermi Probes “Dragons” of the Gamma-ray Sky |author=NASA }}</ref> Though active galactic nuclei do produce some of the gamma-ray radiation detected here on Earth, less than 30% originates from these sources. The search now is to locate the sources for the remaining 70% or so of all gamma-rays detected. Possibilities include star forming galaxies, galactic mergers, and yet-to-be explained dark matter interactions. Sensitivity to celestial sources by Vela 5A and 5B was severely limited by the high intrinsic detector background, equivalent to about 80% of the signal from the [[w:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]], one of the brightest sources in the sky at these wavelengths.<ref name=Priedhorsky>{{ cite journal |author=Priedhorsky WC, Holt SS |title=Long-term cycles in cosmic X-ray sources |journal=Space Science Review |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |year=1987 |pages=291–348 |bibcode=1987SSRv...45..291P |doi=10.1007/BF00171997 }}</ref> Kosmos 60 measured the gamma-ray background flux density to be 1.7×10⁴ quanta/(m²·s). As was seen by Ranger 3 and Lunas 10 & 12, the spectrum fell sharply up to 1.5 MeV and was flat for higher energies. Several peaks were observed in the spectra which were attributed to the inelastic interaction of cosmic protons with the materials in the satellite body. {{clear}} ==Planetary sciences== {{main|Planetary sciences}} The '''Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND)''' onboard the [[w:Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn spacecraft]] is based on similar instruments flown on the [[w:Lunar Prospector|Lunar Prospector]] and [[w:Mars Odyssey|Mars Odyssey]] space missions. It will be used to measure the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, and iron) on Vesta and Ceres, as well as potassium, thorium, uranium, and water (inferred from hydrogen content).<ref>{{ cite book | url =http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/index.asp | title = Science Payload | accessdate=2010-03-21 }}</ref><ref name=Righter>{{ cite book | url =http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/GRaND.asp | title =GRaND science instrument moves closer to launch from Cape | accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01582.x |bibcode= 1997M&PS...32..929R |title = A magma ocean on Vesta: Core formation and petrogenesis of eucrites and diogenites | year = 1997 | author = Kevin Righter, Michael J. Drake | pages = 929–944 | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 32 | issue = 6 }}</ref><ref name=Drake>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01892.x |bibcode=2001M&PS...36..501D |year=2001 | author = Michael J. Drake |pages=501–13 | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | title = The eucrite/Vesta story }}</ref><ref name=Prettyman>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1117/12.578551 | chapter = Mapping the elemental composition of Ceres and Vesta: Dawn[quotation mark]s gamma ray and neutron detector | title = Proceedings of SPIE | year = 2004 | author = Thomas H. Prettyman | volume = 5660 | pages = 107 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | doi =10.1109/TNS.2003.815156 |bibcode = 2003ITNS...50.1190P }}</ref> ==Theoretical gamma-ray astronomy== Theoretically a black body emits electromagnetic radiation over the entire spectrum from very low frequency radio waves to x-rays, and gamma-rays creating a continuum of radiation. "[T]he mass lost during the evolution of very massive stars may be dominated by optically thick, continuum-driven outbursts or explosions, instead of by steady line-driven winds."<ref name=Smith>{{ cite journal |author=Nathan Smith |author2=Stanley P. Owocki |title=On the Role of Continuum-driven Eruptions in the Evolution of Very Massive Stars and Population III Stars |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=July |year=2006 |volume=645 |issue=1 |pages=L45-8 |url= |arxiv=astro-ph/0606174 |bibcode=2006ApJ...645L..45S |doi=10.1086/506523 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-06 }}</ref> "[T]he 19th century outburst of η Carinae, when the star shed 12-20 M_⊙ or more in less than a decade" is an example of "mass loss during brief eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBVs)."<ref name=Smith/> "[T]he extreme mass loss probably arises from a continuum-driven wind or a hydrodynamic explosion, both of which are insensitive to metallicity."<ref name=Smith/> "If [eruptive mass losses] occur in ... Population III stars, such eruptions ... profoundly affect the chemical yield and types of remnants from early supernovae and hypernovae thought to be the origin of long gamma-ray bursts."<ref name=Smith/> Type Ib and Ic supernovae, like those of Type&nbsp;II, are massive stars that undergo core collapse. However the stars which become Types&nbsp;Ib and Ic supernovae have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong [[w:stellar wind|stellar wind]]s or else from interaction with a companion.<ref name=Pols>{{ cite book | author=O. Pols | year=1997 | title=Close Binary Progenitors of Type Ib/Ic and IIb/II-L Supernovae, In: ''Proceedings of The Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development on Binary Star Research'' | editor=Leung, K.-C | volume=130 | pages=153–158 | series=ASP Conference Series | bibcode=1997rdbs.conf..153P }}</ref> These stars are known as [[w:Wolf-Rayet star|Wolf-Rayet star]]s, and they occur at moderate to high metallicity where continuum driven winds cause sufficiently high mass loss rates. ==Meteors== {{main|Radiation/Meteors}} [[Image:Geminga-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an XMM Newton image of the Gemini gamma-ray source. Credit: P.A. Caraveo (INAF/IASF), Milan and ESA.]] The gamma-ray source Geminga, shown at right in hard X-rays by the satellite XMM Newton, is first observed by the [[w:Second Small Astronomy Satellite|Second Small Astronomy Satellite]] (SAS-2). Geminga may be a sort of neutron star: the decaying core of a massive star that exploded as a [[w:supernova|supernova]] about 300,000 years ago.<ref name=Darling>[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Geminga.html Geminga], Internet Encyclopedia of Science</ref> This nearby explosion may be responsible for the low density of the [[interstellar medium]] in the immediate vicinity of the [[Solar System]]. This low-density area is known as the Local Bubble.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/361706a0|title=The Geminga supernova as a possible cause of the local interstellar bubble|year=1993|last1=Gehrels|first1=Neil|last2=Chen|first2=Wan|journal=Nature|volume=361|issue=6414|pages=706–707|s2cid=4338940|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233141}}</ref> Possible evidence for this includes findings by the [[w:Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo Observatory]] that local micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles appear to originate from its direction.<ref>{{ cite book | url=http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1741 | title=The Sun's Exotic Neighborhood | publisher=Centauri Dreams | date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> "Geminga is a very weak neutron star and the pulsar next to us, which almost only emits extremely hard gamma-rays, but no radio waves. ... Some thousand years ago our Sun entered this [Local Bubble] several hundred light-years big area, which is nearly dust-free."<ref name=Kummer>{{ cite book |author=Juergen Kummer |title=Geminga |publisher=Internetservice Kummer + Oster GbR |location=Buchenberg Germany |date=June 27, 2006 |url=http://jumk.de/astronomie/special-stars/geminga.shtml |accessdate=2013-05-08 }}</ref> ==Neutrinos== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Neutrinos|Neutrino astronomy}} [[Image:Proton proton cycle.svg|220px|thumb|center|Solar neutrinos are shown for the [[w:Proton-proton chain reaction|proton-proton chain]] in the Standard Solar Model. Credit: [[:hu:User:SzDóri|Dorottya Szam]].]] The following fusion reaction produces neutrinos and accompanying gamma-rays of the energy indicated: ::<math>\mathrm{_1^1H} + \mathrm{_1^1H} \rightarrow \mathrm{_{1}^{2}D} + e^+ + \nu_e + \gamma (0.42 MeV). </math> Observation of gamma rays of this energy likely indicate this reaction is occurring nearby. In the [[w:Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment|Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment]], antineutrinos created in a nuclear reactor by beta decay reacted with protons producing [[w:neutron|neutron]]s and [[w:positron|positron]]s: :{{SubatomicParticle|Electron antineutrino}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} → {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron0}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron+}} The positron quickly finds an electron, and they [[w:Annihilation|annihilate]] each other. The two resulting gamma rays (γ) 511 keV each are detectable. The neutron can be detected by its capture on an appropriate nucleus, releasing a gamma ray. The coincidence of both events – positron annihilation and neutron capture – gives a unique signature of an antineutrino interaction. {{clear}} ==Superluminals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Superluminals|Superluminal astronomy}} [[Image:Gamma-Ray Quasar 3C 279.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of quasar 3C 279 in gamma rays. Credit: NASA EGRET Compton observatory team.{{tlx|free media}}]] The Rosemary Hill Observatory (RHO) started observing 3C 279 in 1971,<ref name=Webb>{{ cite journal |author=J. R. Webb |author2=M. T. Carini |author3=S. Clements |author4=S. Fajardo |author5=P. P. Gombola |author6=R. J. Leacock |author7=A. C. Sadun |author8=A. G. Smith |title=The 1987-1990 optical outburst of the OVV quasar 3C 279 |journal=Astronomical Journal |year=1990 |volume=100 |pages=1452–6 |bibcode=1990AJ....100.1452W |doi=10.1086/115609 }}</ref> and was further observed by the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] in 1991, when it was unexpectedly discovered to be one of the brightest gamma ray objects in the sky.<ref name=APOD>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981226.html APOD: December 26, 1998 - Gamma Ray Quasar]</ref> It is also one of the most bright and variable sources in the gamma ray sky monitored by the [[w:Fermi Space Telescope|Fermi Space Telescope]]. Apparent [[w:Superluminal#Astronomical observations|superluminal motion]] was detected during observations first made in 1973 in a jet of material departing from the quasar, though it should be understood that this effect is an optical illusion caused by naive estimations of the speed, and no truly superluminal motion is occurring.<ref>[http://www.spacetimetravel.org/bewegung/bewegung4.html Apparent superluminal motion]</ref> Markarian (Mrk) 1501 is the first Seyfert I galaxy to have superluminal motion.<ref name=Brunthaler>{{ cite journal |author=A. Brunthaler |author2=H. Falcke |author3=G.C. Bower |author4=M.F. Aller |author5=H.D. Aller |author6=H. Teräsranta |author7=A.P. Lobanov |author8=T.P. Krichbaum |author9=A.R. Patnaik |title=II Zw 2, the first superluminal jet in a Seyfert galaxy |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=May |year=2000 |volume=357 |issue= |pages=L45-8 |url= |arxiv=astro-ph/0004256 |bibcode=2000A&A...357L..45B |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> Mrk 1501 is an ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray source. {{clear}} ==Entities== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Entities}} '''Def.''' "the ratio of the area of causally connected regions that become active to the observable area of the shell" is called the '''surface filling factor'''.<ref name=Fenimore/> "In the external shock model [for gamma-ray bursts] ... multiple peaks ... [may arise] because various patches (or emitting "entities") on the shell randomly become active. ... [S]o many entities [can] become simultaneously active that the overall envelope appears quite smooth [on the other hand when] fewer entities become active, ... random fluctuations in the number of simultaneously active entities cause the peak structure to be spiky. ... [E]ach observed peak is not necessarily caused by a single entity, but the peak structure is caused by random variations in the number of active entities".<ref name=Fenimore>{{ cite journal |author=E. E. Fenimore |author2=C. Cooper |author3=E. Ramirez-Ruiz |author4=M. C. Sumner |author5=A. Yoshida |author6=M. Namiki |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Shells: The Surface Filling Factor |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=February 20, |year=1999 |volume=512 |issue=2 |pages=683-92 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/512/2/683/pdf/0004-637X_512_2_683.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJ...512..683F |doi=10.1086/306786 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> ==Sources== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Sources}} Most astronomical gamma-rays are thought to be produced not from radioactive decay, however, but from the same type of accelerations of electrons, and electron-photon interactions, that produce X-rays in astronomy (but occurring at a higher energy in the production of gamma-rays). Most gamma-ray emitting sources are actually gamma-ray bursts, objects which only produce gamma radiation for a few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away. Only 10% of gamma-ray sources are non-transient sources. These steady gamma-ray emitters include pulsars, [[w:neutron star|neutron star]]s, and [[w:black hole|black hole]] candidates such as active galactic nuclei.<ref name=Cox>{{ cite book |editor=Cox, A. N. |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |date=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA124 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |page=124 |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 }}</ref> ==Objects== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Objects|Object astronomy}} Over the entire celestial sphere, [[w:SIMBAD|SIMBAD]] currently records 3253 gamma-ray objects. Some of these, like 4U 1705-44, are low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). Some, like V779 Centauri, are high-mass X-ray binaries (HXMBs). Others are quasi-stellar objects (PKS 1326-697), supernova remnants (SNRs) like Messier 1 (M 1), and [[w:Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]] like M 98. Some gamma-ray emitting objects have not been sufficiently resolved to determine what they are. ==Sun== {{main|Stars/Sun|Sun (star)}} [[Image:Gamma sun1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Sun is seen in gamma rays by COMPTEL during a June 15, 1991, solar flare. Credit: COMPTEL team, University of New Hampshire.]] The [[Stars/Sun|Sun]], which has no similar surface of high [[w:atomic number|atomic number]] [like the Moon] to act as [a] target for cosmic rays, cannot usually be seen at all at these energies [greater than 20 MeV], which are too high to emerge from primary nuclear reactions, such as solar [interior] nuclear fusion (though occasionally the Sun produces gamma rays by cyclotron-type mechanisms, during [[w:solar flares|solar flares]]). A [[w:solar flare|solar flare]] is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength, [[w:radio waves|radio waves]], to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma-rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.<ref name=hessi>{{ cite book | url = http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/flares.htm | title = Overview of Solar Flares | accessdate = 2010-11-14 | publisher = NASA }}</ref> Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.<ref name=Ramaty>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1086/190596 |author=Ramaty R |author2=Kozlovsky B |author3=Lingenfelter RE |title=Nuclear gamma-rays from energetic particle interactions |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |month=July |year=1979 |volume=40 |pages=487–526 |bibcode=1979ApJS...40..487R }}</ref> RHESSI was the first satellite to image solar gamma rays from a solar flare<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...595L..77H] First Gamma-Ray Images of a Solar Flare (Hurford et al. 2003)</ref>. {{clear}} ==Mercury== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mercury}} The surface of Mercury over the planet's northern hemisphere has been mapped using gamma-ray counts to determine the distributions of the elements oxygen, silicon, and potassium.<ref name=Peplowski>{{ cite journal |author=Patrick N. Peplowski |author2=David J. Lawrence |author3=Edgar A. Rhodes |author4=Ann L. Sprague |author5=Timothy J. McCoy |author6=Brett W. Denevi |author7=Larry G. Evans |author8=James W. Head |author9=Larry R. Nittler |author10=Sean C. Solomon |author11=Karen R. Cahill |author12=Shoshana Z. Weider |title=Variations in the abundances of potassium and thorium on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research Planets |month=December |year=2012 |volume=117 |issue=E12 |pages=E00L04 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2012JGRE..117.0L04P |doi=10.1029/2012JE004141 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "The lack of a significant variation in the measured Th abundances suggests that there may be considerable variability in the K/Th abundance ratio over the mapped regions."<ref name=Peplowski/> ==Venus== {{main|Gases/Gaseous objects/Venus}} "Concentrations of natural radioactive elements U, Th, and K in the Venusian mountain rocks were obtained by gamma ray spectrometers aboard the Vega 1 and Vega 2 descent modules that landed close to Mermaid Valley and the northeastern slope of Aphrodite Terra, respectively."<ref name=Surkov>{{ cite journal |author=Iu. A. Surkov |author2=F. F. Kirnozov |author3=V. N. Glazov |author4=A. G. Dunchenko |author5=L. P. Tatsy |title=Uranium, thorium, and potassium in the Venusian rocks at the landing sites of VEGA 1 and 2 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |month=March 30, |year=1987 |volume=92 |issue=03 |pages=E537-40 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1987JGR....92..537S |doi=10.1029/JB092iB04p0E537 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "[T]he chemical composition of the Venusian rocks studied is similar to that of basic rocks of the earth's crust, tholeiitic basalts and gabbros."<ref name=Surkov/> ==Earth== {{main|Gases/Gaseous objects/Earth}} [[Image:Antimatter Explosions.ogv|thumb|right|250px|The red dots show some of the ~500 terrestrial gamma-ray flashes daily detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope through 2010. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.]] In [[particle physics]], '''antimatter''' is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles. Mixing matter and antimatter can lead to the annihilation of both, in the same way that mixing antiparticles and particles does, thus giving rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs. The Earth's atmosphere is a relatively bright source of gamma rays produced in interactions of ordinary cosmic ray protons with air atoms. A number of observations by space-based telescopes have revealed gamma ray emissions, specifically, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning.<ref>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/49288/title/Signature_of_antimatter_detected_in_lightning Signature Of Antimatter Detected In Lightning - Science News]</ref> A TGF has been linked to an individual lightning stroke occurring within 1.5&nbsp;ms of the TGF event,<ref name=Inan>U.S. Inan, S.C. Reising, G.J. Fishman, and J.M. Horack. On the association of terrestrial gamma-ray bursts with lightning and implications for sprites. ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 23(9):1017-20, May 1996. As quoted by [http://elf.gi.alaska.edu/spr20010406.html#InanUS:theatg elf.gi.alaska.edu] Retrieved 2007-03-06.</ref> proving for the first time that the TGF was of atmospheric origin and associated with lightning strikes. The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spacecraft "has been observing TGFs at a much higher rate, indicating that these occur about 50 times per day globally (still a very small fraction of the total lightning on the planet). The energy levels recorded exceed 20 MeV. [Apparently], the gamma radiation fountains upward from starting points at surprisingly low altitudes in thunderclouds."<ref name=Staszewski>{{ cite journal |author=Łukasz Staszewski |title=Lightning Phenomenon – Introduction and Basic Information to Understand the Power of Nature |journal=Environment and Electrical Engineering |date=2009 |volume= |issue= |pages=4 |url=http://eeeic.org/proc/papers/52.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=5 February 2019 }}</ref> "These are higher energy gamma rays than come from the sun. And yet here they are coming from the kind of terrestrial thunderstorm that we see here all the time."<ref name=Cummer>{{ cite journal |author=Steven Cummer |title=Lightning Phenomenon – Introduction and Basic Information to Understand the Power of Nature |journal=Environment and Electrical Engineering |date=2009 |volume= |issue= |pages=4 |url=http://eeeic.org/proc/papers/52.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=5 February 2019 }}</ref> In 2009, [the] Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope in Earth orbit observed [an] intense burst of gamma rays corresponding to positron annihilations coming out of a storm formation. Scientists wouldn't have been surprised to see a few positrons accompanying any intense gamma ray burst, but the lightning flash detected by Fermi appeared to have produced about 100 trillion positrons. This has been reported by media in January 2011, it is an effect, never considered to happen before.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-thunderstorms-antimatter-beams-fermi-radiation-science-space/</ref> Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is now the accepted leading technique for uranium prospecting with worldwide applications for geological mapping, mineral exploration & environmental monitoring. {{clear}} ==Moon== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Moon}} [[Image:Moonthorium-med.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This image is an elemental map of the Moon using a GRS. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory.]] The [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] has imaged the [[Moon]] in gamma rays of energy greater than 20 MeV.<ref name=heasarc>{{ cite book |url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/epo/news/gammoon.html |title=CGRO SSC >> EGRET Detection of Gamma Rays from the Moon |publisher=Heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2011-11-08 }}</ref> These are produced by [[w:cosmic ray|cosmic ray]] bombardment of its surface. Gamma-ray spectrometers have been widely used for the elemental and isotopic analysis of airless bodies in the [[w:Solar System|Solar System]], especially the [[Moon]]<ref name=Lawrence>{{ cite journal | journal = Science | year = 1998 | volume = 281 | issue = 5382 | pages = 1484–1489 | doi = 10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 | title = Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer | author = D. J. Lawrence | author2 = W. C. Feldman | author3 = B. L. Barraclough | author4 = A. B. Binder | author5 = R. C. Elphic | author6 = S. Maurice | author7 = D. R. Thomsen | pmid = 9727970 | bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L }}</ref> These surfaces are subjected to a continual bombardment of high-energy cosmic rays, which excite nuclei in them to emit characteristic gamma-rays which can be detected from orbit. Thus an orbiting instrument can in principle map the surface distribution of the elements for an entire planet. They are able to measure the abundance and distribution of about 20 primary elements of the periodic table, including [[w:silicon|silicon]], [[w:oxygen|oxygen]], [[w:iron|iron]], [[w:magnesium|magnesium]], [[w:potassium|potassium]], [[w:aluminum|aluminum]], [[w:calcium|calcium]], [[w:sulfur|sulfur]], and [[w:carbon|carbon]]. The chemical element [[w:thorium|thorium]] is mapped by a GRS, with higher concentrations shown in yellow/orange/red in the left-hand side image shown on the right. {{clear}} ==Mars== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mars}} "The Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft has mapped the surface abundances of [radiogenic heat-producing elements] HPEs across Mars."<ref name=Hahn>{{ cite journal |author=B. C. Hahn |author2=S. M. McLennan |author3=E. C. Klein |title=Martian surface heat production and crustal heat flow from Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray spectrometry |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |month=July |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages= |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL047435/full |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1029/2011GL047435 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Vesta== "Using Dawn’s Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector, ... Global Fe/O and Fe/Si ratios are consistent with [howardite, eucrite, and diogenite] HED [meteorite] compositions."<ref name=Prettyman12>{{ cite journal |author=Thomas H. Prettyman |author2=David W. Mittlefehidt |author3=Naoyuki Yamashita |author4=David J. Lawrence |author5=Andrew W. Beck |author6=William C. Feldman |author7=Timothy J. McCoy |author8=Harry Y. McSween |author9=Michael J. Toplis |author10=Timothy N. Titus |author11=Pasquale Tricarico |author12=Robert C. Reedy |author13=John S. Hendricks |author14=Olivier Forni |author15=Lucille Le Corre |author16=Jian-Yang Li |author17=Hugau Mizzon |author18=Vishnu Reddy |author19=Carol A. Raymond |author20=Christopher T. Russell |title=Elemental Mapping by Dawn Reveals Exogenic H in Vesta's Regolith |journal=Sience |month=October |year=2012 |volume=338 |issue=6104 |pages=242-6 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2012Sci...338..242P |doi=10.1126/science.1225354 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Sagittarius A*== The [[w:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]'s gamma-ray observatory [[w:INTEGRAL|INTEGRAL]] has observed gamma rays interacting with the nearby [[w:giant molecular cloud|giant molecular cloud]] [[w:Sagittarius B2|Sagittarius B2]], causing x-ray emission from the cloud. This energy was emitted about 350 years before by Sgr A*. The total luminosity from this outburst ''L'' ≈ 1,5x10³⁹ erg/s) is an estimated million times stronger than the current output from Sgr A* and is comparable with a typical [[w:AGN|active galactic nucleus]].<ref name=hubble050127>{{ cite book | author=Staff | date=January 28, 2005 | title=Integral rolls back history of Milky Way's super-massive black hole | publisher=Hubble News Desk | url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Integral/SEMSKPO3E4E_0.html | accessdate=2007-10-31 }}</ref><ref name=revnivtsev2004>{{ cite journal | author=M. G. Revnivtsev et al. | title=Hard X-ray view of the past activity of Sgr A* in a natural Compton mirror | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004 | volume=425 | pages=L49-L52 | bibcode=2004A&A...425L..49R | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400064 | arXiv=astro-ph/0408190 }}</ref> This conclusion has been supported in 2011 by Japanese astronomers [who] observed the Galaxy center with [the] [[w:Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]] satellite.<ref name=nobukawa2011>{{ cite journal | author=M. Nobukawa et al. | title=New Evidence for High Activity of the Supermassive Black Hole in our Galaxy | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=2011 | volume=739 | pages=L52 | bibcode=2011ApJ...739L..52N | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L52 | arXiv=1109.1950 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray bubbles== [[Image:800 nasa structure renderin2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|This image depicts the two gigantic gamma-ray bubbles at the heart of the Milky Way. Credit: .{{tlx|free media}}]] In November 2010, two gigantic gamma-ray bubbles were detected at the heart of our [[w:galaxy|galaxy]]. These bubbles appear as a [[w:mirror image|mirror image]]<ref name=flickr51>http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/5161800891/sizes/l/in/photostream/</ref> of each other. These bubbles of [[w:High Energy Astronomy|high-energy radiation]] are suspected as erupting from a massive [[w:black hole|black hole]] or evidence of a burst of star formations from millions of years ago.<ref name=SP101109>{{ cite book | url = http://www.space.com/common/media/video/player.php?videoRef=SP_101109_gamma-ray-bubbles | title = Giant Gamma-ray Bubbles Found Around Milky Way | accessdate = 2010-11-14 }}</ref> These bubbles have been measured and span 25,000 [[w:light-year|light-year]]s across. They were discovered after scientists filtered out the "fog of background gamma-rays suffusing the sky". This discovery confirmed previous clues that a large unknown "structure" was in the center of the [[w:Milky Way|Milky Way]].<ref name=Wiley>{{ cite journal |author=Wiley |title=News and Views: Pierre Auger Observatory: an interdisciplinary opportunity; Surprise found in Fermi data; Double-blind refereeing: does the RAS need it? |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |month=December |year=2010 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=6.06-6.06 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2010A&G....51f...6. |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2010.51604_10.x |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-18 }}</ref><ref name=skyandtelescope>{{ cite book | url = http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/107302599.html | title = Why is the Milky Way Blowing Bubbles? | accessdate = 2010-11-14 | work = SKY and Telescope }}</ref> The bubbles stretch up to [[w:Grus (constellation)|Grus]] and to [[w:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere. {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray bursts== [[Image:BATSE 2704.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Positions on the sky of all gamma-ray bursts detected during the BATSE mission are shown. Credit: .]] '''Gamma-ray bursts''' ('''GRBs''') are flashes of [[w:gamma ray|gamma ray]]s associated with extremely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant [[w:Galaxy|galaxies]]. They are the most [[w:Luminosity|luminous]] [[w:Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] events known to occur in the [[w:universe|universe]]. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes, although a typical burst lasts 20–40 seconds. The initial burst is usually followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths ([[w:X-ray|X-ray]], [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]], [[w:visible spectrum|optical]], [[w:infrared|infrared]], [[w:microwave|microwave]] and [[w:radio waves|radio]]).<ref name=Vedrenne>{{cite book |author=Vedrenne G |author2=Atteia J.-L. |year=2009 |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Springer/Praxis Books |isbn=978-3-540-39085-5 }}</ref> The distribution [of GRBs as shown in the BATSE mission results figure at right] is [[w:isotropic|isotropic]], with no concentration towards the plane of the Milky Way, which runs horizontally through the center of the image. GRBs are named after the date on which they are discovered: the first two digits being the year, followed by the two-digit month and two-digit day. If two or more GRBs occur on a given day, the letter 'A' is appended to the name for the first burst identified, 'B' for the second, and so on. On what date was GRB 970228 discovered? On July 2, 1967, at 14:19 UTC, the Vela 4 and Vela 3 satellites detected a flash of gamma radiation that were unlike any known nuclear weapons signatures.<ref name=Schilling>{{cite book | title = Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe | author=Schilling, Govert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 | location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-80053-6 }}</ref> In 2005, ESO telescopes detected, for the first time, the visible light following a short-duration burst and tracked this light for three weeks. This time, the conclusion was that the short-duration bursts could not be caused by a hypernova. Instead, it is thought that they originate in the violent mergers of neutron stars or black holes.<ref name=Cannibal>{{ cite book |date=14 December 2005 |title=Witnessing the Flash from a Black Hole's Cannibal Act |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0541/ |publisher=ESO | accessdate=2011-04-05 }}</ref> Observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows were also coordinated between the [Very Large Telescope] VLT and the [[w:Atacama Pathfinder Experiment|Atacama Pathfinder Experiment]] (APEX) in order to identify the possible counterpart and its decay at submillimeter wavelengths.<ref name=Circular>{{ cite book | url=http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/11098.gcn3 |title = GCN CIRCULAR, GRB 100814A: Submm observations from APEX, NASA email message }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Geminga pulsar== [[Image:267641main allsky labeled HI.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This all-sky view from GLAST reveals bright gamma-ray emission in the plane of the Milky Way (center), including the bright Geminga pulsar. Credit: NASA/DOE/International LAT Team.]] The nature of Geminga was quite unknown for 20 years after its discovery by NASA's [[w:Second Small Astronomy Satellite|Second Small Astronomy Satellite]] (SAS-2). In March 1991 the [[w:ROSAT|ROSAT]] satellite detected a [[w:Frequency|periodicity]] of 0.237 seconds in [[w:Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy|soft x-ray emission]]. This nearby explosion may be responsible for the low density of the [[interstellar medium]] in the immediate vicinity of the [[Solar System]]. This low-density area is known as the [[w:Local Bubble|Local Bubble]].<ref name=Gehrels>{{ cite journal |author=Neil Gehrels |author2=Wan Chen |title=The Geminga supernova as a possible cause of the local interstellar bubble |journal=Nature |month= |year=1993 |volume=361 |issue=6414 |pages=706-7 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6414/abs/361706a0.html |doi=10.1038/361706a0 }}</ref> Possible evidence for this includes findings by the [[w:Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo Observatory]] that local micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles appear to originate from its direction.<ref name=Centauri>{{ cite book | url=http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1741 | title=The Sun's Exotic Neighborhood | publisher=Centauri Dreams | date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> Geminga is the first example of a radio-quiet pulsar, and serves as an illustration of the difficulty of associating gamma-ray emission with objects known at other wavelengths: either no credible object is detected in the error region of the gamma-ray source, or a number are present and some characteristic of the gamma-ray source, such as periodicity or variability, must be identified in one of the prospective candidates (or vice-versa as in the case of Geminga). {{clear}} ==BL Lacertae objects== {{main|Stars/Quasars}} On June 28, 2011, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) detected "a very rapid TeV gamma-ray flare from BL Lacertae"<ref name=Arlen>{{ cite journal |author=T. Arlen |author2=T. Aune |author3=M. Beilicke |author4=W. Benbow |author5=A. Bouvier |author6=J. H. Buckley |author7=V. Bugaev |author8=A. Cesarini |author9=L. Ciupik |author10=M. P. Connolly |author11=W. Cui |author12=R. Dickherber |author13=J. Dumm |author14=M. Errando |author15=A. Falcone |author16=S. Federici |author17=Q. Feng |author18=J. P. Finley |author19=G. Finnegan |author20=L. Fortson |author21=A. Furniss |author22=N. Galante |author23=D. Gall |author24=S. Griffin |author25=J. Grube |author26=G. Gyuk |author27=D. Hanna |author28=J. Holder |author29=T. B. Humensky |author30=P. Kaaret |author31=N. Karlsson |author32=M. Kertzman |author33=Y. Khassen |author34=D. Kieda |author35=H. Krawczynski |author36=F. Krennrich |author37=G. Maier |author38=P. Moriarty |author39=R. Mukherjee |author40=T. Nelson |author41=A. O'Faoláin de Bhróithe |author42=R. A. Ong |author43=M. Orr |author44=N. Park |author45=J. S. Perkins |author46=A. Pichel |author47=M. Pohl |author48=H. Prokoph |author49=J. Quinn |author50=K. Ragan |author51=L. C. Reyes |author52=P. T. Reynolds |author53=E. Roache |author54=D. B. Saxon |author55=M. Schroedter |author56=G. H. Sembroski |author57=D. Staszak |author58=I. Telezhinsky |author59=G. Tešić1 |author60=M. Theiling |author61=K. Tsurusaki |author62=A. Varlotta |author63=S. Vincent |author64=S. P. Wakely |author65=T. C. Weekes |author66=A. Weinstein |author67=R. Welsing |author68=D. A. Williams |author69=B. Zitzer (The VERITAS Collaboration) |author70=S. G. Jorstad |author71=N. R. MacDonald |author72=A. P. Marscher |author73=P. S. Smith |author74=R. C. Walker |author75=T. Hovatta |author76=J. Richards |author77=W. Max-Moerbeck |author78=A. Readhead |author79=M. L. Lister |author80=Y. Y. Kovalev |author81=A. B. Pushkarev |author82=M. A. Gurwell |author83=A. Lähteenmäki |author84=E. Nieppola |author85=M. Tornikoski |author86=E. Järvelä |title=Rapid TeV Gamma-ray Flaring of BL Lacertae |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January 10, |year=20132013 |volume=762 |issue=2 |pages=92 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/762/2/92 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/92 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Soft gamma repeaters== A '''soft gamma repeater''' ('''SGR''') is an [[w:astronomical object|astronomical object]] which emits large bursts of gamma-rays and X-rays at irregular intervals. In 1998,<ref name=Duncan>{{ cite book | url=http://solomon.as.utexas.edu/~duncan/magnetar.html#March5 | title=The March 5th Event | author=Robert C. Duncan | work=Magnetars', Soft Gamma Repeaters & Very Strong Magnetic Fields | publisher=University of Texas at Austin | date=May 1998 | accessdate=March 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Kouveliotou>{{ cite journal |author=C. Kouveliotou |author2=S. Dieters |author3=T. Strohmayer |author4=J. van Paradijs |author5=G. J. Fishman |author6=C. A. Meegan |author7=K. Hurley |author8=J. Kommers |author9=I. Smith |author10=D. Frail |author11=T. Murakami |title=An X-ray pulsar with a superstrong magnetic field in the soft γ-ray repeater SGR1806 - 20 |journal=Nature |month=May 21, |year=1998 |volume=393 |issue=6682 |pages=235-7 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6682/full/393235a0.html |arxiv= |bibcode=1998Natur.393..235K |doi=10.1038/30410 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-18 }}</ref> astronomer Chryssa Kouveliotou made careful comparisons of the periodicity of soft gamma repeater [[w:SGR 1806-20|SGR 1806-20]]. The period had increased by 0.008 seconds since 1993, and she calculated that this would be explained by a [[w:Magnetar|magnetar]] with a [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength of 8&times;10¹⁰ [[w:Tesla (unit)|tesla]]s (8&times;10¹⁴ [[w:gauss (unit)|gauss]]). This was enough to convince the international astronomical community that soft gamma repeaters are indeed magnetars. ==Sciences== {{main|Sciences}} One of the first catalogs of gamma-ray sources is the catalog of Vela satellite detections. Of the several Vela satellites launched into orbit around the Earth to detect nuclear tests most of them also detected celestial gamma-rays. Of the detections listed in the catalog, each dates from before January 27, 1972. Here are some of these early catalogs: * "A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the VELA Satellites", contains 25 sources of gamma-ray bursts as of 1972, including X-ray sources, detected by the Vela series of satellites, initially designed as part of the monitoring system for nuclear detonations.<ref name=Strong>{{ cite journal |author=IB Strong |author2=RW Klebesadel |author3=RA Olson |title=A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the VELA Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=February |year=1974 |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=L1-3 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1974ApJ...188L...1S |doi=10.1086/181415 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> Sources from this catalog are preceded by a "V" in later catalogs, and dates of detection are included. * "High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite, high-energy (> 35 MeV)",<ref name=Fichtel>{{ cite journal |author=CE Fichtel |author2=RC Hartman |author3=DA Kniffen |author4=DJ Thompson |author5=GF Bignami |author6=H Ögelman |author7=ME Özel |author8=T Tümer |title=High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May |year=1975 |volume=198 |issue=5 |pages=163-82 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1975ApJ...198..163F |doi=10.1086/153590 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> contains 20 potential gamma-ray sources, most of which are X-ray sources. The catalog includes dates of observation. * "Gamma-ray sources observed by COS-B" contains 25 gamma-ray sources at energies > 100 MeV, between August 9, 1975, and April 25, 1982. prefixed with "2CG", and including "CG" catalog sources.<ref name=Hermsen>{{ cite journal |author=W. Hermsen |title=Gamma-ray sources observed by COS-B |journal=Space Science Reviews |month=September |year=1983 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=61-92 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1983SSRv...36...61H |doi=10.1007/BF00171902 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The catalog does not contain specific dates of observation. Sources are only in galactic coordinates. The circular error boxes for each source detected have radii ranging between 0.4° and 1.5°. * "Third EGRET catalogue", contains 271 gamma-ray sources, prefixed with "3EG": 94 blazars, five pulsars, the Large Magellanic Cloud, one solar flare, and 170 sources, with no identification with known astrophysical objects.<ref name=Hartman>{{ cite journal |author=RC Hartman ''et al.'' |title=The Third EGRET Catalog of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplemental Series |month= |year=1999 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=79 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJS..123...79H |doi=10.1086/313231 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> * "A General Gamma-Ray Source Catalog", contains 309 objects, from 50 keV to ~ 1 TeV.<ref name=Macomb>{{ cite journal |author=DJ Macomb |author2=N. Gehrels |title=A General Gamma-Ray Source Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplemental Series |month=February |year=1999 |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=335-97 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJS..120..335M |doi=10.1086/313182 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> It includes sources from "1A", "1E", "2CG", "2EG", "2EGS", "3C", "4U", "A", "ESO", "EXO", "EXS", "GEV", "GRO", "GRS", "GS", "GX", "H", "MRK", "NGC", "PKS", "PSR", "QSO", and "SS", among other catalogs. The catalog has dates of observation by a variety of observatories and sounding rockets. * "The Third IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog", contains 421 sources, from 18-100 keV.<ref name=Bird>{{ cite journal |author=Bird AJ |author2=Malizia A |author3=Bazzano A |author4=Barlow EJ |author5=Bassani L |author6=Hill AB |author7=Bélanger G |author8=Capitanio F |author9=Clark DJ |author10=Dean AJ |author11=Fiocchi M |author12=Götz D |author13=Lebrun F |author14=Molina M |author15=Produit N |author16=Renaud M |author17=Sguera V |author18=Stephen JB |author19=Terrier R |author20=Ubertini P |author21=Walter R |author22=Winkler C |author23=Zurita J |title=The Third IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Supplemental Series |month=May |year=2007 |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=175-81 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2007ApJS..170..175B |doi=10.1086/513148 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The catalog does not contain dates of observation. ==Balloons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Balloons}} On June 19, 1988, from Birigüi (50° 20' W 21° 20' S) at 10:15 UTC a balloon launch occurred which carried two NaI(Tl) detectors (600&nbsp;cm² total area) to an air pressure altitude of 5.5 mb for a total observation time of 6 hr.<ref name=Figueiredo>{{ cite journal |author=Figueiredo N |author2=Villela T |author3=Jayanthi UB |author4=Wuensche CA |author5=Neri JACF |author6=Cesta RC |title=Gamma-ray observations of SN1987A |journal=Rev Mex Astron Astrofis. |month= |year=1990 |volume=21 |pages=459–62 |bibcode=1990RMxAA..21..459F }}</ref> The supernova SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) was discovered on February 23, 1987, and its progenitor is a blue supergiant (Sk -69 202) with luminosity of 2-5 x 10³⁸ erg/s.<ref name=Figueiredo/> The 847 keV and 1238 keV gamma-ray lines from ⁵⁶Co decay have been detected.<ref name=Figueiredo/> "Gamma rays at energies of 0.3 to 8 megaelectron volts (MeV) were detected on 15 April 1988 from four nuclear-powered satellites including Cosmos 1900 and Cosmos 1932 as they flew over a double Compton gamma-ray telescope."<ref name=ONeill>{{ cite journal |author=Terrence J. O'Neill |author2=Alan D. Kerrick |author3=Farid Ait-Ouamer |author4=O. Tumay Tumer |author5=Allen D. Zych |author6=R. Stephen White |title=Observations of nuclear reactors on satellites with a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope |journal= Science |month=April 28, |year=1989 |volume=244 |issue=4903 |pages=451-4 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/244/4903/451.short |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1126/science.244.4903.451 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> ==Satellites== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Satellites}} The first gamma-ray telescope carried into orbit, on the [[w:Explorer 11|Explorer 11]] satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma-ray photons. They appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform "gamma-ray background". Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic rays (very energetic charged particles in space) with interstellar gas. "[T]he University of Minnesota Gamma-ray Experiment [aboard [[w:OSO 1|OSO 1]] ] was designed to provide preliminary measurements of the intensity and directional properties of low-energy gamma-rays in space. The detector operated in the 50 keV - 3 MeV range. For the 50-150 keV range, a NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal monitored radiation through a lead shield. The detector operating in the 0.3-1.0 MeV and 1.0-3.0 MeV energy regions used two scintillators connected as a Compton coincidence telescope. ... The U. Minnesota gamma-ray experiment on OSO 1 produced a measurement of the extraterrestrial gamma-ray flux between 0.5-3.0 MeV, and an indication of its origin on the celestial sphere. Equally important, this experiment began to define the background problems encountered in gamma-ray astronomy."<ref name=Mattson>{{ cite book |author=Barbara Mattson |title=OSO 1 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |location=Greenbelt, Maryland |date=October 18, 2007 |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso1.html |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> OSO 1 is launched on March 7, 1962.<ref name=Mattson/> ==Astro‐rivelatore Gamma a Immagini LEggero== '''AGILE''' ('''Astro‐rivelatore Gamma a Immagini LEggero''') is an X-ray and Gamma ray astronomical satellite of the [[w:Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency]] (ASI). The AGILE mission is to observe Gamma-Ray sources in the universe. AGILE’s instrumentation combines a gamma-ray imager (GRID) (sensitive in the energy range 30 MeV-50 GeV), a hard X-ray imager and monitor: Super-AGILE (sensitive in the range 18-60 KeV), a calorimeter (sensitive in the range 350 KeV-100 MeV) (MCAL), and an anticoincidence system (AC), based on plastic scintillator. AGILE was successfully launched on [April 23,] 2007. ==BeppoSAX== In February 1997 the Italian-Dutch satellite [[w:BeppoSAX|BeppoSAX]], launched in April 1996, provided the first accurate positions of gamma-ray bursts, allowing follow-up observations and identification of the sources when the X-ray camera was pointed towards the direction from which the burst [[w:GRB 970228|GRB 970228]] had originated, it detected fading X-ray emission. ==Compton Gamma Ray Observatory== [[Image:Compton - Diagrama esquematico.png|thumb|right|200px|This is a schematic of the various experiments aboard the Gamma-ray Observatory. Credit: NASA/JPL.]] Launched in 1991, the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] carried aboard the Burst and Transient Source Explorer ([[w:CGRO#Instruments|BATSE]]) instrument, an extremely sensitive gamma-ray detector. The BATSE " the sky for gamma ray bursts (20 to >600 keV) and conducted full sky surveys for long-lived sources. It consisted of eight identical detector modules, one at each of the satellite's corners (left, right; front and back; top and bottom). Each module consisted of both a NaI(Tl) Large Area Detector (LAD) covering the 20 keV to ~2 MeV range, 50.48&nbsp;cm in dia by 1.27&nbsp;cm thick, and a 12.7&nbsp;cm dia by 7.62&nbsp;cm thick NaI Spectroscopy Detector, which extended the upper energy range to 8 MeV, all surrounded by a plastic scintillator in active anti-coincidence to veto the large background rates due to cosmic rays and trapped radiation. Sudden increases in the LAD rates triggered a high-speed data storage mode, the details of the burst being read out to [[w:telemetry|telemetry]] later. Bursts were typically detected at rates of roughly one per day over the 9-year CGRO mission. A strong burst could result in the observation of many thousands of gamma rays within a time interval ranging from ~0.1 s up to about 100 s. The '''Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment''', ('''OSSE'''), by the [[w:Naval Research Laboratory|Naval Research Laboratory]] detected gamma rays entering the field of view of any of four detector modules, which could be pointed individually, and were effective in the 0.05 to 10 MeV range. Each detector had a central [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|scintillation spectrometer]] crystal of [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|NaI(Tl)]] 12 in (303&nbsp;mm) in diameter, by 4 in (102&nbsp;mm) thick, optically coupled at the rear to a 3 in (76.2&nbsp;mm) thick CsI(Na) crystal of similar diameter, viewed by seven [[w:photomultiplier tube|photomultiplier tube]]s, operated as a [[w:Phoswich Detector|phoswich]]: i.e., particle and gamma-ray events from the rear produced slow-rise time (~1 μs) pulses, which could be electronically distinguished from pure NaI events from the front, which produced faster (~0.25 μs) pulses. Thus the CsI backing crystal acted as an active [[w:Electronic anticoincidence|anticoncidence]] shield, vetoing events from the rear. A further barrel-shaped CsI shield, also in [[w:electronic anticoincidence|electronic anticoincidence]], surrounded the central detector on the sides and provided coarse collimation, rejecting gamma rays and charged particles from the sides or most of the forward field-of-view (FOV). A finder level of angular collimation was provided by a tungston slat collimator grid within the outer CsI barrel, which collimated the response to a 3.8° x 11.4° FWHM rectangular FOV. A plastic scintillator across the front of each module vetoed charged particles entering from the front. The four detectors were typically operated in pairs of two. During a gamma-ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other would slew slightly off source to measure the background levels. The two detectors would routinely switch roles, allowing for more accurate measurements of both the source and background. The instruments could [[w:slewing|slew]] with a speed of approximately 2 degrees per second. The '''Imaging Compton Telescope''', ('''COMPTEL''') by the [[w:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics|Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], the [[w:University of New Hampshire|University of New Hampshire]], [[w:Netherlands Institute for Space Research|Netherlands Institute for Space Research]], and ESA's Astrophysics Division was tuned to the 0.75-30 MeV energy range and determined the angle of arrival of photons to within a degree and the energy to within five percent at higher energies. The instrument had a field of view of one [[w:steradian|steradian]]. For cosmic gamma-ray events, the experiment required two nearly simultaneous interactions, in a set of front and rear scintillators. Gamma rays would [[w:Compton scattering|Compton scatter]] in a forward detector module, where the interaction energy ''E₁'', given to the recoil electron was measured, while the Compton scattered photon would then be caught in one of a second layer of scintillators to the rear, where its total energy, ''E₂'', would be measured. From these two energies, ''E₁'' and ''E₂'', the Compton scattering angle, angle θ, can be determined, along with the total energy, ''E₁ + E₂'', of the incident photon. The positions of the interactions, in both the front and rear scintillators, was also measured. The [[w:Euclidean vector|vector]], '''V''', connecting the two interaction points determined a direction to the sky, and the angle θ about this direction, defined a cone about '''V''' on which the source of the photon must lie, and a corresponding "event circle" on the sky. Because of the requirement for a near coincidence between the two interactions, with the correct delay of a few nanoseconds, most modes of background production were strongly suppressed. From the collection of many event energies and event circles, a map of the positions of sources, along with their photon fluxes and spectra, could be determined. {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:11px; float:right; margin:2px" |- bgcolor= style="font-size: smaller;" | colspan=8 align=center|'''Comparison''' |- ! Instrument || Observing |- | BATSE || 0.02 - 8 MeV |- | OSSE || 0.05 - 10 MeV |- | COMPTEL || 0.75 - 30 MeV |- | EGRET || 20 - 30 GeV |- |} {{clear}} ==Cos B== [[Image:Cos-B.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of the satellite Cos-B superimposed on an Earth-orbit-like background. Credit: NASA.]] '''Cos-B''' was the first [[w:European Space Research Organisation|European Space Research Organisation]] mission to study gamma-ray sources. Scientific results included the 2CG Catalogue listing around 25 gamma ray sources and a map of the Milky Way. The satellite also observed the Cygnus X-3 pulsar. "Gamma radiation astronomy only developed after specialized satellites had been put into outer space. The results are surveyed which were obtained by satellite COS-B. 25 discrete sources were detected but only 5 cosmic objects of different type were identified."<ref name="Grygar">{{cite journal |author=J. Grygar |year=1985 |title=Gamma-radiation astronomy |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:17020607 |journal=Vesmir |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=10-12 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2018-1-19 |month= }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope== [[Image:Glast allsky1-a.png|thumb|right|200px|This is a high-energy gamma radiation image about the Earth, taken from [[w:Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope|Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope]] on the NASA’s [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] satellite. Credit: United States Department of Energy.]] The '''Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope''', ('''EGRET''') measured high energy (20 MeV to 30 GeV) gamma ray source positions to a fraction of a degree and photon energy to within 15 percent. EGRET was developed by NASA [[w:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard Space Flight Center]], the [[w:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics|Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], and [[w:Stanford University|Stanford University]]. Its detector operated on the principle of electron-[[w:positron|positron]] [[w:pair production|pair production]] from high energy photons interacting in the detector. The tracks of the high-energy electron and positron created were measured within the detector volume,and the axis of the ''V'' of the two emerging particles projected to the sky. Finally, their total energy was measured in a large [[w:calorimeter (particle physics)|calorimeter]] [[w:scintillation detector|scintillation detector]] at the rear of the instrument. {{clear}} ==Explorer 11== Launched on April 27, 1961, '''Explorer 11''' is an American Earth-[[w:orbital spaceflight|orbital]] satellite that carried the first space-borne [[w:gamma-ray|gamma-ray]] [[w:telescope|telescope]]. This is the earliest beginning of space gamma-ray astronomy. During the spacecraft's seven month lifespan it detected twenty-two events from gamma-rays. The celestial distribution of the thirty-one arrival directions showed no statistically significant correlation with the direction of any potential cosmic source. The gamma-ray telescope used a combination of a sandwich scintillator detector along with a Cherenkov counter to measure the arrival directions and energies of high-energy gamma rays. Since the telescope could not be aimed, the spacecraft was set in a slow spin to scan the celestial sphere. ==Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope== [[Image:GLAST on the payload attach fitting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope sits on its payload attachment fitting. Credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett.]] The Milkyway gamma-ray bubbles have been detected using data of the [[w:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope]]. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) detects individual gamma rays using technology similar to that used in terrestrial [[w:particle accelerator|particle accelerator]]s. [[w:Photons|Photons]] hit thin metal sheets, converting to electron-positron pairs, via a process known as [[w:pair production|pair production]]. These charged particles pass through interleaved layers of silicon [[w:microstrip detector|microstrip detector]]s, causing [[w:ionization|ionization]] which produce detectable tiny pulses of electric charge. Researchers can combine information from several layers of this tracker to determine the path of the particles. After passing through the tracker, the particles enter the [[w:calorimeter|calorimeter]], which consists of a stack of [[w:caesium iodide|caesium iodide]] [[w:scintillator|scintillator]] crystals to measure the total energy of the particles. The LAT's field of view is large, about 20% of the sky. The resolution of its images is modest by astronomical standards, a few arc minutes for the highest-energy photons and about 3 degrees at 100 MeV. The LAT is a bigger and better successor to the [[w:EGRET (telescope)|EGRET]] instrument on NASA's [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] satellite in the 1990s. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) detects sudden flares of gamma-rays produced by gamma ray bursts and solar flares. Its scintillators are on the sides of the spacecraft to view all of the sky which is not blocked by the earth. The design is optimized for good resolution in time and photon energy. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor has detected gamma rays from positrons generated in powerful thunderstorms.<ref name=Glast>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/fermi-thunderstorms.html</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma== '''Gamma''' is a [[w:Soviet|Soviet]] [[w:gamma ray telescope|gamma ray telescope]] launched on 11 July 1990. The Gamma-1 telescope was the main telescope. It consisted of 2 scintillation counters and a gas [[w:Čerenkov radiation|Cerenkov counter]]. With an effective area of around 0.2 square metres (2.2 sq ft), it operated in the energy range of 50&nbsp;MeV to 6&nbsp;[[w:GeV|GeV]]. At 100&nbsp;MeV it initially had an [[w:angular resolution|angular resolution]] of 1.5 [[w:degree (angle)|degree]]s, with a [[w:field of view|field of view]] of 5 degrees and an energy resolution of 12%. A Telezvezda [[w:star tracker|star tracker]] increased the pointing position accuracy of the Gamma-1 telescope to 2 [[w:arcminute|arcminute]]s by tracking stars up to an [[w:apparent magnitude|apparent magnitude]] of 5 within its 6 by 6 degree field of view. However, due to the failure of power to a [[w:spark chamber|spark chamber]], for most of the mission the resolution was around 10 degrees.<ref name="gamma">{{ cite book |url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html |title=The Gamma Satellite |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> ==HEAO 1== [[Image:Heao1 photo.gif|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the HEAO-1 satellite, a NASA High Energy Astronomy Observatory. Credit: NASA.]] The A4, Hard X-ray / Low Energy Gamma-ray experiment, aboard HEAO 1, launched August 12, 1977, used sodium iodide (NaI) [[w:scintillation counters|scintillation counters]] to cover the energy range from about 20 keV to 10 MeV. Each detector was actively shielded by surrounding CsI scintillators, in active-anti-coincidence, so that an extraneous particle or gamma-ray event from the side or rear would be vetoed electronically, and rejected. (It was discovered in early balloon flight by experimenters in the 1960s that passive collimators or shields, made of materials such as lead, actually ''increase'' the undesired background rate, due to the intense showers of secondary particles and photons produced by the extremely high energy (GeV) particles characteristic of the space radiation environment.) A plastic anti-coincidence scintillation shield, essentially transparent to gamma-ray photons, protected the detectors from high-energy charged particles entering from the front. For all seven modules, the unwanted background effects of particles or photons entering from the rear was suppressed by a "phoswich" design, in which the active NaI detecting element was optically coupled to a layer of CsI on its rear surface, which was in turn optically coupled to a single [[w:photomultiplier|photomultiplier]] tube for each of the seven units. Because the NaI has a much faster response time (~0.25 μsec) than the CsI (~1 μsec), electronic pulse shape discriminators could distinguish good events××3 in NaI in the NaI from mixed events accompanied by a simultaneous interaction in the CsI. The largest, or '''High Energy Detector''' (HED), occupied the central position and covered the upper range from ~120 keV to 10 MeV, with a field-of-view (FOV) collimated to 37° [[w:Full width at half maximum|FWHM]]. Its NaI detector was 5 in (12.7&nbsp;cm) in diameter by 3 in (7.62&nbsp;cm) thick. The extreme penetrating power of photons in this energy range made it necessary to operate the HED in electronic anti-coincidence with the surrounding CsI and also the six other detectors of the hexagon. Two '''Low Energy Detectors''' (LEDs) were located in positions 180° apart on opposite side of the hexagon. They had thin ~3&nbsp;mm thick NaI detectors, also 5 in (12.7&nbsp;cm) in diameter, covering the energy range from ~10—200 keV. Their FOV was defined to fan-shaped beams of 1.7° x 20° FWHM by passive, parallel slat-plate collimators. The slats of the two LEDs were inclined to ±30° to the nominal HEAO scanning direction, crossing each other at 60°. Thus, working together, they covered a wide field of view, but could localize celestial sources with a precision determined by their 1.7° narrow fields. The four '''Medium Energy Detectors''' (MEDs), with a nominal energy range of 80 keV — 3 MeV, had 3 in (7.62&nbsp;cm) dia by 1 in (2.54&nbsp;cm) thick NaI detector crystals, and occupied the four remaining positions in the hexagon of modules. They had circular FOVs with a 17° FWHM. Results of the experiment included a catalog of the positions and intensities of hard X-ray (10—200 keV) sources.<ref name=Levine>''The HEAO 1 (A4) Catalog of High-Energy X-Ray Sources'', A.M. Levine, et al, Ap.J. Suppl. '''54''':581, 1984.</ref> {{clear}} ==HEAO 3== [[Image:HEAO-3.gif|thumb|right|250px|High Energy Astronomy Observatory number 3 (HEAO 3) undergoes testing prior to launch in its clean room. Credit: NASA.]] The HEAO 3, launched on 20 September 1979 carried [an experiment] known as C1, which was a cryogenically cooled germanium (Ge) high-resolution gamma-ray [[w:spectrometer|spectrometer]]. The C1 instrument was a sky-survey experiment, operating in the hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray bands. It was especially designed to search for the 511 keV gamma-ray line produced by the [[w:annihilation|annihilation]] of [[w:positron|positron]]s in stars, galaxies, and the [[interstellar medium]] (ISM), nuclear gamma-ray line emission expected from the interactions of [[w:cosmic ray|cosmic ray]]s in the ISM, the radioactive products of cosmic [[w:nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]], and nuclear reactions due to low-energy cosmic rays. In addition, careful study was made of the spectral and time variations of known hard X-ray sources. The experimental package contained four cooled, p-type high-purity [[w:germanium|Ge]] [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Semiconductor detectors|gamma-ray detectors]] with a total volume of about 100&nbsp;cm<math>^3</math>, enclosed in a thick (6.6&nbsp;cm average) [[w:caesium|caesium]] iodide (CsI) [[w:scintillation counter|scintillation]] shield in active anti-coincidence<ref name=Peterson>L. E. Peterson, ''Instrumental Technique in X-Ray Astronomy'', in Ann. Revs. Astron. & Astrophys. 13, 423 (1975)</ref> to suppress extraneous background. The experiment was capable of measuring gamma-ray energies falling within the energy interval from 0.045 to 10 MeV. The Ge detector system had an initial energy resolution better than 2.5 keV at 1.33 MeV and a line sensitivity from 1.E-4 to 1.E-5 photons/sq cm-s, depending on the energy. Key experimental parameters were (1) a geometry factor of 11.1 sq cm-sr, (2) effective area ~75&nbsp;cm<math>^2</math> at 100 keV, (3) a field of view of ~30 deg [[w:Full width at half maximum|FWHM]] at 45 keV, and (4) a time resolution of less than 0.1 ms for the germanium detectors and 10 s for the CsI detectors. The gamma-ray spectrometer operated until 1 June 1980, when its [[w:cryogen|cryogen]] was exhausted.<ref name=Wheaton>Wheaton, W.A. et al., "The HEAO 3 Background: Spectrum Observed by a Large Germanium Spectrometer in Low Earth Orbit",in AIP conference Proceedings #186, ''High Energy Radiation Background in Space'',1987, Eds Rester & Trombka, p. 304-322.</ref> The energy resolution of the Ge detectors was subject to degradation (roughly proportional to energy and time) due to radiation damage.<ref name=Mahoney>Mahoney, W.A., Ling, J.C., and Jacobson, A.S. ''Nuc. Instr. & Meth.'',178:363,(1980)</ref> {{clear}} ==High Energy Transient Explorer== [[Image:HETE 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is Explorer 79, the High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE-2). Credit: NASA.]] The '''High Energy Transient Explorer''' is to carry out the first multiwavelength study of gamma-ray bursts with [a soft X-ray camera or SXC], X-ray, and gamma-ray instruments mounted on a single, compact spacecraft. A unique feature of the HETE mission [is] its capability to localize GRBs with ~10 [[w:arc second|arc second]] accuracy in near real time aboard the spacecraft, and to transmit these positions directly to a network of receivers at existing ground-based observatories enabling rapid, sensitive follow-up studies in the [[w:radio|radio]], [[w:infrared|IR]], and [[w:visible light|optical]] bands. HETE-2 was launched on October 9, 2000. {{clear}} ==International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory== The [[w:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]'s '''INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' ('''INTEGRAL''') is an operational Earth satellite, launched in 2002 for detecting some of the most energetic radiation that comes from space. It is the most sensitive gamma ray observatory ever launched.<ref name=Teegarden>{{ cite journal | journal=American Astronomical Society, HEAD meeting #4, #17.01; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | title=INTEGRAL Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts | volume=31 | pages=717 | year=1999 | month=April | bibcode=1999HEAD....4.1701T | author=Teegarden B. J. |author2=Sturner S. J. }}</ref> The INTEGRAL imager, '''IBIS''' (Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite) observes from 15 keV (hard X-rays) to 10 MeV (gamma rays). Angular resolution is 12 arcmin, enabling a bright source to be located to better than 1 arcmin. A 95 x 95 mask of rectangular [[w:tungsten|tungsten]] tiles sits 3.2 meters above the detectors. The detector system contains a forward plane of 128 x 128 Cadmium-Telluride tiles (ISGRI-Integral Soft Gamma-Ray Imager), backed by a 64 x 64 plane of Caesium-Iodide tiles (PICsIT-Pixellated Caesium-Iodide Telescope). ISGRI is sensitive up to 1 MeV, while PICsIT extends to 10 MeV. Both are surrounded by passive shields of tungsten and lead. The primary spectrometer is the SPectrometer for INTEGRAL (SPI). It observes radiation between 20 keV and 8 MeV. SPI consists of a coded mask of hexagonal tungsten tiles, above a detector plane of 19 [[w:germanium|germanium]] crystals (also packed hexagonally). The Ge crystals are actively cooled with a mechanical system, and give an energy resolution of 2 keV at 1 MeV. ==Koronas-Foton== The [[w:Koronas-Foton|Koronas-Foton]] satellite carries an [[w:India|Indian]] Roentgen Telescope (RT), specifically the RT-2 gamma-ray telescope,<ref name=Kotov>{{ cite book |author=Yury Kotov |author2=Alexey Kochemasov |author3=Sergey Kuzin |author4=Vladimir Kuznetsov |author5=Janusz Sylwester |author6=Vitaly Yurov |title=Set of instruments for solar EUV and soft X-ray monitoring onboard satellite Coronas-Photon |publisher=COSPAR |location=Montréal, Canada |date=July 2008 |editor= |pages=1596 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2008cosp...37.1596K |doi= |pmid= |isbn= }}</ref> for low-energy gamma-ray imaging, and a Konus-RF X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer. ==Kosmos 60== Kosmos 60 carried a 16-channel NaI(Tl) scintillator 40 x 40 mm in size. It was surrounded in a charged particle rejection scintillator. The spacecraft weighed 1600 kg and the detector was located inside the vehicle. The detector was sensitive to 0.5-2.0 MeV photons. Kosmos 60 measured the gamma-ray background flux density to be 1.7 × 10⁴ quanta/(m²·s). As was seen by Ranger 3 and Lunas 10 & 12, the spectrum fell sharply up to 1.5 MeV and was flat for higher energies. Several peaks were observed in the spectra which were attributed to the inelastic interaction of cosmic protons with the materials in the satellite body. ==Luna 10== '''Luna 10''' (E-6S series) was a Soviet [[w:Luna program|Luna program]], [[w:robotic spacecraft|robotic spacecraft]] mission, also called Lunik 10. Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3&mdash;3 MeV (50&ndash;500 [[w:joule|pJ]]. Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial [[w:basalt|basalt]] rocks). {{clear}} ==OSO-3== [[Image:Oso3 small.gif|thumb|right|200px|The third orbiting solar observatory (OSO 3) is launched on March 8, 1867. Credit: NASA's HEASARC: Observatories, Goddard Spaceflight Center.]] The gamma-ray telescope flown on the Third Solar Observatory ([[w:OSO-3|OSO-3]]) launched in 1967 achieved the first definitive observation of high-energy cosmic gamma rays from both galactic and extragalactic sources. The gamma-ray instrument onboard registered 621 events attributed to cosmic gamma rays above 50 MeV. A complete sky survey showed that the celestial distribution of gamma-rays is highly anisotropic, being concentrated along the galactic equator. In addition, an extended region around the galactic center showed a higher measured intensity. {{clear}} ==OSO-7== [[Image:Oso7 flight.gif|thumb|right|200px|This is OSO 7. Credit: NASA.]] Aboard the [[w:OSO 7|OSO-7]] satellite is the [[w:University of New Hampshire|UNH]] Solar Gamma-Ray Monitor which observed 0.3—10 MeV solar flare gamma rays with a NaI(Tl) scintillation [[w:Gamma ray spectroscopy|spectrometer]] in a CsI(Na) active [[w:Electronic anticoincidence|anti-coincidence]] shield.<ref name=Hignie>P. R. Hignie et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., v. NS-19, p. 606, 1972.</ref> Specifically, the first observation of solar gamma-ray line emission, due to electron/positron annihilation at 511 keV, from a solar flare in April 1972. {{clear}} ==Ranger 5== [[Image:1964 71395L-Ranger.svg|thumb|right|200px|This is the Ranger 5 spacecraft diagram. Credit: NASA.]] The experimental apparatus included a gamma-ray spectrometer in a 300 mm sphere mounted on a 1.8 m boom. Gamma-ray data were collected for four hours prior to the loss of power. {{clear}} ==Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager== The '''Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager''' (RHESSI) launched on 5 February 2002 is designed to image solar flares in energetic photons from soft X rays (~3 keV) to gamma rays (up to ~20 MeV) and to provide high resolution spectroscopy up to gamma-ray energies of ~20 MeV. The imaging capability of RHESSI is based on a Fourier-transform technique using a set of 9 [[w:Rotational Modulation Collimator|Rotational Modulation Collimator]]s (RMCs) as opposed to mirrors and lenses. Each RMC consist of two sets of widely-spaced, fine-scale linear grids. As the spacecraft rotates, these grids block and unblock any X-rays which may be coming from the Sun modulating the photon signal in time. The modulation can be measured with a detector having no spatial resolution placed behind the RMC since the spatial information is now stored in the time domain. The modulation pattern over half a rotation for a single RMC provides the amplitude and phase of many spatial Fourier components over a full range of angular orientations but for a small range of spatial source dimensions. Multiple RMCs, each with different slit widths, provide coverage over a full range of flare source sizes. Images are then reconstructed from the set of measured Fourier components in exact mathematical analogy to multi-baseline radio interferometry. RHESSI provides spatial resolution of 2 arcseconds at X-ray energies from ~4 keV to ~100 keV, 7 arcseconds to ~400 keV, and 36 arcseconds for gamma-ray lines and continuum emission above 1 MeV. RHESSI can also see gamma rays coming from off-solar directions. The more energetic gamma rays pass through the spacecraft structure, and impact the detectors from any angle. This mode is used to observe gamma ray bursts (GRBs). ==Small Astronomy Satellite 2== [[Image:SAS 2.gif|thumb|right|250px|The SAS 2 is the second small spacecraft designed to detect X-rays, gamma-rays, ultraviolet, visual, and infrared rays. Credit: Mrs. Marjorie R. Townsend Project Manager NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Dr. Carl E. Fichtel Project Scientist NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Dr. Nancy G. Roman Program Scientist NASA Headquarters.]] "The '''Small Astronomy Satellite 2''' was a NASA [[w:gamma ray telescope|gamma ray telescope]] launched on 15 November 1972 with a primary objective to measure the spatial and energy distribution of primary galactic and extragalactic gamma radiation with energies between 20 and 300 MeV. SAS-2 first detected [[w:Geminga|Geminga]], a [[w:pulsar|pulsar]] believed to be the remnant of a supernova that exploded 300,000 years ago.<ref name=Darling/> {{clear}} ==Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission== [[Image:Swift spacecraft.jpg|thumb|right|250px|NASA's [[w:Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission]] is launched in November 2004. Credit: NASA.]] ''Swift'' is a multi-wavelength [[w:Space observatory|space-based observatory]] dedicated to the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Its three instruments work together to observe GRBs and their afterglows in the [[w:gamma-ray|gamma-ray]], [[w:X-ray|X-ray]], [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]], and [[w:optical|optical]] wavebands. The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detects GRB events and computes their [[w:coordinate|coordinate]]s in the sky. It covers a large fraction of the sky (over one [[w:steradian|steradian]] fully coded, three steradians partially coded; by comparison, the full sky solid angle is 4π or about 12.6 steradians). It locates the position of each event with an accuracy of 1 to 4 [[w:arc-minute|arc-minute]]s within 15 seconds. This crude position is immediately relayed to the ground, and some wide-field, rapid-slew ground-based telescopes can catch the GRB with this information. The BAT uses a [[w:coded aperture|coded-aperture mask]] of 52,000 randomly placed 5&nbsp;mm [[w:lead|lead]] tiles, 1 metre above a detector plane of 32,768 four&nbsp;mm [[w:Cadmium zinc telluride|CdZnTe]] hard X-ray detector tiles; it is purpose-built for ''Swift''. Energy range: 15–150 keV.<ref name=Myers>{{ cite book | author=J.D. Myers | title=Swift's Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) | url=http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/about_swift/bat_desc.html | publisher=NASA/ GSFC | date=28 February 2006 | accessdate=2009-05-02 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Vela satellites== [[Image:Vela5b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This photograph shows Vela 5A/B satellites in their [[w:Cleanroom|cleanroom]]. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory and NASA.]] For [[gamma-ray astronomy]], the Vela satellites were the first devices ever to detect cosmic gamma ray bursts. {{clear}} ==WIND spacecraft== [[Image:WIND.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This artist's image shows the WIND satellite in space. Credit: NASA.]] Launched on 1 November 1994 the experiment consists of two identical gamma ray spectrometers mounted on opposite sites of the spacecraft so all sky is observed.<ref name=Aptekar>{{ cite journal |author=Aptekar R. |author2=et al. |year=1995 |title=Konus-W gamma-ray burst experiment for the GSS Wind spacecraft |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=71 |issue=1-4 |pages=265 |bibcode=1995SSRv...71..265A |doi=10.1007/BF00751332 }}</ref> WIND carries the Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) which covers the energy range 15 keV - 10 MeV, with an energy resolution of 2.0 keV @ 1.0 MeV (E/delta E = 500). "It still provides the highest time, angular, and energy resolution of any of the solar wind monitors. {{clear}} ==Sounding rockets== About a quarter of the sounding rockets were dedicated to stellar and gamma-ray studies. ==Telescopes== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Telescopes}} "For X-rays, the index of refraction is defined by Rayleigh scattering,"<ref name=Wogan>{{ cite book |author=Tim Wogan |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> especially in the use of Wolter telescopes. "[T]he strength of the effect drops off as the inverse square of the X-ray energy. This means that at high X-ray energies – and on into low gamma-ray energies – the radiation is not bent enough for a lens to work effectively."<ref name=Wogan/> "[T]he index of refraction starts to make a comeback at energies greater than about 700 keV. What is more, while the index of refraction is negative for X-rays, it becomes positive for gamma rays."<ref name=Wogan/> "What is new now is that with gamma rays we can really address the extremely high electric field of the nucleus," with Delbrück scattering.<ref name=Habs>{{ cite book |author=Dietrich Habs |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "The measurements indicate that there exists an index of refraction for gamma-ray energies that is substantially larger than people believed before".<ref name=Pietralla>{{ cite book |author=Norbert Pietralla |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "Materials with nuclei that have a large positive charge – such as gold – should be ideal for making gamma-ray lenses".<ref name=Wogan/> ===Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes=== [[Image:Shower detection.png|thumb|right|400px|This diagram depicts an air shower resulting from cosmic rays. Credit: Konrad Bernlöhr.]] The Cherenkov telescopes do not actually detect the gamma rays directly but instead detect the flashes of visible light produced when gamma rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name=Penston>{{ cite book |author = Margaret J. Penston |date = 14 August 2002 |url=http://www.pparc.ac.uk/frontiers/latest/feature.asp?article=14F1&style=feature |title = The electromagnetic spectrum |publisher = Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council |accessdate = 17 August 2006 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Converted Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Using Solar-2=== The first astronomical observations started in the fall of 2004. However, the facility had its last observing runs in November 2005 as funds for observational operations from the [[w:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] were no longer available. CACTUS is sensitive in the 50-500 GeV energy range.<ref name=Chertok>{{ cite book |author=M. Chertok |author2=P. Afonso |author3=J. Lizarazo |author4=P. Marleau |author5=S. Maruyama |author6=J. Stilley |author7=S.M. Tripathi |title=Search for Dark Matter Annihilations in Draco with CACTUS |date=2006 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.panic05.lanl.gov/abstracts/610/proc_cactus_panic05_revised.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-03 }}</ref> "The CACTUS atmospheric Cherenkov telescope collaboration recently reported a gamma-ray excess from the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy."<ref name=Profumo>{{ cite journal |author=Stefano Profumo |author2=Marc Kamionkowski |title=Dark matter and the CACTUS gamma-ray excess from Draco |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |month=March |year=2006 |volume=2006 |issue=03 |pages= |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1475-7516/2006/03/003 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2006/03/003 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-03 }}</ref> "[T]he bulk of the signal detected by CACTUS [may come] from direct [weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)] WIMP annihilation to two photons"<ref name=Profumo/>. ===High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy=== [[Image:Hegra and not bob tubbs 2001.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Two HEGRA reflectors, with the [[w:Nordic Optical Telescope|NOT]] in the background.]] '''HEGRA''', which stands for ''High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy'', was an atmospheric [[w:Cherenkov effect|Cherenkov]] telescope for Gamma-ray astronomy. With its various types of detectors, HEGRA took data between 1987 and 2002, at which point it was dismantled in order to build its successor, [[w:MAGIC (telescope)|MAGIC]], at the same site. HEGRA is at 2200 masl. {{clear}} ===High Energy Stereoscopic System=== [[Image:Ct2ct3 nah n.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Two HESS telescopes, CT2 and CT3, are part of the HESS array in Namibia. Credit: .]] '''High Energy Stereoscopic System''' or H.E.S.S. is a next-generation system of '''Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes''' (IACT) for the investigation of cosmic gamma rays in the 100 GeV and TeV energy range. ... As of September 2011, there are 62 sources in the HESS catalogue. {{clear}} ===Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes=== [[Image:Magicmirror.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is the MAGIC telescope at La Palma, Canary Islands. Credit: [[commons:User:Pachango|Pachango]].]] '''MAGIC''' ('''Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes''') is a system of two [[w:IACT|Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope]]s situated at the [[w:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory|Roque de los Muchachos Observatory]] on [[w:La Palma|La Palma]], one of the [[w:Canary Islands|Canary Islands]], at about 2200 m above sea level. MAGIC detects particle showers released by gamma rays, using the [[w:Cherenkov radiation|Cherenkov radiation]], i.e., faint light radiated by the charged particles in the showers. With a diameter of 17 meters for the reflecting surface, it is the largest in the world. MAGIC is sensitive to cosmic gamma rays with energies between 50 [[w:GeV|GeV]] and 30 [[w:TeV|TeV]] due to its large mirror; other ground-based gamma-ray telescopes typically observe gamma energies above 200-300 GeV. Satellite-based detectors detect gamma-rays in the energy range from keV up to several GeV. MAGIC has found pulsed gamma-rays at energies higher than 25 GeV coming from the [[w:Crab Pulsar|Crab Pulsar]].<ref name=ScienceU>"Observation of Pulsed Gamma-Rays Above 25 GeV from the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC", MAGIC collaboration, Science 322 (2008) 1221.</ref> The presence of such high energies indicates that the gamma-ray source is far out in the pulsar's [[w:magnetosphere|magnetosphere]], in contradiction with many models. A much more controversial observation is an energy dependence in the speed of light of cosmic rays coming from a short burst of the [[w:blazar|blazar]] [[w:Markarian 501|Markarian 501]] on July 9, 2005. Photons with energies between 1.2 and 10 TeV arrived 4 minutes after those in a band between .25 and .6 TeV. The average delay was .030±.012 seconds per GeV of energy of the photon. If the relation between the space velocity of a photon and its energy is linear, then this translates into the fractional difference in the speed of light being equal to minus the photon's energy divided by 2 x 10¹⁷ GeV. {{clear}} ===Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment=== The '''Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment''' ('''STACEE'''), is a gamma ray detector located near [[w:Albuquerque|Albuquerque]], [[w:New Mexico|New Mexico]]. Observations with STACEE began in October 2001 and concluded in June 2007. Gamma rays were observed from objects such as the [[w:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]], a [[w:supernova remnant|supernova remnant]], and [[w:Markarian 421|Markarian 421]], a [[w:blazar|blazar]]. STACEE uses the [[w:heliostat|heliostat]]s and space on the [[w:solar power tower|receiver]] tower of the [[w:National Solar Thermal Test Facility|National Solar Thermal Test Facility]] operated by the [[w:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia National Laboratories]] on the grounds of the [[w:Kirtland Air Force Base|Kirtland Air Force Base]]. During the night STACEE uses the heliostats to reflect the brief flashes of [[w:Čerenkov radiation|Čerenkov radiation]] caused by gamma rays hitting the [[w:upper atmosphere|upper atmosphere]] to photodetectors mounted in the tower. STACEE is a [[w:nonimaging optics|nonimaging]] telescope, meaning that it detects the light from a portion of the sky, but does not resolve the light into an image. ==Gamma-ray spectrometers== [[Image:Co60 Spectrum.JPG|thumb|right|250 px|This is a spectrum of ⁶⁰Co, with peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV from a spectrometer.]] A '''Gamma-Ray Spectrometer''', or (GRS), is an instrument for measuring the distribution (or [[w:spectrum|spectrum]]—see [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|figure]]) of the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each [[w:photon|photon]]. [[Image:Grsradiation-med.jpg|right|thumb|200px|This diagram depicts the generation of gamma rays by cosmic ray exposure. Credit: JPL, NASA.]] Using Germanium detectors - a crystal of hyperpure germanium that produces pulses proportional to the captured photon energy; while more sensitive, it has to be cooled to a low temperature, requiring a bulky cryogenic apparatus. When exposed to [[w:cosmic rays|cosmic rays]] (charged particles in space that come from the stars, including our sun), chemical elements in soils and rocks emit uniquely identifiable signatures of energy in the form of gamma rays. The gamma ray spectrometer looks at these signatures, or energies, coming from the elements present in the target soil. By measuring gamma rays coming from the target body, it is possible to calculate the abundance of various elements and how they are distributed around the planet's surface. Gamma rays, emitted from the [[w:atomic nucleus|nuclei]] of [[w:atoms|atoms]], show up as sharp [[w:emission lines|emission lines]] on the instrument's spectrum output. While the energy represented in these emissions determines which elements are present, the intensity of the spectrum reveals the elements concentrations. Spectrometers are expected to add significantly to the growing understanding of the origin and evolution of planets like Mars and the processes shaping them today and in the past. {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray spectroscopy== The study and analysis of gamma-ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called [[w:gamma spectroscopy|gamma spectroscopy]], and gamma-ray spectrometers are the instruments which observe and collect such data. Atomic [[w:atomic nucleus|nuclei]] have an energy-level structure somewhat analogous the energy levels of atoms, so that they may emit (or absorb) photons of particular energies, much as atoms do, but at energies that are thousands to millions of times higher than those typically studied in optical spectroscopy. As with atoms, the particular energy levels of nuclei are characteristic of each species, so that the photon energies of the gamma rays emitted, which correspond to the energy differences of the nuclei, can be used to identify particular elements and isotopes. Distinguishing between gamma-rays of slightly different energy is an important consideration in the analysis of complex spectra, and the ability of a GRS to do so is characterized by the instrument's [[w:spectral resolution|spectral resolution]], or the accuracy with which the energy of each photon is measured. Semi-conductor detectors, based on cooled [[w:germanium|germanium]] or [[w:silicon|silicon]] detecting elements, have been invaluable for the energy level spectrum of nuclei which typically dies out above about 10 MeV. Gamma-ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum spectra, so that the moderate spectral resolution of [[w:scintillation|scintillation]] (often sodium iodide (NaI) or caesium iodide, (CsI) spectrometers), often suffices for such applications. ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Positive cloud or above to ground lightning probably emits more gamma rays than X-rays. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Principles of Radiation Astronomy]] * [[Radioactivity]] * [[Radioactivity basics]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Theory|Theoretical radiation astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy]] * [[X-ray astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{ cite book |author=Vedrenne G |author2=Atteia J.-L. |year=2009 |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3540390855 }} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center.] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA.] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|Gamma-ray astronomy}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation/Lectures]] 1s2iv70vuns0zplojw1aco0ff60rlqs 2412765 2412764 2022-08-09T04:58:31Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Gamma-ray bubbles */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Moon egret.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Moon is seen by the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]], in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. Credit: D. J. Thompson, D. L. Bertsch (NASA/GSFC), D. J. Morris (UNH), R. Mukherjee (NASA/GSFC/USRA).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Gamma-ray astronomy''' is radiation astronomy applied to the various extraterrestrial gamma-ray sources, especially at night. It is usually conducted above the Earth's atmosphere and at locations away from the Earth as a part of explorational (or exploratory) gamma-ray astronomy. An introduction to gamma rays may occur at the secondary education level. The study of this type of radiation usually intensifies at the university undergraduate level. The more hazardous aspects of gamma radiation become known when a student embarks on graduate study. As with general radiation astronomy some cautionary speculation may be introduced unexpectedly to stimulate the imagination and open a small crack in a few doors that may appear closed at present. This advances the learning portion of the resource to being a lecture and part article so some state-of -the-art results from the scholarly literature can be included. The laboratories of gamma-ray astronomy are limited to the observatories themselves and the computers and other instruments (sometimes off site) used to analyze the results. "Gamma radiation astronomy" is a term that dates back to 1965: PETERSON, LE. "Experiments in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy(X-ray and gamma radiation astronomy- OSO MEASUREMENTS)." ''1965. 15 P'' (1965). {{clear}} ==Astronomy== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Astronomy}} When any effort to acquire a system of laws or knowledge focusing on an ''astr'', ''aster'', or ''astro'', that is, any natural body in the sky especially at night,<ref name=Gove>{{ cite book |author= |title=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary |publisher=G. & C. Merriam Company |location=Springfield, Massachusetts |year=1963 |editor=Philip B. Gove |pages=1221 |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= }}</ref> discovers an entity emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing gamma rays, succeeds even in its smallest [[measurement]], '''gamma-ray astronomy''' is the name of the effort and the result. Once an entity, source, or object has been detected as emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing gamma rays, it may be necessary to determine what the mechanism is. Usually this information provides understanding of the same entity, source, or object. Gamma rays are the most energetic rays of the electromagnetic spectrum. ==Radiation== {{main|Radiation}} [[Image:Operation Upshot-Knothole - Badger 001.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Gamma rays are emitted during radioactive decay processes such as those occurring in nuclear explosions. Credit: National Nuclear Security Administration, USA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' very high [[wikt:frequence|frequency]] (and therefore very high [[wikt:energy|energy]]) [[wikt:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]] emitted as a [[wikt:consequence|consequence]] of [[wikt:radioactivity|radioactivity]] is called a '''gamma ray'''. '''Def.''' electromagnetic radiation consisting of gamma rays is called '''gamma radiation'''. Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 [[w:Hertz|exahertz]] (or >10¹⁹ Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 [[w:electronvolt|keV]] and wavelengths less than 10 [[w:picometer|picometer]]s (less than the diameter of an [[w:atom|atom]]). However, this is not a hard and fast definition, but rather only a rule-of-thumb description for natural processes. Gamma rays from [[w:radioactive decay|radioactive decay]] are defined as gamma rays no matter what their energy, so that there is no ''lower'' limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay. Gamma decay commonly produces energies of a few hundred [[w:keV|keV]], and almost always less than 10 [[w:MeV|MeV]]. In astronomy, gamma rays are defined by their energy, and no production process need be specified. The energies of gamma rays from astronomical sources range over 10 TeV, at a level far too large to result from radioactive decay. A notable example is extremely powerful bursts of high-energy radiation normally referred to as long duration [[w:gamma-ray burst|gamma-ray burst]]s, which produce gamma rays by a mechanism not compatible with radioactive decay. "The unusually wide span of the gamma-ray spectral window [covers] at least ten decades of photon energies (~10⁵ - 10¹⁵ eV)".<ref name=Bhat>{{ cite journal |author=C. L. Bhat |title=Ground-based γ-ray astronomy : Present status and future prospects |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |month=December |year=1997 |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=461-84 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1997BASI...25..461B |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-10 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Actinide minerals== {{main|Minerals/Actinides}} Actinide minerals, or actinides, are those with unusually high concentrations, atomic per cents, or weight per cents, of the actinide elements. ==Autunites== [[Image:Gammaspektrum Uranerz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gamma-ray spectrum contains the typical isotopes of the uranium-radium decay line. Credit: [[commons:User:Wusel007|Wusel007]].]] Elements usually emit a gamma-ray during nuclear decay or fission. The gamma-ray spectrum at right shows typical peaks for ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁴Pb, and ²¹⁴Bi. These isotopes are part of the uranium-radium decay line. As ²³⁸U is an alpha-ray emitter, it is not shown. The peak at 40 keV is not from the mineral. From the color of the rock shown the yellowish mineral is likely to be [[w:Autunite|autunite]]. Autunite occurs as an oxidizing product of uranium minerals in granite pegmatites and hydrothermal deposits. {{clear}} ==Pitchblendes== [[Image:Pitchblende schlema-alberoda.JPG|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of the mineral pitchblende, or [[w:Uraninite|uraninite]]. Credit: [[commons:User:Geomartin|Geomartin]].]] [[Image:Uraninite-usa32abg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|These crystals are uraninite from Trebilcock Pit, Topsham, Maine. Credit: [[commons:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].]] '''Uraninite''' is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely uranium dioxide UO₂, but also contains uranium trioxide UO₃ and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is most commonly known as '''pitchblende''' (from ''pitch'', because of its black color. All uraninite minerals contain a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes ²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes ²³⁸U and ²³⁵U respectively. The extremely rare element technetium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 0.2 ng/kg), produced by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238. The image at left shows well-formed crystals of uraninite. The image at right shows botryoidal uraninite. Because of the uranium decay products, both sources are gamma-ray emitters. {{clear}} ==Thorianites== [[Image:Thorianite-54888.jpg|thumb|right|120px|This specimen of thorianite is from th Ambatofotsy pegmatite in Madagascar. Credit: [[commons:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].]] '''Thorianite''' is a rare [[w:thorium|thorium]] [[w:oxide mineral|oxide mineral]], ThO₂.<ref name=Frondel>{{ cite book | publisher = United States Government Printing Office | author = C. Frondel | title = Systematic Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium | year = 1958 }}</ref> ... [It has a] high percentage of thorium; it also contains the oxides of uranium, [[w:lanthanum|lanthanum]], [[w:cerium|cerium]], [[w:praseodymium|praseodymium]] and [[w:neodymium|neodymium]]. ... the mineral is slightly less radioactive than pitchblende, but is harder to shield due to its high energy gamma rays. It is common in the [[w:alluvial|alluvial]] gem-gravels of [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], where it occurs mostly as water worn, small, heavy, black, cubic crystals. {{clear}} ==Torbernites== [[Image:Torbernite Aveyron HD.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Torbernitte is a hydrated green copper uranyl phosphate mineral. Credit: [[commons:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].]] '''Torbernite''' is a radioactive, hydrated green copper uranyl phosphate mineral, found in granites and other uranium-bearing deposits as a secondary mineral. Torbernite is isostructural with the related uranium mineral, autunite. The chemical formula of torbenite is similar to that of autunite in which a Cu²⁺ cation replaces a Ca²⁺. The number of water hydration molecules can vary between 12 and 8, giving rise to the variety of metatorbernite when torbernite spontaneously dehydrates. {{clear}} ==Uranophanes== [[Image:Uranophane.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Uranophane is a calcium uranium silicate hydrate mineral. Credit: United States Geological Survey.]] '''Uranophane''' [[w:calcium|Ca]]([[w:uranium|U]][[w:oxygen|O]]₂)₂([[w:silicon|Si]]O₃O[[w:hydrogen|H]])₂·5[[w:water|H₂O]] is a rare calcium uranium [nesosilicate] hydrate mineral that forms from the oxidation of uranium bearing minerals. Uranophane is also known as ''uranotile''. It has a yellow color and is radioactive. {{clear}} ==Continua== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Continua}} In the spectrum above for probably the mineral autunite, there are about a dozen discrete lines superimposed on a smooth continuum. Because the energy level spectrum of nuclei typically dies out above about 10 MeV, gamma-ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum spectra, so that the moderate spectral resolution of scintillation (often sodium iodide (NaI) or caesium iodide, (CsI) spectrometers), often suffices for such applications. Like X-rays, the gamma-ray "continuum can arise from bremsstrahlung, black-body radiation, synchrotron radiation, or what is called inverse Compton scattering of lower-energy photons by relativistic electrons, knock-on collisions of fast protons with atomic electrons, and atomic recombination, with or without additional electron transitions.<ref name=Morrison>{{ cite journal |author=Morrison P |title=Extrasolar X-ray Sources |journal=Ann Rev Astron Astrophys |year=1967 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=325 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.05.090167.001545 |bibcode=1967ARA&A...5..325M }}</ref> The acceleration of electrons is revealed by hard X-ray and gamma-ray bremsstrahlung while the acceleration of protons and ions is revealed by gamma-ray lines and continuum. At the same time, there is a continuum containing all the "different kinds" of electromagnetic radiation. Americium-241 is suitable for calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers in the low-energy range, since its spectrum consists of nearly a single peak and negligible Compton continuum (at least three orders of magnitude lower intensity).<ref>[http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/indx_dec.jsp Nuclear Data Viewer 2.4], NNDC</ref> When compared to the more luminous active nuclei ([[w:quasar|quasar]]s) with strong emission lines, BL Lac objects have spectra dominated by a featureless non-thermal continuum.<ref name="stein1976">{{ cite journal |url=http://james.as.arizona.edu/~psmith/Blazars/stein.pdf |title=The BL Lacertae Objects |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |publisher=Annual Reviews |author=W A Stein |author2=S L O'Dell |author3=P A Strittmatter |volume=14 |month=September |year=1976 |pages=173-95 |bibcode=1976ARA&A..14..173S |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.14.090176.001133 }}</ref> ==Backgrounds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Backgrounds}} [[Image:Extragalactic-background-power-density.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This graph shows the power density spectrum of the extragalactic or cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB). Credit: pkisscs@konkoly.hu.]] In March 2010 it was announced that active galactic nuclei are not responsible for most gamma-ray background radiation.<ref name=GLAST>{{ cite book |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/gamma-ray-dragons.html |title=NASA’s Fermi Probes “Dragons” of the Gamma-ray Sky |author=NASA }}</ref> Though active galactic nuclei do produce some of the gamma-ray radiation detected here on Earth, less than 30% originates from these sources. The search now is to locate the sources for the remaining 70% or so of all gamma-rays detected. Possibilities include star forming galaxies, galactic mergers, and yet-to-be explained dark matter interactions. Sensitivity to celestial sources by Vela 5A and 5B was severely limited by the high intrinsic detector background, equivalent to about 80% of the signal from the [[w:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]], one of the brightest sources in the sky at these wavelengths.<ref name=Priedhorsky>{{ cite journal |author=Priedhorsky WC, Holt SS |title=Long-term cycles in cosmic X-ray sources |journal=Space Science Review |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |year=1987 |pages=291–348 |bibcode=1987SSRv...45..291P |doi=10.1007/BF00171997 }}</ref> Kosmos 60 measured the gamma-ray background flux density to be 1.7×10⁴ quanta/(m²·s). As was seen by Ranger 3 and Lunas 10 & 12, the spectrum fell sharply up to 1.5 MeV and was flat for higher energies. Several peaks were observed in the spectra which were attributed to the inelastic interaction of cosmic protons with the materials in the satellite body. {{clear}} ==Planetary sciences== {{main|Planetary sciences}} The '''Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND)''' onboard the [[w:Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn spacecraft]] is based on similar instruments flown on the [[w:Lunar Prospector|Lunar Prospector]] and [[w:Mars Odyssey|Mars Odyssey]] space missions. It will be used to measure the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, and iron) on Vesta and Ceres, as well as potassium, thorium, uranium, and water (inferred from hydrogen content).<ref>{{ cite book | url =http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/index.asp | title = Science Payload | accessdate=2010-03-21 }}</ref><ref name=Righter>{{ cite book | url =http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/GRaND.asp | title =GRaND science instrument moves closer to launch from Cape | accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01582.x |bibcode= 1997M&PS...32..929R |title = A magma ocean on Vesta: Core formation and petrogenesis of eucrites and diogenites | year = 1997 | author = Kevin Righter, Michael J. Drake | pages = 929–944 | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 32 | issue = 6 }}</ref><ref name=Drake>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01892.x |bibcode=2001M&PS...36..501D |year=2001 | author = Michael J. Drake |pages=501–13 | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | title = The eucrite/Vesta story }}</ref><ref name=Prettyman>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1117/12.578551 | chapter = Mapping the elemental composition of Ceres and Vesta: Dawn[quotation mark]s gamma ray and neutron detector | title = Proceedings of SPIE | year = 2004 | author = Thomas H. Prettyman | volume = 5660 | pages = 107 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | doi =10.1109/TNS.2003.815156 |bibcode = 2003ITNS...50.1190P }}</ref> ==Theoretical gamma-ray astronomy== Theoretically a black body emits electromagnetic radiation over the entire spectrum from very low frequency radio waves to x-rays, and gamma-rays creating a continuum of radiation. "[T]he mass lost during the evolution of very massive stars may be dominated by optically thick, continuum-driven outbursts or explosions, instead of by steady line-driven winds."<ref name=Smith>{{ cite journal |author=Nathan Smith |author2=Stanley P. Owocki |title=On the Role of Continuum-driven Eruptions in the Evolution of Very Massive Stars and Population III Stars |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=July |year=2006 |volume=645 |issue=1 |pages=L45-8 |url= |arxiv=astro-ph/0606174 |bibcode=2006ApJ...645L..45S |doi=10.1086/506523 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-06 }}</ref> "[T]he 19th century outburst of η Carinae, when the star shed 12-20 M_⊙ or more in less than a decade" is an example of "mass loss during brief eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBVs)."<ref name=Smith/> "[T]he extreme mass loss probably arises from a continuum-driven wind or a hydrodynamic explosion, both of which are insensitive to metallicity."<ref name=Smith/> "If [eruptive mass losses] occur in ... Population III stars, such eruptions ... profoundly affect the chemical yield and types of remnants from early supernovae and hypernovae thought to be the origin of long gamma-ray bursts."<ref name=Smith/> Type Ib and Ic supernovae, like those of Type&nbsp;II, are massive stars that undergo core collapse. However the stars which become Types&nbsp;Ib and Ic supernovae have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong [[w:stellar wind|stellar wind]]s or else from interaction with a companion.<ref name=Pols>{{ cite book | author=O. Pols | year=1997 | title=Close Binary Progenitors of Type Ib/Ic and IIb/II-L Supernovae, In: ''Proceedings of The Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development on Binary Star Research'' | editor=Leung, K.-C | volume=130 | pages=153–158 | series=ASP Conference Series | bibcode=1997rdbs.conf..153P }}</ref> These stars are known as [[w:Wolf-Rayet star|Wolf-Rayet star]]s, and they occur at moderate to high metallicity where continuum driven winds cause sufficiently high mass loss rates. ==Meteors== {{main|Radiation/Meteors}} [[Image:Geminga-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an XMM Newton image of the Gemini gamma-ray source. Credit: P.A. Caraveo (INAF/IASF), Milan and ESA.]] The gamma-ray source Geminga, shown at right in hard X-rays by the satellite XMM Newton, is first observed by the [[w:Second Small Astronomy Satellite|Second Small Astronomy Satellite]] (SAS-2). Geminga may be a sort of neutron star: the decaying core of a massive star that exploded as a [[w:supernova|supernova]] about 300,000 years ago.<ref name=Darling>[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Geminga.html Geminga], Internet Encyclopedia of Science</ref> This nearby explosion may be responsible for the low density of the [[interstellar medium]] in the immediate vicinity of the [[Solar System]]. This low-density area is known as the Local Bubble.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/361706a0|title=The Geminga supernova as a possible cause of the local interstellar bubble|year=1993|last1=Gehrels|first1=Neil|last2=Chen|first2=Wan|journal=Nature|volume=361|issue=6414|pages=706–707|s2cid=4338940|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233141}}</ref> Possible evidence for this includes findings by the [[w:Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo Observatory]] that local micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles appear to originate from its direction.<ref>{{ cite book | url=http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1741 | title=The Sun's Exotic Neighborhood | publisher=Centauri Dreams | date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> "Geminga is a very weak neutron star and the pulsar next to us, which almost only emits extremely hard gamma-rays, but no radio waves. ... Some thousand years ago our Sun entered this [Local Bubble] several hundred light-years big area, which is nearly dust-free."<ref name=Kummer>{{ cite book |author=Juergen Kummer |title=Geminga |publisher=Internetservice Kummer + Oster GbR |location=Buchenberg Germany |date=June 27, 2006 |url=http://jumk.de/astronomie/special-stars/geminga.shtml |accessdate=2013-05-08 }}</ref> ==Neutrinos== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Neutrinos|Neutrino astronomy}} [[Image:Proton proton cycle.svg|220px|thumb|center|Solar neutrinos are shown for the [[w:Proton-proton chain reaction|proton-proton chain]] in the Standard Solar Model. Credit: [[:hu:User:SzDóri|Dorottya Szam]].]] The following fusion reaction produces neutrinos and accompanying gamma-rays of the energy indicated: ::<math>\mathrm{_1^1H} + \mathrm{_1^1H} \rightarrow \mathrm{_{1}^{2}D} + e^+ + \nu_e + \gamma (0.42 MeV). </math> Observation of gamma rays of this energy likely indicate this reaction is occurring nearby. In the [[w:Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment|Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment]], antineutrinos created in a nuclear reactor by beta decay reacted with protons producing [[w:neutron|neutron]]s and [[w:positron|positron]]s: :{{SubatomicParticle|Electron antineutrino}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} → {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron0}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron+}} The positron quickly finds an electron, and they [[w:Annihilation|annihilate]] each other. The two resulting gamma rays (γ) 511 keV each are detectable. The neutron can be detected by its capture on an appropriate nucleus, releasing a gamma ray. The coincidence of both events – positron annihilation and neutron capture – gives a unique signature of an antineutrino interaction. {{clear}} ==Superluminals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Superluminals|Superluminal astronomy}} [[Image:Gamma-Ray Quasar 3C 279.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of quasar 3C 279 in gamma rays. Credit: NASA EGRET Compton observatory team.{{tlx|free media}}]] The Rosemary Hill Observatory (RHO) started observing 3C 279 in 1971,<ref name=Webb>{{ cite journal |author=J. R. Webb |author2=M. T. Carini |author3=S. Clements |author4=S. Fajardo |author5=P. P. Gombola |author6=R. J. Leacock |author7=A. C. Sadun |author8=A. G. Smith |title=The 1987-1990 optical outburst of the OVV quasar 3C 279 |journal=Astronomical Journal |year=1990 |volume=100 |pages=1452–6 |bibcode=1990AJ....100.1452W |doi=10.1086/115609 }}</ref> and was further observed by the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] in 1991, when it was unexpectedly discovered to be one of the brightest gamma ray objects in the sky.<ref name=APOD>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981226.html APOD: December 26, 1998 - Gamma Ray Quasar]</ref> It is also one of the most bright and variable sources in the gamma ray sky monitored by the [[w:Fermi Space Telescope|Fermi Space Telescope]]. Apparent [[w:Superluminal#Astronomical observations|superluminal motion]] was detected during observations first made in 1973 in a jet of material departing from the quasar, though it should be understood that this effect is an optical illusion caused by naive estimations of the speed, and no truly superluminal motion is occurring.<ref>[http://www.spacetimetravel.org/bewegung/bewegung4.html Apparent superluminal motion]</ref> Markarian (Mrk) 1501 is the first Seyfert I galaxy to have superluminal motion.<ref name=Brunthaler>{{ cite journal |author=A. Brunthaler |author2=H. Falcke |author3=G.C. Bower |author4=M.F. Aller |author5=H.D. Aller |author6=H. Teräsranta |author7=A.P. Lobanov |author8=T.P. Krichbaum |author9=A.R. Patnaik |title=II Zw 2, the first superluminal jet in a Seyfert galaxy |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=May |year=2000 |volume=357 |issue= |pages=L45-8 |url= |arxiv=astro-ph/0004256 |bibcode=2000A&A...357L..45B |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> Mrk 1501 is an ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray source. {{clear}} ==Entities== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Entities}} '''Def.''' "the ratio of the area of causally connected regions that become active to the observable area of the shell" is called the '''surface filling factor'''.<ref name=Fenimore/> "In the external shock model [for gamma-ray bursts] ... multiple peaks ... [may arise] because various patches (or emitting "entities") on the shell randomly become active. ... [S]o many entities [can] become simultaneously active that the overall envelope appears quite smooth [on the other hand when] fewer entities become active, ... random fluctuations in the number of simultaneously active entities cause the peak structure to be spiky. ... [E]ach observed peak is not necessarily caused by a single entity, but the peak structure is caused by random variations in the number of active entities".<ref name=Fenimore>{{ cite journal |author=E. E. Fenimore |author2=C. Cooper |author3=E. Ramirez-Ruiz |author4=M. C. Sumner |author5=A. Yoshida |author6=M. Namiki |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Shells: The Surface Filling Factor |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=February 20, |year=1999 |volume=512 |issue=2 |pages=683-92 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/512/2/683/pdf/0004-637X_512_2_683.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJ...512..683F |doi=10.1086/306786 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> ==Sources== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Sources}} Most astronomical gamma-rays are thought to be produced not from radioactive decay, however, but from the same type of accelerations of electrons, and electron-photon interactions, that produce X-rays in astronomy (but occurring at a higher energy in the production of gamma-rays). Most gamma-ray emitting sources are actually gamma-ray bursts, objects which only produce gamma radiation for a few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away. Only 10% of gamma-ray sources are non-transient sources. These steady gamma-ray emitters include pulsars, [[w:neutron star|neutron star]]s, and [[w:black hole|black hole]] candidates such as active galactic nuclei.<ref name=Cox>{{ cite book |editor=Cox, A. N. |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |date=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA124 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |page=124 |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 }}</ref> ==Objects== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Objects|Object astronomy}} Over the entire celestial sphere, [[w:SIMBAD|SIMBAD]] currently records 3253 gamma-ray objects. Some of these, like 4U 1705-44, are low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). Some, like V779 Centauri, are high-mass X-ray binaries (HXMBs). Others are quasi-stellar objects (PKS 1326-697), supernova remnants (SNRs) like Messier 1 (M 1), and [[w:Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]] like M 98. Some gamma-ray emitting objects have not been sufficiently resolved to determine what they are. ==Sun== {{main|Stars/Sun|Sun (star)}} [[Image:Gamma sun1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Sun is seen in gamma rays by COMPTEL during a June 15, 1991, solar flare. Credit: COMPTEL team, University of New Hampshire.]] The [[Stars/Sun|Sun]], which has no similar surface of high [[w:atomic number|atomic number]] [like the Moon] to act as [a] target for cosmic rays, cannot usually be seen at all at these energies [greater than 20 MeV], which are too high to emerge from primary nuclear reactions, such as solar [interior] nuclear fusion (though occasionally the Sun produces gamma rays by cyclotron-type mechanisms, during [[w:solar flares|solar flares]]). A [[w:solar flare|solar flare]] is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength, [[w:radio waves|radio waves]], to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma-rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.<ref name=hessi>{{ cite book | url = http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/flares.htm | title = Overview of Solar Flares | accessdate = 2010-11-14 | publisher = NASA }}</ref> Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.<ref name=Ramaty>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1086/190596 |author=Ramaty R |author2=Kozlovsky B |author3=Lingenfelter RE |title=Nuclear gamma-rays from energetic particle interactions |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |month=July |year=1979 |volume=40 |pages=487–526 |bibcode=1979ApJS...40..487R }}</ref> RHESSI was the first satellite to image solar gamma rays from a solar flare<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...595L..77H] First Gamma-Ray Images of a Solar Flare (Hurford et al. 2003)</ref>. {{clear}} ==Mercury== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mercury}} The surface of Mercury over the planet's northern hemisphere has been mapped using gamma-ray counts to determine the distributions of the elements oxygen, silicon, and potassium.<ref name=Peplowski>{{ cite journal |author=Patrick N. Peplowski |author2=David J. Lawrence |author3=Edgar A. Rhodes |author4=Ann L. Sprague |author5=Timothy J. McCoy |author6=Brett W. Denevi |author7=Larry G. Evans |author8=James W. Head |author9=Larry R. Nittler |author10=Sean C. Solomon |author11=Karen R. Cahill |author12=Shoshana Z. Weider |title=Variations in the abundances of potassium and thorium on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research Planets |month=December |year=2012 |volume=117 |issue=E12 |pages=E00L04 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2012JGRE..117.0L04P |doi=10.1029/2012JE004141 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "The lack of a significant variation in the measured Th abundances suggests that there may be considerable variability in the K/Th abundance ratio over the mapped regions."<ref name=Peplowski/> ==Venus== {{main|Gases/Gaseous objects/Venus}} "Concentrations of natural radioactive elements U, Th, and K in the Venusian mountain rocks were obtained by gamma ray spectrometers aboard the Vega 1 and Vega 2 descent modules that landed close to Mermaid Valley and the northeastern slope of Aphrodite Terra, respectively."<ref name=Surkov>{{ cite journal |author=Iu. A. Surkov |author2=F. F. Kirnozov |author3=V. N. Glazov |author4=A. G. Dunchenko |author5=L. P. Tatsy |title=Uranium, thorium, and potassium in the Venusian rocks at the landing sites of VEGA 1 and 2 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |month=March 30, |year=1987 |volume=92 |issue=03 |pages=E537-40 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1987JGR....92..537S |doi=10.1029/JB092iB04p0E537 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "[T]he chemical composition of the Venusian rocks studied is similar to that of basic rocks of the earth's crust, tholeiitic basalts and gabbros."<ref name=Surkov/> ==Earth== {{main|Gases/Gaseous objects/Earth}} [[Image:Antimatter Explosions.ogv|thumb|right|250px|The red dots show some of the ~500 terrestrial gamma-ray flashes daily detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope through 2010. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.]] In [[particle physics]], '''antimatter''' is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles. Mixing matter and antimatter can lead to the annihilation of both, in the same way that mixing antiparticles and particles does, thus giving rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs. The Earth's atmosphere is a relatively bright source of gamma rays produced in interactions of ordinary cosmic ray protons with air atoms. A number of observations by space-based telescopes have revealed gamma ray emissions, specifically, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning.<ref>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/49288/title/Signature_of_antimatter_detected_in_lightning Signature Of Antimatter Detected In Lightning - Science News]</ref> A TGF has been linked to an individual lightning stroke occurring within 1.5&nbsp;ms of the TGF event,<ref name=Inan>U.S. Inan, S.C. Reising, G.J. Fishman, and J.M. Horack. On the association of terrestrial gamma-ray bursts with lightning and implications for sprites. ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 23(9):1017-20, May 1996. As quoted by [http://elf.gi.alaska.edu/spr20010406.html#InanUS:theatg elf.gi.alaska.edu] Retrieved 2007-03-06.</ref> proving for the first time that the TGF was of atmospheric origin and associated with lightning strikes. The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spacecraft "has been observing TGFs at a much higher rate, indicating that these occur about 50 times per day globally (still a very small fraction of the total lightning on the planet). The energy levels recorded exceed 20 MeV. [Apparently], the gamma radiation fountains upward from starting points at surprisingly low altitudes in thunderclouds."<ref name=Staszewski>{{ cite journal |author=Łukasz Staszewski |title=Lightning Phenomenon – Introduction and Basic Information to Understand the Power of Nature |journal=Environment and Electrical Engineering |date=2009 |volume= |issue= |pages=4 |url=http://eeeic.org/proc/papers/52.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=5 February 2019 }}</ref> "These are higher energy gamma rays than come from the sun. And yet here they are coming from the kind of terrestrial thunderstorm that we see here all the time."<ref name=Cummer>{{ cite journal |author=Steven Cummer |title=Lightning Phenomenon – Introduction and Basic Information to Understand the Power of Nature |journal=Environment and Electrical Engineering |date=2009 |volume= |issue= |pages=4 |url=http://eeeic.org/proc/papers/52.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=5 February 2019 }}</ref> In 2009, [the] Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope in Earth orbit observed [an] intense burst of gamma rays corresponding to positron annihilations coming out of a storm formation. Scientists wouldn't have been surprised to see a few positrons accompanying any intense gamma ray burst, but the lightning flash detected by Fermi appeared to have produced about 100 trillion positrons. This has been reported by media in January 2011, it is an effect, never considered to happen before.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-thunderstorms-antimatter-beams-fermi-radiation-science-space/</ref> Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is now the accepted leading technique for uranium prospecting with worldwide applications for geological mapping, mineral exploration & environmental monitoring. {{clear}} ==Moon== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Moon}} [[Image:Moonthorium-med.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This image is an elemental map of the Moon using a GRS. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory.]] The [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] has imaged the [[Moon]] in gamma rays of energy greater than 20 MeV.<ref name=heasarc>{{ cite book |url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/epo/news/gammoon.html |title=CGRO SSC >> EGRET Detection of Gamma Rays from the Moon |publisher=Heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2011-11-08 }}</ref> These are produced by [[w:cosmic ray|cosmic ray]] bombardment of its surface. Gamma-ray spectrometers have been widely used for the elemental and isotopic analysis of airless bodies in the [[w:Solar System|Solar System]], especially the [[Moon]]<ref name=Lawrence>{{ cite journal | journal = Science | year = 1998 | volume = 281 | issue = 5382 | pages = 1484–1489 | doi = 10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 | title = Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer | author = D. J. Lawrence | author2 = W. C. Feldman | author3 = B. L. Barraclough | author4 = A. B. Binder | author5 = R. C. Elphic | author6 = S. Maurice | author7 = D. R. Thomsen | pmid = 9727970 | bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L }}</ref> These surfaces are subjected to a continual bombardment of high-energy cosmic rays, which excite nuclei in them to emit characteristic gamma-rays which can be detected from orbit. Thus an orbiting instrument can in principle map the surface distribution of the elements for an entire planet. They are able to measure the abundance and distribution of about 20 primary elements of the periodic table, including [[w:silicon|silicon]], [[w:oxygen|oxygen]], [[w:iron|iron]], [[w:magnesium|magnesium]], [[w:potassium|potassium]], [[w:aluminum|aluminum]], [[w:calcium|calcium]], [[w:sulfur|sulfur]], and [[w:carbon|carbon]]. The chemical element [[w:thorium|thorium]] is mapped by a GRS, with higher concentrations shown in yellow/orange/red in the left-hand side image shown on the right. {{clear}} ==Mars== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mars}} "The Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft has mapped the surface abundances of [radiogenic heat-producing elements] HPEs across Mars."<ref name=Hahn>{{ cite journal |author=B. C. Hahn |author2=S. M. McLennan |author3=E. C. Klein |title=Martian surface heat production and crustal heat flow from Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray spectrometry |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |month=July |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages= |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL047435/full |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1029/2011GL047435 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Vesta== "Using Dawn’s Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector, ... Global Fe/O and Fe/Si ratios are consistent with [howardite, eucrite, and diogenite] HED [meteorite] compositions."<ref name=Prettyman12>{{ cite journal |author=Thomas H. Prettyman |author2=David W. Mittlefehidt |author3=Naoyuki Yamashita |author4=David J. Lawrence |author5=Andrew W. Beck |author6=William C. Feldman |author7=Timothy J. McCoy |author8=Harry Y. McSween |author9=Michael J. Toplis |author10=Timothy N. Titus |author11=Pasquale Tricarico |author12=Robert C. Reedy |author13=John S. Hendricks |author14=Olivier Forni |author15=Lucille Le Corre |author16=Jian-Yang Li |author17=Hugau Mizzon |author18=Vishnu Reddy |author19=Carol A. Raymond |author20=Christopher T. Russell |title=Elemental Mapping by Dawn Reveals Exogenic H in Vesta's Regolith |journal=Sience |month=October |year=2012 |volume=338 |issue=6104 |pages=242-6 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2012Sci...338..242P |doi=10.1126/science.1225354 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Sagittarius A*== The [[w:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]'s gamma-ray observatory [[w:INTEGRAL|INTEGRAL]] has observed gamma rays interacting with the nearby [[w:giant molecular cloud|giant molecular cloud]] [[w:Sagittarius B2|Sagittarius B2]], causing x-ray emission from the cloud. This energy was emitted about 350 years before by Sgr A*. The total luminosity from this outburst ''L'' ≈ 1,5x10³⁹ erg/s) is an estimated million times stronger than the current output from Sgr A* and is comparable with a typical [[w:AGN|active galactic nucleus]].<ref name=hubble050127>{{ cite book | author=Staff | date=January 28, 2005 | title=Integral rolls back history of Milky Way's super-massive black hole | publisher=Hubble News Desk | url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Integral/SEMSKPO3E4E_0.html | accessdate=2007-10-31 }}</ref><ref name=revnivtsev2004>{{ cite journal | author=M. G. Revnivtsev et al. | title=Hard X-ray view of the past activity of Sgr A* in a natural Compton mirror | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004 | volume=425 | pages=L49-L52 | bibcode=2004A&A...425L..49R | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400064 | arXiv=astro-ph/0408190 }}</ref> This conclusion has been supported in 2011 by Japanese astronomers [who] observed the Galaxy center with [the] [[w:Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]] satellite.<ref name=nobukawa2011>{{ cite journal | author=M. Nobukawa et al. | title=New Evidence for High Activity of the Supermassive Black Hole in our Galaxy | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=2011 | volume=739 | pages=L52 | bibcode=2011ApJ...739L..52N | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L52 | arXiv=1109.1950 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray bubbles== [[Image:800 nasa structure renderin2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|This image depicts the two gigantic gamma-ray bubbles at the heart of the Milky Way. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.{{tlx|free media}}]] In November 2010, two gigantic gamma-ray bubbles were detected at the heart of our [[w:galaxy|galaxy]]. These bubbles appear as a mirror image<ref name=flickr51>http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/5161800891/sizes/l/in/photostream/</ref> of each other. These bubbles of high-energy radiation are suspected as erupting from a massive black hole or evidence of a burst of star formations from millions of years ago.<ref name=SP101109>{{ cite book | url = http://www.space.com/common/media/video/player.php?videoRef=SP_101109_gamma-ray-bubbles | title = Giant Gamma-ray Bubbles Found Around Milky Way | accessdate = 2010-11-14 }}</ref> These bubbles have been measured and span 25,000 light-years across. They were discovered after scientists filtered out the "fog of background gamma-rays suffusing the sky". This discovery confirmed previous clues that a large unknown "structure" was in the center of the [[Milky Way]].<ref name=Wiley>{{ cite journal |author=Wiley |title=News and Views: Pierre Auger Observatory: an interdisciplinary opportunity; Surprise found in Fermi data; Double-blind refereeing: does the RAS need it? |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |month=December |year=2010 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=6.06-6.06 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2010A&G....51f...6. |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2010.51604_10.x |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-18 }}</ref><ref name=skyandtelescope>{{ cite book | url = http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/107302599.html | title = Why is the Milky Way Blowing Bubbles? | accessdate = 2010-11-14 | work = SKY and Telescope }}</ref> The bubbles stretch up to [[w:Grus (constellation)|Grus]] and to [[w:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere. {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray bursts== [[Image:BATSE 2704.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Positions on the sky of all gamma-ray bursts detected during the BATSE mission are shown. Credit: .]] '''Gamma-ray bursts''' ('''GRBs''') are flashes of [[w:gamma ray|gamma ray]]s associated with extremely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant [[w:Galaxy|galaxies]]. They are the most [[w:Luminosity|luminous]] [[w:Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] events known to occur in the [[w:universe|universe]]. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes, although a typical burst lasts 20–40 seconds. The initial burst is usually followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths ([[w:X-ray|X-ray]], [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]], [[w:visible spectrum|optical]], [[w:infrared|infrared]], [[w:microwave|microwave]] and [[w:radio waves|radio]]).<ref name=Vedrenne>{{cite book |author=Vedrenne G |author2=Atteia J.-L. |year=2009 |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Springer/Praxis Books |isbn=978-3-540-39085-5 }}</ref> The distribution [of GRBs as shown in the BATSE mission results figure at right] is [[w:isotropic|isotropic]], with no concentration towards the plane of the Milky Way, which runs horizontally through the center of the image. GRBs are named after the date on which they are discovered: the first two digits being the year, followed by the two-digit month and two-digit day. If two or more GRBs occur on a given day, the letter 'A' is appended to the name for the first burst identified, 'B' for the second, and so on. On what date was GRB 970228 discovered? On July 2, 1967, at 14:19 UTC, the Vela 4 and Vela 3 satellites detected a flash of gamma radiation that were unlike any known nuclear weapons signatures.<ref name=Schilling>{{cite book | title = Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe | author=Schilling, Govert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 | location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-80053-6 }}</ref> In 2005, ESO telescopes detected, for the first time, the visible light following a short-duration burst and tracked this light for three weeks. This time, the conclusion was that the short-duration bursts could not be caused by a hypernova. Instead, it is thought that they originate in the violent mergers of neutron stars or black holes.<ref name=Cannibal>{{ cite book |date=14 December 2005 |title=Witnessing the Flash from a Black Hole's Cannibal Act |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0541/ |publisher=ESO | accessdate=2011-04-05 }}</ref> Observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows were also coordinated between the [Very Large Telescope] VLT and the [[w:Atacama Pathfinder Experiment|Atacama Pathfinder Experiment]] (APEX) in order to identify the possible counterpart and its decay at submillimeter wavelengths.<ref name=Circular>{{ cite book | url=http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/11098.gcn3 |title = GCN CIRCULAR, GRB 100814A: Submm observations from APEX, NASA email message }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Geminga pulsar== [[Image:267641main allsky labeled HI.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This all-sky view from GLAST reveals bright gamma-ray emission in the plane of the Milky Way (center), including the bright Geminga pulsar. Credit: NASA/DOE/International LAT Team.]] The nature of Geminga was quite unknown for 20 years after its discovery by NASA's [[w:Second Small Astronomy Satellite|Second Small Astronomy Satellite]] (SAS-2). In March 1991 the [[w:ROSAT|ROSAT]] satellite detected a [[w:Frequency|periodicity]] of 0.237 seconds in [[w:Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy|soft x-ray emission]]. This nearby explosion may be responsible for the low density of the [[interstellar medium]] in the immediate vicinity of the [[Solar System]]. This low-density area is known as the [[w:Local Bubble|Local Bubble]].<ref name=Gehrels>{{ cite journal |author=Neil Gehrels |author2=Wan Chen |title=The Geminga supernova as a possible cause of the local interstellar bubble |journal=Nature |month= |year=1993 |volume=361 |issue=6414 |pages=706-7 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6414/abs/361706a0.html |doi=10.1038/361706a0 }}</ref> Possible evidence for this includes findings by the [[w:Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo Observatory]] that local micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles appear to originate from its direction.<ref name=Centauri>{{ cite book | url=http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1741 | title=The Sun's Exotic Neighborhood | publisher=Centauri Dreams | date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> Geminga is the first example of a radio-quiet pulsar, and serves as an illustration of the difficulty of associating gamma-ray emission with objects known at other wavelengths: either no credible object is detected in the error region of the gamma-ray source, or a number are present and some characteristic of the gamma-ray source, such as periodicity or variability, must be identified in one of the prospective candidates (or vice-versa as in the case of Geminga). {{clear}} ==BL Lacertae objects== {{main|Stars/Quasars}} On June 28, 2011, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) detected "a very rapid TeV gamma-ray flare from BL Lacertae"<ref name=Arlen>{{ cite journal |author=T. Arlen |author2=T. Aune |author3=M. Beilicke |author4=W. Benbow |author5=A. Bouvier |author6=J. H. Buckley |author7=V. Bugaev |author8=A. Cesarini |author9=L. Ciupik |author10=M. P. Connolly |author11=W. Cui |author12=R. Dickherber |author13=J. Dumm |author14=M. Errando |author15=A. Falcone |author16=S. Federici |author17=Q. Feng |author18=J. P. Finley |author19=G. Finnegan |author20=L. Fortson |author21=A. Furniss |author22=N. Galante |author23=D. Gall |author24=S. Griffin |author25=J. Grube |author26=G. Gyuk |author27=D. Hanna |author28=J. Holder |author29=T. B. Humensky |author30=P. Kaaret |author31=N. Karlsson |author32=M. Kertzman |author33=Y. Khassen |author34=D. Kieda |author35=H. Krawczynski |author36=F. Krennrich |author37=G. Maier |author38=P. Moriarty |author39=R. Mukherjee |author40=T. Nelson |author41=A. O'Faoláin de Bhróithe |author42=R. A. Ong |author43=M. Orr |author44=N. Park |author45=J. S. Perkins |author46=A. Pichel |author47=M. Pohl |author48=H. Prokoph |author49=J. Quinn |author50=K. Ragan |author51=L. C. Reyes |author52=P. T. Reynolds |author53=E. Roache |author54=D. B. Saxon |author55=M. Schroedter |author56=G. H. Sembroski |author57=D. Staszak |author58=I. Telezhinsky |author59=G. Tešić1 |author60=M. Theiling |author61=K. Tsurusaki |author62=A. Varlotta |author63=S. Vincent |author64=S. P. Wakely |author65=T. C. Weekes |author66=A. Weinstein |author67=R. Welsing |author68=D. A. Williams |author69=B. Zitzer (The VERITAS Collaboration) |author70=S. G. Jorstad |author71=N. R. MacDonald |author72=A. P. Marscher |author73=P. S. Smith |author74=R. C. Walker |author75=T. Hovatta |author76=J. Richards |author77=W. Max-Moerbeck |author78=A. Readhead |author79=M. L. Lister |author80=Y. Y. Kovalev |author81=A. B. Pushkarev |author82=M. A. Gurwell |author83=A. Lähteenmäki |author84=E. Nieppola |author85=M. Tornikoski |author86=E. Järvelä |title=Rapid TeV Gamma-ray Flaring of BL Lacertae |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January 10, |year=20132013 |volume=762 |issue=2 |pages=92 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/762/2/92 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/92 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> ==Soft gamma repeaters== A '''soft gamma repeater''' ('''SGR''') is an [[w:astronomical object|astronomical object]] which emits large bursts of gamma-rays and X-rays at irregular intervals. In 1998,<ref name=Duncan>{{ cite book | url=http://solomon.as.utexas.edu/~duncan/magnetar.html#March5 | title=The March 5th Event | author=Robert C. Duncan | work=Magnetars', Soft Gamma Repeaters & Very Strong Magnetic Fields | publisher=University of Texas at Austin | date=May 1998 | accessdate=March 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Kouveliotou>{{ cite journal |author=C. Kouveliotou |author2=S. Dieters |author3=T. Strohmayer |author4=J. van Paradijs |author5=G. J. Fishman |author6=C. A. Meegan |author7=K. Hurley |author8=J. Kommers |author9=I. Smith |author10=D. Frail |author11=T. Murakami |title=An X-ray pulsar with a superstrong magnetic field in the soft γ-ray repeater SGR1806 - 20 |journal=Nature |month=May 21, |year=1998 |volume=393 |issue=6682 |pages=235-7 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6682/full/393235a0.html |arxiv= |bibcode=1998Natur.393..235K |doi=10.1038/30410 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-18 }}</ref> astronomer Chryssa Kouveliotou made careful comparisons of the periodicity of soft gamma repeater [[w:SGR 1806-20|SGR 1806-20]]. The period had increased by 0.008 seconds since 1993, and she calculated that this would be explained by a [[w:Magnetar|magnetar]] with a [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength of 8&times;10¹⁰ [[w:Tesla (unit)|tesla]]s (8&times;10¹⁴ [[w:gauss (unit)|gauss]]). This was enough to convince the international astronomical community that soft gamma repeaters are indeed magnetars. ==Sciences== {{main|Sciences}} One of the first catalogs of gamma-ray sources is the catalog of Vela satellite detections. Of the several Vela satellites launched into orbit around the Earth to detect nuclear tests most of them also detected celestial gamma-rays. Of the detections listed in the catalog, each dates from before January 27, 1972. Here are some of these early catalogs: * "A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the VELA Satellites", contains 25 sources of gamma-ray bursts as of 1972, including X-ray sources, detected by the Vela series of satellites, initially designed as part of the monitoring system for nuclear detonations.<ref name=Strong>{{ cite journal |author=IB Strong |author2=RW Klebesadel |author3=RA Olson |title=A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the VELA Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=February |year=1974 |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=L1-3 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1974ApJ...188L...1S |doi=10.1086/181415 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> Sources from this catalog are preceded by a "V" in later catalogs, and dates of detection are included. * "High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite, high-energy (> 35 MeV)",<ref name=Fichtel>{{ cite journal |author=CE Fichtel |author2=RC Hartman |author3=DA Kniffen |author4=DJ Thompson |author5=GF Bignami |author6=H Ögelman |author7=ME Özel |author8=T Tümer |title=High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May |year=1975 |volume=198 |issue=5 |pages=163-82 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1975ApJ...198..163F |doi=10.1086/153590 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> contains 20 potential gamma-ray sources, most of which are X-ray sources. The catalog includes dates of observation. * "Gamma-ray sources observed by COS-B" contains 25 gamma-ray sources at energies > 100 MeV, between August 9, 1975, and April 25, 1982. prefixed with "2CG", and including "CG" catalog sources.<ref name=Hermsen>{{ cite journal |author=W. Hermsen |title=Gamma-ray sources observed by COS-B |journal=Space Science Reviews |month=September |year=1983 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=61-92 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1983SSRv...36...61H |doi=10.1007/BF00171902 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The catalog does not contain specific dates of observation. Sources are only in galactic coordinates. The circular error boxes for each source detected have radii ranging between 0.4° and 1.5°. * "Third EGRET catalogue", contains 271 gamma-ray sources, prefixed with "3EG": 94 blazars, five pulsars, the Large Magellanic Cloud, one solar flare, and 170 sources, with no identification with known astrophysical objects.<ref name=Hartman>{{ cite journal |author=RC Hartman ''et al.'' |title=The Third EGRET Catalog of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplemental Series |month= |year=1999 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=79 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJS..123...79H |doi=10.1086/313231 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> * "A General Gamma-Ray Source Catalog", contains 309 objects, from 50 keV to ~ 1 TeV.<ref name=Macomb>{{ cite journal |author=DJ Macomb |author2=N. Gehrels |title=A General Gamma-Ray Source Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplemental Series |month=February |year=1999 |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=335-97 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1999ApJS..120..335M |doi=10.1086/313182 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> It includes sources from "1A", "1E", "2CG", "2EG", "2EGS", "3C", "4U", "A", "ESO", "EXO", "EXS", "GEV", "GRO", "GRS", "GS", "GX", "H", "MRK", "NGC", "PKS", "PSR", "QSO", and "SS", among other catalogs. The catalog has dates of observation by a variety of observatories and sounding rockets. * "The Third IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog", contains 421 sources, from 18-100 keV.<ref name=Bird>{{ cite journal |author=Bird AJ |author2=Malizia A |author3=Bazzano A |author4=Barlow EJ |author5=Bassani L |author6=Hill AB |author7=Bélanger G |author8=Capitanio F |author9=Clark DJ |author10=Dean AJ |author11=Fiocchi M |author12=Götz D |author13=Lebrun F |author14=Molina M |author15=Produit N |author16=Renaud M |author17=Sguera V |author18=Stephen JB |author19=Terrier R |author20=Ubertini P |author21=Walter R |author22=Winkler C |author23=Zurita J |title=The Third IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Supplemental Series |month=May |year=2007 |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=175-81 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2007ApJS..170..175B |doi=10.1086/513148 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The catalog does not contain dates of observation. ==Balloons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Balloons}} On June 19, 1988, from Birigüi (50° 20' W 21° 20' S) at 10:15 UTC a balloon launch occurred which carried two NaI(Tl) detectors (600&nbsp;cm² total area) to an air pressure altitude of 5.5 mb for a total observation time of 6 hr.<ref name=Figueiredo>{{ cite journal |author=Figueiredo N |author2=Villela T |author3=Jayanthi UB |author4=Wuensche CA |author5=Neri JACF |author6=Cesta RC |title=Gamma-ray observations of SN1987A |journal=Rev Mex Astron Astrofis. |month= |year=1990 |volume=21 |pages=459–62 |bibcode=1990RMxAA..21..459F }}</ref> The supernova SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) was discovered on February 23, 1987, and its progenitor is a blue supergiant (Sk -69 202) with luminosity of 2-5 x 10³⁸ erg/s.<ref name=Figueiredo/> The 847 keV and 1238 keV gamma-ray lines from ⁵⁶Co decay have been detected.<ref name=Figueiredo/> "Gamma rays at energies of 0.3 to 8 megaelectron volts (MeV) were detected on 15 April 1988 from four nuclear-powered satellites including Cosmos 1900 and Cosmos 1932 as they flew over a double Compton gamma-ray telescope."<ref name=ONeill>{{ cite journal |author=Terrence J. O'Neill |author2=Alan D. Kerrick |author3=Farid Ait-Ouamer |author4=O. Tumay Tumer |author5=Allen D. Zych |author6=R. Stephen White |title=Observations of nuclear reactors on satellites with a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope |journal= Science |month=April 28, |year=1989 |volume=244 |issue=4903 |pages=451-4 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/244/4903/451.short |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1126/science.244.4903.451 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> ==Satellites== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Satellites}} The first gamma-ray telescope carried into orbit, on the [[w:Explorer 11|Explorer 11]] satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma-ray photons. They appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform "gamma-ray background". Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic rays (very energetic charged particles in space) with interstellar gas. "[T]he University of Minnesota Gamma-ray Experiment [aboard [[w:OSO 1|OSO 1]] ] was designed to provide preliminary measurements of the intensity and directional properties of low-energy gamma-rays in space. The detector operated in the 50 keV - 3 MeV range. For the 50-150 keV range, a NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal monitored radiation through a lead shield. The detector operating in the 0.3-1.0 MeV and 1.0-3.0 MeV energy regions used two scintillators connected as a Compton coincidence telescope. ... The U. Minnesota gamma-ray experiment on OSO 1 produced a measurement of the extraterrestrial gamma-ray flux between 0.5-3.0 MeV, and an indication of its origin on the celestial sphere. Equally important, this experiment began to define the background problems encountered in gamma-ray astronomy."<ref name=Mattson>{{ cite book |author=Barbara Mattson |title=OSO 1 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |location=Greenbelt, Maryland |date=October 18, 2007 |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso1.html |accessdate=2012-06-10 }}</ref> OSO 1 is launched on March 7, 1962.<ref name=Mattson/> ==Astro‐rivelatore Gamma a Immagini LEggero== '''AGILE''' ('''Astro‐rivelatore Gamma a Immagini LEggero''') is an X-ray and Gamma ray astronomical satellite of the [[w:Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency]] (ASI). The AGILE mission is to observe Gamma-Ray sources in the universe. AGILE’s instrumentation combines a gamma-ray imager (GRID) (sensitive in the energy range 30 MeV-50 GeV), a hard X-ray imager and monitor: Super-AGILE (sensitive in the range 18-60 KeV), a calorimeter (sensitive in the range 350 KeV-100 MeV) (MCAL), and an anticoincidence system (AC), based on plastic scintillator. AGILE was successfully launched on [April 23,] 2007. ==BeppoSAX== In February 1997 the Italian-Dutch satellite [[w:BeppoSAX|BeppoSAX]], launched in April 1996, provided the first accurate positions of gamma-ray bursts, allowing follow-up observations and identification of the sources when the X-ray camera was pointed towards the direction from which the burst [[w:GRB 970228|GRB 970228]] had originated, it detected fading X-ray emission. ==Compton Gamma Ray Observatory== [[Image:Compton - Diagrama esquematico.png|thumb|right|200px|This is a schematic of the various experiments aboard the Gamma-ray Observatory. Credit: NASA/JPL.]] Launched in 1991, the [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] carried aboard the Burst and Transient Source Explorer ([[w:CGRO#Instruments|BATSE]]) instrument, an extremely sensitive gamma-ray detector. The BATSE " the sky for gamma ray bursts (20 to >600 keV) and conducted full sky surveys for long-lived sources. It consisted of eight identical detector modules, one at each of the satellite's corners (left, right; front and back; top and bottom). Each module consisted of both a NaI(Tl) Large Area Detector (LAD) covering the 20 keV to ~2 MeV range, 50.48&nbsp;cm in dia by 1.27&nbsp;cm thick, and a 12.7&nbsp;cm dia by 7.62&nbsp;cm thick NaI Spectroscopy Detector, which extended the upper energy range to 8 MeV, all surrounded by a plastic scintillator in active anti-coincidence to veto the large background rates due to cosmic rays and trapped radiation. Sudden increases in the LAD rates triggered a high-speed data storage mode, the details of the burst being read out to [[w:telemetry|telemetry]] later. Bursts were typically detected at rates of roughly one per day over the 9-year CGRO mission. A strong burst could result in the observation of many thousands of gamma rays within a time interval ranging from ~0.1 s up to about 100 s. The '''Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment''', ('''OSSE'''), by the [[w:Naval Research Laboratory|Naval Research Laboratory]] detected gamma rays entering the field of view of any of four detector modules, which could be pointed individually, and were effective in the 0.05 to 10 MeV range. Each detector had a central [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|scintillation spectrometer]] crystal of [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|NaI(Tl)]] 12 in (303&nbsp;mm) in diameter, by 4 in (102&nbsp;mm) thick, optically coupled at the rear to a 3 in (76.2&nbsp;mm) thick CsI(Na) crystal of similar diameter, viewed by seven [[w:photomultiplier tube|photomultiplier tube]]s, operated as a [[w:Phoswich Detector|phoswich]]: i.e., particle and gamma-ray events from the rear produced slow-rise time (~1 μs) pulses, which could be electronically distinguished from pure NaI events from the front, which produced faster (~0.25 μs) pulses. Thus the CsI backing crystal acted as an active [[w:Electronic anticoincidence|anticoncidence]] shield, vetoing events from the rear. A further barrel-shaped CsI shield, also in [[w:electronic anticoincidence|electronic anticoincidence]], surrounded the central detector on the sides and provided coarse collimation, rejecting gamma rays and charged particles from the sides or most of the forward field-of-view (FOV). A finder level of angular collimation was provided by a tungston slat collimator grid within the outer CsI barrel, which collimated the response to a 3.8° x 11.4° FWHM rectangular FOV. A plastic scintillator across the front of each module vetoed charged particles entering from the front. The four detectors were typically operated in pairs of two. During a gamma-ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other would slew slightly off source to measure the background levels. The two detectors would routinely switch roles, allowing for more accurate measurements of both the source and background. The instruments could [[w:slewing|slew]] with a speed of approximately 2 degrees per second. The '''Imaging Compton Telescope''', ('''COMPTEL''') by the [[w:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics|Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], the [[w:University of New Hampshire|University of New Hampshire]], [[w:Netherlands Institute for Space Research|Netherlands Institute for Space Research]], and ESA's Astrophysics Division was tuned to the 0.75-30 MeV energy range and determined the angle of arrival of photons to within a degree and the energy to within five percent at higher energies. The instrument had a field of view of one [[w:steradian|steradian]]. For cosmic gamma-ray events, the experiment required two nearly simultaneous interactions, in a set of front and rear scintillators. Gamma rays would [[w:Compton scattering|Compton scatter]] in a forward detector module, where the interaction energy ''E₁'', given to the recoil electron was measured, while the Compton scattered photon would then be caught in one of a second layer of scintillators to the rear, where its total energy, ''E₂'', would be measured. From these two energies, ''E₁'' and ''E₂'', the Compton scattering angle, angle θ, can be determined, along with the total energy, ''E₁ + E₂'', of the incident photon. The positions of the interactions, in both the front and rear scintillators, was also measured. The [[w:Euclidean vector|vector]], '''V''', connecting the two interaction points determined a direction to the sky, and the angle θ about this direction, defined a cone about '''V''' on which the source of the photon must lie, and a corresponding "event circle" on the sky. Because of the requirement for a near coincidence between the two interactions, with the correct delay of a few nanoseconds, most modes of background production were strongly suppressed. From the collection of many event energies and event circles, a map of the positions of sources, along with their photon fluxes and spectra, could be determined. {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:11px; float:right; margin:2px" |- bgcolor= style="font-size: smaller;" | colspan=8 align=center|'''Comparison''' |- ! Instrument || Observing |- | BATSE || 0.02 - 8 MeV |- | OSSE || 0.05 - 10 MeV |- | COMPTEL || 0.75 - 30 MeV |- | EGRET || 20 - 30 GeV |- |} {{clear}} ==Cos B== [[Image:Cos-B.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of the satellite Cos-B superimposed on an Earth-orbit-like background. Credit: NASA.]] '''Cos-B''' was the first [[w:European Space Research Organisation|European Space Research Organisation]] mission to study gamma-ray sources. Scientific results included the 2CG Catalogue listing around 25 gamma ray sources and a map of the Milky Way. The satellite also observed the Cygnus X-3 pulsar. "Gamma radiation astronomy only developed after specialized satellites had been put into outer space. The results are surveyed which were obtained by satellite COS-B. 25 discrete sources were detected but only 5 cosmic objects of different type were identified."<ref name="Grygar">{{cite journal |author=J. Grygar |year=1985 |title=Gamma-radiation astronomy |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:17020607 |journal=Vesmir |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=10-12 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2018-1-19 |month= }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope== [[Image:Glast allsky1-a.png|thumb|right|200px|This is a high-energy gamma radiation image about the Earth, taken from [[w:Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope|Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope]] on the NASA’s [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] satellite. Credit: United States Department of Energy.]] The '''Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope''', ('''EGRET''') measured high energy (20 MeV to 30 GeV) gamma ray source positions to a fraction of a degree and photon energy to within 15 percent. EGRET was developed by NASA [[w:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard Space Flight Center]], the [[w:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics|Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], and [[w:Stanford University|Stanford University]]. Its detector operated on the principle of electron-[[w:positron|positron]] [[w:pair production|pair production]] from high energy photons interacting in the detector. The tracks of the high-energy electron and positron created were measured within the detector volume,and the axis of the ''V'' of the two emerging particles projected to the sky. Finally, their total energy was measured in a large [[w:calorimeter (particle physics)|calorimeter]] [[w:scintillation detector|scintillation detector]] at the rear of the instrument. {{clear}} ==Explorer 11== Launched on April 27, 1961, '''Explorer 11''' is an American Earth-[[w:orbital spaceflight|orbital]] satellite that carried the first space-borne [[w:gamma-ray|gamma-ray]] [[w:telescope|telescope]]. This is the earliest beginning of space gamma-ray astronomy. During the spacecraft's seven month lifespan it detected twenty-two events from gamma-rays. The celestial distribution of the thirty-one arrival directions showed no statistically significant correlation with the direction of any potential cosmic source. The gamma-ray telescope used a combination of a sandwich scintillator detector along with a Cherenkov counter to measure the arrival directions and energies of high-energy gamma rays. Since the telescope could not be aimed, the spacecraft was set in a slow spin to scan the celestial sphere. ==Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope== [[Image:GLAST on the payload attach fitting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope sits on its payload attachment fitting. Credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett.]] The Milkyway gamma-ray bubbles have been detected using data of the [[w:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope]]. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) detects individual gamma rays using technology similar to that used in terrestrial [[w:particle accelerator|particle accelerator]]s. [[w:Photons|Photons]] hit thin metal sheets, converting to electron-positron pairs, via a process known as [[w:pair production|pair production]]. These charged particles pass through interleaved layers of silicon [[w:microstrip detector|microstrip detector]]s, causing [[w:ionization|ionization]] which produce detectable tiny pulses of electric charge. Researchers can combine information from several layers of this tracker to determine the path of the particles. After passing through the tracker, the particles enter the [[w:calorimeter|calorimeter]], which consists of a stack of [[w:caesium iodide|caesium iodide]] [[w:scintillator|scintillator]] crystals to measure the total energy of the particles. The LAT's field of view is large, about 20% of the sky. The resolution of its images is modest by astronomical standards, a few arc minutes for the highest-energy photons and about 3 degrees at 100 MeV. The LAT is a bigger and better successor to the [[w:EGRET (telescope)|EGRET]] instrument on NASA's [[w:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] satellite in the 1990s. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) detects sudden flares of gamma-rays produced by gamma ray bursts and solar flares. Its scintillators are on the sides of the spacecraft to view all of the sky which is not blocked by the earth. The design is optimized for good resolution in time and photon energy. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor has detected gamma rays from positrons generated in powerful thunderstorms.<ref name=Glast>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/fermi-thunderstorms.html</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma== '''Gamma''' is a [[w:Soviet|Soviet]] [[w:gamma ray telescope|gamma ray telescope]] launched on 11 July 1990. The Gamma-1 telescope was the main telescope. It consisted of 2 scintillation counters and a gas [[w:Čerenkov radiation|Cerenkov counter]]. With an effective area of around 0.2 square metres (2.2 sq ft), it operated in the energy range of 50&nbsp;MeV to 6&nbsp;[[w:GeV|GeV]]. At 100&nbsp;MeV it initially had an [[w:angular resolution|angular resolution]] of 1.5 [[w:degree (angle)|degree]]s, with a [[w:field of view|field of view]] of 5 degrees and an energy resolution of 12%. A Telezvezda [[w:star tracker|star tracker]] increased the pointing position accuracy of the Gamma-1 telescope to 2 [[w:arcminute|arcminute]]s by tracking stars up to an [[w:apparent magnitude|apparent magnitude]] of 5 within its 6 by 6 degree field of view. However, due to the failure of power to a [[w:spark chamber|spark chamber]], for most of the mission the resolution was around 10 degrees.<ref name="gamma">{{ cite book |url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html |title=The Gamma Satellite |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> ==HEAO 1== [[Image:Heao1 photo.gif|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the HEAO-1 satellite, a NASA High Energy Astronomy Observatory. Credit: NASA.]] The A4, Hard X-ray / Low Energy Gamma-ray experiment, aboard HEAO 1, launched August 12, 1977, used sodium iodide (NaI) [[w:scintillation counters|scintillation counters]] to cover the energy range from about 20 keV to 10 MeV. Each detector was actively shielded by surrounding CsI scintillators, in active-anti-coincidence, so that an extraneous particle or gamma-ray event from the side or rear would be vetoed electronically, and rejected. (It was discovered in early balloon flight by experimenters in the 1960s that passive collimators or shields, made of materials such as lead, actually ''increase'' the undesired background rate, due to the intense showers of secondary particles and photons produced by the extremely high energy (GeV) particles characteristic of the space radiation environment.) A plastic anti-coincidence scintillation shield, essentially transparent to gamma-ray photons, protected the detectors from high-energy charged particles entering from the front. For all seven modules, the unwanted background effects of particles or photons entering from the rear was suppressed by a "phoswich" design, in which the active NaI detecting element was optically coupled to a layer of CsI on its rear surface, which was in turn optically coupled to a single [[w:photomultiplier|photomultiplier]] tube for each of the seven units. Because the NaI has a much faster response time (~0.25 μsec) than the CsI (~1 μsec), electronic pulse shape discriminators could distinguish good events××3 in NaI in the NaI from mixed events accompanied by a simultaneous interaction in the CsI. The largest, or '''High Energy Detector''' (HED), occupied the central position and covered the upper range from ~120 keV to 10 MeV, with a field-of-view (FOV) collimated to 37° [[w:Full width at half maximum|FWHM]]. Its NaI detector was 5 in (12.7&nbsp;cm) in diameter by 3 in (7.62&nbsp;cm) thick. The extreme penetrating power of photons in this energy range made it necessary to operate the HED in electronic anti-coincidence with the surrounding CsI and also the six other detectors of the hexagon. Two '''Low Energy Detectors''' (LEDs) were located in positions 180° apart on opposite side of the hexagon. They had thin ~3&nbsp;mm thick NaI detectors, also 5 in (12.7&nbsp;cm) in diameter, covering the energy range from ~10—200 keV. Their FOV was defined to fan-shaped beams of 1.7° x 20° FWHM by passive, parallel slat-plate collimators. The slats of the two LEDs were inclined to ±30° to the nominal HEAO scanning direction, crossing each other at 60°. Thus, working together, they covered a wide field of view, but could localize celestial sources with a precision determined by their 1.7° narrow fields. The four '''Medium Energy Detectors''' (MEDs), with a nominal energy range of 80 keV — 3 MeV, had 3 in (7.62&nbsp;cm) dia by 1 in (2.54&nbsp;cm) thick NaI detector crystals, and occupied the four remaining positions in the hexagon of modules. They had circular FOVs with a 17° FWHM. Results of the experiment included a catalog of the positions and intensities of hard X-ray (10—200 keV) sources.<ref name=Levine>''The HEAO 1 (A4) Catalog of High-Energy X-Ray Sources'', A.M. Levine, et al, Ap.J. Suppl. '''54''':581, 1984.</ref> {{clear}} ==HEAO 3== [[Image:HEAO-3.gif|thumb|right|250px|High Energy Astronomy Observatory number 3 (HEAO 3) undergoes testing prior to launch in its clean room. Credit: NASA.]] The HEAO 3, launched on 20 September 1979 carried [an experiment] known as C1, which was a cryogenically cooled germanium (Ge) high-resolution gamma-ray [[w:spectrometer|spectrometer]]. The C1 instrument was a sky-survey experiment, operating in the hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray bands. It was especially designed to search for the 511 keV gamma-ray line produced by the [[w:annihilation|annihilation]] of [[w:positron|positron]]s in stars, galaxies, and the [[interstellar medium]] (ISM), nuclear gamma-ray line emission expected from the interactions of [[w:cosmic ray|cosmic ray]]s in the ISM, the radioactive products of cosmic [[w:nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]], and nuclear reactions due to low-energy cosmic rays. In addition, careful study was made of the spectral and time variations of known hard X-ray sources. The experimental package contained four cooled, p-type high-purity [[w:germanium|Ge]] [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Semiconductor detectors|gamma-ray detectors]] with a total volume of about 100&nbsp;cm<math>^3</math>, enclosed in a thick (6.6&nbsp;cm average) [[w:caesium|caesium]] iodide (CsI) [[w:scintillation counter|scintillation]] shield in active anti-coincidence<ref name=Peterson>L. E. Peterson, ''Instrumental Technique in X-Ray Astronomy'', in Ann. Revs. Astron. & Astrophys. 13, 423 (1975)</ref> to suppress extraneous background. The experiment was capable of measuring gamma-ray energies falling within the energy interval from 0.045 to 10 MeV. The Ge detector system had an initial energy resolution better than 2.5 keV at 1.33 MeV and a line sensitivity from 1.E-4 to 1.E-5 photons/sq cm-s, depending on the energy. Key experimental parameters were (1) a geometry factor of 11.1 sq cm-sr, (2) effective area ~75&nbsp;cm<math>^2</math> at 100 keV, (3) a field of view of ~30 deg [[w:Full width at half maximum|FWHM]] at 45 keV, and (4) a time resolution of less than 0.1 ms for the germanium detectors and 10 s for the CsI detectors. The gamma-ray spectrometer operated until 1 June 1980, when its [[w:cryogen|cryogen]] was exhausted.<ref name=Wheaton>Wheaton, W.A. et al., "The HEAO 3 Background: Spectrum Observed by a Large Germanium Spectrometer in Low Earth Orbit",in AIP conference Proceedings #186, ''High Energy Radiation Background in Space'',1987, Eds Rester & Trombka, p. 304-322.</ref> The energy resolution of the Ge detectors was subject to degradation (roughly proportional to energy and time) due to radiation damage.<ref name=Mahoney>Mahoney, W.A., Ling, J.C., and Jacobson, A.S. ''Nuc. Instr. & Meth.'',178:363,(1980)</ref> {{clear}} ==High Energy Transient Explorer== [[Image:HETE 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is Explorer 79, the High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE-2). Credit: NASA.]] The '''High Energy Transient Explorer''' is to carry out the first multiwavelength study of gamma-ray bursts with [a soft X-ray camera or SXC], X-ray, and gamma-ray instruments mounted on a single, compact spacecraft. A unique feature of the HETE mission [is] its capability to localize GRBs with ~10 [[w:arc second|arc second]] accuracy in near real time aboard the spacecraft, and to transmit these positions directly to a network of receivers at existing ground-based observatories enabling rapid, sensitive follow-up studies in the [[w:radio|radio]], [[w:infrared|IR]], and [[w:visible light|optical]] bands. HETE-2 was launched on October 9, 2000. {{clear}} ==International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory== The [[w:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]'s '''INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' ('''INTEGRAL''') is an operational Earth satellite, launched in 2002 for detecting some of the most energetic radiation that comes from space. It is the most sensitive gamma ray observatory ever launched.<ref name=Teegarden>{{ cite journal | journal=American Astronomical Society, HEAD meeting #4, #17.01; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | title=INTEGRAL Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts | volume=31 | pages=717 | year=1999 | month=April | bibcode=1999HEAD....4.1701T | author=Teegarden B. J. |author2=Sturner S. J. }}</ref> The INTEGRAL imager, '''IBIS''' (Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite) observes from 15 keV (hard X-rays) to 10 MeV (gamma rays). Angular resolution is 12 arcmin, enabling a bright source to be located to better than 1 arcmin. A 95 x 95 mask of rectangular [[w:tungsten|tungsten]] tiles sits 3.2 meters above the detectors. The detector system contains a forward plane of 128 x 128 Cadmium-Telluride tiles (ISGRI-Integral Soft Gamma-Ray Imager), backed by a 64 x 64 plane of Caesium-Iodide tiles (PICsIT-Pixellated Caesium-Iodide Telescope). ISGRI is sensitive up to 1 MeV, while PICsIT extends to 10 MeV. Both are surrounded by passive shields of tungsten and lead. The primary spectrometer is the SPectrometer for INTEGRAL (SPI). It observes radiation between 20 keV and 8 MeV. SPI consists of a coded mask of hexagonal tungsten tiles, above a detector plane of 19 [[w:germanium|germanium]] crystals (also packed hexagonally). The Ge crystals are actively cooled with a mechanical system, and give an energy resolution of 2 keV at 1 MeV. ==Koronas-Foton== The [[w:Koronas-Foton|Koronas-Foton]] satellite carries an [[w:India|Indian]] Roentgen Telescope (RT), specifically the RT-2 gamma-ray telescope,<ref name=Kotov>{{ cite book |author=Yury Kotov |author2=Alexey Kochemasov |author3=Sergey Kuzin |author4=Vladimir Kuznetsov |author5=Janusz Sylwester |author6=Vitaly Yurov |title=Set of instruments for solar EUV and soft X-ray monitoring onboard satellite Coronas-Photon |publisher=COSPAR |location=Montréal, Canada |date=July 2008 |editor= |pages=1596 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=2008cosp...37.1596K |doi= |pmid= |isbn= }}</ref> for low-energy gamma-ray imaging, and a Konus-RF X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer. ==Kosmos 60== Kosmos 60 carried a 16-channel NaI(Tl) scintillator 40 x 40 mm in size. It was surrounded in a charged particle rejection scintillator. The spacecraft weighed 1600 kg and the detector was located inside the vehicle. The detector was sensitive to 0.5-2.0 MeV photons. Kosmos 60 measured the gamma-ray background flux density to be 1.7 × 10⁴ quanta/(m²·s). As was seen by Ranger 3 and Lunas 10 & 12, the spectrum fell sharply up to 1.5 MeV and was flat for higher energies. Several peaks were observed in the spectra which were attributed to the inelastic interaction of cosmic protons with the materials in the satellite body. ==Luna 10== '''Luna 10''' (E-6S series) was a Soviet [[w:Luna program|Luna program]], [[w:robotic spacecraft|robotic spacecraft]] mission, also called Lunik 10. Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3&mdash;3 MeV (50&ndash;500 [[w:joule|pJ]]. Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial [[w:basalt|basalt]] rocks). {{clear}} ==OSO-3== [[Image:Oso3 small.gif|thumb|right|200px|The third orbiting solar observatory (OSO 3) is launched on March 8, 1867. Credit: NASA's HEASARC: Observatories, Goddard Spaceflight Center.]] The gamma-ray telescope flown on the Third Solar Observatory ([[w:OSO-3|OSO-3]]) launched in 1967 achieved the first definitive observation of high-energy cosmic gamma rays from both galactic and extragalactic sources. The gamma-ray instrument onboard registered 621 events attributed to cosmic gamma rays above 50 MeV. A complete sky survey showed that the celestial distribution of gamma-rays is highly anisotropic, being concentrated along the galactic equator. In addition, an extended region around the galactic center showed a higher measured intensity. {{clear}} ==OSO-7== [[Image:Oso7 flight.gif|thumb|right|200px|This is OSO 7. Credit: NASA.]] Aboard the [[w:OSO 7|OSO-7]] satellite is the [[w:University of New Hampshire|UNH]] Solar Gamma-Ray Monitor which observed 0.3—10 MeV solar flare gamma rays with a NaI(Tl) scintillation [[w:Gamma ray spectroscopy|spectrometer]] in a CsI(Na) active [[w:Electronic anticoincidence|anti-coincidence]] shield.<ref name=Hignie>P. R. Hignie et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., v. NS-19, p. 606, 1972.</ref> Specifically, the first observation of solar gamma-ray line emission, due to electron/positron annihilation at 511 keV, from a solar flare in April 1972. {{clear}} ==Ranger 5== [[Image:1964 71395L-Ranger.svg|thumb|right|200px|This is the Ranger 5 spacecraft diagram. Credit: NASA.]] The experimental apparatus included a gamma-ray spectrometer in a 300 mm sphere mounted on a 1.8 m boom. Gamma-ray data were collected for four hours prior to the loss of power. {{clear}} ==Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager== The '''Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager''' (RHESSI) launched on 5 February 2002 is designed to image solar flares in energetic photons from soft X rays (~3 keV) to gamma rays (up to ~20 MeV) and to provide high resolution spectroscopy up to gamma-ray energies of ~20 MeV. The imaging capability of RHESSI is based on a Fourier-transform technique using a set of 9 [[w:Rotational Modulation Collimator|Rotational Modulation Collimator]]s (RMCs) as opposed to mirrors and lenses. Each RMC consist of two sets of widely-spaced, fine-scale linear grids. As the spacecraft rotates, these grids block and unblock any X-rays which may be coming from the Sun modulating the photon signal in time. The modulation can be measured with a detector having no spatial resolution placed behind the RMC since the spatial information is now stored in the time domain. The modulation pattern over half a rotation for a single RMC provides the amplitude and phase of many spatial Fourier components over a full range of angular orientations but for a small range of spatial source dimensions. Multiple RMCs, each with different slit widths, provide coverage over a full range of flare source sizes. Images are then reconstructed from the set of measured Fourier components in exact mathematical analogy to multi-baseline radio interferometry. RHESSI provides spatial resolution of 2 arcseconds at X-ray energies from ~4 keV to ~100 keV, 7 arcseconds to ~400 keV, and 36 arcseconds for gamma-ray lines and continuum emission above 1 MeV. RHESSI can also see gamma rays coming from off-solar directions. The more energetic gamma rays pass through the spacecraft structure, and impact the detectors from any angle. This mode is used to observe gamma ray bursts (GRBs). ==Small Astronomy Satellite 2== [[Image:SAS 2.gif|thumb|right|250px|The SAS 2 is the second small spacecraft designed to detect X-rays, gamma-rays, ultraviolet, visual, and infrared rays. Credit: Mrs. Marjorie R. Townsend Project Manager NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Dr. Carl E. Fichtel Project Scientist NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Dr. Nancy G. Roman Program Scientist NASA Headquarters.]] "The '''Small Astronomy Satellite 2''' was a NASA [[w:gamma ray telescope|gamma ray telescope]] launched on 15 November 1972 with a primary objective to measure the spatial and energy distribution of primary galactic and extragalactic gamma radiation with energies between 20 and 300 MeV. SAS-2 first detected [[w:Geminga|Geminga]], a [[w:pulsar|pulsar]] believed to be the remnant of a supernova that exploded 300,000 years ago.<ref name=Darling/> {{clear}} ==Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission== [[Image:Swift spacecraft.jpg|thumb|right|250px|NASA's [[w:Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission]] is launched in November 2004. Credit: NASA.]] ''Swift'' is a multi-wavelength [[w:Space observatory|space-based observatory]] dedicated to the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Its three instruments work together to observe GRBs and their afterglows in the [[w:gamma-ray|gamma-ray]], [[w:X-ray|X-ray]], [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]], and [[w:optical|optical]] wavebands. The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detects GRB events and computes their [[w:coordinate|coordinate]]s in the sky. It covers a large fraction of the sky (over one [[w:steradian|steradian]] fully coded, three steradians partially coded; by comparison, the full sky solid angle is 4π or about 12.6 steradians). It locates the position of each event with an accuracy of 1 to 4 [[w:arc-minute|arc-minute]]s within 15 seconds. This crude position is immediately relayed to the ground, and some wide-field, rapid-slew ground-based telescopes can catch the GRB with this information. The BAT uses a [[w:coded aperture|coded-aperture mask]] of 52,000 randomly placed 5&nbsp;mm [[w:lead|lead]] tiles, 1 metre above a detector plane of 32,768 four&nbsp;mm [[w:Cadmium zinc telluride|CdZnTe]] hard X-ray detector tiles; it is purpose-built for ''Swift''. Energy range: 15–150 keV.<ref name=Myers>{{ cite book | author=J.D. Myers | title=Swift's Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) | url=http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/about_swift/bat_desc.html | publisher=NASA/ GSFC | date=28 February 2006 | accessdate=2009-05-02 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Vela satellites== [[Image:Vela5b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This photograph shows Vela 5A/B satellites in their [[w:Cleanroom|cleanroom]]. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory and NASA.]] For [[gamma-ray astronomy]], the Vela satellites were the first devices ever to detect cosmic gamma ray bursts. {{clear}} ==WIND spacecraft== [[Image:WIND.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This artist's image shows the WIND satellite in space. Credit: NASA.]] Launched on 1 November 1994 the experiment consists of two identical gamma ray spectrometers mounted on opposite sites of the spacecraft so all sky is observed.<ref name=Aptekar>{{ cite journal |author=Aptekar R. |author2=et al. |year=1995 |title=Konus-W gamma-ray burst experiment for the GSS Wind spacecraft |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=71 |issue=1-4 |pages=265 |bibcode=1995SSRv...71..265A |doi=10.1007/BF00751332 }}</ref> WIND carries the Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) which covers the energy range 15 keV - 10 MeV, with an energy resolution of 2.0 keV @ 1.0 MeV (E/delta E = 500). "It still provides the highest time, angular, and energy resolution of any of the solar wind monitors. {{clear}} ==Sounding rockets== About a quarter of the sounding rockets were dedicated to stellar and gamma-ray studies. ==Telescopes== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Telescopes}} "For X-rays, the index of refraction is defined by Rayleigh scattering,"<ref name=Wogan>{{ cite book |author=Tim Wogan |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> especially in the use of Wolter telescopes. "[T]he strength of the effect drops off as the inverse square of the X-ray energy. This means that at high X-ray energies – and on into low gamma-ray energies – the radiation is not bent enough for a lens to work effectively."<ref name=Wogan/> "[T]he index of refraction starts to make a comeback at energies greater than about 700 keV. What is more, while the index of refraction is negative for X-rays, it becomes positive for gamma rays."<ref name=Wogan/> "What is new now is that with gamma rays we can really address the extremely high electric field of the nucleus," with Delbrück scattering.<ref name=Habs>{{ cite book |author=Dietrich Habs |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "The measurements indicate that there exists an index of refraction for gamma-ray energies that is substantially larger than people believed before".<ref name=Pietralla>{{ cite book |author=Norbert Pietralla |title=Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays |publisher=Institute of Physics |location= |date=May 9, 2012 |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays |accessdate=2013-05-09 }}</ref> "Materials with nuclei that have a large positive charge – such as gold – should be ideal for making gamma-ray lenses".<ref name=Wogan/> ===Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes=== [[Image:Shower detection.png|thumb|right|400px|This diagram depicts an air shower resulting from cosmic rays. Credit: Konrad Bernlöhr.]] The Cherenkov telescopes do not actually detect the gamma rays directly but instead detect the flashes of visible light produced when gamma rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name=Penston>{{ cite book |author = Margaret J. Penston |date = 14 August 2002 |url=http://www.pparc.ac.uk/frontiers/latest/feature.asp?article=14F1&style=feature |title = The electromagnetic spectrum |publisher = Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council |accessdate = 17 August 2006 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Converted Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Using Solar-2=== The first astronomical observations started in the fall of 2004. However, the facility had its last observing runs in November 2005 as funds for observational operations from the [[w:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] were no longer available. CACTUS is sensitive in the 50-500 GeV energy range.<ref name=Chertok>{{ cite book |author=M. Chertok |author2=P. Afonso |author3=J. Lizarazo |author4=P. Marleau |author5=S. Maruyama |author6=J. Stilley |author7=S.M. Tripathi |title=Search for Dark Matter Annihilations in Draco with CACTUS |date=2006 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.panic05.lanl.gov/abstracts/610/proc_cactus_panic05_revised.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-03 }}</ref> "The CACTUS atmospheric Cherenkov telescope collaboration recently reported a gamma-ray excess from the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy."<ref name=Profumo>{{ cite journal |author=Stefano Profumo |author2=Marc Kamionkowski |title=Dark matter and the CACTUS gamma-ray excess from Draco |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |month=March |year=2006 |volume=2006 |issue=03 |pages= |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1475-7516/2006/03/003 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2006/03/003 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-03 }}</ref> "[T]he bulk of the signal detected by CACTUS [may come] from direct [weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)] WIMP annihilation to two photons"<ref name=Profumo/>. ===High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy=== [[Image:Hegra and not bob tubbs 2001.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Two HEGRA reflectors, with the [[w:Nordic Optical Telescope|NOT]] in the background.]] '''HEGRA''', which stands for ''High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy'', was an atmospheric [[w:Cherenkov effect|Cherenkov]] telescope for Gamma-ray astronomy. With its various types of detectors, HEGRA took data between 1987 and 2002, at which point it was dismantled in order to build its successor, [[w:MAGIC (telescope)|MAGIC]], at the same site. HEGRA is at 2200 masl. {{clear}} ===High Energy Stereoscopic System=== [[Image:Ct2ct3 nah n.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Two HESS telescopes, CT2 and CT3, are part of the HESS array in Namibia. Credit: .]] '''High Energy Stereoscopic System''' or H.E.S.S. is a next-generation system of '''Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes''' (IACT) for the investigation of cosmic gamma rays in the 100 GeV and TeV energy range. ... As of September 2011, there are 62 sources in the HESS catalogue. {{clear}} ===Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes=== [[Image:Magicmirror.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is the MAGIC telescope at La Palma, Canary Islands. Credit: [[commons:User:Pachango|Pachango]].]] '''MAGIC''' ('''Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes''') is a system of two [[w:IACT|Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope]]s situated at the [[w:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory|Roque de los Muchachos Observatory]] on [[w:La Palma|La Palma]], one of the [[w:Canary Islands|Canary Islands]], at about 2200 m above sea level. MAGIC detects particle showers released by gamma rays, using the [[w:Cherenkov radiation|Cherenkov radiation]], i.e., faint light radiated by the charged particles in the showers. With a diameter of 17 meters for the reflecting surface, it is the largest in the world. MAGIC is sensitive to cosmic gamma rays with energies between 50 [[w:GeV|GeV]] and 30 [[w:TeV|TeV]] due to its large mirror; other ground-based gamma-ray telescopes typically observe gamma energies above 200-300 GeV. Satellite-based detectors detect gamma-rays in the energy range from keV up to several GeV. MAGIC has found pulsed gamma-rays at energies higher than 25 GeV coming from the [[w:Crab Pulsar|Crab Pulsar]].<ref name=ScienceU>"Observation of Pulsed Gamma-Rays Above 25 GeV from the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC", MAGIC collaboration, Science 322 (2008) 1221.</ref> The presence of such high energies indicates that the gamma-ray source is far out in the pulsar's [[w:magnetosphere|magnetosphere]], in contradiction with many models. A much more controversial observation is an energy dependence in the speed of light of cosmic rays coming from a short burst of the [[w:blazar|blazar]] [[w:Markarian 501|Markarian 501]] on July 9, 2005. Photons with energies between 1.2 and 10 TeV arrived 4 minutes after those in a band between .25 and .6 TeV. The average delay was .030±.012 seconds per GeV of energy of the photon. If the relation between the space velocity of a photon and its energy is linear, then this translates into the fractional difference in the speed of light being equal to minus the photon's energy divided by 2 x 10¹⁷ GeV. {{clear}} ===Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment=== The '''Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment''' ('''STACEE'''), is a gamma ray detector located near [[w:Albuquerque|Albuquerque]], [[w:New Mexico|New Mexico]]. Observations with STACEE began in October 2001 and concluded in June 2007. Gamma rays were observed from objects such as the [[w:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]], a [[w:supernova remnant|supernova remnant]], and [[w:Markarian 421|Markarian 421]], a [[w:blazar|blazar]]. STACEE uses the [[w:heliostat|heliostat]]s and space on the [[w:solar power tower|receiver]] tower of the [[w:National Solar Thermal Test Facility|National Solar Thermal Test Facility]] operated by the [[w:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia National Laboratories]] on the grounds of the [[w:Kirtland Air Force Base|Kirtland Air Force Base]]. During the night STACEE uses the heliostats to reflect the brief flashes of [[w:Čerenkov radiation|Čerenkov radiation]] caused by gamma rays hitting the [[w:upper atmosphere|upper atmosphere]] to photodetectors mounted in the tower. STACEE is a [[w:nonimaging optics|nonimaging]] telescope, meaning that it detects the light from a portion of the sky, but does not resolve the light into an image. ==Gamma-ray spectrometers== [[Image:Co60 Spectrum.JPG|thumb|right|250 px|This is a spectrum of ⁶⁰Co, with peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV from a spectrometer.]] A '''Gamma-Ray Spectrometer''', or (GRS), is an instrument for measuring the distribution (or [[w:spectrum|spectrum]]—see [[w:Gamma spectroscopy#Scintillation detectors|figure]]) of the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each [[w:photon|photon]]. [[Image:Grsradiation-med.jpg|right|thumb|200px|This diagram depicts the generation of gamma rays by cosmic ray exposure. Credit: JPL, NASA.]] Using Germanium detectors - a crystal of hyperpure germanium that produces pulses proportional to the captured photon energy; while more sensitive, it has to be cooled to a low temperature, requiring a bulky cryogenic apparatus. When exposed to [[w:cosmic rays|cosmic rays]] (charged particles in space that come from the stars, including our sun), chemical elements in soils and rocks emit uniquely identifiable signatures of energy in the form of gamma rays. The gamma ray spectrometer looks at these signatures, or energies, coming from the elements present in the target soil. By measuring gamma rays coming from the target body, it is possible to calculate the abundance of various elements and how they are distributed around the planet's surface. Gamma rays, emitted from the [[w:atomic nucleus|nuclei]] of [[w:atoms|atoms]], show up as sharp [[w:emission lines|emission lines]] on the instrument's spectrum output. While the energy represented in these emissions determines which elements are present, the intensity of the spectrum reveals the elements concentrations. Spectrometers are expected to add significantly to the growing understanding of the origin and evolution of planets like Mars and the processes shaping them today and in the past. {{clear}} ==Gamma-ray spectroscopy== The study and analysis of gamma-ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called [[w:gamma spectroscopy|gamma spectroscopy]], and gamma-ray spectrometers are the instruments which observe and collect such data. Atomic [[w:atomic nucleus|nuclei]] have an energy-level structure somewhat analogous the energy levels of atoms, so that they may emit (or absorb) photons of particular energies, much as atoms do, but at energies that are thousands to millions of times higher than those typically studied in optical spectroscopy. As with atoms, the particular energy levels of nuclei are characteristic of each species, so that the photon energies of the gamma rays emitted, which correspond to the energy differences of the nuclei, can be used to identify particular elements and isotopes. Distinguishing between gamma-rays of slightly different energy is an important consideration in the analysis of complex spectra, and the ability of a GRS to do so is characterized by the instrument's [[w:spectral resolution|spectral resolution]], or the accuracy with which the energy of each photon is measured. Semi-conductor detectors, based on cooled [[w:germanium|germanium]] or [[w:silicon|silicon]] detecting elements, have been invaluable for the energy level spectrum of nuclei which typically dies out above about 10 MeV. Gamma-ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum spectra, so that the moderate spectral resolution of [[w:scintillation|scintillation]] (often sodium iodide (NaI) or caesium iodide, (CsI) spectrometers), often suffices for such applications. ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Positive cloud or above to ground lightning probably emits more gamma rays than X-rays. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Principles of Radiation Astronomy]] * [[Radioactivity]] * [[Radioactivity basics]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Theory|Theoretical radiation astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy]] * [[X-ray astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{ cite book |author=Vedrenne G |author2=Atteia J.-L. |year=2009 |title=Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3540390855 }} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center.] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA.] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|Gamma-ray astronomy}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation/Lectures]] tfbiozvm8140spz3wel2sxg5hebc9pb 0 139384 2412612 2412361 2022-08-08T13:44:15Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{nocat}} == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:adder.20131113.pdf |pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.rca.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf |pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20211106.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.cla.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20211111.pdf |pdf]] || || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf |pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf |pdf]], [[Media:adder.cca.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf |pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.ksa.20140409.pdf |pdf]] || |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''9. Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA.20220808.pdf |pdf]] || || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf |pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:bshift.20131105.pdf |bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf |bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf |pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf |pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf |pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf |Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf |H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf |pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Computer architecture]] s01d8ht3d6uo5tl0yg22rd2c0v3nxui 0 149290 2412758 2365218 2022-08-09T04:01:57Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* See also */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Lights glowing on the ALMA correlator.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ALMA correlator is one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), S. Argandoña.]] '''[[Astrophysics]]''' is a lecture and an article about the application of laboratory physics to astronomical phenomena. It is part of the [[astronomy]] course on the [[principles of radiation astronomy]]. You are free to take this quiz based on [[astrophysics]] at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under [[Astrophysics/Quiz#See also|'''See also''']], [[Astrophysics/Quiz#External links|'''External links''']], and in the {{tlx|principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %. As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score. '''Suggestion:''' Have the lecture available in a separate window. To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association. Enjoy learning by doing! {{clear}} ==Quiz== <quiz> {True or False, A calculation of energy is not possible unless a mass is involved. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following is not an electron volt? |type="()"} + the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun - a unit of energy - a quantity that denotes the ability to do work - 1.2 PeV - a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time - a unit not based on the [[w:Coulomb|Coulomb]] {Yes or No, The force of gravity is a major portion of the strong nuclear force. |type="()"} - Yes + No {Complete the text: |type="{}"} The { delta-ray|delta ray (i) } tracks in emulsion chambers have been used for { direct (i) } measurements of { cosmic-ray|cosmic ray (i) } nuclei above { 1 TeV/nucleon (i) } in a series of balloon-borne experiments. {True or False, The average value of the radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is a displacement. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {The science of physical and logical laws is called |type="{}"} { nomology (i) } {True or False, The temperature of the cores of stars may be determined by the balance between the gravitational attraction and the gas pressure. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {The use of the principle of line of sight allows what phenomenon to be determined? |type="()"} + the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun - the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus - any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky - the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy - the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars - lightning always precedes rain {True or False, A unit vector is a direction with a magnitude of one. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are involved in the weak force? |type="[]"} - a core which emits neutrinos + Fermi's β-decay theory - ²⁶Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + Gamow-Teller interactions - steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with delta-rays in 1731 + M. Fierz {True or False, Any space in the real universe is completely empty of microwaves. |type="()"} - TRUE + FALSE {The strong force is involved in which of the following phenomena? |type="[]"} + ''s''-waves + the sum of the spins - neutrinos + Pauli's exclusion principle + deuterium - radio waves {True or False, When the magnetic poles of the Sun reverse during the solar cycle, there is a short time in which the polar diameter is greater than the equatorial diameter. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are associated with electromagnetics? |type="[]"} + angular momentum transfer + solar wind + protons + electrons - the baryon neutrino + charge neutralization {True or False, The generalized weak force theory combines the Fermi and Gamow-Teller conditions into a unified theory. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are associated with the big bang neutrinos? |type="[]"} - a launch location + relic neutrinos + of order of the photon density + the thermal energy at which neutrinos decouple + neutrinos dynamically dominate baryons - a contracting universe {True or False, The force of gravity is the first astronomical source of the strong nuclear force. |type="()"} - TRUE + FALSE {The generalization to self-gravitating continua is outlined focused on the classification problem of singularities and metamorphoses arising in the |type="{}"} { density field (i) }. {If energy is the impetus behind all motion and activity, which of the following are associated with power? |type="[]"} - a launch location + a rate of change of the impetus with time - photon density - an acceleration of the impetus - neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons + a rate of change of mass {A first astronomical source has? |type="[]"} + a temporal distribution with at least one datum - a spectral distribution - a spatial distribution + a position or location - a geognosy + scientific or observational investigations {[[Image:3D Vector.svg|100px|thumb|right]] For standard basis, or unit, vectors ('''i''', '''j''', '''k''') and vector components of '''a''' ('''a'''_x, '''a'''_y, '''a'''_z), what are the right ascension, declination, and value of a? |type="[]"} - if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y, then RA equals 6^h + if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y, then RA equals 3^h + the value of '''a''' is given by <math>a = \sqrt{a^2_x + a^2_y + a^2_z}</math> - if '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y equals '''a'''_z, then the declination is -45° + if '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y equals '''a'''_z, then the declination is +45° {{clear}} {Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source? |type="[]"} + a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + a solar flare + the formation of deuterium - the electron neutrino + OSO-3 + neutrons </quiz> ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # More questions aimed at astrophysics theory and laboratory efforts may be better. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Astronomy/Quiz|Astronomy quiz]] * [[Radiation chemistry/Quiz|Radiation astrochemistry/Quiz]] * [[Radiation geography/Quiz|Radiation astrogeography/Quiz]] * [[Radiation history/Quiz|Radiation astrohistory/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA.] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Astrophysics}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy quizzes]] 2up6oa4yrdv26ldptds14ckv42bj73x 0 149796 2412650 1978953 2022-08-08T16:13:25Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Santa Ana Volcano.USAF.C-130.3-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The crater in [[w:Santa Ana Volcano|Santa Ana Volcano]] is photographed from a United States Air Force C-130 Hercules flying above [[w:El Salvador|El Salvador]]. Credit: José Fernández, U.S Air Force.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] This [[laboratory]] is an activity for you to create or analyze a cratering. While it is part of the [[Portal:Radiation astronomy|radiation astronomy]] course [[Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles|principles of radiation astronomy]], it is also independent. Some suggested types of cratering to consider include a lightning strike, a bullet shot into some material, a water droplet hitting the surface of a beaker of water, a subterranean explosion, a sand vortex, or a meteorite impact. More importantly, there is '''your''' cratering idea. And, yes, you can crater a peanut butter and jelly sandwich if you wish to. ==Evaluation== Okay, this is an astronomy cratering [[laboratory]], but you may create what a crater is. Another example is a volcanic crater. I will provide an example of a cratering experiment. The rest is up to you. Questions, if any, are best placed on the discussion page. {{clear}} ==Control groups== For my cratering laboratory example, I will compose a control group. You will need at least one too. Control group (circle): # As a first approximation, a crater in the horizontal plane of a rocky-object's surface is a circle for an object dropping, or falling vertically, or for rocky matter ejected vertically. # The lower the angle of impact, falling, or ejection, from vertical (90°), the more elongated and ellipsoidal the crater is in the direction of impact, fall, or ejection. From [[Radiation astronomy/Craters|crater astronomy]], the sources of a circular crater are many: # a volcanic bomb falling nearly vertically from above, # a rocky meteor falling vertically from above, # a volcanic eruption from an approximate point source below the center of the circle, # an ejection from an electric arc above the ground arcing at the center of the circle, # an explosion above or below the center of the circle, like a volcano, # a subsidence or falling below the center of the circle into the ground below, or # a lightning strike directly from above leaves a circle and a hole where missing rocky matter either melted into less volume or was ejected like other explosions. Special conditions: # angularity away from a circle, when symmetric about the center is likely due to the structure of the rocky surface and beneath it. ==Evaluations== To assess your cratering experiment, include your justification, analysis and discussion. I will provide such an assessment of my example. ==Hudson Bay== [[Image:Québec, Canada.svg|right|thumb|250px|The Nastapoka arc is shown near the top-left portion of the province of Quebec (in red). Credit: [[c:user:EOZyo|EOZyo]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Hudson-bay-annotated.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is an annotated view of Hudson Bay from space with the red circle inscribed west of the Nastapoka arc. Credit: Jonathan Birge.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The '''Nastapoka arc''' is a geological feature located on the southeastern shore of Hudson Bay, Canada. {{clear}} ===Justification=== It is a near-perfect circular arc, covering more than 160° of a 450&nbsp;km diameter circle. "C. S. Beals (1968) suggested that the Hudson Bay arc is the remnant rim of a giant impact crater nearly 300 miles across, or comparable to Mare Crisium in size."<ref name=Deitz>{{ cite journal |author=Robert S. Dietz and J. Paul Barringer |title=Hudson Bay Arc as an Astrobleme: a Negative Search |journal=Meteoritics |month= |year=1973 |volume=8 |issue= |pages=28-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1973Metic...8...28D |arxiv= |bibcode=1973Metic...8...28D |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-12-29 }}</ref> "Although extensive clean rock exposures abound, no shatter coning was observed."<ref name=Deitz/> "[S]uevite-type or other unusual melt rocks, pseudotachylite or mylonite, radial faults or fractures, unusual injection breccias, and other possible shock metamorphic effects [were searched for, but] [n]one was found."<ref name=Deitz/> Deitz' "negative results, however, probably do not disprove an impact origin for the arc, as even shatter coning, which is the lowest level shock indicator, still requires over-pressures from 20 to 50 kbars."<ref name=Deitz/> "[A]n Archean impact might be forever buried beneath the Proterozoic sedimentary cover which filled the entire basin inside the postulated rim."<ref name=Deitz/> ==Hudson Bay-Evaluation== From the high degree of circularity of the Nastapoka arc for more than 160°, the area of Hudson Bay where the arc occurs is part of a crater. But, what happened to the western 55 % of the crater? And, of course, what is the origin of the crater? ===Analysis=== [[Image:Belcherislands.png|thumb|left|250px|This image shows the location of the Belcher Islands. Credit: [[w:User:Timvasquez|Timvasquez]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sanikiluaq rocks -d.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows that bedded dolomite on Belcher Islands got tweaked during large-scale folding. Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/photos/31856336@N03 Mike Beauregard] from Nunavut, Canada.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sanikiluaq rocks.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The image suggests that the beds are "macro inclined". Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/photos/31856336@N03 Mike Beauregard] from Nunavut, Canada.{{tlx|free media}}]] Looking at the image above right, where Quebec is in red, there are the [[w:Belcher Islands|Belcher Islands]], also in the image at lower left, almost within a chord connecting the two ends of the arc. Putting a circle holometer over the arc shows that the center of the circle is slightly north-north west of the Belcher Islands and does not touch them. With respect to the paleoproterozoic orogens, all of the arc just beyond the chord connecting the upper and lower latitude tips of the arc is considered part of the continental margin for the Trans-Hudson orogen to the west.<ref name=Eaton>{{ cite journal |author=David W. Eaton, Fiona Darbyshire |title=Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Hudson Bay region |journal=Tectonophysics |month=January 5, |year=2010 |volume=480 |issue=1-4 |pages=1-22 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195109005034 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-12-30 }}</ref> The bay just north of that which is the bay of the Nastapoka arc is less circular and only about 90° of a circle. Up the same coast, the third inlet is also circular and about 80°. The rock layers composing the Belcher Islands are not horizontal but may be dipping near vertically. If a cratering event occurred after the rock beds were tilted nearly on edge, the damage to the rock strata may have been more absorbed with less actual crater depth. {{clear}} ===Discussion=== As at least half of each circle on the western half is missing, it may be that the craters are dipping downward to the west. The amount of dip is likely less than 10° so as to keep the craters from being ellipsoidal. Craters initially circles dipping to the west result in a horizontal shortening of the W-E axis, while the N-S axis remains unchanged. The mountains of the eastern rim of the crater appear to decrease in relative elevation trending northward or southward around the arc from almost due east. The more likely possibility is that the western halves have fallen or been depressed into the Earth approximately vertically. This would have the effect of maintaining circularity while causing a loss of the western half of each crater. ===Conclusions=== The origin of the residual craters is concluded to be subsidence of the rocky surface, perhaps under the weight of glacial ice. An origin for the craters themselves is considered as unknown due to a lack of evidence associated with causes. {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Many of the craters traditionally assigned to impact craters may be electric arc or discharge craters. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Asteroids|Asteroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Comets|Cometary astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Craters|Crater astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Fieries|Fiery meteor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Lightnings|Lightning astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Lithometeors|Lithometeor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Meteoroids|Meteoroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Showers|Meteor-shower astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks|Rock astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{ cite journal |author=David W. Eaton, Fiona Darbyshire |title=Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Hudson Bay region |journal=Tectonophysics |month=January 5, |year=2010 |volume=480 |issue=1-4 |pages=1-22 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195109005034 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-12-30 }} there is a pdf available. ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Chemistry resources}}{{tlx|Charge ontology}}{{tlx|Geology resources}}{{tlx|History of science resources}}{{tlx|Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Reasoning resources}}{{tlx|Semantics resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Cratering}}{{Sisterlinks|Laboratory}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics/Laboratories]] [[Category:Chemistry/Laboratories]] [[Category:Geology/Laboratories]] [[Category:Proofs/Laboratories]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Laboratories]] [[Category:Resources last modified in February 2019]] [[Category:Structures/Laboratories]] 2dik8wltmv5s0eqr8sviwjnibbw7ira 6 158528 2412766 1235221 2022-08-09T05:18:48Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == This is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38. [[Category:Superluminal images]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = This is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38. |Source = The image appears in a primary source article in the Astronomical Journal entitled, "MOJAVE. X. Parsec-Scale Jet Orientation Variations and Superluminal Motion in AGN" at url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.2713v1.pdf. |Date = April 17, 2013 |Author = M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen |Rationale = No free licensed or public domain alternatives known to exist to show a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38 exhibiting superluminal motion. |Permission = Fair Use }} {{Fairuse}} 1zxir2oltzakuuxlp7fkang0vf6btda 6 158648 2412760 1412154 2022-08-09T04:06:13Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present. [[Category:Astronomy images]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present. |Source = The image appears on a website entitled, "Composite emission-line spectrum of NGC 4151" at url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/ngc4151sp.html. |Date = October 2003 |Author = Bill Keel, using sections from himself and many others. |Rationale = No free licensed or public domain alternatives known to exist to show this composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 with the wide variety of emission lines present. |Permission = Fair Use, site restriction. }} {{Fairuse}} nhrtgjp96fj7d6d3ftfhayx057xgwh9 4 159012 2412699 2405505 2022-08-09T01:24:17Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* This Month in GLAM: July 2022 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Archives == * [[Outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives]] == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue I, January 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: We came, we saw, we conquered! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Basque Country report|Basque Country report]]: Books, librarians, encounters and borrowed data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref, Côte d'Ivoire participates for the 2nd time * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Fonds André Cros; #1lib1ref; Library of Dinan; LATMOS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: sustainability beyond metrics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Digitizing the letters from Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum Yogyakarta continues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Seventeen: let's talk and celebrate! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Importance of digitization in 21 century * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Local heritage made available through Wikimedia & 3rd Wikicafé Tilburg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Image collection from Armenia and Sami bibliography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: #1lib1ref first time in Serbia: 786 references added! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photos, 3D and training with the National Heritage Board * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Upload Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford Wikidata project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Libraries at the Forefront of Running All-Out Action for Ukrainian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Our constraint reports won't constrain you! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Call for case studies, #1lib1ref, Structured Commons and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2017/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:56, 9 February 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17717657 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue II, February 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Photo contest Wiki Loves Public Space * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Starting new GLAM partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Bulgaria report|Bulgaria report]]: The first Bulgarian wikitown presented at an International Tourist Fair in Sofia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Editing with more librarians as we expanded #1Lib1Ref campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Finland's First Wikimedian in Residence to Kansallisarkisto * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM in galleries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Boosting collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Startup of the WikiIndustry project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Intern program for library students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: WiR at The National Museums of World Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Scotland's Public Libraries move toward first edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February made me shiver * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Pattypan 18.02: The uploading tool now includes STL support * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Cool Tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons, Wikidata Workshop materials, and Spring Travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:06, 9 March 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17796295 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue III, March 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Regional GLAM workshops and Art+Feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: GenderGap edit-a-thon; GLAM at Open Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazilian user group and Portuguese chapter join forces for Women’s International Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Reflecting upon #1Lib1Ref impact, upcoming collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Second edit-a-thon in Slaný and new cooperation with Institut of Bohuslav Martinů * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Paintings and photographers' biographies to Wikidata, translation of Rightsstatements.org, rephotography app * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Combining coding, learning and culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: CNES, Musée Bourdelle * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Presentation "70. Westfälischer Archivtag" * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/India report|India report]]: Impact of Odisha Government content donation on Wikimedia Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Art+Feminism boom in Ireland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Women's month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Startup of the WikiBeer project & "Bitalon" - The Hackaton of Bitola * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Edit-a-thons and digitazation of books * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikipedia courses in libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Museums of World Culture; Air Force Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Article Contest for Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: GLAM WIKI Conference in Tel Aviv, November 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Family Favourites * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons; Upcoming events and travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:48, 10 April 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17897344 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue IV, April 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: HerStory in Alice Springs and Australasian Open Access Strategy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Everybody WIKI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Labs to introduce Wikidata and its potentialities in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Event: Role of Wikimedia in the era of Open Science * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: City of Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Libraries in the spotlight * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Macedonian Wikiexpeditions exhibition and workshops with Wiki Clubs members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 325,000 images from Dutch photo archives uploaded by Mr.Nostalgic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: First Wikipedian in Residence in the Philippines * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Partnerships, GLAMs & Art+feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Strong support from the Ministry of culture and information of Republic of Serbia: Financing the three WIR programs and realizing GLAM seminars * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National museum of world Culture; Sounds and pronunciations; Nordic Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Upload Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Library of Wales and Oxford University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April showers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: April Love * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikipedians in Residence and Travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:52, 10 May 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18036831 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue V, May 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM meetings and collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: GLAM Peak having impact & International Museum Day edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public domain month celebration; Edit-a-thon Amnesty International Vlaanderen; Upcoming photo contest: Wiki Loves Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New milestones for Brazilian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque universitaire de la Sorbonne; Laboratoire Latmos; Study day on photographic as heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Two fantastic weekends with science fiction literature and the history of mining made audible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: First Irish GLAM upload to Wikimedia Commons; Hunt Museum is first Irish GLAM to donate images to Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Contests, webinair and meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: GLAM activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Women Tech Storm, GWToolset workshop and Wiki goes Caribbean * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Bodil Biørn and human rights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: FEM's GLAM and Guinea-Bissau * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Russia report|Russia report]]: GLAM in Russia: need more contests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the Museum of Yugoslavia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Democracy; Museum of World Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Scottish Library and Information Council * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: AfroCROWD Wikipedia Editor's Article on Doria Ragland Tops Wiki Search List For UK Royal Wedding: Libraries Key in her Wikipedian Journey * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: EuropeanaTech conference, Lexicographical data, plus all your usual news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Recent travels; Structured Data on Commons updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:29, 8 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18108436 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VI, June 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: New look; Promotion: flyer * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Museums workers experiencing Wikidata power * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wikipedia Making Public Histories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A GLAMWiki on the Belgian Heritage in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archaeology day in Toulouse; Institut National d'Histoire de l'art; Palais des beaux-arts de Lille * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Cornerstone ceremony MiQua * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: From Eastern Indonesia on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wiki Weekend in Trentino; Fortezza delle Verrucole edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki Tour in the City Library, WWI editing days & WikiGap Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki writing sprint Open Science * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A New Zealand Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Russia report|Russia report]]: ''All Russia'' under a free license * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Seminar, WIR and GLAM/Edu camp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: SMVK upload; Swedish National Archives; Wikidata connects Swedish people / archives using Wikidata tool hub; Topographical register at the Swedish National Archives; LIBRIS XL - Bibframe 2.0 and open linked data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata at Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki Loves Pride 2018 + Bootcamp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Concordance, Cloud, Citations & Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikimania report|Wikimania report]]: GLAM at Wikimania 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]]: Poll to direct activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons and Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:46, 9 July 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18179409 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VII, July 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Collaborating with GLAM Structure: Armenian Content Replenished in 45 Wikipedias * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A land of ragged mountains * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Rare cartographic collection uploaded by Brazilian GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikidata workshop around heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The European Cultural Heritage Summit in Berlin and two visits in Potsdam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Monuments and minorities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: The month of Festivals covered on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Matching the GTAA thesaurus with Wikidata; Hands-on Pattypan training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Seminar at The National Archives of Norway and Sami music and culture festivals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence at the Museum of Yugoslavia: History of Yugoslavia on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Library of Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford GLAMs and Celtic Knot 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Summer in July * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Commons transcription tool * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 29, June–July 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: News from Cape Town, Aberystwyth, Berlin, Milan and Everywhere * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:10, 9 August 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18279968 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VIII, August 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Museums workers experiencing Wikidata power * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiTourAU and Researchers Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazilian Wikimedians develop tools for mass contributions: Mbabel and Import-500px * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Ceramics and monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Wikipedia meets antiquity in Xanten * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Stories and Connections: Editing workshop in National Gallery of Ireland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: First WoALUG contribution to this newsletter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: WikiCity tour in Kočani and Vinica * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: World Library and Information Congress 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAMifying the National Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Republic of Korea report|Republic of Korea report]]: Launch of GLAM Newsletter on Repupublic of Korea * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedians in residence at two Serbian museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; National Library of Sweden; Crowdsourcing Structured Data on Commons for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sum of All Astrolabes; Exploring Collections with Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Upcoming conferences, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimania, Wikimedians in Residence, Structured Data on Commons, and upcoming conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:23, 8 September 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18341498 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue IX, September 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Collections of Museums in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM+Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiTour AU * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Developing tGLAM: a landing-page generator for GLAM initiatives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Heritage Days; Linked data for archaeology; Paris: Edit-a-thon at Mobilier National * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: History of Women and Democracy, Wikipedia-Culture-Ambassadors and two GLAM-on-Tour-stations in just four weeks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki camps in Macedonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Wikipedia for Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM Mexico 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: >20,000 press photographs 1940-1990 uploaded, GLAM Wiki Meeting, Aerial Photographs, GLAM-Wiki Manual & Wikipedia Course for Historical Societies * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Women in Red; Researhers Days 2018; The 2019 edition of #wikinobel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Archival photographs and literary knowledge enrich Polish Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Impact of GLAM seminars: Decentralization of GLAM activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikidata P3595 Biografiskt lexikon för Finland; Student Project at the Nordic Museum; Learning about sources on Swedish Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Botanical illustrations and Wiki Loves Monuments in Scotland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Back to school * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 30, August–September 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata Tour Down Under * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:29, 13 October 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18460949 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue X, October 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Erbstuecke edit-a-thon; Women in Tech edit-a-thon; Wiki Club Brussels; Wikidata workshop + party * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: "There is no reason not to participate in a GLAM-Wiki initiative": an interview with the director of the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Estonian art and geoscience collections finding their way to Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: (RE)Photographic autumn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAMWiki 2018 Tel Aviv; City of Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAMorous Conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: ‘More Gelders Heritage available via Wikimedia’ by Erfgoed Gelderland; Writing week Friesland; Wiki Techstorm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments and wikinobel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Heirlooms - locally and internationally * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: The growing GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Roundtripping Project, Books Import and Wikidata Imported to SOCH * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Built heritage conservation on Commons; les sans pagEs at a Modern art museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata in Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikiconference North America Culture Crawl * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Documentation survey, Structured Data on Commons consultations, blog posts and conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:16, 9 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18578169 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue XI, November 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Photo Walk Albania 2018; Wiki Loves Monuments Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Singing Wikipedia; Photographs by Vahan Kochar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Diverse milestones for the Brazilian community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Denmark report|Denmark report]]: Intercontinental digitisation efforts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Making contacts both internationally and in Estonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Art and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque publique d’information; 3D museum collections on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Conserving and digitizing texts in West Sumatra * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki Training at National and University Library "St. Clement of Ohrid" * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Equity, Wikidata, and the New York Times * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Collaboration with The National Archives of Norway * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: Wiki Loves Art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Archival image uploads, student collaborations and international projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Photo finish of the WIR's * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Swedish Performing Arts Agency; Library data starts to take shape; Learning Wikipedia at the Archives; Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sum of All Astrolabes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikidata Workshop at Pratt School of Information; Wikidata Presentation for the New York Technical Services Librarians; Wikipedia Asian Month; Cleveland Park Wikipedia Edit-a-thon; Historic Ivy Hill Cemetery Workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 31, October–November 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Welcoming Satdeep Gill; Structured Data on Commons; WikiCite * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:56, 11 December 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18702767 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Cooperation with Yerevan Drama Theatre Named After Hrachia Ghaplanian; Singing Wikipedia (continuation); Photographs by Vahan Kochar (continuation) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: 2019 Australia's Year of the Public Domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Writing weeks German-speaking Community; End of year drink; Wiki Loves Heritage photo contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Google Art and GLAM initiatives in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration with RJVD Municipal Public Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Challenges and alliances with libraries, WLM and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Exhibition:"Poland through photographs" & Wikipedia lectures with children in social risk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Technology Talk and Update on Wikipedia @ National Library of Malaysia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Glam Days '18 at the National Library of Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Hats 🎩🧢👒🎓 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Holiday gatherings and visit to Internet Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata reports * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons: pilot projects and multilingual captions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:58, 10 January 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18771797 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue I, January 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Photographs by Vahan Kochar (continuation) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public domain day edit-a-thon; Hack The Gender Gap edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Wiki at the Digital Collections Conference and new partnership with Casa de Rui Barbosa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: First report from GLAM in Wikimedia Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Prachatice Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref; Museum of Brittany * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Indonesian Wikisource meetup; more documents from Museum Tamansiswa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Celebrating Wikipedia and remembering the Holocaust * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Diversity in Glam projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Winter in Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Hackathon with the National Library of Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales and Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Snowdays/Shutdowns but Lots of Open Access * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: New year, new newsletter format * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:59, 9 February 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18863115 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue II, February 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Gjirokastra reads about Musinenë * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: International Digital Curation Conference 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wiki Loves Heritage; Wikipedian in Residence at the King Baudouin Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: "Our experience with Wikimedians has brought collaborative principles of Wikipedia to our work with archival curation": an interview with the coordinator of the GLAM-Wiki initiative with the Brazilian National Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Canada report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Improving 135 articles during #1Lib1Ref at the Goethe-Institut * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Denmark report|Denmark report]]: Mass uploading and educational materials * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Cinémathèque de Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Regional coordinators and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Wiki Loves Mexico, Editathon at Museo Nacional de Historia and Art and Feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: January - February 2019 activities: Public Domain Day, Wiki Goes Caribbean, Wiki Fridays, Wikimedians in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Art, feminism, rituals and historical portraits * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Domination of librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More Library cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Professional day «GLAM & Wikimedia: review of projects in Switzerland and perspectives with Wikidata (2019)» * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Teaching SPARQL with Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month, Wikidata Game & Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 32, January–February 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wired for Sound * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Steering committee election 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons: GLAM pilots; Wikimania 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:55, 8 March 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18917724 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue III, March 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiFilmat SQ - new articles about the Albanian movie industry! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Art+Feminism+GLAM, Collaboration with Hovhannes Toumanian museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Art+Feminism 2019 in Australia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: The GLAM at USP Museum of Veterinary Anatomy: a history of learnings and improvements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Moving GLAM institutions inside and outside Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Edit-a-thon Prachatice * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wiki day at the Institut national d'histoire de l'art; Age of wiki at the Musée Saint-Raymond * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/India report|India report]]: Gujarat Vishw Kosh Trust content donation to Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Italian librarians in Milan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: WikiLeague: Edit-a-thon on German Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiconNL, International Womens Day and working together with Amnesty, Field study Dutch Libraries and Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Spring residences and a wiki competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: UNESCO; Working life museums; Swedish Performing Arts Agency shares historic music; Upload of glass plates photographs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wiki-people and Wiki-museum-data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month and The Met has two Wikimedians in the house * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Go Siobhan! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons; Bengali Wikisource case study * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:50, 8 April 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18985903 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue IV, April 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Museum of Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Collaboration with Hovhannes Toumanian museum; Art+Feminism+GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Research activity and GLAM-Wiki initiatives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Edit-a-thon with 15 librarians and ICT professionals, and a new Wikiclub * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Nancy Museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource meetup and letter translations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: All over Italy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: The Near East: from Leiden to Wikipedia; Wikipedia Workshop at Zeeuws Museum; Wiki Goes Caribbean * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Oslo Freedom Forum, Riddu Riđđu, and Márkomeannu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Outcomes of A+F, new uploads, GLAM conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Serbian Ministry of Culture supporting GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Edit-a-thons in Madrid and Brasilia, Wiki Loves Falles and Club Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; Sheet music from Musikverket; The first pilot of the Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping project is out!; Digikult * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata and Oxford GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Upcoming releases, and GLAM pilot projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Just call us u4 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Wikimania report|Wikimania report]]: Updates on the Wikimania conference in Stockholm (Aug 14–18) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenGLAM Principles, ARL and Wikidata, CC Summit * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:49, 9 May 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19078967 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue V, May 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Your help is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Cooperation with Central Bank of Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Festivals of history, heritage and #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Full catalog of Impressionist painter Eliseu Visconti into Wikidata and Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: New partnership with Library and Archives Canada, and a GLAM Wiki Summit in Toronto * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Free Software Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Starting to work with the Saami languages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: More Kajawen on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open air, artistic and historical edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: WikiScout * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: 30 years on: Free elections, free market * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence at Serbian National Theatre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: International Museum Day and FESABID19 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Runic Recordings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Data Week and Data Joy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Asian Pacific American History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Updates on development; GLAM pilot projects; Wikimania Hackathon with GLAM focus are * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 33, March–April 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Library of Congress recognition; Hackathon results * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Hangout with Wikimedia and Libraries User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Creative Commons Global Summit 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:19, 9 June 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19113678 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VI, June 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Third round of cooperation with Hovhannes Toumanian Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Toodyaypedia, City of Canning, WoW2019, and the Pilbara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Partnership with Football Museum brings visibility to entries about women’s soccer on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref edit-athons and restrospective of +190 articles improved * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Regular workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Introduction to Wikimedia Commons and Structured data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Wiki Loves Mexico * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation; Wiki goes Caribbean meeting on slavery and plantations in Suriname; Dutch open public library data; Field study collaboration Wikimedia and Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: The International Year of Indigenous Languages 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Documentary photographs from National Archives and WikiPlato * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Continuation of residences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikidata imports; Data roundtripping project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford and Coventry Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: LGBTQ+ Pride * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Development updates; GLAM focus area at the Wikimania Hackathon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Want new tools? We've got 'em! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:54, 9 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19157272 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VII, July 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Members of the National Assembly of Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Staying warm over winter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Heidelberg symposium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Cultural Gardener Summer Project in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Collaboration with the PhotoIreland Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Archeology in alpine valleys * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Sámi place names – collaboration with the Sámi Várdobáiki Language Center * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More bibliographic data on Wikidata; National Library of Sweden; GLAM activities Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford and Coventry Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: #1Lib1Ref Uganda 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Summer meetups and Picnics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Visualising the status and the spread of a cultural collection in Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Other statements; Wikimania; blog posts on SDC * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 34, May–June 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: I ain't no square with my corkscrew hair * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenGLAM, Wikimania and Structured Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:20, 10 August 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19268956 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VIII, August 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Strategic salon around GLAM perspectives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Continuing our work with the Saami communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Digitization of banknotes and introduction to structured data on Commons (continued) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikidata map making workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Women in Red: collaboration with The National Library in Norway and Oslo Metropolitan University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: GLAM communities of practice; Problematic data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New and old collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimania 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimania GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Recent presentations, workshops and blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Work for us, or just tell us what you think of us * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:20, 11 September 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19359039 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue IX, September 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: The GLAM team from Wikimedia Colombia in OpenConLatAm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photographs and events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Heritage Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Image donation by Indonesian Air Force * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikimedia Italia Summer School * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Open cultural heritage; More libraries in Africa on Wikidata; Global MIL Week 2019 Feature Conference; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford, Khalili Collections and Endangered Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hispanic Heritage and Disability Awareness Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Help the Movement Learn about Content Campaigns & Supporting newcomers in Wikidata training courses! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Tie a knot in your handkerchief * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM Manager Role Announced! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:31, 8 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19436590 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue X, October 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiD at the Design Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wikimedia Colombia in Argentinean event * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikipedia Week of Libraries in Broumov * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Nordic cooperation + Wikisource + library information * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Collaborative histories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAM working group at WMFr; Partnership with AAF * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Numismatic items from Sumatran Numismatic Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Wikipedia Penang Meetup 2 @ Tuanku Fauziah Museum and Gallery, University of Science Malaysia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Share Your Data master classes for GLAMs; New project manager WMNL; Images from Africa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Radio Cinema at the National Library in Oslo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Nordic Museum publications on Wikidata and Commons; Wikipedia training in Härnösand; Open cultural heritage data in focus in Visby * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili; Museums + Tech; Oxford WIR placement ends * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Spooky Autumn meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: #WikiForHumanRights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Getting started, Tool highlights, Blog posts and presentations about SDC * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 35, July–August 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: We Are Seven * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: October 16th meeting minutes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Community Wishlist Survey 2020 and Wiki Advanced Training 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: 1Lib1Ref, Wikimedia Sweden Research and other updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:01, 12 November 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19505891 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue XI, November 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Combining the old and the new * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedia training workshops; Conference in the city of Arles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: IHLIA starts monthly Wikipedia writing sessions, Wiki Techstorm 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wellington talks and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Transgressing the boundaries of internal academic discourse * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Minor grants and Library training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: A busy conference season, a new Caribbean community and introducing a tool for adding artwork metadata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Continued development, documentation, and blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes-Issue 36, September–October 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Research published * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Results of Community Wishlist Survey 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:04, 10 December 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19624126 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue XII, December 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM+Wikidata Collaboration between Armenia and Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Edit-a-thon Prachatice 2 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Transitional Justice edit-a-thon held in Prishtina * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A Wikipedian in Residence and a Wikipedian writes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Plaintext Wikipedia dumps for the National Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Swedish Performing Arts Agency; Bibliographic data about Swedish periodicals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: White Elephant; WikiWednesday Salon; Cascadia Wikimedians annual meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: New blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Job vacancies and item 80 million * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Mapping GLAM-Wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:24, 11 January 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19644376 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue I, January 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Burning * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Wikiviews from Benin: Wikipedia in the Tower of Babel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Paris musées; Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: 1st PD Day in Indonesia; visitation to GLAM institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Brand new and old faithful wikimedian in residence! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Macrons and museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Sámi cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs Challenge; Art by Edvard Munch from the Thiel Gallery; More European archives on Wikidata; OpenGLAM now! – watch the presentations; Wikipedia in Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wikidata for Libraries Hackday Series * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Knowledge Graphs and Meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:29, 10 February 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19782286 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue II, February 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Wiki project on Museums with My Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Moreira Salles Institute GLAM initiative in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: The Helsinki then and now exhibition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAM related blogposts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Proposing collaboration with museums in Bali; First Wikisource training in the region * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Students write articles about Media artists, Public Domain Day 2020, Wiki Goes Caribbean, WikiFridays at Ihlia - Wikimedia Nederland in January & February 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Wikipedia editing workshop with the Norwegian Network for Museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Great dedication of librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Historic photos; Support for international Wikimedia community; Library training tour; Many GLAMs improved on Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Kimonos and Khalili * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Winning photos Wiki Loves Monuments shown in different cities; Libraries Lead an All-Ukrainian Challenge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month and Open Access Anniversaries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Summary of pilot projects, and what's next * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Leap into Wikidata! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: New Team Leadership, GLAM-Focused Grants Review, OpenGLAM Declaration Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:02, 10 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19882815 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue III, March 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Know My Name; Public libraries of Queensland join Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Gender gap, Wikipedia and Libraries from the GLAM team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: WikiGoths; WikiTopia Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Volunteers' meet-up; Wiki Cinta Budaya 2020 structured data edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Video tutorials; Celtic Knot Conference 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: WoALUG and NGO Germin call Albanian Diaspora to contribute to Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen contributes to Wikimedia Commons again; Student research on GLAM-Wiki at Erasmus University Rotterdam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March Highlights - Everything is postponed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; Wikipedia in libraries; Art from the Thiel Gallery Collections; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Colourful Kimonos from Khalili * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women & Editing in the time of virus * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: COVID-19 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Lockdown Levellings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Mapping GLAM-Wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:24, 9 April 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19949739 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue IV, April 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAMce at Museu Paulista: making things machine-readable * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: WikiGap 2020 in Czech Republic; International event; support for Wikimedia community; edit-a-thon run with the US embassy and the Swedish Embassy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Association des Archivistes Francais; Palladia, a museum collection portal based on Wikimedia resources * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Hunt Museum image donation; Livesteaming and video demonstrations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Archivio Ricordi, webinars and videos * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: One Village, One Article for each village in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Photo collections Afrika-Studiecentrum Leiden; meetup and media donations for Wiki goes Caribbean; first online WikiFriday * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Skrivstuga (edit-a-thon) online – Wikipedia in libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: More women on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese silk and Spanish iron * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Earth Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Seven Million People Can't Be Wrong * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20062053 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue V, May 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Edit-a-thon dedicated to International Museum Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: A #1Lib1Ref to close the gender gap * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref 2020 from 26 to 28 May in Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: WikiArchives; IMD 2020: Cross-Chapter Collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2020 recap; International Museum Day 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New collaborations and contents! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Analysis of Dutch GLAM-Wiki projects in relation to the Dutch Digital Heritage Reference Architecture, Content donation from Utrecht Archives, Detecting Wikipedia articles strongly based on single library collections and Collection highlights of the KB * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music on Wikipedia; NHB webinars; Wikipedia in libraries – Projekt HBTQI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Workshops & COVID-19 Symposium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Content partnership category - your help is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM metadata standards and Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:21, 10 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20155977 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VI, June 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2020 in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Taking training online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia in Brazil in times of pandemics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Association des archivistes français * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: México free and diverse representation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki goes Caribbean meetup and media donation & Making references to Dutch newspapers in Wikipedia more sustainable * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: More than 130 new articles about insects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June Highlights - Let’s make new agreements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Taiwan report|Taiwan report]]: Research Case of the White Paper Cooperation Writing Between Taiwan Gallery and Wikidata Taiwan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New project on Islamic art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Juneteenth2020 +Pride * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Creative Commons invites Open GLAM stories from underrepresented communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Departure of Sandra Fauconnier * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:57, 10 July 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20268385 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VII, July 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedia CEE Spring 2020 in Albania and Kosova * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: New WikiClub and Australian GLAM Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Important records of Brazilian history: images, metadata and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Rephotography walks during the pandemic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Hacking the Arts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: October history month East-West, Pictures as a legacy to the world & Photos of Mali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedia Serbia is working on new activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More Swedish music – of all sorts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Sensitisation of GLAM institutions in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The effect of a Commons Picture of the Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: AfroCROWD, AAPB, Philadelphia, Smithsonian * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:40, 12 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20342708 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VIII, August 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikivoyage edit-a-thon - Editing Albania and Kosovo’s travel destinations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Open innovation and dissemination activities: wrapping up great achievements on a major GLAM in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First Prague Wiki Editathon held in Prague * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Virtual exhibition about Polish-Estonian relations. Rephotography and cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: KulTour in Swabia and 8000 documents new online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Utilising Occasion for Content donation: A story * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WMIN & WMNL collaboration & Japanese propaganda films * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Enriching Wiki projects in different ways * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music and new recordings of songs in the public domain; Autumn in the libraries; Yes, you can hack the heritage this year – online! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Participating in the African Librarians Week (24-30 May 2020) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Spanish metal and ... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknic & Black Artists Matter & Respect Her Crank * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikipedia Library, new WikiCite grant programs, and GLAM office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:09, 11 September 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20437068 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue IX, September 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikidata birthday celebrations, Wiki Loves Monuments, new partnerships and more! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: GLAM and virtual education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: AAF training course; Workshops in Strasbourg; European Heritage Days: Rennes; Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Ahoy! Wikipedians set sail to document the reality of modern seafaring * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: New GLAM partnerships on data donation; Commons structured data edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Students taking on GLAM Wiki women in red * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Musikverket: more folk music and photos; Hack for Heritage 2020; Wiki Loves Monuments; Wikipedia in the libraries; Digital Book Fair on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Lottery; Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Virtual events MetFashion, 19SuffrageStories, WikiCari Festival and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Open Access report|Open Access report]]: New publication about access to digitised cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Launching Wikisource Pagelist Widget * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: ctober's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:44, 13 October 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20528305 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue X, October 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wikipedia in African Libraries Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Abre-te Código hackathon, Wikidata related events and news from our partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Postponed Hack4FI GLAM hackathon turned into an online global Hack4OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Partnership with BNU Strasbourg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Coding da Vinci cultural data hackathon heads to Lower Saxony * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Mapping GLAM in Maharashtra, India * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Bulan Sejarah Indonesia 2.0; Structured data edit-a-thon; Proofreading mini contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: National History Month: East to West, Dutch libraries and Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: The Sámi Languages on wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Many activities are in our way * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Librarians learn about Wikidata; More Swedish literature on Wikidata; Online Edit-a-thon Dalarna; Applications to the Swedish Innovation Agency; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Librarians and Projekt HBTQI; GLAM Statistical Tool * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Enamels of the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: American Archive of Public Broadcasting; Smithsonian Women in Finance Edit-a-thon; Black Lunch Table; San Diego/October 2020; WikiWednesday Salon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:36, 11 November 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20644673 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XI, November 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Launch of Wikipedia in African Libraries Project Pilot Cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Accessibility through audio descriptions, GLAM tutorials, WikidataCon 2021 and more updates on Brazilian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Taking a tour of CAPACOA workshops and some recent example sets from commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: German symphony orchestra releases audio samples under free license * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Re-licensing of content on water & rivers in India * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: #WikiSejarah WPWP Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikipedia and Education, Funding granted for two projects in 2021, KB completes collection highlights project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM in Serbia makes important steps in the digitization of cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Edit-a-thons on women scientists and painters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Music, UNESCO and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Hundreds of Khalili images * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black Lunch Table & Museum Computer Network * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:29, 11 December 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20736167 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XII, December 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wrap up of the Wikipedia in African Libraries project pilot cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Branding Toolkit released by the Canadian Museums Association for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Hundreds of thousands of new photos released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The Karl-Preusker-Medal 2020 goes to Wikimedia Deutschland e. V. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Documentation of workflows for the ingestion of bibliographic data into Wikidata; Wikipedia & Africa: Why contributing to Wikipedia matters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Māori Women Weavers Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous end of 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments submissions livestreamed; Nordiska museet uploads; Sjung med oss, Mamma! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales, Women in Leeds, and the Hajj * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America and Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: The GLAM & Culture office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:42, 12 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20941536 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XII, December 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wrap up of the Wikipedia in African Libraries project pilot cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Branding Toolkit released by the Canadian Museums Association for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Hundreds of thousands of new photos released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The Karl-Preusker-Medal 2020 goes to Wikimedia Deutschland e. V. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Documentation of workflows for the ingestion of bibliographic data into Wikidata; Wikipedia & Africa: Why contributing to Wikipedia matters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Māori Women Weavers Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous end of 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments submissions livestreamed; Nordiska museet uploads; Sjung med oss, Mamma! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales, Women in Leeds, and the Hajj * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America and Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: The GLAM & Culture office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:32, 12 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20941536 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue I, January 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: The Public Domain Tool; Data Donations; Wiki Loves Heritage Belgium 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Heading 2021 with new (and renewed!) GLAM-Wiki projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Public domain day in Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: AvoinGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref; Training courses; What's next ?; Wikidata and archaeology vocabulary * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Coding da Vinci Niedersachsen wraps up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the spirit of references * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Record numbers of digital museum visits * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Protests & Suffragettes - Wikipedia work in 2020; Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki 20 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Digital Public Library of America makes an impact in 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:37, 9 February 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21034985 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue II, February 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Recruiting two PMs; Budget Report 2020; Wikipedia 20th Bday * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Who do we think we are? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New GLAM tutorials in Portuguese * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: WikiMuseum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Focus on learning * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: PD Day 2021 in Indonesia, #1lib1ref, Wikisource workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Historical Maps; Share your Data on colonial heritage; Knowledge platform for heritage institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Amazing results of the January #1Lib1Ref campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Medieval ballads; Project HBTQI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: 50 Years Women's Suffrage in Switzerland & More * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month and Smithsonian anniversary * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Project Grants, Analytics for GLAMs, and Shared Citations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:00, 11 March 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21206861 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue III, March 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wikipedia in African Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore 2021; I edit Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: The Brazilian House is the theme of new GLAM dissemination activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Enriching indigenous items in Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: A virtual exhibition on 20 years of Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedians in Residence for Media Art Project LIMA, Wikimedia and libraries, Wikimedia training related to shared heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: GLAM in Sweden in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Leeds Museums & Galleries, the British Library and the Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month in the US * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Media Search, Image Suggestion API, and Project Grants * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:52, 11 April 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21294881 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue IV, April 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap 2021; Workshop “When State Security was engaged in Science”; Women in STEM; International Roma Day Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A Wealth of Wiki Women * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Projects by Wikimedia Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Festa da Wiki-Lusofonia celebrates Wikipedia 20 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: WikiGap 2021 report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/DRCongo report|DRCongo report]]: WMDRC - UG report: Wikipedia in library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Finding new ways of making art visible + 360° panoramas of Estonian museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Saami place names * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Journée Wikimédia Culture et numérique 2021; French open content report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Northern Exposure for cultural heritage data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Proofread competition on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2021; Museum Daerah Deli Serdang is now on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: A Wikipedian in residence at the Civic Museum of Modena: report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiVrijdagen with Atria and IHLIA, Wikimedians in Residence will increase the visibility of media art on Wikipedia, Wikimedia training: shared heritage, Papiamentu and Papiamento: Wikipedia is up and ready to go! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast WikiCon and Performing Arts Aotearoa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Great impact of cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: New partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More music; Enriching GLAM photos with SDC; Swedish GLAM survey * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAMhack 2021 & more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: University of Edinburgh Library Wikimedia Community of Interest; Khalili Collections; British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: The Met, Smithsonian, and a busy Edit-a-thon season * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Fostering Connections: Wikimedia and Libraries Global Meetup * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Extended Date Time Format for Wikibase * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimedia Hackathon, Product Updates, and Office Hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:54, 12 May 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21418797 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue V, May 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: A busy month at AfLIA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Museum, Archives and Libraries on May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Presence of Museums in Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Librarians unite across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand for 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Bahia: 2021 is the year of Bahia on Wikipedia in Portuguese * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Glam-wiki 2021 29 May in Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration continues with British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: #1lib1ref in Indonesia; Online talk show with Wikimedia Nederland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Conference, webinar and projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: National Gallery of Kosovo Collection now on Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Over 15,000 images available from Elsinga Collection, 1.9 million records on slavery and slave trade digitally accessible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A busy month in Aotearoa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM activities of GLAM Macedonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the sign of edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Viquiprojecte:Muixeranga * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Working with UN Human Rights; Aftermath to the fiddler competition; Music manuscripts from the 18th century; Digital visions; Should museums work with Wikipedia?; Wikidata project with museums has results * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Strengthening GLAM Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Wikipedia for Museums in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library, Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hackathon outputs, data roundtripping and Asian American heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimedia Hackathon report: Upgrading GLAM tech tools and PAWS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Indic Wikisource community online gathering * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Grants and conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Wiki World Heritage UG report|Wiki World Heritage User Group report]]: May's report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:09, 10 June 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21497818 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VI, June 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: African Librarians Week 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring Campaign in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: A course on opening cultural collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Edit-a-thons with Wiki Women Design * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A metadata roundtripping model for museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Archaeology Days; Edit-a-thon in Romanity Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Guinea report|Guinea report]]: GLAM with Harmattan Guinée 15 June 2021 in Conakry * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Festival and edit-a-thon dedicated to the world of archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Training at Het Nieuwe Instituut in Rotterdam; training for Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean has concluded * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Making artists visible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikidata development and culture of Rudnik and Takovo region * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Museums writing challenge and Viquimarató Carmelina Sánchez-Cutillas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music; Kulturarv som gymnasiearbete; Statistics Sweden – now as open data; KTH library training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Wikipedia for Museums in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: #1Lib1Ref in Ukrainian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Meetup/CCCCWI; Vaccine Safety Wikipedia Edit-a-thon; WikiWednesday Salon; San Diego Wiknic; Black Lunch Table / Black visual artists * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Play, experiment and cross borders at Hack4OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine starts Structured Data on Commons development and is searching for two developers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Conferences and Structured data modeling * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:47, 11 July 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21652088 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VII, July 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Collaboration with the New Vision Organization in Tirana; Summer of Wikivoyage Campaign 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Representation and erasure: opportunities and risks that Wikipedia presents for First Nations knowledges * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A wikicontest to celebrate and make visible the state of Bahia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Rabimas proofread contest ends on Bengali Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand holds its second Wikimedia conference, and a performing arts Wikiproject gathers steam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New chances for GLAM success * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photos of Childrens theatre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A Thousand Images of Islam, British Library Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Wiki Focus: Black Women in Food History; San Diego 73; Black Lunch Table Black artists * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: A conversation about depicts and Structured Data on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:23, 11 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21849336 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VIII, August 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) Campaign in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: How Australian libraries are turning to Wikipedia during the global pandemic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Transbordados: WikidataCon's preconference for Latin America discusses GLAM and decolonization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Glam-wiki 2021 10 Juillet en Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in residence; Some projects for this autumn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Second proofread competition starts on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with the British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Summer school in July and two new WiR in August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 50 cool new things you can now do with KB’s collection highlights, and New old photographs of Algeria, Mali and Morocco by Angeline van Achterberg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A Wikimedian at New Zealand Opera * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Villas and castles of Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: History, history and future * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections reaches 30 articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki salons and Kearny Mesa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Hack4OpenGLAM is ready to start * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine starts SDC development * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM conversations and feedbacks for a better Wikimedia movement * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:30, 12 September 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21990260 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue IX, September 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Diaspora Edits Wikipedia Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New parnership agreements and more training! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Preserving paralympic history * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wikimedia Belgium GLAM report September 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: WikidataCon's right around the corner: find out how to participate * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikidata training in Musée de Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Call for Italian museums, archives and libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Diaspora Edits Wikipedia Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: GLAM at WikiconNL2021, ISA-campaign Tag the species Naturalis en Rijksmuseum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New WiR and presentation of our activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Women Gastronomes Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Uploads from museums in Göteborg; Wiki Loves Monuments; LGBTQIA+ edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: New page patrol not assuming good faith towards workshop editors * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Working towards a thematic hub on content partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: First steps for Wikimedia Commons reconciliation service * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on grant-funded technical projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:33, 12 October 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22102670 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue X, October 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Open access as Australia reopens * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wikimedia Belgium GLAM report October 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Wikipedia Art Month + Heritage Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Collaborations and partnership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: How Wikipedia helped to create a Serbian stamp; Many GLAM-related presentations planned at WikiconNL * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Outreach by members of the Aotearoa New Zealand Wikimedia User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikidata for Libraries and notable Librarians in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A good start to GLAM Fall * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Women Writers Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk; More museum data on Wikidata; LGBT edit-a-thon; Local business history in Nyköping; Stockholm City Museum ♥ Wikipedia; Writing about fashion at Nordiska museet * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikiconference North America + Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Needs assessment interviews; Cultural heritage on Wikidata – thousands of monuments in Norway; Structured Data uploads continue * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: A Wikimedia Commons Reconciliation Service, You Say? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM office hours, GLAM newsletter moving to Meta-wiki, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:19, 11 November 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22311279 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XI, November 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Migration from Outreach to Meta: your opinion is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Study day on open content; Open content GLAM report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Second proofread competition ended on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with the British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Traing course and conference in November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Art, design and history from the museums of Göteborg; Maps in the National Archives of Sweden * [[outreach:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Aricle contest for librarians «Local cultural heritage and prominent people» * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian demos new Wiki API Connector tool and other meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: We continue building for the hub; SDC for fun and profit: detecting bad coordinates; Needs assessment – video recorded interviews; Improving ISA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikisource birthday celebration, Community Tech Wishlist, and upcoming conversation about courses for GLAM professionals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:52, 9 December 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22394007 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XII, December 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Writing The Record: the Australian Music Wikipedia project launches * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We were editing about Bogotan writers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Ab ovo. Towards future reports... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: The New Zealand Wikidata thesis project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Safeguarding the heritage of a community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Commons project with Göteborg museums was a success; Digital humaniora meets Wikidata; HBTQI, Europeana and WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2021 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Institution Training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Adding more Structured Data on Commons statements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Some structured data developments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:46, 12 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22518926 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XII, December 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Writing The Record: the Australian Music Wikipedia project launches * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We were editing about Bogotan writers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Ab ovo. Towards future reports... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: The New Zealand Wikidata thesis project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Safeguarding the heritage of a community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Commons project with Göteborg museums was a success; Digital humaniora meets Wikidata; HBTQI, Europeana and WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2021 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Institution Training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Adding more Structured Data on Commons statements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Some structured data developments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:23, 12 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22518926 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue I, January 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A portable museum experience to digitize and share collections online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Let's celebrate the Public domain day with Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Mobile Photo Studio + New Cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photowalks in Helsinki, autumn 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Training course for Musée de l'armée staff members; Journée Wikimédia Culture et numérique 2022; Wikiway * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Indonesia wrap-up; Public Domain Day 2022 in Indonesia; #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Collaborations and new projects in January * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Romania report|Romania report]]: About #1lib1ref activities in Romania (and Moldova) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Successful end of the Old and even more successful beginning of the New year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: BiBat Museum and libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Uploads of photographs taken by Swedish missionaries in China; Sörmlands museum's first contributions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections and British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Report from DPLA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Hello, world! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Results and summaries; Helping with getting Pattypan back on track; Working with partners to make content available * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: February 22: Meetup about SDC support in OpenRefine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimedia campaigns for librarians and museum workers; Community Wishlist Survey; and Wikimedia query services * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:30, 12 February 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22740271 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue II, February 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Shakespeare is dead - Contemporary playwriting festival; Public Domain Day Belgium 2022 (10/02) report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: An examples of a visual storytelling – two virtual exhibitions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in Residence in Clermont Auvergne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New agreement for Wiki Loves Monument Italy 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: New photo collections of Alkmaar, Wiki goes Caribbean meeting, contemporary art Wikidata import and knowledge platform for GLAMS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: National Digital Forum and Editing in a Time of COVID * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: 1Lib1Ref 2022 Kwara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: New GLAM-Wiki partnerships and cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the sign of 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Additional photos from Swedish missionairies; Historical maps of Ukraine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Stand with Ukraine! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: February in AvoinGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Encyclopaedia of Life release their 2 million species descriptions under CC0 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Editing SDC with OpenRefine; Monthly OpenRefine and Wikimedia office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:19, 12 March 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22892827 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue III, March 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Visual culture, human rights and digitization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Australia grows gender equity for International Women's Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Collaboration with GLAM institutes in Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Pills of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: ...starting bottom-up in indie archive! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Glass, Books and Paintings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Mooc Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedian-in-Residence program initiated at the Research Institute of World's Ancient Traditions, Cultures and Heritage in Arunachal Pradesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The growth of sharing on Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Letters from Sierra Leone: the Sjoerd Hofstra photo collection in a new light * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Forming Wikimedia Aotearoa and the Aotearoa New Zealand Theses Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: News in Wikipedian in residence projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: WikiToro * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Unique Historical Kalmar County project continues ...; WikiGap x 3; Students writing articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: GLAM Activities by Wikimedia Uruguay * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: UN Environment Programme sharing their knowledge on Wikipedia. Logo competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine: survey for Structured Data on Commons features * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Commons APP calls, Bophana documentaries, and Image Description Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:44, 13 April 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23092895 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue IV, April 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Growing the record of Australian Music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: About African Pagnes and Belgian music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil wins the first place in WLM 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French GLAM meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Work with GLAMs on Wikisourse and Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: GLAM professionals add an image and become Wikipedians; Edificio Carolino Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: People in Paleontology, Digikult, and copyright term extension for New Zealand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikidata for Nigerian Novelist and Novel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikiresidence in progress and workshop Evolution in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Important activities within the GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Training at the National Archives of Sweden; Training at the Stockholm City Museum; Training at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology; Improved images from Swedish Performing Arts Agency * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wikidata Coffee Breaks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WVU Libraries; Earth Day-2022-SWC; Wiki-Gap * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Open Access vs NFT, GLAM School, Saami language, family trees * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Enter our logo competition; IGO/INGO; Needs assessments research results; Wrapping up some ISA-things * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: 1Lib1Ref, Image Description Week, Commons calls, and the Add an image events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:22, 10 May 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23247018 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue V, May 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Face-to-face and virtual events on May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Over 1000 references added in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand for #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: New Wikidata Property * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Espírito Santo is a sucess * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: From university to library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photowalks in Southern Finland, spring 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization of Tibetan Buddhist canons, The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: May in and for museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Cooperation with the National Gallery of Kosova and Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: WikiGap Malaysia 2022 @ Kuala Lumpur Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Pacific Arts Aotearoa Wikiproject, Auckland Museum's Exploratory Study and Report back on #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; Training at the Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection; How can we make GLAM’s digital resources more reusable in education?; The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New GLAM brochure and Wikilive 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Rembrandt and others – drawings from the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm; Stockholm Museum of Women’s History; The map book of Heinrich Thome; Sörmland Museum; Wikidata competition – International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report: 1bib1ref, Museum of Natural History, and more! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hackathons and Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: International Energy Agency share their knowledge and graphics on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Uploading files to Wikimedia Commons with OpenRefine: looking for test uploads! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Results from 1Lib1Ref May 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:13, 13 June 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23345409 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VI, June 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: In the middle of new projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A celebration, a commitment, an edit-a-thon: Know My Name returns for 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Heritage and Wikimedian in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: FIRST WikiCon Brazil & Three States of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Network(ing) effect(s) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French open content report promotion * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Opening and closing projects in June * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Edit-a-thon with Kino Lumbardhi; DokuTech; CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large and Auckland Museum updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; The next online meeting within the cycle of monthly editing GLAM meetings; Steps to communicate GLAM partnerships better and involve the Wikimedian community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 memories from the Nordic Museum; Report from the Swedish National Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Featured images and cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Fifty Women Sculptors; Juneteenth Edit-a-thon; Juneteenth Photobooths 2022; Wiknic June 2022; New York Botanical Garden June 2022; LGBT Pride Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Structured data on Commons editing now possible with OpenRefine 3.6; file uploading with 3.7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:46, 11 July 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23471794 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VII, July 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Provinces: our main characters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil holds its National Wiki Conference, and many GLAM partners join * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: A very busy July for Colombian libraries / Un Julio bastante movido para las bibliotecas colombianas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in residence in Clermont-Ferrand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: News from Auckland Museum, the West Coast, and New Zealand's thesis repositories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Edit-a-thon in the National Museum in Cracow, GLAM editing contest on the collection of artworks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Portugal’s first GLAM-Wiki open access museum project is launched!! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Presentation of GLAM activities at Edu Wiki Camp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM for the Masses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Wikimania activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: What next for 1Lib1Ref? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:24, 9 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23554599 --> c15aq3urimh0u9n7tm06b99q0v0ils2 0 160996 2412761 2399447 2022-08-09T04:12:36Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Radios */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:PKS0521-36 2 cm.gif|thumb|right|250px|The electric vectors of PKS0521-36 show clear structure and alignment. Credit: Keel.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Synchrotron radiation''' is radiation produced from particles traveling along curved paths near the speed of light. {{clear}} ==Radiation== {{main|Radiation}} "Synchrotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles travel in curved paths. Because in most accelerators the particle trajectories are bent by magnetic fields, synchrotron radiation is also called Magneto-Bremsstrahlung. The emitted spectrum is broadband from the microwave (harmonics of the driving RF field) to x-ray spectral regions. The radiation is vertically collimated and polarized. The synchrotron radiation output can be calculated if the electron energy, bending radius, electron current, angle relative to the orbital plane, the distance to the tangent point and vertical and horizontal acceptance angles are known."<ref name=Arp>{{ cite book |author=Uwe Arp |title=Synchrotron Radiation |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST) |location=Gaithersburg, Maryland USA |date=June 2003 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF/sr.html |accessdate=2014-04-02 }}</ref> ==Cyclotron radiation== [[Image:Jupiter_radio_image.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This VLA image of Jupiter doesn't look like a planetary disk at all. Credit: NRAO.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Forms of decametric radio signals from Jupiter: * bursts (with a wavelength of tens of meters) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref name=Garcia>{{ cite web |last = Garcia|first = Leonard N |url = http://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/sci_briefs/decametric.htm |title = The Jovian Decametric Radio Emission|publisher = NASA |accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref> * emission (with wavelengths measured in centimeters) was first observed by Frank Drake and Hein Hvatum in 1959.<ref name=Elkins>{{ cite book |author=Linda T. Elkins-Tanton |date=2006 |title=Jupiter and Saturn |publisher=Chelsea House |location=New York |{{isbn|0-8160-5196-8}} |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3551459-jupiter-and-saturn }}</ref> The origin of this signal was from a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator. This signal is caused by cyclotron radiation from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref name=Klein>{{ cite web |author=Klein, M. J. |author2=Gulkis, S. |author3=Bolton, S. J.| date=1996 |url =http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/TMOT_News/AUG97/jupsrado.html |title=Jupiter's Synchrotron Radiation: Observed Variations Before, During and After the Impacts of Comet SL9 |publisher = NASA |accessdate = 2007-02-18 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Theoretical synchrotron radiation== '''Def.''' "the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the accelerating charged particles in a synchrotron that are moving at near the speed of light""the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the accelerating charged particles in a synchrotron that are moving at near the speed of light"<ref name=SynchrotronRadiationWikt>{{ cite book |title=synchrotron radiation |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=November 10, 2012 |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchrotron_radiation |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> is called '''synchrotron radiation'''. "We now assume that the γ-rays are produced [from 3C 279] by relativistic electrons via Compton scattering of synchrotron photons (SSC). In any such model, the fact that the γ-rays luminosity, produced via Compton scattering, is higher than that emitted at lower frequencies (10¹⁴ - 10¹⁶ Hz), supposedly via the synchrotron process, implies a radiation energy density, ''U''_r, higher than the magnetic energy density, ''U''_B. From the observed power ratio we derive that ''U''_r must be one order of magnitude greater than ''U''_B, which may be a lower limit if Klein-Nishina effects reduce the efficiency of the self-Compton emission. This result is independent of the degree of beaming, which, for a homogeneous source, affects both the synchrotron and the self-Compton fluxes in the same way. This source is therefore the first observed case of the result of a ''Compton catastrophe'' (Hoyle, Burbidge, & Sargent 1966)."<ref name=Maraschi>{{ cite journal |author=L. Maraschi |author2=G. Ghisellini |author3=A. Celotti |title=A jet model for the gamma-ray emitting blazar 3C 279 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=September |year=1992 |volume=397 |issue=1 |pages=L5-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...397L...5M |arxiv= |bibcode=1992ApJ...397L...5M |doi=10.1086/186531 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-10 }}</ref> ==Sources== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Sources}} [[Image:Composite radio + x-ray.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image has the radio image of Greg Taylor, NRAO, overlain on the X-ray image from Chandra. The radio source Hydra A originates in a galaxy near the center of the cluster. Optical observations show a few hundred galaxies in the cluster. Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO; Radio: NRAO.]] '''Astrophysical X-ray sources''' are astronomical objects with physical properties which result in the emission of X-rays. There are a number of types of astrophysical objects which emit X-rays, from [[w:galaxy cluster|galaxy cluster]]s, through [[w:black holes|black holes]] in [[w:active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]] (AGN) to galactic objects such as [[w:supernova remnant|supernova remnant]]s, [[w:star|star]]s, and [[w:binary star|binary star]]s containing a [[w:white dwarf|white dwarf]] ([[w:cataclysmic variable star|cataclysmic variable star]]s and [[w:super soft X-ray source|super soft X-ray source]]s), [[w:neutron star|neutron star]] or black hole ([[w:X-ray binaries|X-ray binaries]]). Some [[Solar System|solar system]] bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed [[w:X-ray background|X-ray background]]. The X-ray continuum can arise from [[w:bremsstrahlung|bremsstrahlung]], either magnetic or ordinary Coulomb, [[w:Thermal radiation|black-body radiation]], [[w:synchrotron radiation|synchrotron radiation]], [[w:Compton scattering#Inverse Compton scattering|inverse Compton scattering]] of lower-energy photons be relativistic electrons, knock-on collisions of fast protons with atomic electrons, and atomic recombination, with or without additional electron transitions.<ref name=Morrison/> The origin of all observed [[w:astronomical X-ray sources|astronomical X-ray sources]] is in, near to, or associated with a [[Plasmas/Plasma objects/Coronal clouds|coronal cloud]] or gas at coronal cloud temperatures for however long or brief a period. For some plasma sources, "an exponential spectrum corresponding to a thermal [[w:Bremsstrahlung|bremsstrahlung]] source [may fit]": ''N''(''E'')d''E'' = ''E''₀^-1 * exp^-''E''/kTd''E''. d''N''/d''E'' = (''E''₀/''E'') * exp^-''E''/kT, where a least squares fit to the radiated detection data yields a kT.<ref name=Thomas>{{ cite journal |author=R. M. Thomas |title=The Detection of High-Energy X-rays from Ara XR-1 and Nor XR-1 |journal=Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia |month=December |year=1968 |volume=1 |issue=12 |pages=156-6 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1968PASAu...1..165T |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-01-10 }}</ref> Another equation used to study astronomical events is the power law: :<math>f(x) = ax^k</math>. In terms of radiation detected, for example, f(x) = photons (cm²-sec-keV)^-1 versus keV. As the photon flux decreases with increasing keV, the exponent (k) is negative. Observations of X-rays have sometimes found the spectrum to have an upper portion with k ~ -2.3 and the lower portion being steeper with k ~ -4.7.<ref name=Frost>{{ cite journal |author=K. J. Frost |author2=B. R. Dennis |title=Evidence from Hard X-Rays for Two-Stage Particle Acceleration in a Solar Flare |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May 1, |year=1971 |volume=165 |issue=5 |pages=655 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1971ApJ...165..655F |doi=10.1086/150932 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-01 }}</ref> This suggests a two stage acceleration process.<ref name=Frost/> The '''synchrotron functions''' are defined as follows (for ''x'' &ge; 0): * First synchrotron function :<math>F(x) = x \int_x^\infty K_{\frac{5}{3}}(t)\,dt</math> * Second synchrotron function :<math>G(x) = x K_{\frac{2}{3}}(x)</math> where ''K''_''j'' is the modified [[w:Bessel function|Bessel function]] of the second kind. The function F(x) is shown on the right, as the output from a plot in [[w:Mathematica|Mathematica]]. [[Image:Firstsynchfunction.jpg|thumb|First synchrotron function, F(x)]] In astrophysics, x is usually a ratio of frequencies, that is, the frequency over a critical frequency (critical frequency is the frequency at which most synchrotron radiation is radiated). This is needed when calculating the spectra for different types of synchrotron emission. It takes a spectrum of electrons (or any charged particle) generated by a separate process (such as a power law distribution of electrons and positrons from a constant injection spectrum) and converts this to the spectrum of photons generated by the input electrons/positrons. {{clear}} ==Electromagnetics== {{main|Charges/Interactions/Electromagnetics|Electromagnetics}} "The magnetic field is well-ordered in many jets, as shown by polarization measurements. Synchrotron radiation can be very highly polarized (50%) if the field is globally ordered, and some sources [approach] this level. The electric vectors show clear structure and alignment; an especially common pattern is for the field lines to be along the jet in the inner portions and transition to an azimuthal configuration farther out. This is seen in [PKS0521-36 at 2 cm]."<ref name=Keel/> ==Continua== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Continua}} [[Image:Crab_Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a Hubble Space Telescope image of the Crab Nebula showing the diffuse blue region. Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University).]] Like X-rays, the gamma-ray continuum can arise from bremsstrahlung, black-body radiation, synchrotron radiation, or what is called inverse Compton scattering of lower-energy photons by relativistic electrons, knock-on collisions of fast protons with atomic electrons, and atomic recombination, with or without additional electron transitions.<ref name=Morrison>{{ cite journal |author=Morrison P |title=Extrasolar X-ray Sources |journal=Ann Rev Astron Astrophys |year=1967 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=325 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.05.090167.001545 |bibcode=1967ARA&A...5..325M }}</ref> The radio continuum from an active galactic nucleus is always due to a jet. It shows a spectrum characteristic of synchrotron radiation. "[T]he diffuse blue region is predominantly produced by synchrotron radiation, which is radiation given off by the curving motion of [[electron]]s in a magnetic field. The radiation corresponded to electrons moving at speeds up to half the speed of light."<ref name=Shklovskii>{{ cite journal | author=Iosif Shklovskii | year=1953 | title=On the Nature of the Crab Nebula’s Optical Emission | journal=Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR | volume=90 | page=983 | bibcode=1957SvA.....1..690S }}</ref> A synchrotron model for the continuum spectrum of the Crab Nebula fits the radiation given off.<ref name=Burn>{{ cite journal |author=B. J. Burn |year=1973 |title=A synchrotron model for the continuum spectrum of the Crab Nebula |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=165 |pages=421 |bibcode=1973MNRAS.165..421B |doi= }}</ref> In the Crab Nebula X-ray spectrum there are three features that differ greatly from Scorpius X-1: its spectrum is much harder, its source diameter is in light-years (ly)s, not astronomical units (AU), and its radio and optical synchrotron emission are strong.<ref name=Morrison/> Its overall X-ray luminosity rivals the optical emission and could be that of a nonthermal plasma. However, the Crab Nebula appears as an X-ray source that is a central freely expanding ball of dilute plasma, where the energy content is 100 times the total energy content of the large visible and radio portion, obtained from the unknown source.<ref name=Morrison/> {{clear}} ==Emissions== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Emissions}} [[Image:Bremsstrahlung.svg|thumb|right|250px|This diagram illustrates part of the concept behind Bremsstrahlung electromagnetic radiation. Credit: [[commons:User:Trex2001|Trex2001]].]] [[Alpha decay]] is characterized by the emission of an alpha particle, a ⁴He nucleus. The mode of this decay causes the parent nucleus to decrease by two protons and two neutrons. This type of decay follows the relation: <math>{}_Z^A\!X\to {}_{Z-2}^{A-4}\!Y+ {}_4^2\alpha</math> <ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/27954/dequ.htm</ref> '''Neutron activation''' is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting particles such as neutrons, protons, or alpha particles. The neutron capture, even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product. Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half-lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. '''Proton emission''' (also known as proton radioactivity) is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state (or a low-lying [nuclear isomer] isomer) of very proton-rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay. Beta decay is characterized by the emission of a neutrino and a negatron which is equivalent to an [[electron]]. This process occurs when a nucleus has an excess of neutrons with respect to protons, as compared to the stable isobar. This type of transition converts a neutron into a proton; similarly, a positron is released when a proton is converted into a neutron. These decays follows the relation: <math>{}_Z^A\!X\to {}_{Z+1}^A\!Y+ \bar{\nu} + \beta^-</math> <br> <math>{}_Z^A\!X\to {}_{Z-1}^A\!Y+ \nu + \beta^+</math> <ref>http://chemteam.info/Radioactivity/Writing-Alpha-Beta.html</ref> Gamma ray emission is follows the previously discussed modes of decay when the decay leaves a daughter nucleus in an excited state. This nucleus is capable of further de-excitation to a lower energy state by the release of a photon. This decay follows the relation: <math>{}^A\!X^* \to {}^A\!Y + \gamma </math><ref>Loveland, W., Morrissey, D. J., Seaborg, G. T., ''Modern Nuclear Chemistry'', 2006, John Wiley & Sons, 221.</ref> Generation of electromagnetic radiation can occur whenever charged particles pass within certain distances of each other without being in fixed orbits, the accelerations (or decelerations) may give off the radiation. This is partly illustrated by the diagram at right where an electron has its course altered by near passage by a positive particle. Bremsstrahlung radiation also occurs when two electrons or other similarly charged particles pass close enough to deflect, slow down, or speed up at least one of the particles. Bremsstrahlung includes synchrotron and cyclotron radiation. When high-energy radiation bombards materials, the excited atoms within emit characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) radiation. {{clear}} ==Accelerator physics== [[Image:Cyclotron motion.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Beam of electrons are moving in a circle in a magnetic field (cyclotron motion). Lighting is caused by excitation of atoms of gas in a bulb. Credit: [[commons:User:Sfu|Marcin Białek]].]] '''Accelerator physics''' consists of two basic parts: particle acceleration and beam dynamics.<ref name=Wiedemann>{{ cite book |author=Helmut Wiedemann |title=Particle Accelerator Physics, Third Edition |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |date=July 4, 2007 |editor= |pages=948 |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=S8CfmLe87RAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&ots=uVZobrFYzf&sig=AnvTmZbiXbTau5FmxXPnV87KOVQ#v=onepage&f=false |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn=978-3-540-49043-2 |accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref> "Accelerator physics relates primarily to the interaction of charged particles with electromagnetic fields."<ref name=Wiedemann/> '''Def.''' "[t]he interplay between particles and fields is called '''beam dynamics'''."<ref name=Wiedemann/> Boldening is added. "α particles escaping the Coulomb barrier of Ra and Th nuclei" is a natural radioactive accelerator.<ref name=Lee>{{ cite book |author=S. Y. Lee |title=Accelerator physics, Second Edition |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. |location=Singapore |date=2004 |editor= |pages=575 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VTc8Sdld5S8C&dq=%22accelerator+physics%22&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn=981-256-182-X |accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref> "Cosmic rays arise from galactic source accelerators."<ref name=Lee/> A '''cyclotron''' is a compact type of [[w:particle accelerator|particle accelerator]] in which [[w:charged particle|charged particle]]s in a static [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]] are travelling outwards from the center along a spiral path and get accelerated by [[w:radio frequency|radio frequency]] electromagnetic fields. ... Cyclotrons accelerate [[w:charged particle beam|charged particle beam]]s using a [[w:high frequency|high frequency]] alternating [[w:voltage|voltage]] which is applied between two "D"-shaped electrodes (also called "dees"). An additional static [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]] <math>B</math> is applied in perpendicular direction to the electrode plane, enabling particles to re-encounter the accelerating voltage many times at the same phase. To achieve this, the voltage frequency must match the particle's [[w:cyclotron resonance|cyclotron resonance]] frequency :<math>f = \frac{q B}{2\pi m}</math>, with the [[w:relativistic mass|relativistic mass]] ''m'' and its charge ''q''. This frequency is given by equality of [[w:centripetal force|centripetal force]] and magnetic [[w:Lorentz force|Lorentz force]]. The particles, injected near the center of the magnetic field, increase their [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]] only when recirculating through the gap between the electrodes; thus they travel outwards along a [[w:spiral|spiral]] path. '''Cyclotron radiation''' is [[electromagnetic radiation]] emitted by moving [[w:electric charge|charge]]d particles deflected by a [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]]. The [[w:Lorentz force|Lorentz force]] on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles that causes them to emit radiation (and to spiral around the magnetic field lines). Cyclotron radiation is emitted by all charged particles travelling through magnetic fields, however, not just those in cyclotrons. Cyclotron radiation from [[w:Plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the [[w:interstellar medium|interstellar medium]] or around [[w:black hole|black hole]]s and other astronomical phenomena is an important source of information about distant magnetic fields. The [[w:Power (physics)|power]] (energy per unit time) of the emission of each electron can be calculated using: <math>{-dE \over dt}={\sigma_t B^2 V^2 \over c \mu_o} </math> where ''E'' is energy, ''t'' is time, <math> \sigma_t </math> is the [[w:Thomson cross section|Thomson cross section]] (total, not differential), ''B'' is the magnetic field strength, ''V'' is the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, ''c'' is the speed of light and <math> \mu_o </math> is the [[w:permeability of free space|permeability of free space]]. A '''synchrotron''' is a particular type of cyclic [[w:particle accelerator|particle accelerator]] originating from the [[w:cyclotron|cyclotron]] in which the guiding magnetic field (bending the particles into a closed path) is time-dependent, being ''synchronized'' to a [[w:particle beam|particle beam]] of increasing [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]]. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts that enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. Unlike in a cyclotron, synchrotrons are unable to accelerate particles from zero kinetic energy; one of the obvious reasons for this is that its closed particle path would be cut by a device that emits particles. Thus, schemes were developed to inject pre-accelerated [[w:particle beam|particle beam]]s into a synchrotron. The pre-acceleration can be realized by a chain of other accelerator structures like a [[w:linac|linac]], a [[w:microtron|microtron]] or another synchrotron; all of these in turn need to be fed by a particle source comprising a simple high voltage power supply, typically a [[w:Cockcroft-Walton generator|Cockcroft-Walton generator]]. {{clear}} ==Protons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Protons|Proton astronomy}} "Radio observations at 210 GHz taken by the Bernese Multibeam Radiometer for KOSMA (BEMRAK) [...] at submillimeter wavelengths [show an impulsive component that] starts simultaneously with high-energy (>200 MeV nucleon⁻¹) proton acceleration and the production of pions. The derived radio source size is compact (≤10"), and the emission is cospatial with the location of precipitating flare-accelerated >30 MeV protons as seen in γ-ray imaging."<ref name=Trottet>{{ cite journal |author=G. Trottet |author2=Säm Krucker |author3=T. Lüthi |author4=A. Magun |title=Radio Submillimeter and γ-Ray Observations of the 2003 October 28 Solar Flare |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May 1 |year=2008 |volume=678 |issue=1 |pages=509 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/678/1/509 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1086/528787 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-10-22 }}</ref> In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton bunches also produce synchrotron radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate with respect to the vacuum field, propagating photoelectrons, which in turn propagate secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x10¹⁰. Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon.<ref name=Tuckmantel>[http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/858155/files/lhc-project-report-819.pdf] Synchrotron Radiation Damping in the LHC 2005 Joachim Tuckmantel.</ref> ==Electrons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Electrons|Electron astronomy}} "Radio observations at 210 GHz taken by the Bernese Multibeam Radiometer for KOSMA (BEMRAK) [of] high-energy particle acceleration during the energetic solar flare of 2003 October 28 [...] at submillimeter wavelengths [reveal] a gradual, long-lasting (>30 minutes) component with large apparent source sizes (~60"). Its spectrum below ~200 GHz is consistent with synchrotron emission from flare-accelerated electrons producing hard X-ray and γ-ray bremsstrahlung assuming a magnetic field strength of ≥200 G in the radio source and a confinement time of the radio-emitting electrons in the source of less than 30 s. [... There is a] close correlation in time and space of radio emission with the production of pions".<ref name=Trottet/> ==Gamma rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Gamma rays|Gamma-ray astronomy}} A "fading counterpart to GRB 980329 at 850 μm [has been found]. [...] the sub-millimeter flux was relatively bright. [...] The radio through sub-millimeter spectrum of GRB 980329 is well fit by a power law with index α = +0.9. However, we cannot exclude a ''ν''^1/3 power law attenuated by synchrotron self-absorption."<ref name=Smith1999>{{ cite journal |author=I.A. Smith |author2=R.P.J. Tilanus |author3=J. van Paradijs |author4=T.J. Galama |author5=P.J. Groot |author6=P. Vreeswijk |author7=C. Kouveliotou |author8=R.A.M. Wijers |author9=N. Tanvir |title=SCUBA sub-millimeter observations of gamma-ray bursters I. GRB 970508, 971214, 980326, 980329, 980519, 980703, 981220, 981226 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=July |year=1999 |volume=347 |issue=07 |pages=92-8 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999A%26A...347...92S |arxiv= |bibcode=1999A&A...347...92S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-10-22 }}</ref> ==X-rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/X-rays|X-ray astronomy}} [[Image:NGC383-3C31-hst-606.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 383. Credit: [[commons:User:Fabian RRRR|Fabian RRRR]], Aladin at SIMBAD, HST.]] NGC 383 is a double radio galaxy^[3] with a quasar-like appearance located in the constellation Pisces. [...] Recent discoveries by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in 2006 reveal that NGC 383 is being bisected by high energy relativistic electrons traveling at relatively high fractions of the speed of light. These relativistic electrons are detected as synchrotron radiation in the x-ray and radio wavelengths. The focus of this intense energy is the galactic center of NGC 383. The relativistic electron jets detected as synchrotron radiation extend for several thousand parsecs and then appear to dissipate at the ends in the form of streamers or filaments. "Inside [the] X-ray error box [for GRB 980329], a variable radio source VLA J070238.0+385044 was found that was similar to GRB 970508 (Taylor et al. 1998a, 1998b)."<ref name=Smith1999/> {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} [[Image:M87 jet.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the blue glow generated by the synchrotron radiation from the elliptical galaxy M87's energetic jet. Credit: Hubble Space Telescope.]] [[Image:Horizontal cyclotron with glowing beam.jpg|thumb|center|300px|This image shows a beam of accelerated ions (perhaps protons or deuterons) escaping the accelerator and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow. Credit: Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory.]] [[Image:Synchrotron light.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|The image shows the blue glow given off by the synchrotron beam from the National Synchrotron Light Source. Credit: NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory.]] The image at right shows the blue light, towards the lower right, due to synchrotron radiation, of a jet emerging from the bright active galactic nucleus (AGN) core of Messier 87. The image above shows a blue glow in the surrounding air from emitted cyclotron particulate radiation. At left is an image that shows the blue glow resulting from a beam of relativistic electrons as they slow down. This deceleration produces synchrotron light out of the beam line of the National Synchrotron Light Source. {{clear}} ==Submillimeters== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Submillimeters|Submillimeter astronomy}} Submillimeter observations # determine "the breaks in the radio to sub-millimeter to optical spectrum so that the spectral shape can be compared to the synchrotron models"<ref name=Smith1999/> # determine "the evolution of the sub-millimeter flux"<ref name=Smith1999/> and # look "for underlying quiescent sources that may be dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshifts."<ref name=Smith1999/> ==Radios== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Radios|Radio astronomy}} [[Image:Centauros a-spc.png|frame|False-colour image of the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A, showing radio (red), 24-micron infrared (green) and 0.5-5 keV X-ray emission (blue). The jet can be seen to emit synchrotron emission in all three wavebands. The lobes only emit in the radio. Gas and dust in the galaxy emits thermal radiation in the infrared. Thermal radiation from hot gas can be seen in the blue 'shells' around the lobes, particularly to the south (bottom). Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] “Although some radio waves are produced by astronomical objects in the form of thermal emission, most of the radio emission that is observed from Earth is seen in the form of synchrotron radiation, which is produced when electrons oscillate around magnetic fields.<ref name="cox2000">{{ cite book |editor=Cox, A. N. |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |date=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA124 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |page=124 |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 }}</ref> "Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy which are very luminous at radio wavelengths (up to 10³⁸ W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz). The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. ''Radio-loud'' active galaxies are interesting not only in themselves, but also because they can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for observational cosmology. Recently, a good deal of work has been done on the effects of these objects on the [[intergalactic medium]], particularly in galaxy groups and clusters."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> "The radio emission from radio-loud active galaxies is synchrotron emission, as inferred from its very smooth, broad-band nature and strong polarization. This implies that the radio-emitting plasma contains, at least, electrons and magnetic fields. Since the plasma must be neutral, it must also contain either protons or positrons. There is no way of determining the particle content directly from observations of synchrotron radiation. Moreover, there is no way of determining the energy densities in particles and magnetic fields from observation (that is, the same synchrotron emissivity may be a result of a few electrons and a strong field, or a weak field and many electrons, or something in between). It is possible to determine a ''minimum energy condition'' which is the minimum energy density that a region with a given emissivity can have (Burbidge 1956), but for many years there was no particular reason to believe that the true energies were anywhere near the minimum energies."<ref name=RadioGalaxies>{{ cite web |author=Martin J. Hardcastle |title=Radio galaxies |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=5 February 2006 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mhardcastle/Radio_galaxies |accessdate=18 July 2019 }}</ref> "A sister process to synchrotron radiation is the inverse-Compton process, in which the relativistic electrons interact with ambient photons and Thomson scatter them to high energies. Inverse-Compton emission from radio-loud sources turns out to be particularly important in X-rays (e.g. Croston et al. 2005) and, because it depends only on the density of electrons (and on the density of photons, which is known), a detection of inverse-Compton scattering allows a (somewhat model-dependent) estimate of the energy densities in the particles and magnetic fields. This has been used to argue that most sources are actually quite near the minimum-energy condition."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> "Synchrotron radiation is not confined to radio wavelengths: if the radio source can accelerate particles to high enough energies, features which are detected in the radio may also be seen in the infrared, optical, ultraviolet or even X-ray, though in the latter case the electrons responsible must have energies in excess of 1 TeV in typical magnetic field strengths. Again, polarization and continuum spectrum are used to distinguish synchrotron radiation from other emission processes. Jets and hotspots are the usual sources of high-frequency synchrotron emission. It is hard to distinguish observationally between synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation, and there is ongoing disagreement about what processes we are seeing in some objects, particularly in the X-ray."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> "The process(es) that produce the population of relativistic, non-thermal particles that give rise to synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation are collectively known as ''particle acceleration''. Fermi acceleration is one plausible particle acceleration process in radio-loud active galaxies."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> ==Earth== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Earth}} [[Image:RadioNightSky.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This composite picture shows the radio sky above an old optical photograph of the NRAO site in Green Bank, WV. Credit: NRAO.]] [[Image:Schematic-of-combined-FACs-and-ionospheric-current-systems.png|thumb|250px|right|This is a schematic of the Birkeland currents and their connection to Earth's ionospheric current systems. Credit: Le, G., J. A. Slavin, and R. J. Strangeway.]] "This composite picture [at right] shows the radio sky above an old optical photograph of the NRAO site in Green Bank, WV. The former 300 Foot Telescope (the large dish standing between the three 85 foot interferometer telescopes on the left and the 140 Foot Telescope on the right) made this 4.85 GHz radio image, which is about 45 degrees across. Increasing radio brightness is indicated by lighter shades to indicate how the sky would appear to someone with a "radio eye" 300 feet in diameter."<ref name=Djorgovski>{{ cite book |author=S.G. Djorgovski |title=A Tour of the Radio Universe |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |location= |date= |url=http://www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/Tour.html |accessdate=2014-03-16 }}</ref> "The visible and radio skies reveal quite different "parallel universes" sharing the same space. Most bright stars are undetectable at radio wavelengths, and many strong radio sources are optically faint or invisible. Familiar objects like the Sun and planets can look quite different through the radio and optical windows. The extended radio sources spread along a band from the lower left to the upper right in this picture lie in the outer Milky Way. The brightest irregularly shaped sources are clouds of hydrogen ionized by luminous young stars. Such stars quickly exhaust their nuclear fuel, collapse, and explode as supernovae, whose remnants appear as faint radio rings. Unlike the nearby (distances < 1000 light years) stars visible to the human eye, almost none of the myriad "radio stars" (unresolved radio sources) scattered across the sky are actually stars. Most are extremely luminous radio galaxies or quasars, and their average distance is over 5,000,000,000 light years. Radio waves travel at the speed of light, so distant extragalactic sources appear today as they actually were billions of years ago. Radio galaxies and quasars are beacons carrying information about galaxies and their environs, everywhere in the observable universe and ever since the first galaxies were formed."<ref name=Djorgovski/> Electrons moving along a Birkeland current may be accelerated by a plasma double layer. If the resulting electrons approach relativistic velocities (i.e. if they approach the speed of light) they may subsequently produce a Bennett pinch, which in a magnetic field causes the electrons to spiral and emit synchrotron radiation that may include radio, optical (i.e. visible light), x-rays, and gamma rays. {{clear}} ==Jupiter== {{main|Jupiter}} In 1955, Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin detected bursts of radio signals coming from Jupiter at 22.2&nbsp;MHz.<ref name=Elkins/> The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they were also able to use this information to refine the rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second.<ref name=Weintraub>{{cite book |last = Weintraub|first = Rachel A. |date = September 26, 2005 |url = http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/radio_jupiter.html |title = How One Night in a Field Changed Astronomy |publisher = NASA |accessdate = 2007-02-18 }}</ref> Between September and November 23, 1963, Jupiter is detected by radar astronomy.<ref name=Pettengill>{{ cite journal |author=Gordon H. Pettengill |author2=Irwin I. Shapiro |title=Radar Astronomy |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |month= |year=1965 |volume=3 |issue= |pages=377-410 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//abs/1965ARA&A...3..377P |arxiv= |bibcode=1965ARA&A...3..377P |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-12-25 }}</ref> "The dense atmosphere makes a penetration to a hard surface (if indeed one exists at all) very unlikely. In fact, the JPL results imply a correlation of the echo with Jupiter ... which corresponds to the upper (visible) atmosphere. ... Further observations will be needed to clarify the current uncertainties surrounding radar observations of Jupiter."<ref name=Pettengill/> "Although in 1963 some claimed to have detected echoes from Jupiter, these were quite weak and have not been verified by later experiments."<ref name=Shapiro>{{ cite journal |author=Irwin I. Shapiro |title=Planetary radar astronomy |journal=Spectrum, IEEE |month=March |year=1968 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=70-9 |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5214821 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.1968.5214821 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-12-25 }}</ref> "A search for radar echoes from Jupiter at 430 MHz during the oppositions of 1964 and 1965 failed to yield positive results, despite a sensitivity several orders of magnitude better than employed by other groups in earlier (1963) attempts at higher frequencies. ... [I]t might be suspected that meteorological disturbances of a random nature were involved, and that the echoes might be returned only in exceptional circumstances. Further support for this point of view may be gleaned from the fact that JPL found positive results for only 1 (centered at 32° System I longitude) of the 8 longitude regions investigated in 1963 (Goldstein 1964) and, in fact, had no success during their observations in 1964 (see comment by Goldstein following Dyce 1965)."<ref name=Dyce>{{ cite journal |author=R. B. Dyce |author2=G. H. Pettengill |author3=A. D. Sanchez |title=Radar Observations of Mars and Jupiter at 70 cm |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month=August |year=1967 |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=771-7 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1967AJ.....72..771D&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode=1967AJ.....72..771D |doi=10.1086/110307 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-12-25 }}</ref> ==Interplanetary mediums== {{main|Interplanetary medium}} '''Interplanetary scintillation''' refers to random fluctuations in the intensity of [[w:radio wave|radio wave]]s of [[w:Sky|celestial]] origin, on the timescale of a few seconds. It is analogous to the [[w:Scintillation (astronomy)|twinkling]] one sees looking at [[w:star|star]]s in the [[w:sky|sky]] at night, but in the radio part of the [[w:electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]] rather than the [[w:visible spectrum|visible one]]. Interplanetary scintillation is the result of radio waves traveling through fluctuations in the density of the [[w:electron|electron]] and [[w:proton|proton]]s that make up the [[w:solar wind|solar wind]]. Scintillation occurs as a result of variations in the [[w:refractive index|refractive index]] of the medium through which waves are traveling. The solar wind is a [[w:plasma (physics)|plasma]], composed primarily of electrons and lone protons, and the variations in the index of refraction are caused by variations in the [[w:density|density]] of the plasma.<ref>Jokipii (1973), pp. 11–12.</ref> Different indices of refraction result in [[w:phase (waves)|phase]] changes between waves traveling through different locations, which results in [[w:interference (physics)|interference]]. As the waves interfere, both the [[w:frequency|frequency]] of the wave and its [[w:angular size|angular size]] are broadened, and the intensity varies.<ref>Alurkar (1997), p. 11.</ref> ==Interstellar medium== {{main|Interstellar medium}} [[Image:HIsky.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Interstellar gas in our Galaxy emits spectral lines as well as continuum noise. Credit: NRAO.]] Radio astronomy has resulted in the detection of over a hundred interstellar species, including radicals and ions, and organic (i.e. [[w:carbon|carbon]]-based) compounds, such as [[w:alcohol|alcohol]]s, [[w:acid|acid]]s, [[w:aldehyde|aldehyde]]s, and [[w:ketone|ketone]]s. One of the most abundant interstellar molecules, and among the easiest to detect with radio waves (due to its strong electric [[w:dipole|dipole]] moment), is CO ([[w:carbon monoxide|carbon monoxide]]). In fact, CO is such a common interstellar molecule that it is used to map out molecular regions.<ref name=Harvard> http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mmw/CO_survey_aitoff.jpg.</ref> The radio observation of perhaps greatest human interest is the claim of interstellar [[w:glycine|glycine]],<ref name=Kuan>{{ cite journal | author=Kuan YJ |author2=Charnley SB |author3=Huang HC |title=Interstellar glycine |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=593 |issue=2 |pages=848–867 |year=2003 |doi=10.1086/375637 | bibcode = 2003ApJ...593..848K }}</ref> the simplest [[w:amino acid|amino acid]], but with considerable accompanying controversy.<ref name=Snyder>{{ cite journal |author=Snyder LE |author2=Lovas FJ |author3=Hollis JM |title=A rigorous attempt to verify interstellar glycine |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=619 |issue=2 |pages=914–30 |year=2005 |doi=10.1086/426677 | bibcode = 2005ApJ...619..914S |arxiv = astro-ph/0410335 }}</ref> One of the reasons why this detection [is] controversial is that although radio (and some other methods like [[w:rotational spectroscopy|rotational spectroscopy]]) are good for the identification of simple species with large dipole moments, they are less sensitive to more complex molecules, even something relatively small like amino acids. "Interstellar gas in our Galaxy [shown at right] emits spectral lines as well as continuum noise. Neutral hydrogen (HI) gas is ubiquitous in the disk. The brightness of the λ ~ 21 cm hyperfine line at ~ 1420.4 MHz is proportional to the column density of HI along the line of sight and is nearly independent of the gas temperature. It is not affected by dust absorption, so we can see the HI throughout our Galaxy and nearby external galaxies."<ref name=Djorgovski/> "Red indicates directions of high HI column density, while blue and black show areas with little hydrogen. The figure is centered on the Galactic center and Galactic longitude increases to the left. Some of the hydrogen loops outline old supernova remnants."<ref name=Djorgovski/> {{clear}} ==Milky Way== {{main|Milky Way}} [[Image:Allsky408.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This all-sky 408 MHz continuum image is shown in Galactic coordinates. Credit: Haslam et al. 1982, A&AS, 47, 1.]] "The cosmic static discovered by Karl Jansky is dominated by diffuse emission orginating in and near the disk of our Galaxy. The distribution of 408 MHz continuum emission shown [at right] in Galactic coordinates is expected since we are located in the disk of a galaxy similar to the edge-on galaxy NGC 4565".<ref name=Djorgovski/> "This all-sky 408 MHz continuum image [at right] is shown in Galactic coordinates, with the galactic center in the middle and the galactic disk extending horizontally from it."<ref name=Djorgovski/> {{clear}} ==Galaxies== {{main|Stars/Galaxies|Radiation astronomy/Galaxies}} [[Image:Radio galaxy 3C98.png|thumb|250px|right|The pseudo-colour image is of the large-scale radio structure of the FRII radio galaxy 3C98. Lobes, jet and hotspot are labelled. Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.]] The hotspots that are usually seen in FRII sources are interpreted as being the visible manifestations of shocks formed when the fast, and therefore supersonic, jet (the speed of sound cannot exceed c/√3) abruptly terminates at the end of the source, and their spectral energy distributions are consistent with this picture.<ref name=Meisenheimer>{{ cite journal |author=Meisenheimer K |author2=Röser H-J |author3=Hiltner PR |author4=Yates MG |author5=Longair MS |author6=Chini R |author7=Perley RA |year=1989 |title= The synchrotron spectra of radio hotspots |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=219 |issue= |pages=63–86 |bibcode = 1989A&A...219...63M |last2=Roser |last3=Hiltner |last4=Yates |last5=Longair |last6=Chini |last7=Perley }}</ref> "Radio galaxies (and, to a lesser extent, radio-loud quasars) display a wide range of structures in radio maps. The most common large-scale structures are called ''lobes'': these are double, often fairly symmetrical, roughly ellipsoidal structures placed on either side of the active nucleus. A significant minority of low-luminosity sources exhibit structures usually known as ''plumes'' which are much more elongated. Some radio galaxies show one or two long narrow features known as ''jets'' (the most famous example being the giant galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster) coming directly from the nucleus and going to the lobes. Since the 1970s (Scheuer 1974, Blandford & Rees 1974) the most widely accepted model has been that the lobes or plumes are powered by ''beams'' of high-energy particles and magnetic field coming from close to the active nucleus. The jets are believed to be the visible manifestations of the beams, and often the term ''jet'' is used to refer both to the observable feature and to the underlying flow."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> [[Image:Radio galaxy 3C31.png|frame|The large-scale structure of the FRI radio galaxy 3C31. Jets and plumes are labelled. Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.]] "Radio sources were divided by Fanaroff & Riley (1974) into two classes, now known as Fanaroff and Riley Class I (FRI), and Class II (FRII). The distinction was originally made based on the morphology of the large-scale radio emission (the type was determined by the distance between the brightest points in the radio emission): FRI sources were brightest towards the centre, while FRII sources were brightest at the edges. Fanaroff & Riley observed that there was a reasonably sharp divide in luminosity between the two classes: FRIs were low-luminosity, FRIIs were high luminosity. With more detailed radio observations, the morphology turns out to reflect the method of energy transport in the radio source. FRI objects typically have bright jets in the centre, while FRIIs have faint jets but bright ''hotspots'' at the ends of the lobes. FRIIs appear to be able to transport energy efficiently to the ends of the lobes, while FRI beams are inefficient in the sense that they radiate a significant amount of their energy away as they travel."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> "In more detail, the FRI/FRII division depends on host-galaxy environment (Owen & Ledlow 1994) in the sense that the FRI/FRII transition appears at higher luminosities in more massive galaxies. FRI jets are known to be decelerating in the regions in which their radio emission is brightest (e.g. Laing & Bridle 2002) and so it seems that the FRI/FRII transition reflects whether a jet/beam can propagate through the host galaxy without being decelerated to sub-relativistic speeds by interaction with the intergalactic medium. From analysis of relativistic beaming effects, the jets of FRII sources are known to remain relativistic (with speeds of at least 0.5c) out to the ends of the lobes. The hotspots that are usually seen in FRII sources are interpreted as being the visible manifestations of shock]s formed when the fast, and therefore supersonic, jet (the speed of sound cannot exceed c/&radic;3) abruptly terminates at the end of the source, and their spectral energy distributions are consistent with this picture (Meisenheimer et al. 1989). Often multiple hotspots are seen, reflecting either continued outflow after the shock or movement of the jet termination point: the overall hotspot region is sometimes called the ''hotspot complex''."<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> "Names are given to several particular types of radio source based on their radio structure:"<ref name=RadioGalaxies/> * ''Classical double'' refers to an FRII source with clear hotspots. * ''Wide-angle tail'' normally refers to a source intermediate between standard FRI and FRII structure, with efficient jets and sometimes hotspots, but with plumes rather than lobes, found at or near the centres of clusters. * ''Narrow-angle tail'' or ''Head-tail source'' describes an FRI that appears to be bent by ram pressure as it moves through a cluster. * ''Fat doubles'' are sources with diffuse lobes but neither jets nor hotspots. Some such sources may be ''relics'' whose energy supply has been permanently or temporarily turned off. {{clear}} ==Radiation astromathematics== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Mathematics|Radiation mathematics}} Ions accelerating past each other at relativistic speeds generate synchrotron radiation. Depending on the ion concentration, this radiation may contribute significantly to stellar spectra as may cyclotron or bremsstrahlung radiation from similar ion and electron interactions at slower speeds. ==3C 48== [[Image:Radio map of quasar 3C48.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Radio map shows the quasar 3C48 made from VLBA 1.4-GHz observations. Credit: [[w:user:Mhardcastle|Mhardcastle]].{{tlx|free media}}]] 3C48 is a quasar discovered in 1960; it was the second source conclusively identified as such.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Weaver | first = Kenneth F. |date=May 1974 | title = The Incredible Universe | journal=National Geographic | number = 5 | volume = 145 | pages = 589–633 }}</ref> 3C48 was the first source in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources for which an optical identification was found in 1960 through interferometry.<ref>{{cite journal | author= Matthews, Thomas A. | author2= Sandage, Allan R. | title=Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects | date=1963 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=138 | pages=30–56 | doi=10.1086/147615 | bibcode=1963ApJ...138...30M }}</ref> It had a redshift of 0.367, making it one of the highest redshift sources then known.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Greenstein, Jesse L. |author2=Matthews, Thomas A. | title=Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source 3C48 | date=1963 | journal=Nature | volume=197 | issue=4872 | pages=1041–1042 | bibcode=1963Natur.197.1041G | doi=10.1038/1971041a0 }}</ref> It was not until 1982 that the surrounding faint galactic "nebulosity" was confirmed to have the same redshift as 3C48, cementing its identification as an object in a distant galaxy.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Todd A. Boroson | author2=Oke, J. B. | last-author-amp=yes | title=Detection of the underlying galaxy in the QSO 3C48 | journal=Nature | volume=296 | issue=5856 | pages=397–399 | bibcode=1982Natur.296..397B | doi=10.1038/296397a0 | date=1982}}</ref> This was also the first solid identification of a quasar with a surrounding galaxy at the same redshift. 3C 48 is one of four primary calibrators used by the Very Large Array (along with 3C 138, 3C 147, and 3C 286). Visibilities of all other sources are calibrated using observed visibilities of one of these four calibrators.<ref name="NRAO">{{cite web |last=Witz |first=Stephan W. |title=Calibration and Flux Density Scale |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |date=4 December 2015 |url=https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla/docs/manuals/oss/performance/fdscale |accessdate=15 May 2016 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==3C 66A== [[Image:0219+428.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of the TeV-emitting BL Lac 0219+428 (3C 66A). Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.]] In particular, the innermost two jet components of two TeV-emitting BL Lacs in our sample: 0219+428 (3C 66A) [at right] and 1219+285 (W Comae) are both inward-moving. The small velocities and core separations of these moving components may indicate that the core is not a stable reference point in these two jets."<ref name=Lister>{{ cite journal |author=M. I. Lister |author2=M. F. Aller |author3=H. D. Aller |author4=D. C. Homan |author5=K. I. Kellermann |author6=Y. Y. Kovalev |author7=A. B. Pushkarev |author8=J. L. Richards |author9=E. Ros |author10=T. Savolainen |title=MOJAVE. X. Parsec-Scale Jet Orientation Variations and Superluminal Motion in AGN |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month= |year=2013 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.2713v1.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-03-17 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==3C 75== [[Image:3C75 in Radio+Xray.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image is in radio (pink) and X-Ray (cyan) of 3C 75. Credit: X-Ray: NASA / CXC / D.Hudson, T.Reiprich et al. (AIfA); Radio: NRAO / VLA/ NRL.{{tlx|free media}}]] 3C 75 may be X-ray source 2A 0252+060 (1H 0253+058, XRS 02522+060).<ref name=Wood>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1086/190992 |author=Wood KS |author2=Meekins JF |author3=Yentis DJ |author4=Smathers HW |author5=McNutt DP |author6=Bleach RD |title=The HEAO A-1 X-ray source catalog |journal=Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. |date=December 1984 |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=507–649 |bibcode=1984ApJS...56..507W }}</ref> "What's happening at the center of active galaxy 3C 75? The two bright sources at the center of this composite x-ray (blue)/ radio (pink) image are co-orbiting supermassive black holes powering the giant radio source 3C 75. Surrounded by multimillion degree x-ray emitting gas, and blasting out jets of relativistic particles the supermassive black holes are separated by 25,000 light-years. At the cores of two merging galaxies in the Abell 400 galaxy cluster they are some 300 million light-years away."<ref name=Nemiroff>{{ cite book |author=Robert Nemiroff |author2=Jerry Bonnell |title=Two Black Holes Dancing in 3C 75 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=9 November 2008 |url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap081109.html |accessdate=28 February 2019 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==3C 111== [[Image:3c111 lo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image contains a series of radio images at successive epochs using the VLBA of the jet in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111. Credit: M. Kadler, E. Ros, M. Perucho, Y. Y. Kovalev, D. C. Homan, I. Agudo, K. I. Kellermann, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, M. L. Lister, and J. A. Zensus.]] "VLBA images of the jet in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111. The picture shows the variable parsec-scale structure of the jet in this active galactic nucleus. The features observed correspond to ejected plasma regions traveling at relativistic speeds. Those appear to be larger than the speed of light due to projection effects. The sixteen images are spaced by their relative time intervals. The images show that a major radio flux-density outburst in 1996 was followed by a particularly bright plasma ejection associated with a superluminal jet component. This major event was followed by trailing features in its evolution. A similar event is seen after mid 2001. The jet dynamics in this source is revealed: a plasma injection into the jet beam leads to the formation of multiple shocks that travel at different speeds downstream (ranging from 3c to 6c) and interact with each other and with the ambient medium. This is in agreement with numerical relativistic magnetohydrodynamic structural and emission simulations of jets."<ref name=Kadler>{{ cite book |author=M. Kadler |author2=E. Ros |author3=M. Perucho |author4=Y. Y. Kovalev |author5=D. C. Homan |author6=I. Agudo |author7=K. I. Kellermann |author8=M. F. Aller |author9=H. D. Aller |author10=M. L. Lister |author11=J. A. Zensus |title=Superluminal Motions in the Jet of 3C 111 |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |location=West Virginia USA |date=September 23, 2005 |url=http://images.nrao.edu/600 |accessdate=2014-03-17 }}</ref> "Images were taken at 15 GHz with the full Very Long Baseline Array as part of the 2cm Survey/MOJAVE collaboration. The observing runs usually last 8 hr and the total observing time on source is approximately 50 minutes. The typical dynamic range in the images is of 1000:1 (the lowest shown flux density is typically of 1-2 mJy/beam). The images are convolved with a common restoring beam of 0.5x1.0 milliarcseconds (P.A. of 0 deg). The image alignment is (arbitrary) to the brightness peak. The superluminal speeds of the features in the jet were determined from a detailed analysis of multiple Gaussian model fits to the observed visibilities."<ref name=Kadler/> {{clear}} ==3C 123== [[Image:3C123.JPG|right|thumb|300px|3C 123 is an elliptical galaxy found in the constellation of Taurus. Credit: Unknown.{{tlx|free media}}]] 3C 123 is a strong radio source. It is surrounded by three other, even weaker galaxies. The initial estimation of the Doppler shift (z = 0.637) indicated that it is the furthest-known (then mid-70s) galaxy, located within 8 billion light years, 5 to 10 times the size of our Galaxy, and as a radio source about 4 times stronger than Cygnus A <ref name = "urania"> {{cite journal |last name = Paprotny | first name = Zbigniew | title = The outermost observed galaxy |journal = Urania | volume = 1 | data = 1976 | url = http://urania.pta.edu.pl/urania/u1_1976-k1.html}}</ref>. Subsequent investigations clarified the value of about 0.218, that is, the galaxy is much closer to the Earth and is not as large as previously thought. {{clear}} ==3C 273== [[Image:SDSS image of quasar 3C273.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sloan Digital Sky Survey image of quasar 3C 273, illustrates the object's star-like appearance. The quasar's jet can be seen extending downward and to the right from the quasar. Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey.]] [[Image:Quasar viewed from Hubble.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hubble images of quasar 3C 273 are at right, a coronagraph is used to block the quasar's light, making it easier to detect the surrounding host galaxy. Credit: WFPC2 image: NASA and J. Bahcall (IAS), left, ACS image: NASA, A. Martel (JHU), H. Ford (JHU), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), G. Illingworth (UCO/Lick Observatory), the ACS Science Team and ESA, right.]] The first quasars (3C 48 and 3C 273) were discovered in the late 1950s, as radio sources in all-sky radio surveys.<ref name=Shields>{{ cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Gregory A. |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF AGN |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |date=1999 |volume=111 |issue=760 |pages=661–678 |accessdate=3 October 2014 |url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept04/Shields/Shields3.html |doi=10.1086/316378 |arxiv = astro-ph/9903401 |bibcode = 1999PASP..111..661S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Our Activities |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/18_June/(print) |publisher=European Space Agency |accessdate=3 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal |author = Thomas A. Matthews |author2=Allan Sandage |title=Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects |date=1963 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=138 |pages=30–56 |bibcode=1963ApJ...138...30M |doi=10.1086/147615 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0404060 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=W-cbw-QdcHUC&pg=PA237 |title=Physics: Imagination and Reality |isbn=9789971509293 |author=Philip Russell Wallace |year=1991 }}</ref> With small telescopes and the Lovell Telescope as an interferometer, they were shown to have a very small angular size.<ref name="jbo">{{ cite book |url=http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/public/story/mk1quasars.html |title=The MKI and the discovery of Quasars |publisher=Jodrell Bank Observatory |accessdate=2006-11-23 }}</ref> Measurements taken during one of the occultations by the Moon using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed a visible counterpart to the radio source to be found and an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar to be obtained which revealed the same strange emission lines that were likely ordinary spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted by 15.8 percent - an extreme redshift never seen in astronomy before such that if this was due to the physical motion of the "star", then 3C&nbsp;273 was receding at an enormous velocity, around 47,000&nbsp;km/s, far beyond the speed of any known star and defying any obvious explanation.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Schmidt Maarten | title=3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift | journal=Nature | date=1963 | volume=197 | issue=4872 | pages=1040–1040 | bibcode=1963Natur.197.1040S | doi = 10.1038/1971040a0 }}</ref> “Maps of the radio structure of the quasar 3C273 provide evidence of a superluminal expansion during the period 1977-1980. The superluminal expansion might be attributed to the movement of a single knot away from the nucleus along the jet. The apparent constant velocity of 10 times the speed of light is an important constraint on theories of apparent superluminal expansion.”<ref name=Pearson>{{ cite journal |author=T. J. Pearson |author2=S. C. Unwin |author3=M. H. Cohen |author4=R. P. Linfield |author5=A. C. S. Readhead |author6=G. A. Seielstad |author7=R. S. Simon |author8=R. C. Walker |title=Superluminal expansion of quasar 3C273 |journal=Nature |month=April |year=1981 |volume=290 |issue= |pages=365-8 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1981Natur.290..365P |doi=10.1038/290365a0 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-19 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==3C 279== [[Image:3c279 mosaic lo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Superluminal motion in quasar 3C279 is shown in a "movie" mosaic of five radio images made over seven years. Credit: NRAO/AUI.]] "Superluminal motion in quasar 3C279 is shown [at right] in a "movie" mosaic of five radio images made over seven years. The stationary core is the bright red spot to the left of each image. The observed location of the rightmost blue-green blob moved about 25 light years from 1991 to 1998, hence the changes appear to an observer to be faster than the speed of light or "superluminal". The motion is not really faster than light, the measured speed is due to light-travel-time effects for a source moving near the speed of light almost directly toward the observer. The blue-green blob is part of a jet pointing within 2 degrees to our line of sight, and moving at a true speed of 0.997 times the speed of light. These five images are part of a larger set of twenty-eight images made with the VLBA and other radio telescopes from 1991 to 1997 to study the detailed properties of this energetic quasar."<ref name=Wehrle1998>{{ cite book |author=Ann Wehrle |title=Apparent Superluminal Motion in 3C279 |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |location=West Virginia, USA |date= 1998 |url=http://images.nrao.edu/387 |accessdate=2014-03-16 }}</ref> The images are in the K band, 1.2 cm, 22 GHz.<ref name=Wehrle1998/> {{clear}} ==3C 295== [[Image:3C295 2cm.gif|right|thumb|300px|Image 3C295 was obtained in the 2 cm radio band on a VLA interferometer. Credit: Perley R. A. & Taylor G. B. NRAO/VLA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Central regions Perseus galaxy cluster.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Here the Chandra observations are of the central regions of the Perseus galaxy cluster. Image is 284 arcsec across. Color code: Energy (Red 0.3-1.2 keV, Green 1.2-2 keV, Blue 2-7 keV). Instrument: ACIS.]] [[Image:3C 295 Chandra.jpg|thumb|250px|right|This is a Chandra X-ray image of [[w:3C 295|3C 295]]. Image is 42 arcsec across. Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO.]] [[w:3C 295|3C 295]] is a strongly X-ray emitting galaxy cluster in the constellation [[w:Boötes|Boötes]]. 3C 295 (Cl 1409+524) is one of the most distant [[w:galaxy cluster|galaxy cluster]]s observed by [[w:X-ray telescope|X-ray telescope]]s. The cluster is filled with a vast cloud of 50 MK gas that radiates strongly in X rays. [The [[w:Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-ray Observatory]] detected] that the central galaxy is a strong, complex source of X rays. The cluster is located at J 2000.0 [[w:Right ascension|RA]] 14^h 11^m 20^s [[w:Declination|Dec]] −52° 12' 21". Observation date for the Chandra image is August 30, 1999. {{clear}} ==3C 345== [[Image:3c345.gif|thumb|right|250px|Emission features from 3C 345 repeatedly appear off the core and follow fairly consistent nonradial paths. Credit: Zensus et al. (1995 ApJ 443, 35.]] "Tracking the features within small-scale jets has revealed interesting complications. The paths are not always radial to the nucleus, usually taken as the source with the flattest spectrum in ambiguous cases. This is based on the general principle that synchrotron spectra are flattened at lower frequencies by self-absorption, so the densest plasma will have a flat or inverted spectrum. An interesting case is 3C 345 [at right], in which emission features repeatedly appear off the core and follow fairly consistent nonradial paths. [...] a new component appears in late 1985, brightens, and moves outward changing its relative position angle in the process".<ref name=Keel>{{ cite book |author=Bill Keel |title=Jets, Superluminal Motion, and Gamma-Ray Bursts |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona USA |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/jets.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> "VLBI (very-long-baseline interferometry) observations between 1971 and 1983 have been used to determine the positions of the 'core' of the quasar 3C345 relative to the more distant compact quasar NRAO512 with a fractional uncertainty as small as two parts in a hundred million. The core of 3C345 appears stationary in right ascension to within 20 arc microsec/yr, a subluminal bound corresponding to 0.7c. The apparent velocities of the jets are superluminal, up to 14c in magnitude."<ref name=Bartel>{{ cite journal |author=N. Bartel |author2=T. A. Herring |author3=M. I. Ratner |author4=I. I. Shapiro |author5=B. E. Corey |title=VLBI limits on the proper motion of the 'core' of the superluminal quasar 3C345 |journal=Nature |month=February 27, |year=1986 |volume=319 |issue=02 |pages=733-8 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.319..733B |arxiv= |bibcode=1986Natur.319..733B |doi=10.1038/319733a0 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-03-17 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==3C 380== [[Image:3C 380 bent.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of the source 3C 380. Credit: A. G. Polatidis and P. N. Wilkinson.]] "The quasar 3C 380 (B1828+487) [at right] has a complicated, convoluted structure on kiloparsec scales which is consistent with it being a moderate-sized classical double source seen approximately end on [...] 6 cm images from 1982.9 to 1993.4 (the 1990.8 image appears [at right] reveal a highly complex, filamentary, structure which exhibits rapid local brightness changes over its entire ~ 100 pc length. Motion [occurs] in three regions of the jet # '''C12''', at a distance [...] from the core '''C''' appears to move outwards with a velocity of [0.85 c,] # The bright component '''A''', [...] moves with an apparent velocity [of 4.4±0.5 c, and] # the peak of emission in the region '''F''' [...] appears to move with an apparent velocity of [6.0±0.3 c.]"<ref name=Polatidis>{{ cite book |author=A. G. Polatidis |author2=P. N. Wilkinson |title=Superluminal Motion in the Parsec-Scale Jet of 3C 380, In: ''Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources'' |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |location= |date=1998 |editor=J. A. Zensus |editor2=G. B. Taylor |editor3=J. M. Wrobel |pages=77-78 |url=http://www.cv.nrao.edu/iau164/preprints/polatidis.ps.gz |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=2014-03-18 }}</ref> For "most of the period between 1982.9 and 1993.4 '''A''' moved outwards from '''C''' along P.A. 330±1° with little change in the speed or the direction of the apparent velocity vector. In 1988.4 however, '''A''' had doubled in brightness and apparently became dissociated from the underlying jet pattern appearing edge-brightened towards the East. This change was accompanied by an apparent deceleration by almost 50%. Between 1988.4 and 1990.8 '''A''' apparently accelerated again but its brightness barely changed and by 1990.8 its brightness peak had shifted back to its "standard" P.A. and continued in this direction through 1992.7 and 1993.4 with no significant changes in the velocity and only a slight decrease in flux density. The apparent acceleration from ≃ [0.85 c] at a few pc to ≃ [6.0 c] at [100 pc] is similar to that seen in the best-studied superluminal source 3C 345".<ref name=Polatidis/> There "are gross changes in the brightness structure of the jet taking place very quickly. For example in three epochs (1988.2, 1990.8 and 1993.4) the jet appears to be bifurcated or edge-brightened in regions '''B''' and '''D''' while in others it is center-brightened. [...] the rapid brightness changes may be due to phase effects at the intersection of these shocks".<ref name=Polatidis/> {{clear}} ==3C 390== "For the 1989.29 VLBI observation we simultaneously used the VLA at 5 GHz in its normal B-configuration synthesis mode to obtain an image of the large scale structure of 3C390.3 with angular resolution of 1.2". We observed the source nearly continuously for 14 hours, except for a 5 min observation of 1803+784 as a phase and amplitude calibrator twice per hour."<ref name=Alef>{{ cite journal |author=W. Alef |author2=S. Y. Wu |author3=E. Preuss |author4=K. I. Kellermann |author5=Y. H. Qiu |title=3C 390.3: a lobe-dominated radio galaxy with a possible superluminal nucleus Results from VLA observations and VLBI monitoring at 5GHz |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=April |year=1996 |volume=308 |issue=04 |pages=376-80 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A&A...308..376A |arxiv= |bibcode=1996A&A...308..376A |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-12-12 }}</ref> ==3C 405== [[Image:3c405.jpg|right|thumb|300px|5-GHz radio image shows Cygnus A (3C405). Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cygnusa.gif|thumb|right|200px|Cygnus A is an excellent example of the Fanaroff-Riley (FR) type II radio sources. Credit: Bob Fosbury, HST/Frazer Owen, 0.9-m telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory/Perley, Dreher, and Cowan 1984, NRAO.]] Cygnus A (Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources 3C 405) is a radio galaxy, and one of the strongest radio sources in the sky, along with Cassiopeia A, and Puppis A were the first "radio stars" identified with an optical source; of these, Cygnus A became the first radio galaxy; the other two being nebulae inside the Milky Way.<ref name=ApJ-1954-01>Astrophysical Journal, "Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia (A), Cygnus A, and Puppis A", Baade, W.; Minkowski, R., vol. 119, p.206, ''January 1954'', {{doi|10.1086/145812}} , {{bibcode|1954ApJ...119..206B}}</ref> It is a double source,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Jennison, R.C. |author2=Das Gupta, M.K. | title=Fine Structure of the extra-terrestrial radio source Cygnus 1 | work=Nature, Vol. 172 | page=996 | year=1953 | url=http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1953Natur.172..996J&amp;db_key=AST}}</ref> contains an active galactic nucleus and a supermassive black hole at the core with a mass of 2.5 ± 0.7 x 10⁹ solar mass.<ref name=Graham2008>{{cite journal | title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values | last1=Graham | first1=Alister W. | postscript=. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167–175 | date=November 2008 | doi=10.1071/AS08013 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G |arxiv = 0807.2549 }}</ref> Radio images show two jets protruding in opposite directions from the galaxy's center, extending many times the width of the portion of the host galaxy which emits radiation in the visible.<ref>{{cite web | author=Strange, D | title=The Radio Galaxy Cygnus "A" | url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dstrange/cygnusa.htm | accessdate=2008-09-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725125333/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dstrange/cygnusa.htm | archivedate=July 25, 2008 | df= }}</ref> At the ends of the jets are two lobes with "hot spots" of more intense radiation at their edges, formed when material from the jets collides with the surrounding [[intergalactic medium]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Nemiroff, Robert |author2=Bonnell, Jerry | title= X-Ray Cygnus A | work=Astronomy Picture of the Day | date=2002-10-05 | url=http://www.sai.msu.su/apod/ap021005.html | accessdate=2008-09-22}}</ref> In 2016, a radio transient was discovered 460 parsecs away from the center of Cygnus A, between 1989 and 2016, the object, cospatial with a previously-known infrared source, exhibited at least an eightfold increase in radio flux density, with comparable luminosity to the brightest known supernova, but, the rate of brightening is unknown, the object has remained at a relatively constant flux density since its discovery, consistent with a second supermassive black hole orbiting the primary object, with the secondary having undergone a rapid accretion rate increase, where the inferred orbital timescale is of the same order as the activity of the primary source, suggesting the secondary may be perturbing the primary and causing the outflows.<ref name="PerleyPerley2017">{{cite journal |last1=Perley |first1=D. A. |last2=Perley |first2=R. A. |last3=Dhawan |first3=V. |last4=Carilli |first4=C. L. |title=Discovery of a Luminous Radio Transient 460 pc from the Central Supermassive Black Hole in Cygnus A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=841 |issue=2 |year=2017 |pages=117 |issn=1538-4357 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa725b |arxiv = 1705.07901 |bibcode = 2017ApJ...841..117P }}</ref> "Many objects with jets, especially the powerful FR II radio sources with long and highly collimated jets, show hot spots - compact enhancements in brightness of the lobes. Cygnus A [at right] is a prime example. These may in turn have internal structure, and often have the flattest spectra (thus most energetic particle populations) in the extended lobes. They have been pictures as encounter surfaces between the jet flows and a mostly unseen surrounding medium, with compression of the magnetic field occurring and thus vastly increased emissivity. Some (such as Pictor A) have such high-energy electron populations that sychrotron emission continues through the optical into the X-ray regime."<ref name=Keel/> Cygnus A "is the most powerful radio galaxy on our corner of the Universe, used as a point of departure for studying radio galaxies at great distances. At a redshift z=0.0565 (distance of about 211 Mpc or 700 million light-years), its nature remains mysterious enough. The first photographs of Cygnus A showed two clumps of luminous material, which led [to the speculation] that the radio emission was somehow linked to a galaxy collision. [Or,] a poorly resolved version of Centaurus A, bisected by a thick dust lane. The HST image shown as an inset [in the image at right] reveals much detail, but doesn't quite clear the matter up. We see dust and an odd Z-shaped pattern. Much of this light in some regions comes not from stars, but from gas ionized by the nucleus. This is a narrow-line radio galaxy, but infrared and polarization measurements show that from some directions it would appear as a broad-line object and perhaps as a quasar, so that there is plenty of radiation in some directions to light up the gas."<ref name=Keel2003>{{ cite book |author=Bill Keel |title=The powerful radio galaxy Cygnus A |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona USA |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/cygnusa.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> "Cygnus A is an excellent example of the Fanaroff-Riley (FR) type II radio sources, characterized by faint, very narrow jets, distinct lobes, and clear hot spots at the outer edges of the lobes, often where the jets intersect the outer edges. These are in general more powerful radio sources than the FR I objects [...], with the difference being frequently attributed to faster (relativistic?) motion of the jet material in the stronger FR II sources. The radio/optical overlay highlights the extent of the radio source beyond the central galaxy, extending 140 kpc (500,000 light-years) if we see it sideways."<ref name=Keel2003/> {{clear}} ==3C 459== [[Image:The spectral index distribution.png|right|thumb|300px|The spectral index distribution between 408 and 4885 MHz is of 3C 459. Credit: P. Thomasson, D.J. Saikia and T.W.B. Muxlow.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "The spectral index distribution between 408 and 4885 MHz [of 3C 459 was] made by convolving the VLA image to a resolution of 0.62 arcsec."<ref name=Thomasson>{{ cite web |author=P. Thomasson |author2=D.J. Saikia |author3=T.W.B. Muxlow |title=3C459: A highly asymmetric radio galaxy with a starburst |publisher=arxiv.org |location= |date=11 December 2018 |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0305176.pdf |accessdate=19 July 2019 }}</ref> Radio galaxy 3C459 "has a very asymmetric radio structure, a high infrared luminosity and a young stellar population. The eastern component of the double-lobed structure is brighter, much closer to the nucleus and is significantly less polarized than the western one. This is consistent with the jet on the eastern side interacting with dense gas, which could be due to a merged companion or dense cloud of gas."<ref name=Thomasson/> The "radio structure of the source comprises a core and two extended lobes, the eastern one being a factor of ∼5 closer to the core than the western lobe and the whole source extending to approximately 8.2 arcsec. This corresponds to a linear size of 19.5 kpc, which is similar to other compact steep-spectrum objects. At the VLA resolution of ∼0.4 arcsec at λ6 cm, the eastern lobe, though significantly resolved, appears to have a smooth structure with no discernible small-scale features. The western lobe, extending half-way back to the core has a tail with two peaks of emission. The higher-resolution λ2 cm image of U85 shows the source to have an edge-brightened, FRII structure, consistent with its radio luminosity of 2.1 × 10²⁵ W Hz⁻¹ sr⁻¹ at 1400 MHz. It is worth noting that the central component, which contributes ∼30 per cent of the total flux density at 5 GHz, has a steep radio spectrum with a spectral index, α (S∝ ν^α), of −0.78±0.15 between λ6 and 2 cm (U85). 3C459 also exhibits a high degree of polarization asymmetry between the two lobes (Davis, Stannard & Conway 1983; U85; Morganti et al. 1999). It has an integrated rotation measure of −6±1 rad m⁻² with an intrinsic position angle (PA) of 7±3° (Simard-Normandin, Kronberg & Button 1981)."<ref name=Thomasson/> {{clear}} ==NGC 315== [[Image:0055+300.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of NGC 315 showing apparent superluminal motion. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.]] The image at right is of apparent superluminal motion in NGC 315. In both of these images the apparent motion is rectilinear or close to it. NGC 315 is a low-luminosity radio galaxy. {{clear}} ==NGC 1068== [[Image:Ngc1068.gif|thumb|right|200px|Measurements of the polarization of the light near the nucleus of NGC 1068 provided strong evidence that it actually contains a type 1 nucleus. Credit: Bill Keel, Jack Gallimore, VLBI, MERLIN, HST.]] "Measurements of the polarization of the light near the nucleus of NGC 1068, a nearby and prototypical type 2 Seyfert, provided strong evidence that it actually contains a type 1 nucleus which is blocked from our direct view by an obscuring ring or torus of material. The nucleus produces a radio jet at right angles to this hypothesized torus, which must lie almost at right angles to the galaxy's disk plane. Recent VLBI observations may have detected this torus, as shown in this montage. HST images are used to show the galaxy as a whole and the conelike illumination pattern of highly ionized gas which must see the nucleus directly, then the radio jet and finally a tiny structure which has the right size, orientation, and temperature to be the obscuring disk. If this in fact the obscuring material, this is an important piece of evidence for the unified scheme for Seyfert galaxies. This is simply the notion that many type 2 Seyferts would be type 1 objects if we could see them from the proper direction, nearly along the axis of the torus so that our view is not blocked. These special directions are often marked by both radio jets and cones of intense radiation, which we see either as they ionize ambient gas or are reflected from clouds rich in dust that happen to lie within the cones."<ref name=KeelNGC1068>{{ cite book |author=Bill Keel |title=Galaxy, jet, and obscuring disk in NGC 1068 |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona USA |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/ngc1068.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 1316== [[Image:2019 ASKAP36 FornaxA.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This image was made from a single radio beam observation of NGC 1316 (Fornax A). Credit: Brett Hiscock, Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "This image [on the right] was made from a single beam [radio] observation of NGC 1316 (Fornax A). It displays the classic “double lobed” shape that we believe arises from oppositely-directed jets of material being ejected from the accretion disk around a central super-massive black hole. The telescope observed NGC1316 for 10 hours at a centre frequency of 944 MHz with 288 MHz of bandwidth. Situated at the Murchison Radioastronomy Observatory, ASKAP has almost no radio frequency interference in this band and very little flagging was required. The bandpass was calibrated using an observation of PKS B1934-638, but no other calibration method has been used. The data were de-convolved using a combination of Hogbom CLEAN and the maximum entropy method. No Taylor terms were used, but some W-terms were required due to the large primary beam size (nearly 2 degrees in diameter). This image contains all of ASKAP’s longest and shortest baselines, making the synthesised beam size 12”x10”. The noise in the background of the image has an RMS of 25 uJy/beam, which is close to the thermal expectation for robust zero weighting.​"<ref name=Hiscock>{{ cite web |author=Brett Hiscock |title=First single-beam image with the full ASKAP array |publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility |location= |date=22 March 2019 |url=https://www.atnf.csiro.au/content/first-single-beam-image-full-askap-array |accessdate=19 July 2019 }}</ref> "The radio galaxy Fornax A is one of the brightest in the sky and has the advantage of being much closer to our own galaxy the Milky Way. If we could see Fornax A in the sky with our naked eyes then each of its two lobes would be about the same size as a full moon. It is close enough that ASKAP can resolve extended structure, demonstrating the telescope’s ability to detect diffuse emission as well as compact objects. Furthermore, as each of the 36 available ASKAP beams can see a region of sky that is about 4 full-moon-spans across, the source can be easily observed within a single beam. Observations of the source had been requested by our international science teams and the CASS commissioning team decided it would be a good target for our single-beam demonstration."<ref name=Hiscock/> {{clear}} ==NGC 4151== [[Image:Ngc4151sp.gif|thumb|right|250px|This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present. Credit: Bill Keel ''et al.'' 2003.]] "Seyfert galaxies were originally noted for the strength and broadening of their emission lines, and as a class were later characterized by the high ionization states of many of the atomic and ionized species producing these lines. This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present, from the Lyman limit at 912 A to the mid-infrared at about 9 microns. It uses spectra taken with apertures several arcseconds in size, so as to reproduce the usual spectrum mixing broad and narrow-line components. From 912-1800 A, the data come from the Shuttle-borne Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope; from 1800-3200 A, from the mean of three measurements by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) taken at similar brightness levels; from 3200-4000A, from an observation at Kitt Peak National Observatory, with the continuum rescaled to match the adjacent spectra; from 4000-8000 A, a CCD observation obtained at the Lick Observatory 3-m Shane telescope by Alexei Filippenko; from 8000 A to 1 microns, an observation using the same telescope by Donald Osterbrock and collaborators, carefully corrected for atmospheric absorption; from 0.9-2.4 microns, measurements by Rodger Thompson at Steward Observatory's 2,3-m Bok telescope, and on into the infrared, from the Infrared Space Observatory provided by Eckhard Sturm. Because NGC 4151 is irregularly variable, some of the spectral components have been scaled to make the various pieces match for this presentation (so the relative strengths of lines in very different spectral regions may not be accurate)."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp>{{ cite book |author=Bill Keel |title=Composite emission-line spectrum of NGC 4151 |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona USA |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/ngc4151sp.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> "Some of the most prominent emission lines are marked for reference. The permitted lines - those that can be produced at high densities by astronomical standards - show both brad and narrow components. The strongest of these are the hydrogen recombination lines, such as Lyman alpha at 1216 A, H-beta at 4861, and H-alpha at 6563, plus the strong ultraviolet lines of C IV at 1549 and Mg II at 2800. Other features produced only by very rarefied gas at densities of 1000 atoms per cubic centimeter or so - the forbidden lines, denoted by brackets - arise in regions with less velocity structure and are narrower. Some strong examples are [O III] at 4959 and 5007 A, [O II] at 3727, [Ne V] at 3426, and [S III] at 9060 and 9532."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp/> "The spectra of active galactic nuclei are noteworthy in showing species with a large range in ionization at once, from neutral ions such as [O I] and [N I] to highly ionized cases such as [Ne V] and [O VI]. Even hot stars such as light up gaseous nebulae in our galaxy cannot ionize gas as highly as these ions require, so that both a strong source of hard radiation and a wide range in gas density must be present to see such spectra."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp/> "NGC 4151 is a bit unusual in showing strong absorption in several lines, especially Lyman alpha and C IV. The absorption is blueshifted with respect to the line centers, so that it arises in some kind of wind or other gaseous outflow."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp/> {{clear}} ==NGC 5846== [[Image:Ngc5813 X rays.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a Chandra X-ray observatory image of NGC 5813. Credit: NASA.]] [[Image:Chandra image of NGC 5846 with Hα+Nii contours.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chandra X-ray Observatory image is NGC 5846 with superimposed contours of Hα+[N ii] emission. Credit: .]] [[Image:Antennae galaxies (captured by Chandra, Hubble and Spitzer).jpg|right|thumb|250px|A beautiful new image of two colliding galaxies has been released by NASA's Great Observatories. Credit: NASA, ESA, SAO, CXC, JPL-Caltech, and STScI.{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 5846 is the foremost galaxy of the large galaxy group known as the NGC 5846 group which includes NGC 5813, NGC 5831, NGC 5845, and NGC 5854.<ref name=Makarov>{{cite journal |last1=Makarov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Karachentsev |first2=Igor |title=Galaxy groups and clouds in the local (z∼ 0.01) Universe |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=21 April 2011 |volume=412 |issue=4 |pages=2498–2520 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18071.x |url=http://www.sao.ru/hq/dim/groups/galaxies.dat |bibcode=2011MNRAS.412.2498M |arxiv = 1011.6277 }}</ref> The group has two subgroups, one centered around the elliptical NGC 5813 and the other around NGC 5846, lying at a projected separation of 600 kpc.<ref name="Mahdavi05">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdavi |first1=Andisheh |last2=Trentham |first2=Neil |last3=Tully |first3=R. Brent |title=The NGC 5846 Group: Dynamics and the Luminosity Function to MR <nowiki>=</nowiki> -12 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=October 2005 |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=1502–1515 |doi=10.1086/444560 }}</ref> The group is part of the Virgo III Groups, a very obvious chain of galaxy groups on the left side of the Virgo cluster, stretching across 40 million light years of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Virgo III Groups |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/viriii.html |website=www.atlasoftheuniverse.com |accessdate=9 January 2019 }}</ref> In the image on the left of NGC 5846, white crosses mark the detected CO cloud positions.<ref name="Terni2018"/> The galaxy has complex X-ray morphology<ref name=Trinchieri02>{{cite journal |last1=Trinchieri |first1=G. |last2=Goudfrooij |first2=P. |title=The peculiar small-scale X-ray morphology of NGC 5846 observed with Chandra |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=15 May 2002 |volume=386 |issue=2 |pages=472–486 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020311 |bibcode=2002A&A...386..472T |arxiv=astro-ph/0202416 }}</ref> that is considered to be the result of AGN outflows. Two inner bubbles in the hot gas, at a distance of 600 pc from the center and filled with radio emission, are clear indications of recent AGN feedback. A weak radio source, elongated in the NE–SW direction, connects the inner cavities. X-ray-bright rims surround the inner X-ray bubbles.<ref name="Machacek11">{{cite journal |last1=Machacek |first1=Marie E. |last2=Jerius |first2=Diab |last3=Kraft |first3=Ralph |last4=Forman |first4=William R. |last5=Jones |first5=Christine |last6=Randall |first6=Scott |last7=Giacintucci |first7=Simona |last8=Sun |first8=Ming |title=Deep Chandra Observations of Edges and Bubbles in the NGC 5846 Galaxy Group |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=10 December 2011 |volume=743 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/15 |bibcode=2011ApJ...743...15M |arxiv=1108.5229 }}</ref> Many X-ray knots are visible, suggesting cooling sites. The scenario indicated by the Chandra observation is that of an AGN outflow, compressing and cooling the gas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brighenti |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Mathews |first2=William G. |last3=Temi |first3=Pasquale |title=HOT GASEOUS ATMOSPHERES IN GALAXY GROUPS AND CLUSTERS ARE BOTH HEATED AND COOLED BY X-RAY CAVITIES |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 April 2015 |volume=802 |issue=2 |pages=118 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/802/2/118 |bibcode=2015ApJ...802..118B |arxiv=1501.07647 }}</ref> in the central ~2 kpc (20" at the distance of NGC 5846).<ref name="Terni2018">{{cite journal |last1=Temi |first1=Pasquale |last2=Amblard |first2=Alexandre |last3=Gitti |first3=Myriam |last4=Brighenti |first4=Fabrizio |last5=Gaspari |first5=Massimo |last6=Mathews |first6=William G. |last7=David |first7=Laurence |title=ALMA Observations of Molecular Clouds in Three Group-centered Elliptical Galaxies: NGC 5846, NGC 4636, and NGC 5044 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=27 April 2018 |volume=858 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aab9b0 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...17T |arxiv=1711.10630 }}</ref> "A beautiful new image of two colliding galaxies [second down on the right] has been released by NASA's Great Observatories. The Antennae galaxies, located about 62 million light-years from Earth, are shown in this composite image from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (blue), the Hubble Space Telescope (gold and brown), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (red). The Antennae galaxies take their name from the long antenna-like "arms," seen in wide-angle views of the system. These features were produced by tidal forces generated in the collision."<ref name=DePasquale>{{ cite book |author=J. DePasquale |author2=B. Whitmore |title=A Galactic Spectacle |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=August 5, 2010 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/2755/news_release/2010-25 |accessdate=17 April 2019 }}</ref> "The collision, which began more than 100 million years ago and is still occurring, has triggered the formation of millions of stars in clouds of dust and gas in the galaxies. The most massive of these young stars have already sped through their evolution in a few million years and exploded as supernovas."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The X-ray image from Chandra shows huge clouds of hot, interstellar gas that have been injected with rich deposits of elements from supernova explosions. This enriched gas, which includes elements such as oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon, will be incorporated into new generations of stars and planets. The bright, point-like sources in the image are produced by material falling onto black holes and neutron stars that are remnants of the massive stars. Some of these black holes may have masses that are almost one hundred times that of the Sun."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Spitzer data show infrared light from warm dust clouds that have been heated by newborn stars, with the brightest clouds lying in the overlapping region between the two galaxies."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Hubble data reveal old stars and star-forming regions in gold and white, while filaments of dust appear in brown. Many of the fainter objects in the optical image are clusters containing thousands of stars."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Chandra image was taken in December 1999. The Spitzer image was taken in December 2003. The Hubble image was taken in July 2004 and February 2005."<ref name=DePasquale/> {{clear}} ==OJ 287== "[S]uperluminal motion for each of [two] knots, [in the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 is suggested] at an angular speed of 0.28 mas yr^-1, corresponding to ''β''_app = v_app/c ≃ 3.3''h''^-1 (for z = 0.306, H₀ = 100''h'' km s^-1 Mpc^-1, and q₀ = 0.5)."<ref name=Roberts>{{ cite journal |author=David H. Roberts |author2=Denise C. Gabuzda |author3=John F. C. Wardle |title=Linear polarization structure of the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 at milliarcsecond resolution |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=December 15, |year=1987 |volume=323 |issue=12 |pages=536-42 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1987ApJ...323..536R |doi=10.1086/165849 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-21 }}</ref> "Superluminal motion for each knot, with an apparent velocity ~3.3h^-1c, is suggested by the polarization data. The polarizations of C [the core] and K2 [knot two] changed markedly over the year between observations."<ref name=Roberts/> Subsequent '''VLBI''' "observations of the total intensity structure of the BL Lacertae object [[w:OJ 287|OJ 287]] have been made with an angular resolution of 7 x 1 mas at λ6 cm. The source consists of a core and three knots in a VLBI jet at position angle ''θ'' ≃ -100°. Previously suspected superluminal motion in the outer two knots at ''β''_app''h'' ≃ 3 ... has been confirmed."<ref name=Gabuzda>{{ cite journal |author=D. C. Gabuzda |author2=J. F. C. Wardle |author3=D. H. Roberts |title=Superluminal motion in the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January 15, |year=1989 |volume=336 |issue=1 |pages=L59-62 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1989ApJ...336L..59G |doi=10.1086/185361 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-21 }}</ref> For the speeds in units of ''c'', ''β'' = ''v''/''c'', "[i]n the usual interpretation of superluminal motion, the apparent velocity is given by :<math>\beta_{app} = { \beta_{jet} \sin \phi \over 1 - \beta_{jet} \cos \phi },</math> where ''β''_jet''c'' is the jet velocity, and the jet makes an angle ''Φ'' to the line of sight."<ref name=Gabuzda/> In April 2010, radio astronomers working at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester reported an unknown object in M82. The object has started sending out radio waves, and the emission does not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before.<ref name="NewScientist">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18775-mysterious-radio-waves-emitted-from-nearby-galaxy.html</ref> There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data.<ref name="NewScientist"/> It has been suggested that the object could be a "micro quasar", having very high radio luminosity yet low X-ray luminosity, and being fairly stable.<ref name="SS433Analogue">Tana Joseph, Thomas Maccarone, Robert Fender: ''[http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4988 The unusual radio transient in M82: an SS 433 analogue?]'', 2011-07-25</ref> However, all known [[microquasar]]s produce large quantities of X-rays, whereas the object's X-ray flux is below the measurement threshold.<ref name="NewScientist"/> The object is located at several arcseconds from the center of M82. It has an apparent superluminal motion of 4 times the speed of light relative to the galaxy center.<ref>http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/news/2010/M82mystery/</ref> ==S4 0003+38== [[Image:Quasar_0003+380.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.]] At right is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38.<ref name=Lister/> This object was image on March 9 and December 1, 2006, March 28 and August 24, 2007, May 1 and July 17, 2008, March 25, 2009, and July 12, 2010. From its movement as it was leaving its source in µas y^-1, S4 0003+38 before it left its source was moving at 2.62±0.84c, left its source at a back projected date of 2003.01±0.24, continued accelerating to 4.63±0.32c, then began to decelerate successively at each observation epoch from 0.67±0.20, 0.36±0.32, to 0.16±0.26.<ref name=Lister/> {{clear}} ==Gorgergrat== [[Image:Gornergrat -Switzerland -observatories-29Dec2009b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Kölner Observatorium für SubMillimeter Astronomie (KOSMA) is a 3-m radio telescope located at 3,135 m on Gornergrat near Zermatt (Switzerland) in the southern tower (nearest to the camera). Credit: [http://flickr.com/photos/52614599@N00 Doc Searls].]] The '''recent history''' period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present. The Kulmhotel Gornergrat, atop Gorgergrat, which is both mountain and ski slope, is also home to two observatories. The Kölner Observatorium für SubMillimeter Astronomie (KOSMA) [at right] is a 3-m radio telescope located at 3,135 m on Gornergrat near Zermatt (Switzerland) in the southern tower (nearest to the camera). "Because of the good climatic conditions at the altitude of 3135 m (10285 ft), astronomical observatories have been located in both towers of the “Kulmhotel” at Gornergrat since 1967. In 1985, the KOSMA telescope was installed in the southern tower by the Universität zu Köln and, in the course of 1995, replaced by a new dish and mount."<ref name=FachgruppePhysik>{{ cite book |author=Fachgruppe Physik |title=KOSMA |publisher=Universität zu Köln |location=Köln, Deutschland |date=June 2, 2010 |url=http://www.astro.uni-koeln.de/kosma/ |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "The KOSMA telescope with its receivers and spectrometers was dedicated to observe interstellar and atmospheric molecular lines in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength range. After 25 years of a successful era came to an end (June 2nd, 2010). The 3m KOSMA Radio Telescope left the Gornergrat and joined his long journey to Yangbajing / Lhasa / Tibet."<ref name=FachgruppePhysik/> "Chinese and German scientists are establishing an astronomical observatory in a Tibetan county 4,300 meters above sea level."<ref name=Junjie>{{ cite book |author=Wang Junjie |title=China, Germany Build Astronomical Observatory in Tibet |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences |location=People's Republic of China |date=October 2010 |url=http://english.cas.cn/highlight/200910/t20091014_45147.shtml |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "Tibet is an ideal location because the water deficit in its air ensures superb atmospheric transparency and creates a comparatively stable environment for research in the areas of astrophysics, high-energy and atmospheric physics."<ref name=Jun>{{ cite book |author=Yan Jun |title=China, Germany Build Astronomical Observatory in Tibet |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences |location=People's Republic of China |date=October 2010 |url=http://english.cas.cn/highlight/200910/t20091014_45147.shtml |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "The observatory would house a KOSMA 3-meter sub-millimeter-wave telescope, the first of its kind to be used in general astronomical observation in China."<ref name=Jun/> {{clear}} ==Radio observatories== [[Image:Arecibo Observatory Aerial View2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Arecibo Radio Telescope, Arecibo, Puerto Rico, at 1000 feet (305 m) across, is the largest dish antenna in the world. Credit: H. Schweiker/WIYN and NOAO/AURA/NSF, NOAA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The "Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico [is] the world's largest, and most sensitive, single-dish radio telescope."<ref name=Brand>{{ cite web | author=David Brand | title=Astrophysicist Robert Brown, leader in telescope development, named to head NAIC and its main facility, Arecibo Observatory | publisher=Cornell University | date=21 January 2003 | url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Jan03/NAIC.director.deb.html | accessdate=2008-09-02 }}</ref> "The 1,000-foot-diameter (305 meters) Arecibo telescope [... provides] access to state-of-the-art observing for scientists in [[radio astronomy]], solar system radar and [[Atmospheric astronomy|atmospheric studies]], and the observatory has the unique capability for solar system and ionosphere (the atmosphere's ionized upper layers) radar remote sensing."<ref name=Brand/> "It contains the largest curved focusing dish on Earth, giving Arecibo the largest electromagnetic-wave-gathering capacity.<ref name=Castel>{{ cite web | title=Arecibo: Celestial Eavesdropper | author=Frederic Castel | publisher=Space.com | date=8 May 2000 | accessdate=2008-09-02 |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20000619110005/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/arecibo_profile_000508.html }}</ref> The dish surface is made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each measuring about 3 by 6 feet (1 by 2 m), supported by a mesh of steel cables. The telescope has three radar transmitters, with [[w:EIRP|effective isotropic radiated powers]] of 20 TW at 2380&nbsp;MHz, 2.5 TW (pulse peak) at 430&nbsp;MHz, and 300 MW at 47&nbsp;MHz. The telescope is a spherical reflector, not a parabolic reflector. To aim the telescope, the receiver is moved to intercept signals reflected from different directions by the spherical dish surface. A parabolic mirror would induce a varying astigmatism when the receiver is in different positions off the focal point, but the error of a spherical mirror is the same in every direction. The receiver is located on a 900-ton platform which is suspended 150&nbsp;m (500&nbsp;ft) in the air above the dish by 18 cables running from three reinforced concrete towers, one of which is 110&nbsp;m (365&nbsp;ft) high and the other two of which are 80&nbsp;m (265&nbsp;ft) high (the tops of the three towers are at the same elevation). The platform has a 93-meter-long rotating bow-shaped track called the azimuth arm on which receiving antennas, secondary and tertiary reflectors are mounted. This allows the telescope to observe any region of the sky within a forty-degree cone of visibility about the local zenith (between −1 and 38 degrees of declination). Puerto Rico's location near the equator allows Arecibo to view all of the planets in the Solar System, though the round trip light time to objects beyond Saturn is longer than the time the telescope can track it, preventing radar observations of more distant objects. {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Synchrotron radiation is prevalent from many astronomical sources. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Colors|Color astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Electromagnetics|Electromagnetic astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Gamma rays|Gamma-ray astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Muons|Muon astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Neutrinos|Neutrino astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Superluminals|Superluminal astronomy]] * [[Synchrotron radiation/Problem set]] * [[Synchrotron radiation/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/X-rays|X-ray astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{ cite book |author=Uwe Arp |title=Synchrotron Radiation |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST) |location=Gaithersburg, Maryland USA |date=June 2003 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF/sr.html |accessdate=2014-04-02 }} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] <!-- footer templates --> {{Physics resources}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Repellor vehicle}}{{tlx|Sciences resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Synchrotron radiation}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astronomy/Lectures]] [[Category:Astronomy learning projects/Lectures]] [[Category:Astrophysics/Lectures]] [[Category:Atmospheric science]] [[Category:Lightning/Lectures]] [[Category:Particle physics/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation/Lectures]] phg99jrocnyl2nlvn5x1vfw3nzepmi0 4 162205 2412680 2410827 2022-08-08T19:50:00Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2022-32 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> cng651h2emkyfbsdnjnloqwm1psi9wm 0 171005 2412610 2412349 2022-08-08T13:43:44Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.6.Application.6A.20220808.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] lykiwzliw71iw97yxticbtred5fdu4y 0 201560 2412769 2398278 2022-08-09T07:32:12Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:The Horsehead Nebula by NOAO 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This color picture was made by combining several exposures taken on the night of December 28th 1994 at the 0.9 m telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Credit: N.A.Sharp/NOAO/AURA/NSF.{{tlx|free media}}]] "This color picture was made by combining several exposures taken on the night of December 28th 1994 (UT of observation 29/12/94 around 04:00) with a 2048x2048 CCD detector at the 0.9m telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Observing conditions were not ideal throughout, and so only a select few of the original observations were used. The final tally used five frames in the B (blue) filter for a total of 22 minutes, three frames with the V (green) filter, 15 minutes, and two with the R (red), total 10 minutes. Each frame was carefully cleaned, a particularly difficult task for the blue filter due to internal reflection problems in the telescope, and then aligned and combined by computer to create this (approximately) true color picture."<ref name=Sharp>{{ cite book |author=N. A. Sharp |title=The Horsehead Nebula |publisher=National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) |location=Kitt Peak, Arizona USA |date=28 December 1994 |url=https://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0057.html |accessdate=2015-09-25 }}</ref> "The Horsehead Nebula, a part of the optical nebula IC434 and also known as Barnard 33, was first recorded in 1888 on a photographic plate taken at the Harvard College Observatory. Its coincidental appearance as the profile of a horse's head and neck has led to its becoming one of the most familiar astronomical objects. It is, in fact, an extremely dense cloud projecting in front of the ionized gas that provides the pink glow so nicely revealed in this picture. We know this not only because the underside of the 'neck' is especially dark, but because it actually casts a shadow on the field to its east (below the 'muzzle')."<ref name=Sharp/> {{clear}} ==Theoretical nebular astronomy== '''Def.''' a "cloud in outer space<ref name=NebulaWikt2005>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SnoopY|SnoopY]] |title=nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 December 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> consisting of gas or dust"<ref name=NebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=11 August 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> is called a '''nebula'''. ==Strong forces== {{main|Charges/Interactions/Strong}} [[Image:Bipolar planetary nebula PN Hb 12.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows an example of a bipolar planetary nebula known as PN Hb 12 in Cassiopeia. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Zijlstra (The University of Manchester).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Hubble astronomers have found an unexpected surprise while surveying more than 100 planetary nebulae in the central bulge of our Milky Way galaxy. Those nebulae that are butterfly-shaped or hourglass-shaped tend to be mysteriously aligned such that their rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane of our galaxy."<ref name=Zijlstra>{{ cite web |author=A. Zijlstra |title=Some Planetary Nebulae Have Bizarre Alignment to Our Galaxy |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=September 4, 2013 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/2013/37/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "Astronomers have used the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and ESO's New Technology Telescope to explore more than 100 planetary nebulae in the central bulge of our galaxy. They have found that butterfly-shaped members of this cosmic family tend to be mysteriously aligned — a surprising result given their different histories and varied properties."<ref name=Rees>{{ cite book |author=Bryan Rees |author2=Albert A. Zijlstra |author3=Nicky Guttridge |title=Bizarre alignment of planetary nebulae |publisher=ESA Space Telescope |location= |date=September 4, 2013 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1316/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "Planetary nebulae are the expanding gaseous shrouds encircling dying stars. A subset of this population has bipolar outflows that align to the star's rotation axis. Such nebulae formed in different places and have different characteristics and so it is a puzzle why they should always point on the same sky direction, like bowling pins set up in an alley."<ref name=Zijlstra/> "All these nebulae formed in different places and have different characteristics. Neither the individual nebulae, nor the stars that formed them, interact with other planetary nebulae. However, a new study by astronomers from the University of Manchester, UK, now shows surprising similarities between some of these nebulae: many of them line up in the sky in the same way. The "long axis" of a bipolar planetary nebula slices though the wings of the butterfly, whilst the "short axis" slices through the body."<ref name=Rees/> "The astronomers looked at 130 planetary nebulae in the Milky Way's central bulge. They identified three different types, and peered closely at their characteristics and appearance. The shapes of the planetary nebula images were classified into three types, following conventions: elliptical, either with or without an aligned internal structure, and bipolar."<ref name=Rees/> "This really is a surprising find and, if it holds true, a very important one, [...] Many of these ghostly butterflies appear to have their long axes aligned along the plane of our galaxy. By using images from both Hubble and the NTT we could get a really good view of these objects, so we could study them in great detail."<ref name=Rees/> "While two of these populations were completely randomly aligned in the sky, as expected, we found that the third — the bipolar nebulae — showed a surprising preference for a particular alignment, [...] While any alignment at all is a surprise, to have it in the crowded central region of the galaxy is even more unexpected."<ref name=Zijlstra/> "Planetary nebulae are thought to be sculpted by the rotation of the star system from which they form. This is dependent on the properties of this system — for example, whether it is a binary [A binary system consists of two stars rotating around their common centre of gravity.], or has a number of planets orbiting it, both of which may greatly influence the form of the blown bubble. The shapes of bipolar nebulae are some of the most extreme, and are thought to be caused by jets blowing mass outwards from the star system perpendicular to its orbit."<ref name=Zijlstra/> "The alignment we're seeing for these bipolar nebulae indicates something bizarre about star systems within the central bulge, [...] For them to line up in the way we see, the star systems that formed these nebulae would have to be rotating perpendicular to the interstellar clouds from which they formed, which is very strange."<ref name=Rees/> "While the properties of their progenitor stars do shape these nebulae, this new finding hints at another more mysterious factor. Along with these complex stellar characteristics are those of our Milky Way; the whole central bulge rotates around the galactic centre. This bulge may have a greater influence than previously thought over our entire galaxy — via its magnetic fields. The astronomers suggest that the orderly behaviour of the planetary nebulae could have been caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields as the bulge formed."<ref name=Rees/> "Researchers suggest that there is something bizarre about star systems within the central hub of our galaxy. They would all have to be rotating perpendicular to the interstellar clouds from which they formed. At present, the best guess is that the alignment is caused by strong magnetic fields that were present when the galactic bulge formed billions of years ago."<ref name=Zijlstra/> "As such nebulae closer to home do not line up in the same orderly way, these fields would have to have been many times stronger than they are in our present-day neighbourhood. Very little is known about the origin and characteristics of the magnetic fields that were present in our galaxy when it was young, so it is unclear how they have changed over time."<ref name=Rees/> "We can learn a lot from studying these objects, [...] If they really behave in this unexpected way, it has consequences for not just the past of individual stars, but for the past of our whole galaxy."<ref name=Zijlstra/> {{clear}} ==Emissions== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Emissions}} [[Image:Region of NGC 3603 (Digitized Sky Survey 2).jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a wide-field image in the region of NGC 3603 taken on the ground by the Digitized Sky Survey 2. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Digitized Sky Survey 2.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:EmissionNebula NGC6357.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The large emission nebula NGC 6357 extends one degree on the sky in the direction of the Scorpius constellation. Credit: NASA, ESA and Jesœs Ma­z Apellÿniz (Instituto de astrof­sica de Andaluc­a, Spain), and Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble).{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Snake Nebula SMA.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Images from the Smithsonian's Submillimeter Array (SMA) telescope provide the most detailed view yet of stellar nurseries within the Snake nebula. Credit: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT; Spitzer/GLIMPSE/MIPS, Herschel/HiGal, Ke Wang (ESO).{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Pistol Nebula Hubble.png|thumb|left|250px|This image of the Pistol Nebula was taken with an infrared spectrometer of the Hubble Telescope. Credit: Terry Herter, Ryan M. Lau, Mark Morris, and Joe Adams, NASA, Hubble, Cornell University.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' a "nebula composed of ionized gases which produce visible light"<ref name=EmissionNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Silent Sam|Silent Sam]] |title=emission nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 April 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emission_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> is called an '''emission nebula'''. "A wide-field image in the region of NGC 3603 [is] taken on the ground by the Digitized Sky Survey 2. The glowing clouds of hydrogen gas (seen here in orange) compose a vast emission nebula. The field of view is approximately 2.6 x 2.8 degrees."<ref name=Martin>{{ cite web |author=Davide De Martin |title=Extreme star cluster bursts into life (ground-based image) |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=October 2, 2007 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0715c/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "The star cluster Pismis 24 lies in the core of the large emission nebula NGC 6357 [in the image on the right] that extends one degree on the sky in the direction of the Scorpius constellation. Part of the nebula is ionised by the youngest (bluest) heavy stars in Pismis 24. The intense ultraviolet radiation from the blazing stars heats the gas surrounding the cluster and creates a bubble in NGC 6357. The presence of these surrounding gas clouds makes probing into the region even harder."<ref name=Apellaniz>{{ cite web |author=Jesús Maíz Apellániz |title=Star on a Hubble diet |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=11 December 2006 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0619a/ |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> "Stretching across almost 100 light-years of space, the Snake nebula is located about 11,700 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus."<ref name=Cuillandre>{{ cite web |author=Jean-Charles Cuillandre |title=Image of the Day: The Snake Nebula --From Cosmic Seeds to Massive Stars |publisher=Daily Galaxy |location= |date=February 26, 2014 |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2014/02/image-of-the-day-the-snake-nebula-from-cosmic-seeds-to-massive-stars.html |accessdate=2014-03-13 }}</ref> "In images from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, which observes infrared light, it appears as a sinuous, dark tendril against the starry background. It was targeted because it shows the potential to form many massive stars (stars with more than 8 times the mass of our Sun). SMA was used to observe sub-millimetre radiation from the nebula, radiation emitted between the infrared and radio parts of the electromagnetic spectrum."<ref name=Cuillandre/> "The two panels [at right] show the Snake nebula as photographed by the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes. At mid-infrared wavelengths (the upper panel taken by Spitzer), the thick nebular material blocks light from more distant stars. At far-infrared wavelengths, however (the lower panel taken by Herschel), the nebula glows due to emission from cold dust. The two boxed regions, P1 and P6, were examined in more detail by the Submillimeter Array."<ref name=Cuillandre/> "To learn how stars form, we have to catch them in their earliest phases, while they're still deeply embedded in clouds of gas and dust, and the SMA is an excellent telescope to do so."<ref name=Wang>{{ cite web |author=Ke Wang |title=Image of the Day: The Snake Nebula --From Cosmic Seeds to Massive Stars |publisher=Daily Galaxy |location= |date=February 26, 2014 |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2014/02/image-of-the-day-the-snake-nebula-from-cosmic-seeds-to-massive-stars.html |accessdate=2014-03-13 }}</ref> "The team studied two specific spots within the Snake nebula, designated P1 and P6. Within those two regions they detected a total of 23 cosmic "seeds" -- faintly glowing spots that will eventually give birth to between one and a few stars. The seeds generally weigh between 5 and 25 times the mass of the Sun, and each spans a few hundred billion kilometres (for comparison the average Earth-Sun distance is 150 million km). The sensitive, high-resolution SMA images not only unveil the small seeds, but also differentiate them in age."<ref name=Cuillandre/> "Previous theories proposed that high-mass stars form within very massive, isolated "cores" weighing at least 100 times the mass of the Sun. These new results show that that is not the case. The data also demonstrate that massive stars aren't born alone but in groups."<ref name=Cuillandre/> The image second down on the left is a Hubble Telescope image using an infrared spectrometer. The Pistol "nebula of the insanely bright Pistol star is warped".<ref name=Lau>{{ cite web |author=Ryan M. Lau |title=Pushy Neighbors Force Stellar Twins to Diverge |publisher=Astro Watch |location= |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://www.astrowatch.net/2014/04/pushy-neighbors-force-stellar-twins-to.html |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> "Dust in the Pistol star’s nebula is brilliant, compressed, externally heated and ionized, thanks to its proximity to neighbors in the Quintuplet Cluster."<ref name=Cornell>{{ cite web |author=cornell.edu |title=Pushy Neighbors Force Stellar Twins to Diverge |publisher=Astro Watch |location= |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://www.astrowatch.net/2014/04/pushy-neighbors-force-stellar-twins-to.html |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> “The initial attention draw to the Pistol star was its high luminosity, [but] the nebulae around it and its sister star [LBV3] have turned out to be quite interesting. While the Pistol star is a member of the Quintuplet Cluster – although on the outskirts of the cluster – it is about six light-years away from the cluster’s center. That’s about 1.5 times the distance from our solar system to the nearest star.”<ref name=Herter>{{ cite web |author=Terry Herter |title=Pushy Neighbors Force Stellar Twins to Diverge |publisher=Astro Watch |location= |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://www.astrowatch.net/2014/04/pushy-neighbors-force-stellar-twins-to.html |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> “It’s impressive that even at this distance, the rest of the Quintuplet Cluster exerts a large influence on the Pistol nebula.”<ref name=Herter/> {{clear}} ==Absorptions== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Absorptions|Absorption astronomy}} [[Image:A Hole in the Sky.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The dark lanes are actually made up of thick, opaque dust lying between us and the packed star field behind it. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Rather than showing spectacular objects, some of the most surprising images of the Universe instead focus on emptiness. This new image [on the right] from the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope shows dark tentacles swirling outwards from a dark, blank spot of space in the centre of the frame, particularly conspicuous against the dense peppering of bright gold and red stars across the rest of the image."<ref name=Potw>{{ cite book |author=potw |title=A Hole in the Sky |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=La Silla, Chile |date=4 May 2015 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1518a/ |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> "This region [in the constellation Ophiuchus] is not a hole in the cosmos, or an empty patch of sky. The dark lanes are actually made up of thick, opaque dust lying between us and the packed star field behind it. This obscuring dust forms part of a dark molecular cloud, cold and dense areas where large quantities of dust and molecular gas mingle and block the visible light emitted by more distant stars."<ref name=Potw/> "It is still unclear how these clouds form, but they are thought to be the very early stages of new star formation — in the future, the subject of this image may well collapse inwards on itself to form a new star system."<ref name=Potw/> "Although the cloud in this image is a fairly anonymous resident of the nearby Universe — catalogued as LDN1774 — one of the most famous examples of a molecular cloud is the very similar Barnard 68, which lies some 500 light-years away from us. Barnard 68 has been observed extensively using ESO telescopes, both in visible (eso9924a) and infrared light (eso9934, eso0102a). As shown in these different images, it is possible to probe through dark cosmic dust using infrared light, but visible-light observations such as those shown in this VLT image cannot see beyond the smokescreen."<ref name=Potw/> "This image was taken by the Wide Field Imager, an instrument mounted on ESO’s 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope at La Silla, Chile."<ref name=Potw/> {{clear}} ==Electromagnetics== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Electromagnetics}} "The 'streamers' visible in the brighter region appear to be due to a magnetic field which leaves the Horsehead cloud approximately radially, having been entrained by outflowing matter. Small red spots in the base of the Horsehead betray the presence of hidden protostars, and red streaks near the yellowish nebula surrounding V615 Orionis (bottom left) are Herbig-Haro objects, which are jets of material ejected from protostars. The Horsehead is a fascinating, active, and complex neighborhood."<ref name=Sharp/> ==Meteors== {{main|Radiation/Meteors}} [[Image:Glowing Eye of NGC 6751 - GPN-2000-000891.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image is a real color image of the planetary nebula NGC 6751 in Aquila. Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:APEX view of star formation and cosmic clouds in the Orion Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This dramatic new image of cosmic clouds in the constellation of Orion reveals what seems to be a fiery ribbon in the sky. Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have obtained images of the strikingly unusual planetary nebula, NGC 6751. Glowing in the constellation Aquila like a giant eye, the nebula is a cloud of gas ejected several thousand years ago from the hot star visible in its center. The Hubble observations were obtained in 1998 with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) by a team of astronomers led by Arsen Hajian of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, DC. The Hubble Heritage team, working at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, has prepared this color rendition by combining the Hajian team's WFPC2 images taken through three different color filters that isolate nebular gases of different temperatures. The nebula shows several remarkable and poorly understood features. Blue regions mark the hottest glowing gas, which forms a roughly circular ring around the central stellar remnant. Orange and red show the locations of cooler gas. The cool gas tends to lie in long streamers pointing away from the central star, and in a surrounding, tattered-looking ring at the outer edge of the nebula. The origin of these cooler clouds within the nebula is still uncertain, but the streamers are clear evidence that their shapes are affected by radiation and stellar winds from the hot star at the center."<ref name=NASAHubbleSpaceTelescope>{{ cite web |author=NASA Hubble Space Telescope |title=The Glowing Eye of NGC 6751 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=April 6, 2000 |url=http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-000891.html |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "This dramatic new image of cosmic clouds in the constellation of Orion reveals what seems to be a fiery ribbon in the sky. The orange glow represents faint light coming from grains of cold interstellar dust, at wavelengths too long for human eyes to see. It was observed by the ESO-operated Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) in Chile."<ref name=eso1321a>{{ cite web |author=eso1321a |title=An APEX view of star formation in the Orion Nebula |publisher=ESO |location= |date=May 15, 2013 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1321a/ |accessdate=2014-03-14 }}</ref> "In this image, the submillimetre-wavelength glow of the dust clouds is overlaid on a view of the region in the more familiar visible light, from the Digitized Sky Survey 2. The large bright cloud in the upper right of the image is the well-known Orion Nebula, also called Messier 42."<ref name=eso1321a/> {{clear}} ==Protons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Protons|Proton astronomy}} "Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright luminescence at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the nitrogen-vacancy defect centers created by proton-beam irradiation and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and planetary nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm".<ref name=Chang>{{ cite journal |author=Huan-Cheng Chang |author2=Kowa Chen |author3=Sun Kwok |title=Nanodiamond as a Possible Carrier of Extended Red Emission |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=March 10, |year=2006 |volume=639 |issue=2 |pages=L63-6 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/639/2/L63/fulltext/ |arxiv= |bibcode=2006ApJ...639L..63C |doi=10.1086/502677 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-01 }}</ref> ==Electrons== [[Image:SuperNova-PuppisA-XRay-20140910.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The destructive results of a powerful supernova explosion reveal themselves in a delicate tapestry of X-ray light. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/IAFE/G.Dubner et al & ESA/XMM-Newton.{{tlx|free media}}.]] The image shows the remains of a supernova that would have been witnessed on Earth about 3,700 years ago. The remnant is called Puppis A, and is around 7,000 light years away and about 10 light years across. This image provides the most complete and detailed X-ray view of Puppis A ever obtained, made by combining a mosaic of different Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. Low-energy X-rays are shown in red, medium-energy X-rays are in green and high energy X-rays are colored blue. {{clear}} ==Opticals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Opticals|Optical astronomy}} [[Image:Westbrook Nebula.tif|thumb|right|250px|The strange and irregular bundle of jets and clouds in this curious image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is the result of a burst of activity late in the life of a star. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The strange and irregular bundle of jets and clouds in this curious image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is the result of a burst of activity late in the life of a star. As its core runs out of nuclear fuel, the star’s unstable outer layers are puffing out a toxic concoction of gases including carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide."<ref name=Heic0004/> "The Westbrook Nebula — also known as PK166-06, CRL 618 and AFGL 618 — is a protoplanetary nebula, an opaque, dark and relatively short-lived cloud of gas that is ejected by a star as it runs out of nuclear fuel. As the star hidden deep in the centre of the nebula evolves further it will turn into a hot white dwarf and the gas around it will become a glowing planetary nebula, before eventually dispersing. Because this is a relatively brief stage in the evolution process of stars, only a few hundred protoplanetary nebulae are known in the Milky Way."<ref name=Heic0004/> "Protoplanetary nebulae are cool, and so emit little visible light. This makes them very faint, posing challenges to scientists who wish to study them. What this picture shows, therefore, is a composite image representing the different tricks that the astronomers used to unravel what is going on within this strange nebula. The picture includes exposures in visible light which shows light reflected from the cloud of gas, combined with other exposures in the near-infrared part of the spectrum, showing us the dim glow, invisible to human eyes, that is coming from different elements deep in the cloud itself."<ref name=Heic0004/> "One of the nebula’s names, AFGL 618, comes from its discovery by a precursor to the Hubble Space Telescope: the letters stand for Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. This US research organisation launched a series of suborbital rockets with infrared telescopes on board in the 1970s, cataloguing hundreds of objects that were impossible or difficult to observe from the ground. In some respects, these were a proof of concept for later orbital infrared astronomical facilities including Hubble and ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory."<ref name=Heic0004/> "This image was prepared from many separate exposures taken using Hubble’s newest camera, the Wide Field Camera 3. Exposures through a green filter (F547M) were coloured blue, those through a yellow/orange filter (F606W) were coloured green and exposures through a filter that isolates the glow from ionised nitrogen (F658N) have been coloured red. Images through filters that capture the glows from singly and doubly ionised sulphur (F673N and F953N) are also shown in red. The total exposure times were about nine minutes through each filter and the field of view is approximately 20 arcseconds across."<ref name=Heic0004>{{ cite web |author=ESA/Hubble |author2=NASA |title=A dying star’s toxic legacy |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, MD USA |date=March 7, 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1110a/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Ultraviolets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy}} [[Image:The Helix Nebula.png|thumb|right|250px|ESO’s La Silla Observatory has snapped this new image of the famous Helix planetary nebula. Credit: Max-Planck Society/ESO telescope at the La Silla observatory in Chile.{{tlx|free media}}]] "ESO’s La Silla Observatory has snapped a new image [at right] of the famous Helix planetary nebula, revealing a rich — and rarely photographed — background of distant galaxies."<ref name=Minard>{{ cite web |author=Anne Minard |title=Penetrating New View Into The Helix Nebula |publisher=Universe Today |location= |date=February 25, 2009 |url=http://www.universetoday.com/26210/penetrating-new-view-into-the-helix-nebula/ |accessdate=2014-02-25 }}</ref> "The Helix Nebula, NGC 7293, about 700 light-years away in the constellation of Aquarius, is a Sun-like star in its final explosion before retirement as a white dwarf."<ref name=Minard/> "The blue-green glow in the centre of the Helix comes from oxygen atoms shining under effects of the intense ultraviolet radiation of the 120 000 degree Celsius central star and the hot gas. Further out from the star and beyond the ring of knots, the red colour from hydrogen and nitrogen is more prominent."<ref name=Minard/> "Shells of gas are blown off from the surface of such stars, often in intricate and beautiful patterns, and shine under the harsh ultraviolet radiation from the faint, hot central star. The main ring of the Helix Nebula is about two light-years across, or half the distance between the Sun and its nearest stellar neighbour."<ref name=Minard/> "Despite being photographically spectacular, the Helix is hard to see visually as its light is thinly spread over a large area of sky."<ref name=Minard/> {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} [[Image:Reflection.nebula.arp.750pix1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This reflection nebula is associated with the bright star Rigel in the constellation Orion. Credit: Gary Stevens.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "This suggestively shaped reflection nebula [on the right] is associated with the bright star Rigel in the constellation Orion. More formally known as IC 2118, the Witch Head Nebula glows primarily by light reflected from Rigel, located just outside the top right corner of the above image. Fine dust in the nebula reflects the light. The blue color is caused not only by Rigel's blue color but because the dust grains reflect blue light more efficiently than red."<ref name=Nemiroff>{{ cite web |author=Robert Nemiroff |author2=Jerry Bonnell |title=The Witch Head Nebula |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=27 February 2001 |url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap010227.html |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Cyans== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Cyans|Cyan astronomy}} [[Image:Article-2025275-0D6687D100000578-167 634x704.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Necklace Nebula glows brightly in this Nasa Hubble Space Telescope image. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "A giant cosmic necklace glows brightly in this Nasa Hubble Space Telescope image."<ref name=Reporter>{{ cite web |author=DAILY MAIL REPORTER |title=Giant Necklace Nebula brightly glows with dense knots of blue, green and red gases |publisher=Daily Mail |location=United Kingdom |date=August 12, 2011 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2025275/Necklace-Nebula-brightly-glows-dense-knots-blue-green-red-gases.html |accessdate=2014-02-24 }}</ref> "The object, aptly named the Necklace Nebula, is a recently discovered planetary nebula, the glowing remains of an ordinary, sun-like star."<ref name=Reporter/> "The nebula consists of a bright ring, measuring 12trillion miles wide, dotted with dense, bright knots of gas that resemble diamonds in a necklace."<ref name=Reporter/> "Newly discovered: The Necklace Nebula glows brightly in this composite image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope last month. The glow of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are shown by the colours blue, green and red respectively".<ref name=Reporter/> "It is located 15,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagitta."<ref name=Reporter/> "A pair of stars orbiting close together produced the nebula, also called PN G054.2-03.4."<ref name=Reporter/> "About 10,000 years ago, one of the ageing stars ballooned to the point where it engulfed its companion star. The smaller star continued orbiting inside its larger companion, increasing the giant’s rotation rate. The bloated companion star spun so fast that a large part of its gaseous envelope expanded into space. Due to centrifugal force, most of the gas escaped along the star’s equator, producing a ring. The embedded bright knots are dense gas clumps in the ring. The pair is so close, only a few million miles apart, that they appear as one bright dot in the centre. The stars are furiously whirling around each other, completing an orbit in a little more than a day."<ref name=Reporter/> {{clear}} ==Greens== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Greens|Green astronomy}} [[Image:ESO's VLT images the planetary nebula IC 1295.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is the most detailed picture of IC 1295 object ever taken. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Boomerang nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Boomerang Nebula is a young planetary nebula and the coldest object found in the Universe so far. Credit: ESA/NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Boomerang HST big.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of Boomerang nebula taken by Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: NASA, ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ghostly 'Boomerang'.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope image of the Boomerang Nebula. Credit: NRAO/AUI/NSF/NASA/STScI/JPL-Caltech. {{tlx|free media}}]] "This intriguing picture from ESO’s Very Large Telescope shows the glowing green planetary nebula IC 1295 [at right] surrounding a dim and dying star. It is located about 3300 light-years away in the constellation of Scutum (The Shield). This is the most detailed picture of this object ever taken."<ref name=ESO1317a>{{ cite web |author=ESO1317a |title=ESO's VLT images the planetary nebula IC 1295 |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=La Silla, Chile |date=April 10, 2013 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1317a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> Three filters are used in this image: the blue (B), visual (V) in green, and red (R) optical filters.<ref name=ESO1317a/> IC 1295 is at RA 18 54 37.25, Dec 39.41", the image is 6.82 x 6.82 arcminutes.<ref name=ESO1317a/> "The Boomerang Nebula is a young planetary nebula and the coldest object found in the Universe so far. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is yet another example of how Hubble's sharp eye reveals surprising details in celestial objects."<ref name=Taylor>{{ cite web |author=Keith Taylor |author2=Mike Scarrott |title=The Boomerang Nebula - the coolest place in the Universe? |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=February 20, 2013 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0301a/ |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "NASA's Hubble Space Telescope caught the Boomerang Nebula [at second right] in images taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys in early 2005. This reflecting cloud of dust and gas has two nearly symmetric lobes of matter that are being ejected from a central star. Each lobe of the nebula is nearly one light-year in length, making the total length of the nebula half as long as the distance from our Sun to our nearest neighbors- the Alpha Centauri stellar system, located roughly 4 light-years away. The Boomerang Nebula resides 5,000 light-years from Earth. Hubble's sharp view is able to resolve patterns and ripples in the nebula very close to the central star that are not visible from the ground."<ref name=Biretta>{{ cite web |author=J. Biretta |title=Hubble Catches Scattered Light from the Boomerang Nebula |publisher=HubbleSite NewsCenter |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=September 13, 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/25/ |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image [at top right] shows a young planetary nebula known (rather curiously) as the Boomerang Nebula. It is in the constellation of Centaurus, 5000 light-years from Earth. Planetary nebulae form around a bright, central star when it expels gas in the last stages of its life."<ref name=Taylor/> "The Boomerang Nebula is one of the Universe's peculiar places. In 1995, using the 15-metre Swedish ESO Submillimetre Telescope in Chile, astronomers Sahai and Nyman revealed that it is the coldest place in the Universe found so far. With a temperature of -272C, it is only 1 degree warmer than absolute zero (the lowest limit for all temperatures). Even the -270C background glow from the Big Bang is warmer than this nebula. It is the only object found so far that has a temperature lower than the background radiation."<ref name=Taylor/> "The Hubble telescope took this image in 1998. It shows faint arcs and ghostly filaments embedded within the diffuse gas of the nebula's smooth 'bow tie' lobes. The diffuse bow-tie shape of this nebula makes it quite different from other observed planetary nebulae, which normally have lobes that look more like 'bubbles' blown in the gas. However, the Boomerang Nebula is so young that it may not have had time to develop these structures. Why planetary nebulae have so many different shapes is still a mystery."<ref name=Taylor/> "The general bow-tie shape of the Boomerang appears to have been created by a very fierce 500 000 kilometre-per-hour wind blowing ultracold gas away from the dying central star. The star has been losing as much as one-thousandth of a solar mass of material per year for 1500 years. This is 10-100 times more than in other similar objects. The rapid expansion of the nebula has enabled it to become the coldest known region in the Universe."<ref name=Taylor/> "The image was exposed for 1000 seconds through a green-yellow filter. The light in the image comes from starlight from the central star reflected by dust particles."<ref name=Taylor/> The image pixels have been coded blue even though the filter is centered at 606 nm. "The Boomerang nebula, called the "coldest place in the universe," reveals its true shape to the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope. The background blue structure, as seen in visible light by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, shows a classic double-lobe shape with a very narrow central region. ALMA’s resolution and ability to see the cold gas molecules reveals the nebula’s more elongated shape, as seen in red."<ref name=Greicius>{{ cite web |author=Tony Greicius |title=Ghostly 'Boomerang' |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=October 25, 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/multimedia/pia17551.html#.Umvt3eig5w0 |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Yellows== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Yellows|Yellow astronomy}} [[Image:Planetary.Nebula.NGC3132.jpg|thumb|right|250px|NGC 3132 in Vela is a striking example of a planetary nebula. Credit: The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA/NASA).{{tlx|free media}}]] "NGC 3132 [imaged at right] is a striking example of a planetary nebula. This expanding cloud of gas, surrounding a dying star, is known to amateur astronomers in the southern hemisphere as the "Eight-Burst" or the "Southern Ring" Nebula."<ref name=HubbleHeritageTeam>{{ cite web |author=Hubble Heritage Team |title=A Glowing Pool of Light |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=November 5, 1998 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/39/image/a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "The name "planetary nebula" refers only to the round shape that many of these objects show when examined through a small visual telescope. In reality, these nebulae have little or nothing to do with planets, but are instead huge shells of gas ejected by stars as they near the ends of their lifetimes. NGC 3132 is nearly half a light year in diameter, and at a distance of about 2000 light years is one of the nearer known planetary nebulae. The gases are expanding away from the central star at a speed of 9 miles per second."<ref name=HubbleHeritageTeam/> "This image, captured by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, clearly shows two stars near the center of the nebula, a bright white one, and an adjacent, fainter companion to its upper right. (A third, unrelated star lies near the edge of the nebula.) The faint partner is actually the star that has ejected the nebula. This star is now smaller than our own Sun, but extremely hot. The flood of ultraviolet radiation from its surface makes the surrounding gases glow through fluorescence. The brighter star is in an earlier stage of stellar evolution, but in the future it will probably eject its own planetary nebula."<ref name=HubbleHeritageTeam/> "In the Heritage Team's rendition of the Hubble image, the colors were chosen to represent the temperature of the gases. Blue represents the hottest gas [the oxygen 500.9 nm line], which is confined to the inner region of the nebula. Red represents the coolest gas [hydrogen Hα line], at the outer edge. The Hubble image also reveals a host of filaments, including one long one that resembles a waistband, made out of dust particles which have condensed out of the expanding gases. The dust particles are rich in elements such as carbon. Eons from now, these particles may be incorporated into new stars and planets when they form from interstellar gas and dust. Our own Sun may eject a similar planetary nebula some 6 billion years from now."<ref name=HubbleHeritageTeam/> The yellow line, or band, used as an intermediate temperature is due to the overlap between the oxygen cyan line and the Hα line. {{clear}} ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds|Red astronomy}} [[Image:The Red Rectangle around the star HD 44179.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Hubble Space Telescope [Advanced Camera for Surveys] ACS image has H-alpha emission of the Red Rectangle shown in blue. Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:PIA04533.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Red Rectangle is a proto-planetary nebula. Here is the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) image. Broadband red light is shown in red. Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "[T]he extended red emission (ERE) [is] observed in many dusty astronomical environments, in particular, the diffuse interstellar medium of the Galaxy. ... silicon nanoparticles provide the best match to the spectrum and the efficiency requirement of the ERE."<ref name=Witt>{{ cite journal |author=Adolf N. Witt |author2=Karl D. Gordon |author3=Douglas G. Furton |title=Silicon Nanoparticles: Source of Extended Red Emission? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |month=July 1, |year=1998 |volume=501 |issue=1 |pages=L111-5 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/501/1/L111 |arxiv=astro-ph/9805006 |bibcode= |doi=10.1086/311453 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-07-30 }}</ref> "The ERE was first recognized clearly in the peculiar reflection nebula called the Red Rectangle by Schmidt, Cohen, & Margon (1980)."<ref name=Witt/> The '''Red Rectangle Nebula''', so called because of its red color and unique rectangular shape, is a protoplanetary nebula in the Monoceros constellation. Also known as HD 44179, the nebula was discovered in 1973 during a rocket flight associated with the AFCRL Infrared Sky Survey called Hi Star. The "ERE manifests itself through a broad, featureless emission band of 60 < FWHM < 100 nm, with a peak appearing in the general wavelength range 610 < λ_''p'' < 820 nm."<ref name=Witt/> In the Red Rectangle Nebula, diffraction-limited speckle images of it in visible and near infrared light reveal a highly symmetric, compact [[w:bipolar nebula|bipolar nebula]] with X-shaped spikes which imply toroidal dispersion of the circumstellar material. The central binary system is completely obscured, providing no direct light.<ref name=Menshchikov>{{ cite journal |author=A. B. Men'shchikov |author2=D. Schertl |author3=P. G. Tuthill |author4=G. Weigelt |author5=L. R. Yungelson |title=Properties of the close binary and circumbinary torus of the Red Rectangle |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month= |year=2002 |volume=393 |issue= |pages=867-85 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002A%26A...393..867M |arxiv=astro-ph/0206189 |bibcode=2002A&A...393..867M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020859 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-07-30 }}</ref> "The star HD 44179 is surrounded by an extraordinary structure known as the Red Rectangle. It acquired its moniker because of its shape and its apparent colour when seen in early images from Earth. This strikingly detailed new Hubble image reveals how, when seen from space, the nebula, rather than being rectangular, is shaped like an X with additional complex structures of spaced lines of glowing gas, a little like the rungs of a ladder. The star at the centre is similar to the Sun, but at the end of its lifetime, pumping out gas and other material to make the nebula, and giving it the distinctive shape. It also appears that the star is a close binary that is surrounded by a dense torus of dust — both of which may help to explain the very curious shape. Precisely how the central engine of this remarkable and unique object spun the gossamer threads of nebulosity remains mysterious. It is likely that precessing jets of material played a role."<ref name=ESAHubbleandNASA>{{ cite web |author=ESA/Hubble |author2=NASA |title=The unique Red Rectangle: sharper than ever before |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=June 7, 2010 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1007a/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "The Red Rectangle is an unusual example of what is known as a proto-planetary nebula. These are old stars, on their way to becoming planetary nebulae. Once the expulsion of mass is complete a very hot white dwarf star will remain and its brilliant ultraviolet radiation will cause the surrounding gas to glow. The Red Rectangle is found about 2 300 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros (the Unicorn)."<ref name=ESAHubbleandNASA/> "The High Resolution Channel of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys captured this view of HD 44179 and the surrounding Red Rectangle nebula — the sharpest view so far. Red light from glowing Hydrogen was captured through the F658N filter and coloured red. Orange-red light over a wider range of wavelengths through a F625W filter was coloured blue."<ref name=ESAHubbleandNASA/> {{clear}} ==Superluminals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Superluminals}} [[Image:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg|thumb|right|250px|GK Persei and the surrounding Firework nebula are shown. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/RIKEN/D.Takei et al; Optical: NASA/STScI; Radio: NRAO/VLA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The very fast neon nova GK Persei rivalled the brightness of Vega at the peak of its outburst in 1901 (see Bode, O’Brien & Simpson 1994, and references therein). Early observations showed it to possess optical nebulosities on arcminute scales apparently expanding at super-light velocities and subsequently explained as light echoes (Kapteyn 1902). Indeed, it was the first astronomical source in which such motion was observed and one of only three novae where such an effect has been noted (the other two being V732 Sgr (Swope 1940) and V1974 Cyg (Casalegno et al. 2000) - see next section)."<ref name=Bode>{{ cite journal |author=M.F. Bode |title=The outbursts of classical and recurrent novae |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |month=February |year=2010 |volume=331 |issue=2 |pages=160-8 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.200911319/abstract |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1002/asna.200911319 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-09 }}</ref> "The 1901 nova outburst was therefore the first of ultimately very many that this system will undergo."<ref name=Bode/> "The classical nova GK Persei ... has turned out to be the longest lived and most energetic among the classical novae and appears more like a supernova remnant (SNR) in miniature but evolving on human timescales."<ref name=Bode2004>{{ cite journal |author=M. F. Bode |author2=T. J. O'Brien |author3=M. Simpson |title=Echoes of an explosive past: Solving the mystery of the first superluminal source |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January 1, |year=2004 |volume=600 |issue=1 |pages=L63 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/600/1/L63 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-09 }}</ref> "Images made with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) radio telescope show the mysterious X-ray nova in Scorpius as it ejected blobs of material at tremendous speeds over the period from August 18 to September 22, 1994. Some of these blobs appear to be moving faster than the speed of light -- an illusion created by both the great actual speed of the blobs and their direction of travel with relation to the Earth."<ref name=Finley1995/> "This object was discovered by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory "<ref name=Finley1995>{{ cite web |author=Dave Finley |title=VLBA Images Track Ejected Material from Mysterious X-Ray Nova in Scorpius |publisher= |location= |date=January 12, 1995 |url=https://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/mysterious-x-ray-nova |accessdate=2014-03-16 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Plasma objects== {{main|Plasmas/Plasma objects|Plasma objects}} [[Image:NGC 7662 cyan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of planetary nebula NGC 7662, the Blue Snowball, in Andromeda. Credit: Adam Block, Caelum Observatory.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:NGC 7662 "Blue Snowball".jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a color composite image of NGC 7662. Credit: Judy Schmidt.{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is an image of the plasma associated with and a part of NGC 7662 from October 2010. The color of the nebula is very blue-green where the dominant light source is the 500.7 nm oxygen emission. Note the red region around the central star The image on the left is from the Hubble Space Telescope through three filters: F502N (blue), F555W (green), and F658N (red). The object is a planetary nebula (NGC 7662). A small star in the center has produced the nebula but no longer has the red region around it. {{clear}} ==Rocky objects== {{main|Rocks/Rocky objects}} [[Image:IRAS 13208-6020.tif|thumb|right|200px|The two billowing structures in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of IRAS 13208-6020 are formed from material that is shed by a central star. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The two billowing structures in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of IRAS 13208-6020 are formed from material that is shed by a central star. This is a relatively short-lived phenomenon that gives astronomers an opportunity to watch the early stages of planetary nebula formation, hence the name protoplanetary, or preplanetary nebula. Planetary nebulae are unrelated to planets and the name arose because of the visual similarity between some planetary nebulae and the small discs of the outer planets in the Solar System when viewed through early telescopes."<ref name=HubbleAdvancedCameraforSurveys>{{ cite web |author=Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys |title=Hubble watches a celestial prologue |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=June 6, 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1123a/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "This object has a very clear bipolar form, with two very similar outflows of material in opposite directions and a dusty ring around the star."<ref name=HubbleAdvancedCameraforSurveys/> "Protoplanetary nebulae do not shine, but are illuminated by light from the central star that is reflected back to us. But as the star continues to evolve, it becomes hot enough to emit strong ultraviolet radiation that can ionise the surrounding gas, making it glow as a spectacular planetary nebula. But before the nebula begins to shine, fierce winds of material ejected from the star will continue to shape the surrounding gas into intricate patterns that can only be truly appreciated later once the nebula begins to glow."<ref name=HubbleAdvancedCameraforSurveys/> "This picture was created from images taken using the High Resolution Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images taken through an orange filter (F606W, coloured blue) and a near-infrared filter (F814W, coloured red) have been combined to create this picture. The exposure times were 1130 s and 150 s respectively and the field of view is just 22 x 17 arcseconds."<ref name=HubbleAdvancedCameraforSurveys/> {{clear}} ==Hydrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Hydrogens}} [[Image:From Cosmic Spare Tyre to Ethereal Blossom.tif|thumb|right|250px|IC 5148 is a beautiful planetary nebula located some 3000 light-years away in the constellation of Grus (The Crane). Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] The hydrogen H-beta line (Hβ) has a wavelength of 486.1 nm. On July 1, 1957, "Following the intense auroral display of the previous night, ... The variation in H''β'' emission ... shows quite clearly that the sudden transition from an [auroral] arc to rays coincides with a decrease in the intensity of the hydrogen emission and an inversion of the polarity of the magnetic disturbance."<ref name=Fan>{{ cite journal |author=C. Y. Fan |title=Time Variation of the Intensity of Auroral Hydrogen Emission and the Magnetic Disturbance |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=September |year=1958 |volume=128 |issue=9 |pages=420-7 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1958ApJ...128..420F |doi=10.1086/146556 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-23 }}</ref> "IC 5148 is a beautiful planetary nebula located some 3000 light-years away in the constellation of Grus (The Crane). The nebula has a diameter of a couple of light-years, and it is still growing at over 50 kilometres per second — one of the fastest expanding planetary nebulae known. The term “planetary nebula” arose in the 19th century, when the first observations of such objects — through the small telescopes available at the time — looked somewhat like giant planets. However, the true nature of planetary nebulae is quite different."<ref name=Potw1242a>{{ cite web |author=Potw1242a |title=From Cosmic Spare Tyre to Ethereal Blossom |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=La Silla, Chile |date=October 15, 2012 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1242a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "The ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (EFOSC2) on the New Technology Telescope at La Silla gives a somewhat more elegant view of this object. Rather than looking like a spare tyre, the nebula resembles ethereal blossom with layered petals."<ref name=Potw1242a/> The color bands and filters used for the IC 5158 image are blue (optical), Hβ (blue, optical), visual (V, green optical), yellow (R, optical), and Hα (red, optical).<ref name=Potw1242a/> The purple coloration results from a combination of blue and red. The familiar red [[w:H-alpha|H-alpha]] [Hα 656 nm] spectral line of hydrogen gas, which is the transition from the shell ''n'' = 3 to the Balmer series shell ''n'' = 2, is one of the conspicuous colors of the universe. It contributes a bright red line to the spectra of [[w:emission nebula|emission]] or ionization nebula, like the [[w:Orion Nebula|Orion Nebula]], which are often [[w:H II region|H II region]]s found in star forming regions. In true-color pictures, these nebula have a distinctly pink color from the combination of visible Balmer lines that hydrogen emits. {{clear}} ==Heliums== {{main|Chemicals/Heliums}} [[Image:Hs-2009-25-f-compass large web.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This image of NGC 6302 lists the emission lines with the color code. Credit: K. Noll and H. Bond (STScI) and B. Balick (University of Washington), H. Bushouse, J. Anderson, and M. Mutchler (STScI), and Z. Levay and L. Frattare (STScI).{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The spectral lines from the atmospheres of spectral type O and B stars "show a large number of isolated and overlapping He I lines, the strongest of which are the spectral lines at 447.1 and 492.2 nm"<ref name=Adler>{{ cite journal |author=H. G. Adler |author2=A. Piel |title=Stark-Broadening of the Helium Lines 447 and 492 nm at low Electron Densities |journal=Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |month=January |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=11-31 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022407391900774 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0022-4073(91)90077-4 |pmid= |pdf=http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/plasma/ag-piel/pub/adler_1991a.pdf |accessdate=2012-07-30 }}</ref>. "The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a new camera aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, snapped this image of the planetary nebula, catalogued as NGC 6302, but more popularly called the Bug Nebula or the Butterfly Nebula. WFC3 was installed by NASA astronauts in May 2009, during the servicing mission to upgrade and repair the 19-year-old Hubble telescope."<ref name=Frattare>{{ cite web |author=L. Frattare |author2=D. Weaver |author3=R. Villard |title=Hubble Opens New Eyes on the Universe |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=September 9, 2009 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/25/image/f/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "What resemble dainty butterfly wings are actually roiling cauldrons of gas heated to more than 36,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The gas is tearing across space at more than 600,000 miles an hour—fast enough to travel from Earth to the Moon in 24 minutes!"<ref name=Frattare/> "NGC 6302 lies within our Milky Way galaxy, roughly 3,800 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius. The glowing gas is the star's outer layers, expelled over about 2,200 years. The "butterfly" stretches for more than two light-years, which is about half the distance from the Sun to the nearest star, Alpha Centauri."<ref name=Frattare/> "The central star itself cannot be seen, because it is hidden within a doughnut-shaped ring of dust, which appears as a dark band pinching the nebula in the center. The thick dust belt constricts the star's outflow, creating the classic "bipolar" or hourglass shape displayed by some planetary nebulae."<ref name=Frattare/> "The star's surface temperature is estimated to be about 400,000 degrees Fahrenheit, making it one of the hottest known stars in our galaxy. Spectroscopic observations made with ground-based telescopes show that the gas is roughly 36,000 degrees Fahrenheit, which is unusually hot compared to a typical planetary nebula."<ref name=Frattare/> "The WFC3 image reveals a complex history of ejections from the star. The star first evolved into a huge red-giant star, with a diameter of about 1,000 times that of our Sun. It then lost its extended outer layers. Some of this gas was cast off from its equator at a relatively slow speed, perhaps as low as 20,000 miles an hour, creating the doughnut-shaped ring. Other gas was ejected perpendicular to the ring at higher speeds, producing the elongated "wings" of the butterfly-shaped structure. Later, as the central star heated up, a much faster stellar wind, a stream of charged particles traveling at more than 2 million miles an hour, plowed through the existing wing-shaped structure, further modifying its shape."<ref name=Frattare/> "The image also shows numerous finger-like projections pointing back to the star, which may mark denser blobs in the outflow that have resisted the pressure from the stellar wind."<ref name=Frattare/> "The nebula's reddish outer edges are largely due to light emitted by nitrogen, which marks the coolest gas visible in the picture. WFC3 is equipped with a wide variety of filters that isolate light emitted by various chemical elements, allowing astronomers to infer properties of the nebular gas, such as its temperature, density, and composition."<ref name=Frattare/> "The white-colored regions are areas where light is emitted by sulfur. These are regions where fast-moving gas overtakes and collides with slow-moving gas that left the star at an earlier time, producing shock waves in the gas (the bright white edges on the sides facing the central star). The white blob with the crisp edge at upper right is an example of one of those shock waves."<ref name=Frattare/> "NGC 6302 was imaged on July 27, 2009, with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 in ultraviolet and visible light. Filters that isolate emissions from oxygen, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur from the planetary nebula were used to create this composite image."<ref name=Frattare/> The filters used for this image are F373N ([O II], purple), F469N (He II, blue), F502N ([O III], cyan), F656N (Hα, brown), F658N ([N II], orange), and F673N ([S II], white).<ref name=Frattare/> {{clear}} ==Nitrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Nitrogens}} [[Image:Planetary Nebula M2-9.jpg|thumb|right|250px|M2-9 is a striking example of a "butterfly" or a bipolar planetary nebula. Credit: Bruce Balick (University of Washington), Vincent Icke (Leiden University, The Netherlands), Garrelt Mellema (Stockholm University), and NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cometary Knots Around A Dying Star - GPN-2000-001370.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The red light depicts nitrogen emission ([N II] 658.4 nm); green, hydrogen (H-alpha, 6563A); and blue, oxygen (5007A). These are "cometary knots" in the [[w:Helix nebula|Helix nebula]]. Credit: NASA Robert O Dell Kerry P. Handron Rice University, Houston Texas.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cat's Eye Nebula - GPN-2000-000955.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image shows one of the most complex planetary nebulae ever seen, NGC 6543, nicknamed the "Cat's Eye Nebula." Credit: NASA J.P.Harrington and K.J.Borkowski University of Maryland.{{tlx|free media}}]] "M2-9 [in the image at right] is a striking example of a "butterfly" or a bipolar planetary nebula. Another more revealing name might be the "Twin Jet Nebula." If the nebula is sliced across the star, each side of it appears much like a pair of exhausts from jet engines. Indeed, because of the nebula's shape and the measured velocity of the gas, in excess of 200 miles per second, astronomers believe that the description as a super-super-sonic jet exhaust is quite apt. Ground-based studies have shown that the nebula's size increases with time, suggesting that the stellar outburst that formed the lobes occurred just 1,200 years ago."<ref name=Balick>{{ cite web |author=Bruce Balick |title=Supersonic Exhaust from Nebula M2-9 |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=December 17, 1997 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/38/image/a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "The central star in M2-9 is known to be one of a very close pair which orbit one another at perilously close distances. It is even possible that one star is being engulfed by the other. Astronomers suspect the gravity of one star pulls weakly bound gas from the surface of the other and flings it into a thin, dense disk which surrounds both stars and extends well into space."<ref name=Balick/> "The disk can actually be seen in shorter exposure images obtained with the Hubble telescope. It measures approximately 10 times the diameter of Pluto's orbit. Models of the type that are used to design jet engines ("hydrodynamics") show that such a disk can successfully account for the jet-exhaust-like appearance of M2-9. The high-speed wind from one of the stars rams into the surrounding disk, which serves as a nozzle. The wind is deflected in a perpendicular direction and forms the pair of jets that we see in the nebula's image. This is much the same process that takes place in a jet engine: The burning and expanding gases are deflected by the engine walls through a nozzle to form long, collimated jets of hot air at high speeds."<ref name=Balick/> "M2-9 is 2,100 light-years away in the constellation Ophiucus. The observation was taken Aug. 2, 1997 by the Hubble telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. In this image, neutral oxygen is shown in red, once-ionized nitrogen in green, and twice-ionized oxygen in blue."<ref name=Balick/> At right is an image gaseous objects ("cometary knots") discovered in the thousands. These knots are imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope while exploring the Helix nebula, the closest planetary nebula to Earth at 450 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius. Although ground-based telescopes have revealed such objects, astronomers have never seen so many of them. The most visible knots all lie along the inner edge of the doomed star's ring, trillions of miles away from the star's nucleus. Although these gaseous knots appear small, they're actually huge. Each gaseous head is at least twice the size of our solar system; each tail stretches for 100 billion miles, about 1,000 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The image was taken in August 1994 with Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. The red light depicts nitrogen emission ([NII] 658.4 nm). The second image at right is a color picture, taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera-2. It is a composite of three images taken at different wavelengths. (red, hydrogen-alpha; blue, neutral oxygen, 630.0 nm; green, ionized nitrogen, 658.4 nm). This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image shows one of the most complex planetary nebulae ever seen, NGC 6543, nicknamed the "Cat's Eye Nebula." The image was taken on September 18, 1994. NGC 6543 is 3,000 light-years away in the northern constellation Draco. The term planetary nebula is a misnomer; dying stars create these cocoons when they lose outer layers of gas. {{clear}} ==Oxygens== [[Image:NGC_6881_HST.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The breathtaking butterfly-like planetary nebula NGC 6881 is visible. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:M57-spectrum-ru.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a spectrum of Ring Nebula (M57) in range 450.0 — 672.0 nm. Credit: [[c:User:Minami Himemiya|Minami Himemiya]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "The breathtaking butterfly-like planetary nebula NGC 6881 is visible here [at right] in an image taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Located in the constellation of Cygnus, it is formed of an inner nebula, estimated to be about one fifth of a light-year across, and symmetrical “wings” that spread out about one light-year from one tip to the other. The symmetry could be due to a binary star at the nebula’s centre."<ref name=Potw1211a>{{ cite web |author=potw1211a |title=Stellar voyage of a butterfly-like planetary nebula |publisher=Space Telescope |location= |date=March 12, 2012 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1211a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "NGC 6881 has a dying star at its core which is about 60% of the mass of the Sun. It is an example of a quadrupolar planetary nebula, made from two pairs of bipolar lobes pointing in different directions, and consisting of four pairs of flat rings. There are also three rings in the centre."<ref name=Potw1211a/> "A planetary nebula is a cloud of ionised gas, emitting light of various colours. It typically forms when a dying star — a red giant — throws off its outer layers, because of pulsations and strong stellar winds."<ref name=Potw1211a/> "The image was taken through three filters which isolate the specific wavelength of light emitted by nitrogen (N II, 658 nm, shown in red), hydrogen (Hα, 656 nm, shown in green) and oxygen (O III, 502 nm, shown in blue)."<ref name=Potw1211a/> Several red astronomy emission lines are detected and recorded at normalized intensities (to the oxygen III line) from the [[w:Ring Nebula|Ring Nebula]]. In the red are the two forbidden lines of oxygen ([O I], 630.0 and 636.4 nm), two forbidden lines of nitrogen ([N II], 654.8 nm and [N II], 658.4 nm), the hydrogen line (Hα, 656.3 nm) and a forbidden line of sulfur ([S II], 671.7 nm). {{clear}} ==Compounds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Compounds}} [[Image:Nhsc2010-003a.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The HIFI spectrum of the Orion Nebula is superimposed on a Spitzer image of Orion. Credit: ESA, HEXOS and the HIFI Consortium.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "The HIFI spectrum of the Orion Nebula, superimposed on a Spitzer image of Orion. A characteristic feature is the spectral richness: among the organic molecules identified in this spectrum are water, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, dimethyl ether, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur oxide, sulfur dioxide and their isotope analogues. It is expected that new molecules will also be identified. This spectrum is the first glimpse at the spectral richness of regions of star and planet formation. It harbors the promise of a deep understanding of the chemistry of space once the complete spectral surveys are available."<ref name=Bergin>{{ cite book |author=E. Bergin |title=HIFI Spectrum of Water and Organics in the Orion Nebula |publisher=Caltech |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=March 4, 2010 |url=http://www.herschel.caltech.edu/image/nhsc2010-003a |accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> "This HIFI spectrum was obtained for the Herschel HEXOS Key Program - a scientific investigation using the Herschel HIFI and PACS instruments to perform full line surveys of five sources in the Orion and Sagittarius B2 molecular clouds."<ref name=Bergin/> {{clear}} ==Alloys== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Alloys}} "The broad, 60 < FWHM < 100 nm, featureless luminescence band known as extended red emission (ERE) is seen in such diverse dusty astrophysical environments as reflection nebulae¹⁷, planetary nebulae³, HII regions (Orion)¹², a Nova¹¹, Galactic cirrus¹⁴, a dark nebula⁷, Galaxies^8,6 and the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM)⁴. The band is confined between 540-950 nm, but the wavelength of peak emission varies from environment to environment, even within a given object. ... the wavelength of peak emission is longer and the efficiency of the luminescence is lower, the harder and denser the illuminating radiation field is¹³. These general characteristics of ERE constrain the photoluminescence (PL) band and efficiency for laboratory analysis of dust analog materials."<ref name=Smith99>{{ cite journal |author=T. L. Smith |author2=A. N. Witt |title=The Photoluminescence Efficiency of Extended Red Emission as a Constraint for Interstellar Dust |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |month=December |year=1999 |volume=31 |issue= |pages=1479 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AAS...195.7406S |arxiv= |bibcode=1999AAS...195.7406S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-02 }}</ref> "The PL efficiencies measured for HAC and Si-HAC alloys are consistent with dust estimates for reflection nebulae and planetary nebulae, but exhibit substantial photoluminescence below 540 nm which is not observed in astrophysical environments."<ref name=Smith99/> ==Materials== {{main|Chemicals/Materials}} [[Image:Hubble Observes Glowing, Fiery Shells of Gas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Various layers of material are expelled by the central star. Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "It may look like something from "The Lord of the Rings," but this fiery swirl is actually a planetary nebula known as ESO 456-67. Set against a backdrop of bright stars, the rust-colored object lies in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer), in the southern sky."<ref name=Dunbar>{{ cite web |author=Brian Dunbar |title=Hubble Observes Glowing, Fiery Shells of Gas |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=July 28, 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2460.html |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "In this image of ESO 456-67, it is possible to see the various layers of material expelled by the central star. Each appears in a different hue - red, orange, yellow, and green-tinted bands of gas are visible, with clear patches of space at the heart of the nebula. It is not fully understood how planetary nebulae form such a wide variety of shapes and structures; some appear to be spherical, some elliptical, others shoot material in waves from their polar regions, some look like hourglasses or figures of eight, and others resemble large, messy stellar explosions - to name but a few."<ref name=Dunbar/> {{clear}} ==Solar nebulas== [[Image:Artist’s Impression of a Baby Star Still Surrounded by a Protoplanetary Disc.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an artist’s impression of a baby star still surrounded by a protoplanetary disc in which planets are forming. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the formation of the Sun"<ref name=SolarNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Razorflame|Razorflame]] |title=solar nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=12 December 2009 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solar_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> is called a '''solar nebula'''. In the artist's impression on the right: "Shock waves through icy parts of the solar nebula may be the mechanism that enriched ancient meteorites (called chondrites) with water -- water that some believe provided an otherwise dry Earth with oceans."<ref name=Hartmann>{{ cite web |author=William K. Hartmann |title=Solar nebula |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=20 May 2008 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=748 |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Interstellar clouds== [[Image:Local_bubble.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Local Hot Bubble is hot X-ray emitting gas within the Local Bubble pictured as an artist's impression. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an increase in the hydrogen density (''n''_H) of the interstellar medium from ~ 0.01 H cm^-3 to ≳ 0.1 H cm^-3 is called an '''interstellar cloud'''.<ref name=Madjar>{{ cite journal |author=Alfred Vidal-Madjar |author2=Claudine Laurent |author3=Paul Bruston |title=Is the solar system entering a nearby interstellar cloud |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=15 July |year=1978 |volume=223 |issue=07 |pages=589-600 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...223..589V |arxiv= |bibcode=1978ApJ...223..589V |doi=10.1086/156294 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==HI clouds== [[Image:3C147-U4496201R.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An HI cloud apparently is near or directly in front of the quasar 3C 147. Credit: Hubble Legacy Archive.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Largemagcloud.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The bright areas of this image of the LMC are where the most atomic hydrogen gas is found. Credit: S. Kim et al. / CSIRO.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' an interstellar cloud composed primarily of neutral atomic hydrogen is called an '''HI cloud''', '''H I cloud''', or '''HI region'''. "Although there is a possibility that we are seeing the edge of a larger feature, we may be seeing a cloud of higher density superposed on a slowly varying background. If one assumes that to be the case, one finds that the H I cloud has a column density 10²⁰ atoms cm^-2 at maximum (assuming an arbitrary kinetic temperature of 50 K and a half-width of 2 km s^-1). Although one cannot determine the distance to the absorbing cloud, one can estimate a reasonable upper limit. The quasar 3C 247 [in the image on the right] lies at galactic latitude 10⁰; the assumption of a hydrogen layer extending 100 pc above the plane leads to a maximum probable distance of 600 pc. The linear diameter of the cloud (if the angular diameter is taken to be 0.1") is then at most 3 x 10^-4 pc, or 70 AU! The neutral hydrogen density is 10⁵ atoms cm^-3; the mass, 3 x 10^-7 ''M''_⊙."<ref name=Dieter>{{ cite journal |author=N. H. Dieter |author2=W. J. Welch |author3=J. D. Romney |title=A very small interstellar neutral hydrogen cloud observed with VLBI techniques |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=1 June |year=1976 |volume=206 |issue=06 |pages=L113-5 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...206L.113D |arxiv= |bibcode=1976ApJ...206L.113D |doi=10.1086/182145 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-10-05 }}</ref> [[Galaxies]] "around us are hiding about a third more atomic hydrogen gas than previously calculated."<ref name=Anne>{{ cite web |author=Anne's Astronomy News |title=There’s More Star-Stuff Out There But It’s Not Dark Matter |publisher=BeforeItsNews |location=.com |date=31 May 2012 |url=http://beforeitsnews.com/space/2012/05/theres-more-star-stuff-out-there-but-its-not-dark-matter-2203458.html |accessdate=2015-10-05 }}</ref> The neutral atomic hydrogen "gas is distributed very differently from how it was in the past, with much less in the galaxies’ outer suburbs than billions of years ago."<ref name=Braun>{{ cite web |author=Robert Braun |title=There’s More Star-Stuff Out There But It’s Not Dark Matter |publisher=BeforeItsNews |location=.com |date=31 May 2012 |url=http://beforeitsnews.com/space/2012/05/theres-more-star-stuff-out-there-but-its-not-dark-matter-2203458.html |accessdate=2015-10-05 }}</ref> “This means that it’s much harder for galaxies to pull the gas in and form new stars. It’s why stars are forming 20 times more slowly now than in the past.”<ref name=Braun/> “Even though there’s more atomic hydrogen than we thought, it’s not a big enough percentage to solve the Dark Matter problem. If what we are missing had the weight of a large kangaroo, what we have found would have the weight of a small echidna.”<ref name=Braun/> {{clear}} ==HI shells== [[Image:HI shell surrounding magnetar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows an HI shell surrounding the magnetar 1E 1048.1-5937. Credit: B. M. Gaensler, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, S. Oey, M. Haverkorn, J. Dickey, and A. Green.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "The Southern Galactic Plane Survey (SGPS; see the 2002 Annual Report), which combines 21-cm HI observations from Parkes and the Compact Array, is now complete. The SGPS provides a wonderful resource for understanding populations such as magnetars in the context of their environment. Examination of SGPS data around the position of the well-known magnetar 1E 1048.1­5937 reveals a striking cavity in HI, designated as GSH 288.3-0.5-28, that is almost centred on the position of the neutron star. The SGPS data imply that GSH 288.3-0.5-28 is at a distance of approximately 2.7 kpc, and is expanding at a velocity of approximately 7.5 kilometres per second into gas of density ~17 atoms cm^-3."<ref name=Gaensler>{{ cite web |author=B. M. Gaensler |title=A wind bubble around a magnetar |publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility |location= |date=2004 |url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/highlights/2004/gaensler/gaensler.html |accessdate=2015-10-06 }}</ref> "Shells like GSH 288.3-0.5-28 are common, and represent wind-blown bubbles powered by massive stars expanding into the [[interstellar medium]]. The size and expansion speed of GSH 288.3-0.5-28 then imply that the bubble is several million years old, and has been blown by a wind of mechanical luminosity ~4 x 10³⁴ ergs per second, corresponding to a single star of initial mass 30 to 40 solar masses."<ref name=Gaensler/> "Usually in such cases, the central star is obvious, in the form of a bright O star, supergiant or WR star at the shell's centre. However, even though this field lies in the rich Carina OB1 region, there are no known stars of the appropriate position, distance or luminosity to argue for an association with GSH 288.3-0.5-28. This raises the intriguing possibility that GSH 288.3-0.5-28 was blown by the massive star whose collapse formed 1E 1048.1-5937. The central location of the magnetar within the HI shell suggests that the supernova occurred quite recently. The corresponding blast waves would impact the walls of the HI shell approximately 3000 years after core collapse, producing significant X-ray and radio emission. The lack of such emission requires the neutron star to be very young, consistent with the small ages expected for active magnetars. A common distance of around three kpc is suggested by the properties of both objects."<ref name=Gaensler/> {{clear}} ==HII clouds== [[Image:NGC3603-HST-GendlerLL.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This shows NGC 3603, Giant HII cloud and its Core cluster HD97950. Credit: Robert Gendler, NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Fragment of NGC 2175.tiff|thumb|right|250px|The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has imaged a violent stellar nursery called NGC 2174. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] In the upper image on the right, the reddish region is a giant HII cloud. '''Def.''' an interstellar cloud in which the primary constituent is monatomic hydrogen undergoing ionization and emission is called an '''HII cloud'''. "The nebula [in the second image down on the right] is mostly composed of hydrogen gas, which is ionised by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the hot stars, leading to the nebula’s alternative title as an HII region. This picture shows only part of the nebula, where dark dust clouds are strikingly silhouetted against the glowing gas."<ref name=Potw1106a>{{ cite web |author=potw1106a |title=Fiery young stars wreak havoc in stellar nursery |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland |date=7 February 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1106a/ |accessdate=2015-10-06 }}</ref> "NGC 2174 lies about 6400 light-years away in the constellation of Orion (The Hunter)."<ref name=Potw1106a/> "This picture was created from images from the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on Hubble. Images through four different filters were combined to make the view shown here. Images through a filter isolating the glow from ionised oxygen (F502N) were coloured blue and images through a filter showing glowing hydrogen (F656N) are green. Glowing ionised sulphur (F673N) and the view through a near-infrared filter (F814W) are both coloured red. The total exposure times per filter were 2600 s, 2600 s, 2600 s and 1000 s respectively and the field of view is about 1.8 arcminutes across."<ref name=Potw1106a/> "The Maryland-Green Bank hydrogen-line survey maps reveal this feature [the emission nebula surrounding NGC 2175] as part of a large neutral hydrogen cloud in the galactic plane that is situated at the edge of the association Gem.I. It is most unlikely that such a large neutral hydrogen cloud would be connected with the emission nebula surrounding NGC 2175. Indeed, in a medium with a mean density of hydrogen atoms of 20 cm^-3, the Strömgren radius of an HII region around an O6-type star would be more than 16 pc.^* However, if a distance of 2 kpc is accepted, the linear radius of the full extent of the continuum source is less than 10 pc. Thus the ionized nebula is density bounded rather than ionization bounded, its small size implying that it is not part of a large neutral hydrogen cloud which would be ionized by radiation from the O6-type star."<ref name=Tovmassian>{{ cite journal |author=H. M. Tovmassian |author2=E. T. Shahbazian |title=Hydrogen Content of Young Stellar Clusters II.^* Clusters NGC 2175, 2264, and 2362 |journal=Australian Journal of Physics |month=June |year=1973 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=837-42 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=PH730837.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1071/PH730837 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-10-06 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Bright nebulas== [[Image:ESO-The-N164-Nebula-LMC-phot-34e-04-fullres.jpg|thumb|right|250px|N 164 is a bright nebula, the glow of which is caused by hot stars inside it. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] "N 164, a bright nebula, the glow of which is caused by hot stars inside it. The heating of the gas by these stars increases the pressure and causes such nebulae to expand, pushing outwards against their surroundings. A careful look at this nebula reveals locations where the expansion is encountering resistance by denser clouds of gas, producing bright, thin rims. The sky field measures 3.6 x 3.5 arcmin. North is up and East is left."<ref name=eso0437e>{{ cite web |author=eso0437e |title=N 164 Nebula in the LMC |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location= |date=10 December 2004 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0437e/ |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> '''Def.''' an interstellar cloud that glows from the hot stars inside it is called a '''bright nebula'''. {{clear}} ==Dark nebulas== [[Image:Pipe Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This picture shows Barnard 59, part of a vast dark cloud of interstellar dust called the Pipe Nebula. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "type of nebula that unlike other types of nebulae does not emit or reflect light and therefore appears as a starless region in the sky"<ref name=DarkNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=dark nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 February 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dark_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> is called a '''dark nebula'''. "This picture [on the right] shows Barnard 59, part of a vast dark cloud of interstellar dust called the Pipe Nebula. This new and very detailed image of what is known as a dark nebula was captured by the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory. This image is so large that it is strongly recommended to use the zoomable version to appreciate it fully."<ref name=eso1233a>{{ cite web |author=eso1233a |title=The mouthpiece of the Pipe Nebula |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location= |date=15 August 2012 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1233a/ |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> The Pipe Nebula is around 600 lyrs distant in the constellation Ophiuchus.<ref name=eso1233a/> {{clear}} ==Herbig-Haro objects== [[Image:Herbig-Haro-object-HH-47.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Herbig-Haro object HH 47 is a bipolar stellar jet of 4.83 trillion kilometers long and 10 times the width of our Solar System. Credit: J. Morse/STScI, and NASA/ESA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' "a small, bright knot of nebular emission in a dark, interstellar cloud of gas and dust"<ref name=HerbigHaroObjectWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto:SemperBlotto]] |title=Herbig-Haro object |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=19 January 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Herbig-Haro_object |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> is called a '''Herbig-Haro object'''. "Herbig-Haro object HH 47 [imaged on the right] is a bipolar stellar jet of 4.83 trillion kilometers long and 10 times the width of our Solar System located at the edge of the Gum Nebula, about 1140 light-years away in the southern constellation of Vela."<ref name=Morse>{{ cite web |author=J. Morse |title=Herbig-Haro object HH 47, a stellar jet in Vela |publisher=Anne's Astronomy News |location= |date=2008 |url=http://annesastronomynews.com/photo-gallery-ii/nebulae-clouds/herbig-haro-object-hh-47/ |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> "Herbig–Haro objects (HH) – named after astronomers George Herbig and Guillermo Haro – are narrow jets of gas and matter ejected by young stars at speeds of 100 to 1000 kilometers per second that collide with clouds of gas and dust nearby. They are ubiquitous in star-forming regions, and several are often seen around a single star, aligned along its rotational axis. The stellar jets seem to form as the swirling cloud of dust and gas surrounding a new star escapes."<ref name=Morse/> "These objects are transient phenomena, lasting not more than a few thousand years. They can evolve visibly over quite short timescales as they move rapidly away from their parent star into the gas clouds in interstellar space."<ref name=Morse/> "HH 47’s central low mass protostar – which contains water and carbon dioxide ices, as well as organic molecules – is ejecting a jet and creates a bipolar outflow, and lies inside a Bok globule (a dark nebula which contain very young stars)."<ref name=Morse/> "This image clearly reveals a very complicated jet pattern that indicates the star (hidden inside a dust cloud near the left edge of the image) might be wobbling, possibly caused by the gravitational pull of a companion star. The jet has burrowed a cavity through the dense gas cloud and now travels at high speed into interstellar space."<ref name=Morse/> "Shock waves form when the jet collides with interstellar gas, causing the jet to glow. The white filaments on the left bottom reflect light from the obscured newborn star."<ref name=Morse/> {{clear}} ==Reflection nebulas== [[Image:IC 4605 reflection nebula in 32 inch Schulman telescope.jpg|thumb|right|250px|IC 4605 reflection nebula is imaged in 32 inch Schulman telescope on Mt. Lemmon, AZ, USA. Credit: [[c:User:Jschulman555|Jschulman555]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "nebula that consists of dust which reflects starlight and appears blue in photographs"<ref name=ReflectionNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=reflection nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 February 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflection_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> is called a '''reflection nebula'''. IC 4605 is a reflection nebula in the constellation Scorpius.<ref name=Mura>{{ cite web |author=Roberto Mura |title=IC 4605 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 May 2010 |url=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_4605 |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> IC 4605 is a part of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex that appears illuminated by the star 22 Scorpii, also known as HD 148605, a young blue star of the spectral class B3V.<ref name=Mura/> The link between the star Scorpii and the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex is confirmed by the trigonometric parallax of the star that yields a distance of about 121 parsecs (393 lyrs).<ref name=VizieR>{{cite book |url=http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR |title=VizieR services - star catalogues, result for HD 148605 |accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Galactic nebulas== [[Image:Life Cycle of Stars - GPN-2000-000938.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This picture of the giant galactic nebula NGC 3603 is from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/44494372@N05 NASA on The Commons].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any interstellar cloud determined to be within the Milky Way galaxy is called a '''galactic nebula''', or '''galactic cloud'''. {{clear}} ==Interstellar bubbles== [[Image:Eso1238a.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is a VLT image of the Thor’s Helmet Nebula. Credit: ESO/B. Bailleul.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a thin, dense circumstellar shell resulting from the interaction of a strong stellar wind with the surrounding interstellar gas" is called an '''interstellar bubble'''.<ref name=Castor>{{ cite journal |author=John Castor |author2=Richard McCray |author3=Robert Weaver |title=Interstellar bubbles |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=1 September |year=1975 |volume=200 |issue=09 |pages=L107-10 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1975ApJ...200L.107C |arxiv= |bibcode=1975ApJ...200L.107C |doi=10.1086/181908 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> "Typical conditions in their interiors are ''T'' ≈ 10⁶ K and ''n'' ≈ 0.01 cm^-3."<ref name=Castor/> "This VLT image of the Thor’s Helmet Nebula [on the right] was taken on the occasion of ESO’s 50th Anniversary, 5 October 2012, with the help of Brigitte Bailleul — winner of the Tweet Your Way to the VLT! competition. The observations were broadcast live over the internet from the Paranal Observatory in Chile. This object, also known as NGC 2359, lies in the constellation of Canis Major (The Great Dog). The helmet-shaped nebula is around 15 000 light-years away from Earth and is over 30 light-years across. The helmet is a cosmic bubble, blown as the wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's centre sweeps through the surrounding molecular cloud."<ref name=Bailleul>{{ cite web |author=B. Bailleul |title=Thor’s Helmet Nebula imaged on the occasion of ESO’s 50th Anniversary |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=Paranal Observatory in Chile |date=5 October 2012 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1238a/ |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> "This wind-blown bubble [NGC 2359] in the [[interstellar medium]] has been shaped by the outflow from a massive star near its its center. The ultraviolet light from the same star causes the nebula to glow."<ref name=Cohen>{{ cite web |author=David H. Cohen |title=Hot Star Winds |publisher=Swarthmore University |location= |date=29 September 2000 |url=http://hven.swarthmore.edu/~cohen/hotstarwinds.html |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Molecular clouds== [[Image:Barnard 68.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows a colour composite of visible and near-infrared images of the dark cloud Barnard 68. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "large and relatively dense cloud of cold gas and dust in interstellar space from which new stars are formed"<ref name=MolecularCloudWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=molecular cloud |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecular_cloud |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> is called a '''molecular cloud'''. The image on the right is a composite of visible (B 440 nm and V 557 nm) and near-infrared (768 nm) of the dark cloud (absorption cloud) Barnard 68.<ref name=ESO0102/> Barnard 68 is around 500 lyrs away in the constellation Ophiuchus.<ref name=ESO0102/> "At these wavelengths, the small cloud is completely opaque because of the obscuring effect of dust particles in its interior."<ref name=ESO0102>{{ cite web |author=eso0102 |title=How to Become a Star |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location= |date=10 January 2001 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0102a/ |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> "It was obtained with the 8.2-m VLT ANTU telescope and the multimode FORS1 instrument in March 1999."<ref name=ESO0102/> {{clear}} ==Globules== [[Image:Snake Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image of the Snake Nebula contains globules. Credit: [[w:User:Friendlystar|Friendlystar]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a small, isolated round dark cloud is called a '''globule'''. "By comparing the properties of globules with and without star formation one can study the processes that lead to star formation in molecular clouds."<ref name=Lehtinen>{{ cite journal |author=K. Lehtinen |title=Spectroscopic evidence of mass infall towards an embedded infrared source in the globule DC 303.8-14.2 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=January |year=1997 |volume=317 |issue=01 |pages=L5-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997A%26A...317L...5L |arxiv= |bibcode=1997A&A...317L...5L |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> The "Thumbprint Nebula (TPN) in the Chamaeleon III region" is "a globule without any signs of star formation".<ref name=Lehtinen/> The "globule DC 303.8-14.2 (Hartley ''et al.'' 1986) [is] located in the eastern part of the Chamaeleon II dark cloud complex" and is "a star forming globule".<ref name=Lehtinen/> {{clear}} ==Dense cores== [[Image:30 Doradus, Tarantula Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Left of center is a giant, young star cluster named NGC 2070, which has a dense core, known as R136. Credit: NASA, ESA, ESO, D. Lennon and E. Sabbi (ESA/STScI), J. Anderson, S. E. de Mink, R. van der Marel, T. Sohn, and N. Walborn (STScI), N. Bastian (Excellence Cluster, Munich), L. Bedin (INAF, Padua), E. Bressert (ESO), P. Crowther (Sheffield), A. de Koter (Amsterdam), C. Evans (UKATC/STFC, Edinburgh), A. Herrero (IAC, Tenerife), N. Langer (AifA, Bonn), I. Platais (JHU) and H. Sana (Amsterdam).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a core of a dark cloud, having supersonic and subsonic turbulence,<ref name=Myers>{{ cite journal |author=P. C. Myers |title=Dense cores in dark clouds. III - Subsonic turbulence |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=1 July |year=1983 |volume=270 |issue=07 |pages=105-18 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983ApJ...270..105M |arxiv= |bibcode=1983ApJ...270..105M |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}</ref> is called a '''dense core'''. "30 Doradus is the brightest star-forming region in our galactic neighbourhood and home to the most massive stars ever seen. The nebula resides 170 000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small, satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. No known star-forming region in our galaxy is as large or as prolific as 30 Doradus."<ref name=Lennon>{{ cite web |author=D. Lennon |author2=E. Sabbi |title=Hubble's panoramic view of a star-forming region |publisher=SpaceTelescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=17 April 2012 |url=http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic1206a/ |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}</ref> "The image comprises one of the largest mosaics ever assembled from Hubble photos and includes observations taken by Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 and Advanced Camera for Surveys, combined with observations from the European Southern Observatory’s MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope which trace the location of glowing hydrogen and oxygen."<ref name=Lennon/> The dense core R136 is about 170,000 lyrs away in the constellation Dorado.<ref name=Lennon/> {{clear}} ==Cometary globules== [[Image:Cg4-500.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The flower-like image is of cometary globule CG4. Credit: T.A. Rector/University of Alaska Anchorage, T. Abbott and NOAO/AURA/NSF.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a dense dust cloud with a faint luminous tail" is called a '''cometary globule'''.<ref name=Brand>{{ cite journal |author=P. W. J. L. Brand |author2=T. G. Hawarden |author3=A. J. Longmore |author4=P. M. Williams |author5=J. A. R. Caldwell |title=Cometary Globule 1 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |month= |year=1983 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=215-22 |url=http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/203/1/215.short |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1093/mnras/203.1.215 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-30 }}</ref> The image on the right shows a flower-like cometary globule. {{clear}} ==Circumstellar clouds== [[Image:VY Canis Majoris.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Astronomers use polarized light to map the hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris. Credit: NASA, ESA, and R. Humphreys (University of Minnesota).{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Massive Star VY Canis Majoris - Visible Ligh - Hs-2007-03-b-full.tiff|thumb|right|250px|This is a visible light image of VY Canis Majoris. Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Smith (University of Arizona).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an interstellar-like cloud apparently surrounding or in orbit around a star is called a '''circumstellar cloud'''. "VY Canis Majoris [a red hypergiant star is] an irregular pulsating variable [that] lies about 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major."<ref name=Darling>{{ cite web |author=David Darling |title=VY Canis Majoris |publisher=Encyclopedia of Science |location= |date=2007 |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VY_Canis_Majoris.html |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> "Although VY Can is about half a million times as luminous as the Sun, much of its visible light is absorbed by a large, asymmetric cloud of dust particles that has been ejected from the star in various outbursts over the past 1,000 years or so. The infrared emission from this dust cloud makes VY Can one of the brightest objects in the sky at wavelengths of 5–20 microns."<ref name=Darling/> "In 2007, a team of astronomers using the 10-meter radio dish on Mount Graham, in Arizona, found that VY Can's extended circumstellar cloud is a prolific molecule-making factory. Among the radio emissions identified were those of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), silicon monoxide (SiO), sodium chloride (NaCl) and a molecule, phosphorus nitride (PN), in which a phosphorus atom and a nitrogen atom are bound together. Phosphorus-bearing molecules are of particular interest to astrobiologists because phosphorus is relatively rare in the universe, yet it is a key ingredient in molecules that are central to life as we know it, including the nuclei acids DNA and RNA and the energy-storage molecule, ATP. "<ref name=Darling/> "Material ejected by the star is visible in this 2004 image [on the top right] captured by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, using polarizing filters."<ref name=Darling/> For comparison, the second image down on the right is captured using [[Radiation astronomy/Visuals|visuals]]. {{clear}} ==High-velocity clouds== [[Image:Smith's Cloud - 2008 - Bill Saxton, NRAO, AUI, NSF.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Smith's Cloud is a hydrogen gas, high-velocity cloud on the outskirts of the Milky Way Galaxy. Credit: Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any cloud having a velocity "inconsistent with simple Galactic rotation models that generally fit the stars and gas in the Milky Way disk" is called a '''high-velocity cloud'''.<ref name=Woerden>{{ cite journal |author=Hugo van Woerden |author2=Ulrich J. Schwarz |author3=Reynier F. Peletier |author4=Bart P. Wakker |author5=Peter M. W. Kalberla |title=A confirmed location in the Galactic halo for the high-velocity cloud 'chain A' |journal=Nature |month=8 July |year=1999 |volume=400 |issue=6740 |pages=138-41 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6740/abs/400138a0.html |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}</ref> "The leading edge of this cloud [shown in the image on the right] is already interacting with gas from our Galaxy."<ref name=Lockman>{{ cite web |author=Felix J. Lockman |title=Massive Gas Cloud Speeding Toward Collision With Milky Way |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) |location= |date=11 January 2008 |url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2008/smithscloud/ |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}</ref> "The cloud, called Smith's Cloud, after the astronomer who discovered it in 1963, contains enough hydrogen to make a million stars like the Sun. Eleven thousand light-years long and 2,500 light-years wide, it is only 8,000 light-years from our Galaxy's disk. It is careening toward our Galaxy at more than 150 miles per second, aimed to strike the Milky Way's disk at an angle of about 45 degrees."<ref name=Finley>{{ cite web |author=Dave Finley |title=Massive Gas Cloud Speeding Toward Collision With Milky Way |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) |location= |date=11 January 2008 |url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2008/smithscloud/ |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}</ref> "This is most likely a gas cloud left over from the formation of the Milky Way or gas stripped from a neighbor galaxy. When it hits, it could set off a tremendous burst of star formation. Many of those stars will be very massive, rushing through their lives quickly and exploding as supernovae. Over a few million years, it'll look like a celestial New Year's celebration, with huge firecrackers going off in that region of the Galaxy."<ref name=Lockman/> "If you could see this cloud with your eyes, it would be a very impressive sight in the night sky. From tip to tail it would cover almost as much sky as the Orion constellation. But as far as we know it is made entirely of gas -- no one has found a single star in it."<ref name=Lockman/> "Its shape, somewhat similar to that of a comet, indicates that it's already hitting gas in our Galaxy's outskirts. It is also feeling a tidal force from the gravity of the Milky Way and may be in the process of being torn apart. Our Galaxy will get a rain of gas from this cloud, then in about 20 to 40 million years, the cloud's core will smash into the Milky Way's plane."<ref name=Lockman/> {{clear}} ==Preplanetary nebulas== [[Image:NGC 6302.png|thumb|right|250px|NGC 6302 is a planetary nebula. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Frosty Leo.png|thumb|left|250px|Three thousand light-years from Earth lies the strange protoplanetary nebula IRAS 09371+1212. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "stage in stellar evolution when a star starts to shed its outer layers before coming a true planetary nebula"<ref name=PreplanetaryNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=preplanetary nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=19 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preplanetary_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> is called a '''preplanetary nebula'''. In the image on the right: "What resemble dainty butterfly wings are actually roiling cauldrons of gas heated to more than 36,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The gas is tearing across space at more than 600,000 miles an hour -- fast enough to travel from Earth to the moon in 24 minutes!"<ref name=Garner>{{ cite web |author=Robert Garner |title=Butterfly Emerges from Stellar Demise in Planetary Nebula NGC 6302 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=9 September 2009 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/ero/ero_ngc6302.html |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> "A dying star that was once about five times the mass of the Sun is at the center of this fury. It has ejected its envelope of gases and is now unleashing a stream of ultraviolet radiation that is making the cast-off material glow. This object is an example of a planetary nebula, so-named because many of them have a round appearance resembling that of a planet when viewed through a small telescope."<ref name=Garner/> "The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a new camera aboard NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, snapped this image of the planetary nebula, catalogued as NGC 6302, but more popularly called the Bug Nebula or the Butterfly Nebula. WFC3 was installed by NASA astronauts in May 2009, during the servicing mission to upgrade and repair the 19-year-old Hubble telescope."<ref name=Garner/> "NGC 6302 lies within our Milky Way galaxy, roughly 3,800 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius. The glowing gas is the star’s outer layers, expelled over about 2,200 years. The "butterfly" stretches for more than two light-years, which is about half the distance from the Sun to the nearest star, Alpha Centauri."<ref name=Garner/> "The central star itself cannot be seen, because it is hidden within a doughnut-shaped ring of dust, which appears as a dark band pinching the nebula in the center. The thick dust belt constricts the star’s outflow, creating the classic "bipolar" or hourglass shape displayed by some planetary nebulae."<ref name=Garner/> "The star’s surface temperature is estimated to be about 400,000 degrees Fahrenheit, making it one of the hottest known stars in our galaxy. Spectroscopic observations made with ground-based telescopes show that the gas is roughly 36,000 degrees Fahrenheit, which is unusually hot compared to a typical planetary nebulae."<ref name=Garner/> "The WFC3 image reveals a complex history of ejections from the star. The star first evolved into a huge red-giant star, with a diameter of about 1,000 times that of our Sun. It then lost its extended outer layers. Some of this gas was cast off from its equator at a relatively slow speed, perhaps as low as 20,000 miles an hour, creating the doughnut-shaped ring. Other gas was ejected perpendicular to the ring at higher speeds, producing the elongated "wings" of the butterfly-shaped structure. Later, as the central star heated up, a much faster stellar wind, a stream of charged particles travelling at more than 2 million miles an hour, plowed through the existing wing-shaped structure, further modifying its shape."<ref name=Garner/> 'The image also shows numerous finger-like projections pointing back to the star, which may mark denser blobs in the outflow that have resisted the pressure from the stellar wind."<ref name=Garner/> "The nebula's outer edges are largely due to light emitted by nitrogen, which marks the coolest gas visible in the picture. WFC3 is equipped with a wide variety of filters that isolate light emitted by various chemical elements, allowing astronomers to infer properties of the nebular gas, such as its temperature, density, and composition."<ref name=Garner/> "The white-colored regions are areas where light is emitted by sulfur. These are regions where fast-moving gas overtakes and collides with slow-moving gas that left the star at an earlier time, producing shock waves in the gas (the bright white edges on the sides facing the central star). The white blob with the crisp edge at upper right is an example of one of those shock waves."<ref name=Garner/> "NGC 6302 was imaged on July 27, 2009 with Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 in ultraviolet and visible light. Filters that isolate emissions from oxygen, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur from the planetary nebula were used to create this composite image."<ref name=Garner/> By contrast, on the left is the preplanetary (protoplanetary) nebula IRAS 09371+1212, nicknamed the Frosty Leo Nebula. "Despite their name, protoplanetary nebulae have nothing to do with planets: they are formed from material shed from their aging central star. The Frosty Leo Nebula has acquired its curious name as it has been found to be rich in water in the form of ice grains, and because it lies in the constellation of Leo."<ref name=Potw1149a/> "This nebula is particularly noteworthy because it has formed far from the galactic plane, away from interstellar clouds that may block our view. The intricate shape comprises a spherical halo, a disc around the central star, lobes and gigantic loops. This complex structure strongly suggests that the formation processes are complex and it has been suggested that there could be a second star, currently unseen, contributing to the shaping of the nebula."<ref name=Potw1149a>{{ cite web |author=potw1149a |title=The Frosty Leo Nebula |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=5 December 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1149a/ |accessdate=2015-09-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Planetary nebulas== [[Image:NGC 7048.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The visual image shows the natural cyan color of planetary nebula NGC 7048. Credit: Aladin from CDS.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Hubble-planetary-nebula-mx.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The gaseous outer layers of a Sun-like star glow in space after being expelled as the star reached the end of its life. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ring Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The planetary nebula Messier 57, also known as the Ring Nebula, in the constellation Lyra, exhibits cyan coloration surrounding its central region. Credit: The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "nebulosity surrounding a dying star, consisting of material expelled by the star"<ref name=PlanetaryNebulaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]]2008 |title=planetary nebula |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 February 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/planetary_nebula |accessdate=2015-09-26 }}</ref> is called a '''planetary nebula'''. NGC 7048 is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Cygnus. The bright star to the lower left of the nebula is a magnitude 10.5 star. The nebula is slightly brighter along the west and east sides. This planetary nebula is rated at magnitude 12.1. NGC 7048 was discovered by Jean Marie Edouard Stephan on October 1878 using a 31.5-inch reflector. A '''planetary nebula''' is an [[w:emission nebula|emission nebula]] consisting of an expanding glowing shell of [[w:Ionization|ionized]] gas ejected during the [[w:asymptotic giant branch|asymptotic giant branch]] phase of certain types of [[w:star|star]]s late in their life.<ref name=Frankowski>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2009NewA...14..654F | title = Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae | date = November 2009 | last1 = Frankowski | first1 = Adam | last2 = Soker | first2 = Noam | s2cid = 17128522 | journal = New Astronomy | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 654–8 | doi = 10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006 | arxiv = 0903.3364 }}</ref> In recent years, Hubble Space Telescope images have revealed many planetary nebulae to have extremely complex and varied morphologies. About a fifth are roughly spherical, but the majority are not spherically symmetric. "The Hubble Space Telescope has imaged striking details of the famed planetary nebula designated NGC 2818 [at left], which lies in the southern constellation of Pyxis (the Compass). The spectacular structure of the planetary nebula contains the outer layers of a star that were expelled into interstellar space. The glowing gaseous shrouds in the nebula were shed by the central star after it ran out of fuel to sustain the nuclear reactions in its core."<ref name=HHT2008>{{ cite web |author=Hubble Heritage Team |title=Hubble Snaps a Splendid Planetary Nebula |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=January 15, 2009 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/planetary/2009/05/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "This Hubble image was taken in November 2008 with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. The colors in the image represent a range of emissions coming from the clouds of the nebula: red represents nitrogen, green represents hydrogen, and blue represents oxygen."<ref name=HHT2008/> {{clear}} ==Nova-like remnants== [[Image:V838 Monocerotis expansion.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Successive photos of V838 Monocerotis show the progress of a light echo. Credit: NASA, ESA, H.E. Bond (STScI) and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Gas around V838 Monocerotis, nova-like star, seemed to be expanding faster than light from the earth."<ref name=Inaka>{{ cite web |author=Akira Inaka |title=V838 Monoceroti |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=2 October 2015 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/products/art/akira_inaka_04/ |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> "This image [on the right] shows a time sequence of Hubble Space Telescope images of the light echo around V838 Mon, taken between May 2002 and [February] 2004. All [five] pictures were taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys using filters sensitive to blue, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The apparent expansion of the light echo, as light from the early 2002 outburst of V838 Mon propagates outward into the surrounding dust".<ref name=Levay>{{ cite web |author=Z. Levay |title=Light Continues to Echo Three Years After Stellar Outburst |publisher=Hubblesite |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=3 February 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/02/image/g/ |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> "All of the images are shown at the same scale. Moreover, the images are also shown as they would appear for the same exposure times throughout the sequence. Thus the background stars appear constant in brightness, while the surface brightness of the light echo steadily declines. The fading of the light echo is primarily due to the light-scattering properties of interstellar dust. Consider a street lamp on a foggy night. The halo around the lamp is brightest right next to the lamp, while out to the side it is much fainter. Similarly, in the first V838 Mon image, taken in May 2002, the light echo was very bright and compact. At later times, we are seeing dust out to the side of the star, rather than dust that is immediately in front of the star, so the amount of light scattered in our direction is smaller. Hubble astronomers expect the light echo to continue to change its appearance and brightness over the next several years."<ref name=Levay/> {{clear}} ==Nova remnants== [[Image:Dumbell Nebula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Dumbell Nebula is a Nova Remnant. Credit: European Southern Observatory.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the "debris of materials behind by the gigantic explosion of a star in a nova"<ref name=NovaRemnantWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Kevin_Rector|Kevin Rector]] |title=nova remnant |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=8 April 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nova_remnant |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> is called a '''nova remnant'''. {{clear}} ==Supernova remnants== [[Image:Supernova remnant E0102-72.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Color composite of the supernova remnant E0102-72 has X-ray (blue), optical (green), and radio (red). Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/SAO); optical (NASA/HST); radio: (ACTA).{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "nebula that is formed from supernova explosion debris"<ref name=SupernovaRemnantWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=supernova remnant |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 February 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernova_remnant |accessdate=2015-10-06 }}</ref> is called a '''supernova remnant'''. The image on the right is a color "composite of the supernova remnant E0102-72: X-ray (blue), optical (green), and radio (red). E0102-72 is the remnant of a star that exploded in a nearby galaxy known as the Small Magellanic Cloud. The galaxy is approximately 190,000 light years from Earth, so we see the remnant as it was about 190,000 years ago, around a thousand years after the explosion occurred."<ref name=Gaetz>{{ cite web |author=T. J. Gaetz |title=E0102-72.3: In Perspective |publisher=Chandra Photo Album |location=Cambridge, MA, USA |date=20 February 2009 |url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2000/0015multi/ |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> "The star exploded outward at speeds in excess of 20 million kilometers per hr (12 million mph) and collided with surrounding gas. This collision produced two shock waves, or cosmic sonic booms one traveling outward, and the other rebounding back into the material ejected by the explosion."<ref name=Gaetz/> "The radio image was made using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The radio waves are due to extremely high-energy electrons spiraling around magnetic field lines in the gas and trace the outward moving shock wave."<ref name=Gaetz/> "The Chandra X-ray image, shown in blue, shows gas that has been heated to millions of degrees Celsius by the rebounding, or reverse shock wave. The X-ray data show that this gas is rich in oxygen and neon. These elements were created by nuclear reactions inside the star and hurled into space by the supernova."<ref name=Gaetz/> "The Hubble Space Telescope optical image shows dense clumps of oxygen gas that have "cooled" to about 30,000 degree Celsius."<ref name=Gaetz/> E0102-72.3 is in the constellation Tucana at RA 01h 04m 02.40s | Dec -72° 01' 55.30, and the image is 1 arcmin across.<ref name=Gaetz/> {{clear}} ==Plerions== [[Image:Chandra-crab.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Crab Nebula is the archetypal filled-center supernova remnant, or plerion. Credit: X-ray Image: NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester ''et al.'' and Optical Image: NASA/HST/ASU/J. Hester ''et al.''{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "nebula powered by the pulsar wind of a pulsar"<ref name=PlerionWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Equinox|Equinox]] |title=plerion |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=27 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plerion |accessdate=2015-10-06 }}</ref> is called a '''plerion'''. "Detailed studies with the Hubble Space Telescope [captured in the image on the right] illustrate the rich structure of the Crab Nebula's synchrotron emission, on scales down to 0.2 arcseconds. These are also evident in the X-ray image [...]. Especilly intriguing are the structures of the inner nebula near the pulsar--wisps, knots, and fibrous texture--which exhibit cylindrical symmetry. HST observations also show that wisps form and dissipate over a few weeks while moving outward at about 0.5c."<ref name=Swartz>{{ cite web |author=Douglas Swartz |title=X-Ray Astronomy |publisher=Marshall Space Flight Center |location=Houston, Texas USA |date=19 September 2002 |url=http://xanth.msfc.nasa.gov/research/Obs/Crab/index.html |accessdate=2015-10-07 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Symbiotic binaries== [[Image:NGC 6401.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has used its powerful optics to separate the globular cluster NGC 6401 into its constituent stars. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has used its powerful optics to separate the globular cluster NGC 6401 into its constituent stars. What was once only visible as a ghostly mist in the eyepieces of astronomical instruments has been transformed into a stunning stellar landscape."<ref name=WilliamHerschel>{{ cite web |author=ESA/Hubble |author2=NASA |title=Enigmatic cluster targeted by Hubble |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, MD USA |date=August 1, 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1131a/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "NGC 6401 can be found within the constellation of Ophiuchus (The Serpent Bearer). The globular cluster itself is relatively faint, so a telescope and some observational experience are required to see it. Globular clusters are very rich, and generally spherical, collections of stars, hence the name. They orbit the cores of galaxies, with the force of gravity also keeping the stars bound as a group. There are around 160 globular clusters associated with our Milky Way, of which NGC 6401 is one. These objects are very old, containing some of the most ancient stars known. However, there are many mysteries surrounding them, with the origin of globular clusters and their role within galaxy evolution not being completely understood."<ref name=WilliamHerschel/> "The famous astronomer William Herschel discovered this cluster in 1784 with his 47 cm telescope, but mistakenly believed it to be a bright nebula. Later his son, John Herschel, was to make the same error — evidently the technology of the day was insufficient to allow the individual stars to be resolved visually."<ref name=WilliamHerschel/> "NGC 6401 has confused more modern astronomers as well. In 1977 it was thought that a low-mass star in the cluster had been discovered venting its outer layers (known as a planetary nebula). However, a further study in 1990 concluded that the object is in fact a symbiotic star: a binary composed of a red giant and a small hot star such as a white dwarf, with surrounding nebulosity. It could be that the study in 1977 was simply a few thousand years ahead of its time, as symbiotic stars are thought to become a type of planetary nebula."<ref name=WilliamHerschel/> "This picture was created from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through a yellow-orange filter (F606W, coloured blue) were combined with images taken in the near-infrared (F814W, coloured red). The total exposure times were 680 s and 580 s, respectively and the field of view is 3.3 x 1.5 arcminutes."<ref name=WilliamHerschel/> {{clear}} ==Globular clusters== [[Image:Messier 15 HST.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This picture was put together from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The dazzling stars in Messier 15 [at right] look fresh and new in this image from the NASA/Hubble Space Telescope, but they are actually all roughly 13 billion years old, making them some of the most ancient objects in the Universe. Unlike another recent Hubble Picture of the Week, which featured the unusually sparse cluster Palomar 1, Messier 15 is rich and bright despite its age."<ref name=Potw1107a>{{ cite web |author=potw1107a |title=Old stars with a youthful glow |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=February 14, 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1107a/ |accessdate=2014-03-04 }}</ref> "Messier 15 is a globular cluster — a spherical conglomeration of old stars that formed together from the same cloud of gas, found in the outer reaches of the Milky Way in a region known as the halo and orbiting the Galactic Centre. This globular lies about 35 000 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation of Pegasus (The Flying Horse)."<ref name=Potw1107a/> "Messier 15 is one of the densest globulars known, with the vast majority of the cluster’s mass concentrated in the core. Astronomers think that particularly dense globulars, like this one, underwent a process called core collapse, in which gravitational interactions between stars led to many members of the cluster migrating towards the centre."<ref name=Potw1107a/> "Messier 15 is also the first globular cluster known to harbour a planetary nebula, and it is still one of only four globulars known to do so. The planetary nebula, called Pease 1, can be seen in this image as a small blue blob to the lower left of the globular’s core."<ref name=Potw1107a/> "This picture was put together from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through yellow/orange (F606W, coloured blue) and near-infrared (F814W, coloured red) filters were combined. The total exposure times were 535 s and 615 s respectively and the field of view is 3.4 arcminutes across."<ref name=Potw1107a/> {{clear}} ==Star-forming regions== {{main|Stars/Star-forming regions}} [[Image:The star formation region NGC 6559.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This region of sky includes glowing red clouds of mostly hydrogen gas. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:The Cool Clouds of Carina o 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Observations made with the APEX telescope reveal the cold dusty clouds from which stars form. Credit: ESO/APEX/T. Preibisch et al. (Submillimetre); N. Smith, University of Minnesota/NOAO/AURA/NSF (Optical).{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "The gas in the clouds of NGC 6559, mainly hydrogen, is the raw material for star formation ... When a region inside this nebula gathers enough matter, it starts to collapse under its own gravity. The center of the cloud grows ever denser and hotter, until thermonuclear fusion begins and a star is born. The hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms, releasing energy that makes the star shine. ... In regions where it is very dense, the dust completely blocks the light behind it, as is the case for the dark isolated patches and sinuous lanes to the bottom left-hand side and right-hand side of the image".<ref name=ESOofficials>{{ cite book |author=ESO officials |title=Dusty Star-Spawning Space Cloud Glows In Amazing Photo |publisher=Yahoo! News |location=La Silla, Chile |date=May 2, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/dusty-star-spawning-space-cloud-glows-amazing-photo-140759329.html;_ylt=AuvOfcnBLreDFxWBFfhiolaHgsgF;_ylu=X3oDMTRlMXAzbmRkBG1pdANUb3BTdG9yeSBTY2llbmNlU0YgU3BhY2VBc3Ryb25vbXlTU0YEcGtnAzkwY2RjMGI1LTYwNWUtM2I0YS1iOTNmLTJjNjU1N2ZmMzI2ZARwb3MDNwRzZWMDdG9wX3N0b3J5BHZlcgM0M2ZiYWM0MS1iMzMyLTExZTItYWJiYi1iNTZkODJmMTk2NzY-;_ylg=X3oDMTI1MG9icjRhBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdANzY2llbmNlfHNwYWNlLWFzdHJvbm9teQRwdANzZWN0aW9ucw--;_ylv=3 |accessdate=2013-05-02 }}</ref> "The Danish 1.54-metre telescope located at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile has captured a striking image of NGC 6559, an object that showcases the anarchy that reigns when stars form inside an interstellar cloud. This region of sky includes glowing red clouds of mostly hydrogen gas, blue regions where starlight is being reflected from tiny particles of dust and also dark regions where the dust is thick and opaque."<ref name=eso1320a>{{ cite web |author=eso1320a |title=The star formation region NGC 6559 |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=La Silla Observatory, Chile |date=May 2, 2013 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1320a/ |accessdate=2013-05-02 }}</ref> "The two colors of the cloud represent a pair of nebulas. Once the young stars are born, they "energize" the hydrogen surrounding them, ESO officials said. The gas then creates the red wispy cloud — known to astronomers as an "emission nebula" — in the center of the image."<ref name=Kramer>{{ cite web |author=Miriam Kramer |title=Dusty Star-Spawning Space Cloud Glows In Amazing Photo |publisher=Yahoo! News |location=La Silla, Chile |date=May 2, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/dusty-star-spawning-space-cloud-glows-amazing-photo-140759329.html;_ylt=AuvOfcnBLreDFxWBFfhiolaHgsgF;_ylu=X3oDMTRlMXAzbmRkBG1pdANUb3BTdG9yeSBTY2llbmNlU0YgU3BhY2VBc3Ryb25vbXlTU0YEcGtnAzkwY2RjMGI1LTYwNWUtM2I0YS1iOTNmLTJjNjU1N2ZmMzI2ZARwb3MDNwRzZWMDdG9wX3N0b3J5BHZlcgM0M2ZiYWM0MS1iMzMyLTExZTItYWJiYi1iNTZkODJmMTk2NzY-;_ylg=X3oDMTI1MG9icjRhBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdANzY2llbmNlfHNwYWNlLWFzdHJvbm9teQRwdANzZWN0aW9ucw--;_ylv=3 |accessdate=2013-05-02 }}</ref> "These young stars are usually of spectral type O and B, with temperatures between 10 000 and 60 000 K, which radiate huge amounts of high energy ultraviolet light that ionises the hydrogen atoms."<ref name=Hook/> "The blue section of the photo — representing a "reflection nebula" — shows light from the newly formed stars in the cosmic nursery being reflected in all directions by the particles of dust made of iron, carbon, silicon and other elements in the interstellar cloud."<ref name=Kramer/> '''NGC 6559''' is planetary nebula located at a distance of about 5000 light-years from Earth, in the constellation of Sagittarius. "NGC 6559 is a cloud of gas and dust located at a distance of about 5000 light-years from Earth, in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer). The glowing region is a relatively small object, just a few light-years across, in contrast to the one hundred light-years and more spanned by its famous neighbour, the Lagoon Nebula (Messier 8, eso0936). Although it is usually overlooked in favour of its distinguished companion, NGC 6559 has the leading role in this new picture."<ref name=Hook>{{ cite web |author=Richard Hook |title=An Anarchic Region of Star Formation |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=Garching bei München, Germany |date=2 May 2013 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1320/ |accessdate=2013-05-02 }}</ref> "The Milky Way fills the background of the image with countless yellowish older stars. Some of them appear fainter and redder because of the dust in NGC 6559."<ref name=Hook/> "This eye-catching image of star formation was captured by the Danish Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (DFOSC)".<ref name=Hook/> "Observations made with the APEX telescope in submillimetre-wavelength light at a wavelength of 870 µm reveal the cold dusty clouds from which stars form in the Carina Nebula. This site of violent star formation, which plays host to some of the highest-mass stars in our galaxy, is an ideal arena in which to study the interactions between these young stars and their parent molecular clouds."<ref name=Preibisch>{{ cite book |author=T. Preibisch |title=The Cool Clouds of Carina |publisher=ESO |location= |date=November 16, 2011 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1145a/ |accessdate=2014-03-13 }}</ref> "The APEX observations, made with its LABOCA camera, are shown here in orange tones, combined with a visible light image from the Curtis Schmidt telescope at the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. The result is a dramatic, wide-field picture that provides a spectacular view of Carina’s star formation sites. The nebula contains stars equivalent to over 25 000 Suns, and the total mass of gas and dust clouds is that of about 140 000 Suns."<ref name=Preibisch/> {{clear}} ==Outflow clouds== [[Image:Quasar outflow clouds.png|thumb|right|250px|The image shows three quasars A, B and C, each of which also has outflow clouds. Credit: Halton Arp.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' an interstellar-like or intergalactic-like cloud appearing to outflow from a quasar is called an '''outflow cloud'''. The image on the right labels three quasars that have outflow clouds associated with them. The other objects labeled are nearby stars. {{clear}} ==Orion== "The marked change in the density of stars visible on either side [of the Horsehead Nebula at page top] indicates that the strip of glowing hydrogen marks the edge of a substantial dark cloud. As a cloud core emerging from its parental cloud, and as an active site of low-mass star formation, the Horsehead is a simple system of considerable use for testing models of photodissociation regions, and revealing the intricate interrelations between gas, dust, and the light from hot stars. Polarization maps suggest that the entire region is illuminated by the bright OB star Sigma Orionis, which is also responsible for exciting the emission nebula. (The much brighter Zeta Orionis is a foreground star, not related to the nebulosity.)"<ref name=Sharp/> ==Recent history== [[Image:Planetary nebula k 4-55.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This planetary nebula is known as Kohoutek 4-55 (or K 4-55). Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] The '''recent history''' period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present. "The Hubble community bids farewell to the soon-to-be decommissioned Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. In tribute to Hubble's longest-running optical camera, a planetary nebula [at right] has been imaged as WFPC2's final "pretty picture.""<ref name=Sahai>{{ cite web |author=R. Sahai |author2=J. Trauger |title=Hubble Photographs a Planetary Nebula to Commemorate Decommissioning of Super Camera |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=May 10, 2009 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/21/image/a/ |accessdate=2014-02-26 }}</ref> "This planetary nebula is known as Kohoutek 4-55 (or K 4-55). It is one of a series of planetary nebulae that were named after their discoverer, Czech astronomer Lubos Kohoutek. A planetary nebula contains the outer layers of a red giant star that were expelled into interstellar space when the star was in the late stages of its life. Ultraviolet radiation emitted from the remaining hot core of the star ionizes the ejected gas shells, causing them to glow."<ref name=Sahai/> "In the specific case of K 4-55, a bright inner ring is surrounded by a bipolar structure. The entire system is then surrounded by a faint red halo, seen in the emission by nitrogen gas. This multi-shell structure is fairly uncommon in planetary nebulae."<ref name=Sahai/> "This Hubble image was taken by WFPC2 on May 4, 2009. The colors represent the makeup of the various emission clouds in the nebula: red represents nitrogen, green represents hydrogen, and blue represents oxygen. K 4-55 is nearly 4,600 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus."<ref name=Sahai/> "The WFPC2 instrument, which was installed in 1993 to replace the original Wide Field/Planetary Camera, will be removed to make room for Wide Field Camera 3 during the upcoming Hubble Servicing Mission."<ref name=Sahai/> "During the camera's amazing, nearly 16-year run, WFPC2 provided outstanding science and spectacular images of the cosmos. Some of its best-remembered images are of the Eagle Nebula pillars, Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9's impacts on Jupiter's atmosphere, and the 1995 Hubble Deep Field — the longest and deepest Hubble optical image of its time."<ref name=Sahai/> "The scientific and inspirational legacy of WFPC2 will be felt by astronomers and the public alike, for as long as the story of the Hubble Space Telescope is told."<ref name=Sahai/> {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Nebulas are composed of dust and rock. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Asteroids|Asteroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Clouds|Clouds]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Comets|Cometary astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Fieries|Fiery meteor astronomy]] * [[Intergalactic medium]] * [[Interstellar medium]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Kuiper belts|Kuiper belt astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Meteoroids|Meteoroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Showers|Meteor-shower astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Oort clouds|Oort Cloud astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Nebulas}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Meteors/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation/Lectures]] jwgfq56khdsbp273ikedkx50na2n21x 0 207106 2412619 2411985 2022-08-08T14:09:23Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* What is a "portfolio"? */ added link to extended wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Evidence-based_assessment/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder_(assessment_portfolio)/extended_version|here]] ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time ! Interrater Reliability ! Test-Retest Reliability ! Construct Validity ! Content Validity ! Highly Recommended !Free and Accessible Downloads |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | E | G | E | E | X | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | NA | NA | E | G | X | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | G | A | G | G | X | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes |G<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F.|last2=Moffitt|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Gray|first3=Jennifer|date=2005-03|title=Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F|last2=Yim|first2=Letitia|last3=Moffitt|first3=Catherine|last4=Umemoto|first4=Lori A|last5=Francis|first5=Sarah E|date=2000-08|title=Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=38|issue=8|pages=835–855|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref name=":2" /> | | | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] ahfrkl2wqoqgmflj3dxptv4srntgz5y 2412620 2412619 2022-08-08T14:10:42Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* What is a "portfolio"? */ hyperlinked to extended page wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time ! Interrater Reliability ! Test-Retest Reliability ! Construct Validity ! Content Validity ! Highly Recommended !Free and Accessible Downloads |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | E | G | E | E | X | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | NA | NA | E | G | X | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | G | A | G | G | X | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes |G<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F.|last2=Moffitt|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Gray|first3=Jennifer|date=2005-03|title=Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F|last2=Yim|first2=Letitia|last3=Moffitt|first3=Catherine|last4=Umemoto|first4=Lori A|last5=Francis|first5=Sarah E|date=2000-08|title=Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=38|issue=8|pages=835–855|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref name=":2" /> | | | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 5chaj62qvcvb4ihnc93tikftqc1levg 2412621 2412620 2022-08-08T14:16:09Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder */ added in changes to dsm wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available here. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time ! Interrater Reliability ! Test-Retest Reliability ! Construct Validity ! Content Validity ! Highly Recommended !Free and Accessible Downloads |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | E | G | E | E | X | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | NA | NA | E | G | X | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | G | A | G | G | X | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes |G<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F.|last2=Moffitt|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Gray|first3=Jennifer|date=2005-03|title=Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F|last2=Yim|first2=Letitia|last3=Moffitt|first3=Catherine|last4=Umemoto|first4=Lori A|last5=Francis|first5=Sarah E|date=2000-08|title=Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=38|issue=8|pages=835–855|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref name=":2" /> | | | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 3mob8ibnky6hg5g15u50qj252b0lhc7 2412622 2412621 2022-08-08T14:18:21Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder */ changed template wording wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available here. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time ! Interrater Reliability ! Test-Retest Reliability ! Construct Validity ! Content Validity ! Highly Recommended !Free and Accessible Downloads |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | E | G | E | E | X | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | NA | NA | E | G | X | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | G | A | G | G | X | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes |G<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F.|last2=Moffitt|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Gray|first3=Jennifer|date=2005-03|title=Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F|last2=Yim|first2=Letitia|last3=Moffitt|first3=Catherine|last4=Umemoto|first4=Lori A|last5=Francis|first5=Sarah E|date=2000-08|title=Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=38|issue=8|pages=835–855|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref name=":2" /> | | | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] fgcf3as32ti1qbz3fsa7exh0x0x7gdm 2412623 2412622 2022-08-08T14:19:02Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Diagnostic criteria for ______ disorder */ linked and changed header wording wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time ! Interrater Reliability ! Test-Retest Reliability ! Construct Validity ! Content Validity ! Highly Recommended !Free and Accessible Downloads |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | E | G | E | E | X | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | NA | NA | E | G | X | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | G | A | G | G | X | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes |G<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F.|last2=Moffitt|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Gray|first3=Jennifer|date=2005-03|title=Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.004|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chorpita|first=Bruce F|last2=Yim|first2=Letitia|last3=Moffitt|first3=Catherine|last4=Umemoto|first4=Lori A|last5=Francis|first5=Sarah E|date=2000-08|title=Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=38|issue=8|pages=835–855|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8|issn=0005-7967}}</ref> |G<ref name=":2" /> | | | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 2gon113acv39dvbbezu0s8xwb7g9zbv 2412624 2412623 2022-08-08T14:21:18Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Screening instruments for OCD */ Removed extra columns wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> === Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] fkw6ky6rttwzbxte1e0ekzkp74kgbc4 2412625 2412624 2022-08-08T14:23:58Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Psychometric properties of screening instruments for OCD */ moving section wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} '''Note:''' L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/tn2vg/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOC)S]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Wayne K.|date=1989-11-01|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=46|issue=11|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> **With Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) or self-report (Y-BOCS-SR)<ref name=":0" /> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 7nykoszmezc6t16wh18ow1eizlyufej 2412626 2412625 2022-08-08T14:25:09Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Screening instruments for OCD */ added likelihood table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] i4k5tenv1e7xjc7d7gi009pvxnl9b06 2412627 2412626 2022-08-08T14:25:45Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD */ added sentence wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Demographics === This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 1fshw4di62cmgkpir4uefkp1zud5odn 2412628 2412627 2022-08-08T14:26:49Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Demographics */ change header wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of OCD that they are likely to see in their clinical practice. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 9y33ctlamfwg7kyfntr1caq08ezkgy1 2412629 2412628 2022-08-08T14:27:05Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings */ removed extra wording wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} === Screening instruments for OCD === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] an8ajwb5rqlsjlmilk77a4ye8ubi8ez 2412630 2412629 2022-08-08T14:27:42Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Screening instruments for OCD */ changed header wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] d7qzrnkhowzws9hziegvrsu2kiwjc5w 2412632 2412630 2022-08-08T14:28:46Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD */ added note baout LR+ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== === Recommended self-report questionnaires === *[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-04450-019 Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramowitz|first=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|last3=Olatunji|first3=Bunmi O.|last4=Wheaton|first4=Michael G.|last5=Berman|first5=Noah C.|last6=Losardo|first6=Diane|last7=Timpano|first7=Kiara R.|last8=McGrath|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Riemann|first9=Bradley C.|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018260|journal=Psychological Assessment|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180–198|doi=10.1037/a0018260}}</ref> *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Langner/publication/10973110_The_Obsessive-Compulsive_Inventory_Development_and_validation_of_a_short_version/links/54be1e9a0cf218d4a16a4dc5/The-Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Development-and-validation-of-a-short-version.pdf Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised]<ref>Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. ''Psychological assessment'', ''14''(4), 485.</ref> *[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0005796700000851/1-s2.0-S0005796700000851-main.pdf?_tid=f904c386-c354-424f-b339-6a53a87ec31a&acdnat=1521761575_8fe72e0787f227a8ee9cdf3592136d64 Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=39|issue=8|pages=987–1006|doi=10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1}}</ref> === Interpreting obsessive compulsive disorder screening measure scores === '''Overview''' The purpose of this subsection is to use Bayesian probability theory in order to accurately predict the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, given base diagnosis rate in the region and likelihood ratios in diagnostic likelihood ratios. '''Area under curve (AUC)''' The area under the curve (AUC, or AUROC) is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder higher than a randomly chosen negative diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. '''Likelihood ratios''' Likelihood ratios (also known as likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing) are the proportion of cases with the diagnosis scoring in a given range divided by the proportion of the cases without the diagnosis scoring in the same range<ref name="EAYfuturedirections"/> <ref name="strauss2011"/>. The table below shows area under the curve (AUCs) and likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing for potential screening measures for obsessive compulsive disorder. It should be noted that all studies used some version of a K-SADS interview by a trained rater, combined with review by a clinician to establish consensus. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Likelihood Ratio ! Comments |- | Larger than 10, smaller than 0.10 | Frequently clinically decisive |- | Ranging from 5 to 10, 0.20 | Helpful in clinical diagnosis |- |Between 2.0 and 0.5 | Rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation |- | Around 1.0 | Test result did not change clinical impressions at all |} '''"LR+"''' refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and '''"LR-"''' is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all<ref name="EAYfuturedirections" />. On the other hand, likelihood ratios larger than 10 or smaller than 0.10 are frequently clinically decisive, 5 or 0.20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinical significance|clinically meaningful changes of formulation. <ref name= "sackett"/> ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 3hlji6ulnoz8ionfxmi6fzbuo7wipps 2412633 2412632 2022-08-08T14:30:20Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Prescription phase */ inserted table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for (insert portfolio name)=== ''<nowiki>****</nowiki>This table should contain diagnostic interviews that are specific just to the disorder your portfolio focuses on. General or broad reaching diagnostic interviews, like the KSADS, are listed in the link in the section above.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! colspan="5" |Diagnostic instruments for '''(insert portfolio name)''' |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time !Where to Access |- | Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised (CDRS-R) | Structured Interview<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Mayes|first=Taryn L.|last2=Bernstein|first2=Ira H.|last3=Haley|first3=Charlotte L.|last4=Kennard|first4=Betsy D.|last5=Emslie|first5=Graham J.|date=2010-12|title=Psychometric Properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised in Adolescents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003451/|journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=513–516|doi=10.1089/cap.2010.0063|issn=1044-5463|pmc=PMC3003451|pmid=21186970}}</ref> | 6-12 | 15-20 minutes | * Link to purchase [https://www.wpspublish.com/store/p/2703/cdrs-r-children-s-depression-rating-scale-revised#purchase-product CDRS-R] *[http://www.opapc.com/uploads/documents/CDRS-R.pdf PDF] (excerpt) |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} '''Note:''' Reliability and validity are included in the extended version (link). This table includes measures with Good or Excellent ratings. ===Severity interviews for (insert portfolio name here)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time !Where to Access |- | Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised (CDRS-R) | Structured Interview<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Mayes|first=Taryn L.|last2=Bernstein|first2=Ira H.|last3=Haley|first3=Charlotte L.|last4=Kennard|first4=Betsy D.|last5=Emslie|first5=Graham J.|date=2010-12|title=Psychometric Properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised in Adolescents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003451/|journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=513–516|doi=10.1089/cap.2010.0063|issn=1044-5463|pmc=PMC3003451|pmid=21186970}}</ref> | 6-12 | 15-20 minutes | * Link to purchase [https://www.wpspublish.com/store/p/2703/cdrs-r-children-s-depression-rating-scale-revised#purchase-product CDRS-R] *[http://www.opapc.com/uploads/documents/CDRS-R.pdf PDF] (excerpt) |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] b088qr8xn7cwn3tlzhly7sq9dkr0uyg 2412634 2412633 2022-08-08T14:31:49Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for (insert portfolio name) */ fixed table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! colspan="5" |Diagnostic instruments for '''(insert portfolio name)''' |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time !Where to Access |- | | | | | * |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} '''Note:''' Reliability and validity are included in the extended version (link). This table includes measures with Good or Excellent ratings. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} '''Note:''' “A” = Away from the clinical range – moving at least 2 standard deviations away from clinical mean; “B” = Back into the nonclinical range – moving within 2 standard deviations of the nonclinical mean; “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean – crossing the weighted average of the two groups. === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 2irl2k7r7g6fvqnpkfbj4y1ec0j8x8z 2412635 2412634 2022-08-08T14:35:19Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales */ removed note wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! colspan="5" |Diagnostic instruments for '''(insert portfolio name)''' |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time !Where to Access |- | | | | | * |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} '''Note:''' Reliability and validity are included in the extended version (link). This table includes measures with Good or Excellent ratings. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] p1jteboa0r1ewv4sxvtqbwt11gk9f4e 2412636 2412635 2022-08-08T14:39:58Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! colspan="5" |Diagnostic instruments for '''(insert portfolio name)''' |- ! Measure ! Format (Reporter) ! Age Range ! Administration/ Completion Time !Where to Access | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- | | | | | * |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} '''Note:''' Reliability and validity are included in the extended version (link). This table includes measures with Good or Excellent ratings. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] pldvjkoc8u20b5wasqgr80hppryhzfg 2412642 2412636 2022-08-08T14:45:08Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 7v5l3r6vu435tncjwiz6ie89yn1juwu 2412643 2412642 2022-08-08T14:45:55Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Gold standard diagnostic interviews */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for schizophrenia=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- |Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.appi.org/products/structured-clinical-interview-for-dsm-5-scid-5|title=Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5)|website=www.appi.org|accessdate=2018-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-06|editor-last=Hunsley|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Mash|editor2-first=Eric J.|title=A Guide to Assessments That Work|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190492243.001.0001|journal=Oxford Clinical Psychology|doi=10.1093/med-psych/9780190492243.001.0001}}</ref> |Semi-structured interview to be administered by a clinician or an experienced rater |Adults (Ages 18+) |Varies, 43.0±30.6 minutes | -Available for purchase from [https://www.appi.org/products/structured-clinical-interview-for-dsm-5-scid-5 APA Publishing] (Note: Not free) -Modified [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/x9smc/?action=download%26mode=render] (not most recent version, SCID-I) -Located on Penn Lab, See Appendix 1 for schizophrenia modules |- |Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sheehan|first=D. V.|last2=Lecrubier|first2=Y.|last3=Sheehan|first3=K. H.|last4=Amorim|first4=P.|last5=Janavs|first5=J.|last6=Weiller|first6=E.|last7=Hergueta|first7=T.|last8=Baker|first8=R.|last9=Dunbar|first9=G. C.|date=1998|title=The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9881538|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=59 Suppl 20|pages=22–33;quiz 34–57|issn=0160-6689|pmid=9881538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897376853|title=The assessment of psychosis : a reference book and rating scales for research and practice|date=2015|others=Flavie Waters, Massoud Stephane|isbn=978-1-134-62869-8|location=New York, NY|oclc=897376853}}</ref> |Structured interview to be administer by a mental health professional with extensive training |Adults, also a children and adolescent version available |Mean 18.7 minutes | -Available on the [https://harmresearch.org/mini-international-neuropsychiatric-interview-mini/ Harm Research Institute] for purchase |- |- | colspan="5" style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" |'''For Children and Adolescents Specifically''' |- |[[wikipedia:Kiddie_Schedule_for_Affective_Disorders_and_Schizophrenia|Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL DSM-V)]]<ref>Eric A. Youngstrom, Mitchell J. Prinstein, Eric J. Mash, & Russell A. Barkley. (2020). ''Assessment of Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition''. The Guilford Press.</ref> |Semi-structured interview to be administered by a health care provider or highly trained clinical researcher |Ages 6-18 |45-75 minutes |[https://www.kennedykrieger.org/sites/default/files/library/documents/faculty/ksads-dsm-5-screener.pdf PDF Version] |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] qev3v2glgkvreoafqelbwpf8ydsmqwj 2412644 2412643 2022-08-08T14:47:06Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for schizophrenia */ trying to insert table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for schizophrenia=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] j1my13cr6ha4hemnu3asjjkl55ao0ox 2412645 2412644 2022-08-08T14:47:40Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for schizophrenia */ moved diagnostic instruments over wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) |Questionnaire (Child) |6-18 |12 minutes | *[http://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/revised-childrens-anxiety-and-depression-scale-and-subscales/ RCADS homepage] '''PDFs for RCADS''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/s3fu2/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Child Self-reported (8-18 years)] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/fp9mk/?action=download%26mode=render RCADS Parent-reported] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/vy7ta/?action=download%26mode=render Child Scoring Aid] *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/t4bz6/?action=download%26mode=render Parent Scoring Aid] '''Subscales''' *[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/ca5hk/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Self-reported] * [https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/7xkbn/?action=download%26mode=render OCD Parent-reported] '''Translations''' '''[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/qsjh9/?action=download%26mode=render User Guide]''' * |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1" /> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] ldu7b0epg878fqo190ugdw1mymcrm0p 2412646 2412645 2022-08-08T14:53:09Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* Recommended screening instruments */ edited table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) | Self-report | | | |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | | | |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOC) | Self-report | | | |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] clr0rcq2ixmc0w33ewpsluoc3rweav5 2412647 2412646 2022-08-08T14:56:13Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended screening instruments */ added first citation wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storch|first=Eric A.|last2=Khanna|first2=Muniya|last3=Merlo|first3=Lisa J.|last4=Loew|first4=Benjamin A.|last5=Franklin|first5=Martin|last6=Reid|first6=Jeannette M.|last7=Goodman|first7=Wayne K.|last8=Murphy|first8=Tanya K.|date=2009-03-27|title=Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Feasibility of a Self-Report Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Youth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development|volume=40|issue=3|pages=467–483|doi=10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|issn=0009-398X}}</ref> | Self-report | | | |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | | | |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOC) | Self-report | | | |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 5l5hqsnglkgzqp912wlo6ysq6rw63w9 2412649 2412647 2022-08-08T15:02:40Z Maddiegray11 2936309 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD */ Added SCID wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storch|first=Eric A.|last2=Khanna|first2=Muniya|last3=Merlo|first3=Lisa J.|last4=Loew|first4=Benjamin A.|last5=Franklin|first5=Martin|last6=Reid|first6=Jeannette M.|last7=Goodman|first7=Wayne K.|last8=Murphy|first8=Tanya K.|date=2009-03-27|title=Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Feasibility of a Self-Report Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Youth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development|volume=40|issue=3|pages=467–483|doi=10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|issn=0009-398X}}</ref> | Self-report | | | |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | | | |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOC) | Self-report | | | |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |OCD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) |Semi-structured |18+ | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] r9ai9qpw7ds6l4edboax4ls2k4fyy85 2412689 2412649 2022-08-08T22:39:24Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* Recommended screening instruments */ filled out table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for schizophrenia. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storch|first=Eric A.|last2=Khanna|first2=Muniya|last3=Merlo|first3=Lisa J.|last4=Loew|first4=Benjamin A.|last5=Franklin|first5=Martin|last6=Reid|first6=Jeannette M.|last7=Goodman|first7=Wayne K.|last8=Murphy|first8=Tanya K.|date=2009-03-27|title=Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Feasibility of a Self-Report Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Youth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development|volume=40|issue=3|pages=467–483|doi=10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|issn=0009-398X}}</ref> | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://iocdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Storch-et-al.-CFOCI-Article.pdf C-FOCI] |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171333/ OCI-CV] |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOCI) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://www.projectimplicit.net/bethany/papers/ShafranFramptonHeymanReynoldsTeachmanRachman2003.pdf CHOCI] |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |OCD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) |Semi-structured |18+ | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] ql17tj9vntj0p82qzo4ozfj1b9hjwph 2412692 2412689 2022-08-08T22:47:15Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* Recommended screening instruments */ changed incorrect wording wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storch|first=Eric A.|last2=Khanna|first2=Muniya|last3=Merlo|first3=Lisa J.|last4=Loew|first4=Benjamin A.|last5=Franklin|first5=Martin|last6=Reid|first6=Jeannette M.|last7=Goodman|first7=Wayne K.|last8=Murphy|first8=Tanya K.|date=2009-03-27|title=Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Feasibility of a Self-Report Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Youth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development|volume=40|issue=3|pages=467–483|doi=10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|issn=0009-398X}}</ref> | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://iocdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Storch-et-al.-CFOCI-Article.pdf C-FOCI] |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171333/ OCI-CV] |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOCI) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://www.projectimplicit.net/bethany/papers/ShafranFramptonHeymanReynoldsTeachmanRachman2003.pdf CHOCI] |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | | | | |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | | | | |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | | | | |- |OCD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) |Semi-structured |18+ | | |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 1wifalerivnw17m72o7y1c5ixc3o7qx 2412693 2412692 2022-08-08T23:04:09Z Sophiebirky 2946510 /* Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD */ edited and added to table wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{medical disclaimer}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Portfolio template/What is a "portfolio"|'''What is a "portfolio"?''']]== For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above. Want even 'more' information about this topic? There's an extended version of this page [[Evidence-based assessment/Obsessive-compulsive disorder (assessment portfolio)/extended version|here]]. ==[[Evidence based assessment/Preparation phase|'''Preparation phase''']]== === Diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) '''Changes in DSM-5''' * The diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Summaries are available [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 here]. {{blockquotebottom}} === Base rates of obsessive-compulsive in different populations and clinical settings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Demography ! Setting ! Base Rate ! Diagnostic Method |- |National (U.S.) adult sample (n=2073) |National Comorbidity Survey Replication<ref name="RuscioEtAl2010"/> |2.3% |World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) |- |U.S. household sample (n=18572) |Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program<ref name="KarnoEtAl1988"/> |1.9-3.3% |Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) |- |Iranian adults (n=25180) |Iranian population-based study<ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004"/> |1.8% |DIS |- |NSAL adult study (n=5191) |African-American and Caribbean Households (U.S.)<ref name="HimleEtAl2008"/> |1.6% |CIDI Short Form |- |Epidemiological sample (n=6616) |Singapore Mental Health Study<ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012"/> |3.0% |CIDI 3.0 |} '''Search terms:''' [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [prevalence OR incidence] in PsycInfo and PubMed [obsessive compulsive disorder OR ocd] AND [epidemiology] in PsycInfo and PubMed ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prediction phase|'''Prediction phase''']]== === Diagnosis === {{blockquotetop}}'''ICD-11 Criteria''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F40-F48|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of persistent obsessions or compulsions, or most commonly both. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or impulses/urges that are intrusive, unwanted, and are commonly associated with anxiety. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or to neutralize them by performing compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors including repetitive mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, according to rigid rules, or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’. In order for obsessive-compulsive disorder to be diagnosed, obsessions and compulsions must be time consuming (e.g., taking more than an hour per day), and result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. Inclusions *anankastic neurosis *obsessive-compulsive neurosis Exclusions *obsessive compulsive behaviour (MB23.4) {{blockquotebottom}} ===Recommended screening instruments === The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Instrument ! Format ! Age Range ! Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Children’s Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storch|first=Eric A.|last2=Khanna|first2=Muniya|last3=Merlo|first3=Lisa J.|last4=Loew|first4=Benjamin A.|last5=Franklin|first5=Martin|last6=Reid|first6=Jeannette M.|last7=Goodman|first7=Wayne K.|last8=Murphy|first8=Tanya K.|date=2009-03-27|title=Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Feasibility of a Self-Report Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Youth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development|volume=40|issue=3|pages=467–483|doi=10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9|issn=0009-398X}}</ref> | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://iocdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Storch-et-al.-CFOCI-Article.pdf C-FOCI] |- |Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Child Version (OCI-CV) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171333/ OCI-CV] |- | Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOCI) | Self-report | 7-17 years | |[https://www.projectimplicit.net/bethany/papers/ShafranFramptonHeymanReynoldsTeachmanRachman2003.pdf CHOCI] |} === Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for OCD === * '''''For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prediction_phase&wteswitched=1#Likelihood_ratios_and_AUCs_of_common_screening_instruments click here.]''''' {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Screening Measure (Primary Reference) ! Area Under curve (AUC) and Sample Size ! LR+ (Score) ! LR- ! Clinical generalizability !Download Link |- | Y-BOCS-SR<ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996"/> | 0.75 (N=162) | 5.50 (7) | 0.50 | Moderate: OCD among pregnant and postpartum women |[http://www.seinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/YBOC-Symptom-Checklist.pdf Y-BOCS-SR] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.81 (N=322) | 3.66 (14) | 0.44 | High: OCD (n=167) versus other anxiety disorders (n=155) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | OCI-R Total<ref name="FoaEtAl2002"/> | 0.82 (N=458) | 2.98 (18) | 0.36 | High: OCD (n=215) versus other anxiety disorders (n=243) at outpatient anxiety clinic |[https://serene.me.uk/tests/oci.pdf OCI-R Total] |- | Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale<ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010"/> | 0.77 (N=513) | 2.33 (21) | 0.43 | High: OCD (n=315) versus other anxiety disorders (n=198) at outpatient clinics across the U.S. |[https://www.unc.edu/~jonabram/DOCS.pdf DOCS] |- |Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> |(N=50) | | | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |} *“LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000). ==[[Evidence based assessment/Prescription phase|'''Prescription phase''']]== ===Gold standard diagnostic interviews=== * For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_based_assessment/Prescription_phase&wteswitched=1#Common_Diagnostic_Interviews click here.] ===Recommended diagnostic interviews for OCD=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Diagnostic Interview !Format !Age Range/ !Administration Time !Where to Access |- | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule<ref>Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., 1994. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV-L). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.</ref> | Semistructured interview | | |[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618514001510?via%3Dihub ADIS-IV] |- |[https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mnzy2/?action=download%26mode=render Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Steketee|first=G|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview versus self-report|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796796000368|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(96)00036-8}}</ref> | Semistructured interview | | Up to 60 mins |[https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-06/Y-BOCS-Checklist_0.pdf Y-BOCS] |- | [https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418/abstract/4AF689339CB14A0APQ/1?accountid=14244 Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale]<ref name=":1">Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., & al, e. (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155''(1), 102-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220481418?accountid=14244</nowiki></ref> | Semistructured interview | "older children" to adult | |[http://www.veale.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/BABS_revised_501.pdf BABS] |- |OCD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) |Semi-structured interview |18+ | |[https://www.appi.org/products/structured-clinical-interview-for-dsm-5-scid-5 SCID-5] |} ==[[Evidence based assessment/Process phase|'''Process phase''']]== === Treatments === ==== Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) ==== *Behavior therapy, specifically ERP, has been established as the treatment of choice for OCD <ref>Whittal M.L., McLean P.D., Söchting I., Koch W.J., Taylor S., Anderson K., Paterson R.'''OCD treatment outcome using behavioral and cognitive approaches''' Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami Beach, FL (1997)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foa|first=Edna B.|last2=Kozak|first2=Michael J.|title=Beyond the efficacy ceiling? Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80019-6|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=28|issue=4|pages=601–611|doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80019-6}}</ref>. *Therapy incorporates ERP and emphasizes cognitive change. **Therapist will help individual identify anxiety-provoking thoughts and situations. **Therapist will develop a treatment plan and idiographic “fear hierarchy.” **Individuals will learn to encounter situations that invoke anxiety without engaging in rituals used to dispel anxiety (ERP). **Exposures will be done gradually at a pace that is comfortable for the client. **Therapy will include homework assignments and is designed to offer lifelong skills. *Therapy includes verbal techniques such as psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring. *Manuals for reference: **The therapist guide: Mastery of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach<ref>E. Foa, M. Kozak Mastery of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach Graywind Publications (1997)</ref> **Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (Wilhelm & Steketee) **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Psychotherapy <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70659789|title=Obsessive compulsive disorder|last=S.|first=Abramowitz, Jonathan|date=2006|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber Publishers|isbn=9780889373167|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=70659789}}</ref> *Treatment alliance is a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms<ref>Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''25''(7), 855-863.</ref>. The therapist should provide a “validating and :encouraging” environment so that clients can tolerate the emotional arousal associated with exposures. ==== Medication ==== *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat OCD. *These antidepressants include: **[[wikipedia:Fluvoxamine|fluvoxamine]] **[[wikipedia:Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Sertraline|sertraline]] **[[wikipedia:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] **[[wikipedia:Citalopram|citalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Clomipramine|clomipramine]] **[[wikipedia:Escitalopram|escitalopram]] **[[wikipedia:Venlafaxine|venlafaxine]] *High doses (relative to doses prescribed for depression) are needed for individuals with OCD. === Process and outcome measures === ==== Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments and mood rating scales ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- | rowspan=1" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Measure</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:130%;" | <b> Subscale</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:130%" width="300" | <b> Cut-off scores</b> | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%" | <b> Critical Change <br> (unstandardized scores)</b> |- | colspan="8" span style="font-size:110%; text-align:center;" | <b> Benchmarks Based on Published Norms</b> |- | colspan="2" | | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> A</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> B</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> C</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 95%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> 90%</b> | style="text-align:center;font-size:110%" | <b> SE_difference</b> |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 10.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Compulsions</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 3.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| 1.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 41.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 23.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Washing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.7 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Checking</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Ordering</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 10.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.6 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Obsessing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.9 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Hoarding</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.4 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Neutralizing</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 6.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.5 |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <b> Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS)</b> | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Total</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 31.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Contamination</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Responsibility for Harm</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 8.7 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.0 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.2 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Unacceptable Thoughts</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 9.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.5 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.3 |- | style="text-align:right;" | <i> Symmetry</i> | style="text-align:center;"| n/a | style="text-align:center;"| 7.9 | style="text-align:center;"| 3.6 | style="text-align:center;"| 2.2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.8 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.1 |- |} === Process measures === *Quality of Life **Sheehan Disability Scale<ref>Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): 89–95.</ref> **[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765819.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9dcc715f829676edec9bc2c7be1478fa Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey]<ref>McHorney, C., Ware, J., & Raczek, A. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs. ''Medical Care,'' ''31''(3), 247-263. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3765819</nowiki></ref> *Compulsions scale of YBOCS *SUDS Ratings == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/self-injurious-thoughts-and-behaviors/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on rule-breaking, defiance, and acting out] *For information on conducting Exposure Therapy for anxiety disordered youth, see [https://www.bravepracticeforkids.com/ www.BravePracticeForKids.com] == References == {{collapse top|Click here for references}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="EAYfuturedirections"> Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology's historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(1), 139-159. </ref> <ref name="strauss2011"> Strauss, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="sackett"> Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. </ref> <ref name="RuscioEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ruscio|first1=AM|last2=Stein|first2=DJ|last3=Chiu|first3=WT|last4=Kessler|first4=RC|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.|journal=Molecular psychiatry|date=January 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=53-63|pmid=18725912}}</ref> <ref name="KarnoEtAl1988">{{cite journal|last1=Karno|first1=M|last2=Golding|first2=JM|last3=Sorenson|first3=SB|last4=Burnam|first4=MA|title=The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities.|journal=Archives of general psychiatry|date=December 1988|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1094-9|pmid=3264144}}</ref> <ref name="MohammadiEtAl2004">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammadi|first1=MR|last2=Ghanizadeh|first2=A|last3=Rahgozar|first3=M|last4=Noorbala|first4=AA|last5=Davidian|first5=H|last6=Afzali|first6=HM|last7=Naghavi|first7=HR|last8=Yazdi|first8=SA|last9=Saberi|first9=SM|last10=Mesgarpour|first10=B|last11=Akhondzadeh|first11=S|last12=Alaghebandrad|first12=J|last13=Tehranidoost|first13=M|title=Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran.|journal=BMC psychiatry|date=14 February 2004|volume=4|pages=2|pmid=15018627}}</ref> <ref name="HimleEtAl2008">{{cite journal|last1=Himle|first1=JA|last2=Muroff|first2=JR|last3=Taylor|first3=RJ|last4=Baser|first4=RE|last5=Abelson|first5=JM|last6=Hanna|first6=GL|last7=Abelson|first7=JL|last8=Jackson|first8=JS|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life.|journal=Depression and anxiety|date=2008|volume=25|issue=12|pages=993-1005|pmid=18833577}}</ref> <ref name="SubramaniamEtAl2012">{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=M|last2=Abdin|first2=E|last3=Vaingankar|first3=JA|last4=Chong|first4=SA|title=Obsessive--compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.|journal=Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology|date=December 2012|volume=47|issue=12|pages=2035-43|pmid=22526825}}</ref> <ref name="LordEtAl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lord|first1=C|last2=Hall|first2=G|last3=Soares|first3=CN|last4=Steiner|first4=M|title=Physiological stress response in postpartum women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study.|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|date=January 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133-8|pmid=20537805}}</ref> <ref name="FoaEtAl2002">{{cite journal|last1=Foa|first1=EB|last2=Huppert|first2=JD|last3=Leiberg|first3=S|last4=Langner|first4=R|last5=Kichic|first5=R|last6=Hajcak|first6=G|last7=Salkovskis|first7=PM|title=The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=December 2002|volume=14|issue=4|pages=485-96|pmid=12501574}}</ref> <ref name="SteketeeEtAl1996">{{cite journal|last1=Steketee|first1=G|last2=Frost|first2=R|last3=Bogart|first3=K|title=The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.|journal=Behaviour research and therapy|date=August 1996|volume=34|issue=8|pages=675-84|pmid=8870295}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzDeacon2005">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Deacon|first2=Brett J.|title=Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|date=January 2006|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1016–1035|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001}}</ref> <ref name="AbramowitzEtAl2010">{{cite journal|last1=Abramowitz|first1=JS|last2=Deacon|first2=BJ|last3=Olatunji|first3=BO|last4=Wheaton|first4=MG|last5=Berman|first5=NC|last6=Losardo|first6=D|last7=Timpano|first7=KR|last8=McGrath|first8=PB|last9=Riemann|first9=BC|last10=Adams|first10=T|last11=Björgvinsson|first11=T|last12=Storch|first12=EA|last13=Hale|first13=LR|title=Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.|journal=Psychological assessment|date=March 2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=180-98|pmid=20230164}}</ref> }} {{collapse bottom|Click here for references}} [[Category:Psychological disorder portfolios|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] hpgumm6xdy8ui9y10nw2on2wwd579cf 3 212854 2412631 2408227 2022-08-08T14:28:02Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Tech editor's Wikidata entry */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Evolution_and_evolvability My main Wikipedia usertalk page is here] === == Eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structure == Hi Evolution and evolvability! [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structure|Eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structure]] has been apparently completed as of 20 January 2017 and published in the [[WikiJournal of Medicine]]! Would you like this announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 20:23, 21 January 2017 (UTC) :{{re|Marshallsumter}} That would be fantastic! Is there anything that I would need to do to facilitate that? <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 02:32, 22 January 2017 (UTC) == Template:Article info == There is an error in [[Template:Article info]] demonstrated on [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis]] and [[Talk:WikiJournal of Medicine/Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis]], where "expansion depth is exceeded. The error is specifically related to the <code>|accepted = 27 March 2014</code> parameter. If that line is removed, the error goes away. Please investigate. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 04:09, 12 February 2017 (UTC) ::Thanks {{u|Dave Braunschweig}}. I'll look into what's going on. It's evidently calling too many templates within templates. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 06:47, 12 February 2017 (UTC) == Template:Fig == There's an issue in [[Template:Fig]] with too many closing curly braces in a <nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki> tag somewhere. I can't find it, though. See [[Special:LintErrors/bogus-image-options]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:26, 26 April 2017 (UTC) :Thank you! I'll see if I can find it. A quick search indicates that there are 886 opening and closing braces, so at least there's a matched number! I'll see if I can find an example where the template misformats, which might give a clue as to where the braces have been misplaced. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 00:43, 26 April 2017 (UTC) ::It's also possible that there's a bug in the reporting tool. There may be so many curly braces there that it got lost / confused. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:15, 27 April 2017 (UTC) :::See [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3AFig&type=revision&diff=1716029&oldid=1668697]. Alt needs to be conditional, and use {{tl|!}} to include the separator only when present. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:49, 4 August 2017 (UTC) ::::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thank you! Sadly, one problem remains. The {{tl|!}} expands to a space in stead of a pipe when transcluded into a table (including in multicolumns layout. This is a problem because the multiple column layouts (like {{tl|col-begin}}) are useful for making columns that reflow into a single column on mobiles. See below for what I mean (note the link destinations): <pre>{{fig|1|Sobo 1909 639.png|capn|size=100px|link=main}}</pre> '''Correct transclusion:''' {{fig|1|Sobo 1909 639.png|capn|size=100px|link=main}} {{-}} '''Error when transcluded in table:''' {| | {{fig|1|Sobo 1909 639.png|capn|size=100px|{{!}}link=main}} |} {{clear}} You can force the separation in a table. See above. Also, I've been working on a better columns template. It's not fully tested yet, but try {{tl|Columns}}. It's better for mobile column display. We need to start moving away from tables for layout. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 17:33, 5 August 2017 (UTC) ::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Champion, thank you! <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 02:15, 6 August 2017 (UTC) == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. * [[:File:Vitamin D as an adjunct for acute community-acquired pneumonia among infants and children systematic review and meta-analysis.pdf]] [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 00:42, 30 June 2017 (UTC) :I added {{tl|Cc-by-sa-3.0}}. If that is incorrect, please update. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:45, 30 June 2017 (UTC) ::Thanks! Have edited to CC-BY-4. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 01:00, 30 June 2017 (UTC) == Curator Status == Would you have any interest in [[Wikiversity:Curators]] status? I'd be happy to nominate you. It provides extra tools that can make some of the editing you do easier. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:04, 14 October 2017 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thank you for your suggestion. I'll read up more on that. It seems that many of those tools would be very useful. My only hesitation is that I've only contributed to a very specific corner of Wikiversity! <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 01:35, 15 October 2017 (UTC) ::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} I've now lodged my [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship#Evolution and evolvability .28talk .7C email .7C contribs .7C stats.29|application]] for Probationary Custodianship. If you'd consider being my mentor in this, I'd greatly appreciate your technical expertise and wiki experience. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 10:52, 25 October 2017 (UTC) :::Done. Please monitor the page for questions and discussion. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:55, 25 October 2017 (UTC) You are now a curator. Congratulations! Please visit [[Wikiversity:Support staff]] and add yourself to the list. Then visit [[Special:SpecialPages]] and individual page menus and check out the new tools. Let me know whenever you have questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:46, 30 October 2017 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thank you for your original recommendation to apply, and for the subsequent support. It's good to be aboard. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 23:54, 30 October 2017 (UTC) == Editor in chief == Hi Thomas! I recently took on a new full-time job that is leaving me little time for wikis. I was trusting that sooner or later I would find the time and energy to catch up with all the changes going on in the WJS, but truth is I'm not seeing that moment coming any time soon. Therefore, I'd like to offer you the title of "editor in chief". I also considered [[User:Marshallsumter]], but although he's been the most active reviewer, you've been the most active editor, so I think that you're the most appropriate person for "editor in chief". Let me know if you want to take on this responsibility, and I'll be happy to update the board accordingly. Kind regards, --[[User:Sophivorus|Felipe]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 00:54, 26 October 2017 (UTC) :@{{u|Sophivorus|Felipe}}: Thank you for your message. I Would be very happy to be Editor in Chief. Once the journal gets going and bylaws have been ratified we can hold a formal vote for Eic and assistant EiC roles. I hope that you'll stay involved, even if you can't devote the time you used to. Similarly, reaching out to potential contributors may be an effective 'time investment' if you happen to know people who might be interested in being involved. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 02:12, 27 October 2017 (UTC) ::Thanks for relieving me {{u|Evolution and evolvability|Thomas}}, I just updated the board. I'll definitely stick around and contribute when I can. Cheers! --[[User:Sophivorus|Felipe]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 03:16, 28 October 2017 (UTC) == Current reviews == Hi Evolution and evolvability! As editor-in-chief, please feel free to review my reviews and make what ever changes or contacts you believe are necessary or appropriate to move a submission to acceptance! Also, I believe WikiJournal of Science could allow submission of original research as well. What do you think? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 14:42, 28 October 2017 (UTC) ::{{re|Marshallsumter}} Thanks for your great work on those! Could I check if there were any other reviewers for [[Dialectic_algorithm]] or [[Space_(mathematics)]]? If there's only one, would you mind contacting as few other people to ask them to be an external reviewer ([https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4LQzkvkbO9YWmZjc0NvLU14Z2c/view?usp=sharing here's an example email template])? A good way is to look at the contact addresses for corresponding authors on cited papersm and/or ask the author for suggestions. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 05:53, 29 October 2017 (UTC) :::{{re|Evolution and evolvability}} "Could I check if there were any other reviewers for [[Dialectic algorithm]]?" Of course! Depending on your point of view, if you check out the [[Talk:Dialectic algorithm|discuss]] page, you'll read constructive reviewing by [[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> prior to submission to WikiJournal of Science. This user may also be willing to add an additional review if you ask or believe more is needed. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 03:33, 30 October 2017 (UTC) :::{{re|Evolution and evolvability}} "Could I check if there were any other reviewers for [[Space_(mathematics)]]?" The Wikipedia version has been reviewed on [[w:Talk:Space (mathematics)]] also prior to submission. The expanded version per my review is here. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 03:48, 30 October 2017 (UTC). ::::{{re|Marshallsumter}} Excellent work, thanks. In order to be thorough I've also contacted a set of external academics to review them. I've used authors who have published in the relevant field (G-scholar search) and authors of references in: [[w:Logic_and_dialectic]], [[w:Argumentation_framework]], [[w:Argumentation_theory]] and [[w:Logic_of_argumentation]], as well as the various categories of [[w:Space_(mathematics)#Types_of_spaces]]. I've emailed you the list so that you have them on file. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 13:07, 30 October 2017 (UTC) ==Journal== I did an edit to the page about the journal related to humanities that you created. You stated that review would be done by medical experts. I inserted 'recognized' rather than medical. Best Regards, [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara (WVS)]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Barbara (WVS)|contribs]]) 13:57, 30 October 2017 (UTC) :{{re|Barbara (WVS)}} Thank you for picking up the oversight! <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 23:36, 30 October 2017 (UTC) ::Not a problem. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara (WVS)]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Barbara (WVS)|contribs]]) 18:17, 7 November 2017 (UTC) == "Article info" template == As far as I understand, nearly all the talk page to a submission is now just one parameter "review" to this template; and probably this is why we cannot edit sections (such as "Second review" or "Editorial comment") separately; a bit inconvenient. [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 07:44, 4 November 2017 (UTC) ::You're right. It's an artefact of the way I first built the template. It should be solvable so I'll put some time into fixing it tomorrow. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 12:05, 4 November 2017 (UTC) ::::{{re|Tsirel}} Thanks for bringing this to my attention. I think I've addressed the issue now, but please let me know if you notice any strange behaviours or errors! <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 12:02, 7 November 2017 (UTC) == The goal of WikiJournals == It seems, I misunderstood the goal of this movement. I believed that, born on Wikiversity, it intends to create learning resources. But now I see that it intends rather to create encyclopedic articles (and put them on Wikipedia). Hmmm... Wikipedia is already successful; Wikiversity is not. I rather wait for something like that but Wikiversity integrated. Sorry. Really, I do not understand, who needs peer reviewing for creating collections of excerpts from already existing reliable sources. [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 12:01, 8 November 2017 (UTC) :: {{re|Tsirel}} Hi, I completely sympathise with the confusion. The whole concept of WikiJournals is still finding its feet. There are articles that have been published focused primarily on providing wikiversity teaching resources ([[WikiJournal of Medicine/Acute gastrointestinal bleeding from a chronic cause: a teaching case report|example]]), and some that are published as basically stand alone papers that don't yet integrate into any wikimedia project at all ([[WikiJournal of Medicine/Vitamin D as an adjunct for acute community-acquired pneumonia among infants and children: systematic review and meta-analysis|example]]). However, I think that there is a useful place for peer review of encyclopedic articles ([[WikiJournal of Medicine/The Hippocampus|example]]). Like writing an [[w:Review article|academic review article]], even summarised information can benefit from having independent experts. For example: ::# It ensures that the article is up to date and hasn't missed developments in the field ::# Non-wikipedian experts can be engaged as external peer reviewers, when they otherwise would have never contributed to wikimedia content ::# It gives readers a stable version of record to check that has an additional level of authoritativeness ::Wikipedia still suffers from a lack of credibility and this form of academic peer review is one way of improving it. I think that the space in mathematics article is ideal for re-integrating into Wikipedia as well as being a standalone teaching item. If you would like to also create more wikiversity-focused content, you could also create a second, textbook/course-material version for teaching the topic in a more step-by-step manner. Indeed, the journal would be be compatible with additional versions targeted at specific audiences, e.g.: ::* "Introduction to spaces in mathematics" - similar to [[w:Introduction to viruses|Introduction to viruses]] on wikipedia ::* "Spaces in mathematics (in simple english)" - similar to [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus Virus] in simple-english wikipedia ::* "Spaces in mathematics (for secondary school students)" ::I'll attempt clarify a bit better tomorrow! <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 12:56, 8 November 2017 (UTC) :::Thank you for the clarification. I am glad to know that different kinds of articles are allowed in WikiJournals (at least, for now). :::Yes, I see: the problem of credibility (of scientific Wikipedia articles) can be alleviated by WikiJournal articles included into Wikipedia. :::However, the problem of [[w:User talk:Jimbo_Wales/Archive_224#Science and math articles|inaccessibility]] (of scientific Wikipedia articles) needs another approach (I think so). It cannot be solved inside Wikipedia. But it could be solved (well, alleviated) by ''attaching'' explanatory articles, published in WikiJournals, to Wikipedia. I mean, not including them into Wikipedia, but linking them from relevant Wikipedia articles. :::This option is rarely used, but here is a recent example: the Wikipedia article "[[w:Representation theory of the Lorentz group]]" contains (in the end of the lead, and again in Sect. 3.2 "Technical introduction to finite-dimensional representation theory") a link to Wikiversity article "[[Representation theory of the Lorentz group]]". The reason is mostly "the blue link hell" problem, see [[w:Talk:Representation theory of the Lorentz group|arguments]] of [[w:User:YohanN7|the most active contributor]] there. [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 18:21, 9 November 2017 (UTC) ::::{{re|Tsirel}} You make a good point that Wikipedia typically has a single article on a topic that is ''supposed'' to cater to all audiences simultaneously. In reality this is extremely difficult, and articles often tent towards begin highly technical (as the discussions you linked to described well). The "[[w:Introduction to viruses|introduction to]]" or "[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus simple English]" articles are one possible solution. Another solution that I've seen is to have a non-technical summary section (e.g. in the [[wikipedia:Higgs_boson#Non-technical_summary|Higgs Boson]]). Your idea of also having attached explanatory notes is a also good one, and could be done in WikiJournals in a step-by-step textbook style article. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]}</span> 03:09, 25 November 2017 (UTC) :::::"Introduction to" idea was discussed on [[w:WT:WPM]] several times, and rejected as content forking that can be tolerated only as a rare exception (namely, only for Intro to General relativity and Intro to Quantum mechanics). :::::"Simple English"? Hmmm... I do not know what is considered "simple English", but I doubt that it can be something like <small>"Every point of the affine space is its intersection with a one-dimensional linear subspace (line through the origin) of the (n+1)-dimensional linear space. However, some one-dimensional subspaces are parallel to the affine space; in some sense, they intersect it at infinity."</small> or <small>"Away from the origin, the quotient by the group action identifies finite sets of equally spaced points on a circle. But at the origin, the circle consists of only a single point, the origin itself, and the group action fixes this point."</small> Or can it? :::::"Non-technical summary section"? Probably it may contain something like <small>"The type of space that underlies most modern algebraic geometry was introduced by Alexander Grothendieck and is called a scheme. One of the building blocks of a scheme is a topological space."</small> but hardly these not-so-simle-English phrases above. :::::Also, look (again) at my [[w:Conditioning (probability)]]. It is an explanatory essay, but it consists mostly of formulas. Surely not a simple English, nor a non-technical summary. [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 November 2017 (UTC) :::::Another well-known hard problem with math on WP is, examples. It is impossible to explain mathematics without many examples. But on WP an example is, almost inevitably, either Original Research, or Copyright Violation (since only rarely a single example appears in many textbooks). [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 11:46, 25 November 2017 (UTC) {{od}} {{re|Tsirel}} Very good points. I think for the [[Spaces in mathematics|Spaces in Mathematics]] article, the decider for its final style and format is your preferences for whether you want it to be an updated and improved version of the Wikipedia article that is then re-integrated into Wikipedia (like [[w:Rotavirus|Rotavirus]], etc), or whether you'd prefer it to be a companion piece to the Wikipedia article that is a teaching or explanatory aid. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:48, 4 December 2017 (UTC) :I definitely prefer "a companion piece to the Wikipedia article that is a teaching or explanatory aid". Here is why. :What really is to be re-integrated? Ozob's contribution (mostly inspired by the anonymous referee) is already there. My "Spaces and structures" and "Mathematical spaces in science and engineering" (mostly inspired by Marshall Sumter)? Yes, these could be added to WP, which however would be far not a historic event, anyway. :In contrast, "a companion piece" precedent, if gets traction, has a chance to be a historic event. Here is why. :Wikipedia's goal "to inform, but not teach, wide public" is definitely unattainable in mathematics, and maybe in hard sciences. You cannot inform wide public that "a continuous function on a closed interval is bounded" without teaching the meaning of these words in this context, with informal explanations of the intuition, examples etc. :For now, mathematical articles on WP either violate the rules, or rightly revolt people; usually do both, as a compromise. :If "Spaces in Mathematics" will become a companion piece linked from "Space (mathematics)", let the latter be challenged, the "types of spaces" section removed, etc. I could be the first to attack it, though I'm afraid others would revert me. Anyway, then the tight knot could begin to unravel, globally. And the expertise of authors, referees and editors of WikiJSci could be used in full strength. Verifiability in the (very restrictive) WP sense need not hold for articles, lectures, textbooks, essays etc (since these are not something that "anyone can edit"). [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 07:17, 4 December 2017 (UTC) == An observation about mathematics and Wikipedia rules == There are very few featured articles on mathematics in Wikipedia. Taking the list from [[w:WP:WPM#Recognized content]], excluding biographies, history, and articles that are more physical than mathematical, I got about 9 articles (out of about 16,000). Now, looking at [[w:1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯|one of most interesting to me]] of these 9, I see "citation needed" 3 times, and "clarification needed" once. Well, others are "clean" (probably); but two of them are very elementary. Anyway, generally, mathematicians prefer not to pursue the almost infeasible goal of being featured. [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 21:46, 30 November 2017 (UTC) == Thank you for your work on the Wiki Journal of Science == I will delete all reference to WJS in [[How_things_work_college_course/Quantum_mechanics_timeline]], after [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=How_things_work_college_course%2FQuantum_mechanics_timeline&type=revision&diff=1786688&oldid=1707257 your decision] to decline it. I have had many article submissions declined in my life, but this is the first time I immediately concurred with the journal's decision (although it is not uncommon for me to agree with such decisions after pondering things a bit.) I copied the format for what is now the WJS from the WJM because I strongly believe in the importance of such journals. But I teach full time, and need to pursue a slightly different track, which is to give students graded credit for improving a course. OpenStax college has provided [[w:Open educational resources|OER]] textbooks most of my courses, but unfortunately without that labor-saving exam bank, I expect that only a limited number of instructors will be adopting these textbooks. To see an example of how we can fix this, see [[:File:Anonymous Life in the Universe.pdf|this student effort]]. When I see a student effort appropriate for WJS I will certainly recommend that they submit an article. --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 15:30, 3 December 2017 (UTC) :{{re|Guy vandegrift}} Thank you for your message. I realise that the project has evolved significantly from its original inception. Although the journal aspect ended up matching more closely to WikiJMed, I see the value of what you're working towards. Very best of luck with your courses, and I look forward to any student works that get submitted. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:33, 3 December 2017 (UTC) == Radiocarbon dating == Have you or Brian Whalley found a second reviewer? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:50, 1 January 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Marshallsumter}} Sadly not. [[User:Jacknunn|Jack Nunn]] has also offered to ask a suitably qualified contact of his, but any additional referees that you're able to gather would be very helpful. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:51, 2 January 2018 (UTC) ::I've sent an email via ResearchGate to Professor A. J. Timothy Jull, Editor-in-Chief, of ''Radiocarbon'' to ask if he or one or two of his Editorial Board members would be willing to submit a review or two, or suggest possible reviewers. I'll let you know the results. I also gave him the url here for your talk page. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:27, 2 January 2018 (UTC) == CSS == Just FYI. When you imported the Wikipedia versions of Template:Navbox, Template:Navbar, Module:Navbox, and Module:Navbar, it broke the local display of those items. I didn't figure out why or how until this week, and I wasn't able to fix it until this evening. Those templates depend on custom CSS styles that were in [[Wikipedia:MediaWiki:Common.css]] but were not included here. I copied the Wikipedia Common.css file in it's entirety and loaded it as the first thing in our [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] file. Any local styles that come after will override Wikipedia settings. There's obviously going to be redundancy, but unless someone is willing to go through and clean up local styles we don't need, this is the best we can do. I had never encountered this before, but it's now something to be aware of. When replacing local templates, we need to be sure to use something that transcludes the template and view before and after import to make sure it doesn't break anything or miss styling. [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 04:17, 6 January 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thank you for notifying me. So sorry that it messed up some of the existing CSS. I'll check more carefully whether imported templates and modules overwrite existing elements from now on. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 12:42, 6 January 2018 (UTC) == Editorial board tends to infinity? == "Section 3. Appointment<br> (a) The number of Editorial Board Members of Wiki.J.Sci. should be kept at a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 20."<br> (From Bylaws#ARTICLE_III). Nevertheless I see 25 members. Do I miss something? [[User:Tsirel|Boris Tsirelson]] ([[User talk:Tsirel|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tsirel|contribs]]) 09:47, 21 April 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Tsirel}} Thank you for notifying me! It had completely escaped my mind that we'd put size limits in the bylaws. I shall absolutely bring that up for discussion. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 12:14, 21 April 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Tsirel}} I suggest that we change the bylaws and have at least 30 people - I'm on the Editorial Board for another journal and that is a very long list - the more the merrier! (https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/about/editorial-board) [[User:Jacknunn|Jacknunn]] ([[User talk:Jacknunn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jacknunn|contribs]]) 13:35, 30 January 2019 (UTC) == Sorry about misspelling your nickname== I called you Evo^2, when the ampersand suggests the simpler 2Evo. See https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AWikiJournal_of_Science&type=revision&diff=1859146&oldid=1859076 -[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:18, 25 April 2018 (UTC) :{{re~Guy vandegrift}} Heh, I missed this when you first posted it - Looks like the the untaken options are rapidly running out: https://www.biosculpture.com.au/products/evo2/ https://www.evosq.co/ == I have begun to seriously edit Draft: A card game for Bell's theorem and its loopholes == I started with the comments from the third reviewer because their effort was the most meticulous. I spent a lot of time on the first paragraph and will take a 24 hour break and to other things while I ponder this. Feel free to comment if you have time. But if you are busy, do not hesitate to wait a bit. --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:38, 2 May 2018 (UTC) *See [[Draft talk:A card game for Bell's theorem and its loopholes#Author's_final_(?)_response_begins_here.]] *See also [[Draft:A card game for Bell's theorem and its loopholes/Guy vandegrift]]--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:44, 2 May 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Guy vandegrift}} Thanks for the note. I'll read through the comments as they stand this evening. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:28, 6 May 2018 (UTC) == [[ShK toxin: history, structure and therapeutic applications for autoimmune diseases]] == Should we include doi links in the references? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b>{{font|color=#0000FF|OhanaUnited}}</b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b>{{font|color=green|^{Talk page}}}</b>]] 02:21, 18 May 2018 (UTC) :{{re|OhanaUnited}} Yes, when possible. I think I citoid generated a few from the PMIDs and it doesn't always find the doi. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 07:09, 18 May 2018 (UTC) :: I believe the author added some references[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=ShK_toxin%3A_history%2C_structure_and_therapeutic_applications_for_autoimmune_diseases&type=revision&diff=1867672&oldid=1867515] (including at least one that was identified as unused). And now it messes up the numbering of the reference names. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b>{{font|color=#0000FF|OhanaUnited}}</b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b>{{font|color=green|^{Talk page}}}</b>]] 21:15, 19 May 2018 (UTC) ::: Thank you for letting me know. I've sent the authors an email to explain the cite function. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:17, 20 May 2018 (UTC) == WikiJournal Main Page Representation == Any thoughts on how to add WikiJournal to [[Wikiversity:Main Page]]? -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:08, 10 June 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} So currently articles are mentioned in the [[news]] section, but I'd love a permanent presence on the main page. Do you have an idea of how much real-estate on the mainpage you'd think appropriate? [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 07:40, 11 June 2018 (UTC) ::There are a variety of options available. WikiJournals could be added to the banner. Individual WikiJournals could be added as Featured Projects and Educational Pictures. With some type of redesign, a separate block could be added for WikiJournals, similar to either the Wikipedia or Wikibooks main pages. I don't want to limit creativity. Something should certainly be done. What may depend as much on available time to redesign or add content as anything else. I've got a lot on my plate for the summer, so if it's up to me, I would just be able to add WikiJournals to the banner. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:49, 11 June 2018 (UTC) :::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks! I'll draft a possible template later this week. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 03:07, 12 June 2018 (UTC) ::::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} I've been experimenting with a few possibilities at [[Main_Page/Journals]]. What to you reckon? I think it best to omit the journal logos, but perhaps include a random selection from a gallery of images? Maybe a link to random article from the back-catalogue? [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 04:24, 27 June 2018 (UTC) :::::You can plug it into [[Wikiversity:Main_Page/Sandbox]] to figure out the layout. Visuals are good, something that changes every day is also good. At some point I'd like to switch the main page to a grid / flexbox design. Maybe this is a good excuse for doing that. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:33, 28 June 2018 (UTC) ::::::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} I agree, flexbox formatting is amazing (I finally got around to using it for the menu tabs of {{tlx|article info}} so that they can be read on mobiles). There have also been some developments over at Wikipedia in [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals|automated templates for portals]]. I've done some experiments in [[Wikiversity:Main_Page/Sandbox]]. Still not certain over the best layout. probably 33% width or 50% width will be best. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:08, 28 June 2018 (UTC) {{re|Dave Braunschweig}} I've had a go at a flex box based implementation in the [[Wikiversity:Main_Page/Sandbox]] now that I've sort of got the hang of it from working on [[Template:WikiJMed formats]]. Have a look and see what you think. It's not perfect, but shouldn't need too much further tweaking! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 09:11, 6 July 2018 (UTC) :I wonder if a two-column layout, similar to [[Wikipedia:Main Page]] would be better. There's something about the current flex design that isn't working correctly with image overlap. On my screen today, News is covering 15% of The Last Supper. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:51, 7 July 2018 (UTC) :Two-column seems better from a mobile perspective. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 01:44, 8 July 2018 (UTC) == Wikipedia links == I've created [[WikiJournal_Preprints/Ice_drilling|a preprint for ice drilling]], just by pasting in the Wikipedia wikitext, but I can see a lot of tweaking is needed. For example, the links need to change from e.g. <nowiki>[[glacier]] to [[wikipedia:glacier|glacier]]</nowiki>. Is there a script for this, or does one have to tweak each by hand? And is there a checklist of other changes that need to be made? [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mike Christie|contribs]]) 12:54, 23 June 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Mike Christie}} One of our next projects is sorting out an automated way to convert wikilinks to and files into the {{tlx|fig}} format. Currently the figures have to be done manually, but the wikilinks are switched by find-replace with regular expressions: :#<code><nowiki>\[\[([^\|]*?)\]\]</nowiki></code> replace with <code><nowiki>[[w:\1|\1]]</nowiki></code> :#<code><nowiki>\[\[([^\:]*?)\]\]</nowiki></code> replace with <code><nowiki>[[w:\1]]</nowiki></code> :Would you be able to update the information in the article info template at the top and update the fig formatting (most important is the attribution paramter). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:59, 23 June 2018 (UTC) ::Will do; have had to work this weekend and am away next weekend so I will try to get it done one night this week. Thanks for the wikilink fix. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mike Christie|contribs]]) 20:42, 24 June 2018 (UTC) :::Done. I've submitted the authorship declaration; let me know anything else I need to do. Thanks. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mike Christie|contribs]]) 10:20, 28 June 2018 (UTC) == Custodianship == Congratulations! You are now a custodian! You should see more tools in [[Special:SpecialPages]]. See [[Wikiversity:Custodian Mentorship]] for a list of custodian skills you should become comfortable with. First up are the following: # Edit [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] and clear the current site notice. # Edit [[Wikiversity:Support staff]] and update your role. Let me know whenever you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:22, 24 June 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} The documentation is clear so far, but I'll message you if I've any questions. Thank you for your help so far, and as I said in the application, I aim to start out particularly cautious so as not to break anything. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 22:44, 24 June 2018 (UTC) == Image scaling == Hello. Trouble with display of image at main WikiJournal of Medicine (COPE logo for WikiJMed) - it is displaying in too large a way despite specifying 80px in template. [[User:RubberBandHoot|RubberBandHoot]] ([[User talk:RubberBandHoot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RubberBandHoot|contribs]]) 02:09, 18 November 2018 (UTC) :{{re|RubberBandHoot}} Thanks for letting me know! The issue seems to be because the {{tlx|WikiJMed_right_menu}} is still built as a table, rather than using the more robust css div formatting. I've used a simpler type of image formatting, which seems to work better. Eventually, I'll update the template's formatting which should make it more future-proof. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:23, 18 November 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)}}. Thank you. [[User:RubberBandHoot|RubberBandHoot]] ([[User talk:RubberBandHoot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RubberBandHoot|contribs]]) 12:53, 18 November 2018 (UTC) == second peer review == Hello Dr. Shafee, just wanted to let you know Ive done the second peer review[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic] however [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles]] the 'stage' number doesn't reflect that yet, thanks--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 22:50, 15 December 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Ozzie10aaaa}} - updated! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:09, 15 December 2018 (UTC) :::thanks--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 23:17, 15 December 2018 (UTC) ===further reviews=== Hi Dr. Shafee, just wanted to let you know Ive done both reviews for [[Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Hepatitis_E]] and [[Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Dyslexia]] however [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles]] the 'stage' number doesn't reflect that yet, thanks (and Merry Xmas!)--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 21:00, 23 December 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Ozzie10aaaa}} Thanks for letting me know! I've updated the tracking table. We are expecting 1-2 more reviews for each of the articles in January. Happy New Year! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 10:38, 31 December 2018 (UTC) ::thank you(Happy New Year to you!)--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 11:36, 31 December 2018 (UTC) :::Thank you Thomas and [[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]], and Happy New Year! [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 15:32, 31 December 2018 (UTC) ===final review=== Hi Dr. Shafee ,[[WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic]]..done, thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 03:08, 14 January 2019 (UTC) :[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles&diff=1965407&oldid=1964778]thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 12:26, 14 January 2019 (UTC) ===Hep E, final review=== Dr. Shafee, sorry to bother you however I was going over [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/b/b2/WikiJournal_Preprints_Hepatitis_E_corr._pischke.pdf]and aside from a modest(13) amount of circles(red), it gives little in the way of what the reviewer wants,I suppose I could assume to check references to the statements but upon looking at the section on ''classification'' there are 'two circles' in no particular area that don't seem to indicate anything at all?...please advise, thank you (I have 'clicked' each circle with my mouse, not certain how this works)--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 14:50, 15 January 2019 (UTC) *<u>have figured out, downloaded on PDF and then comments appear</u>, thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 18:01, 15 January 2019 (UTC) :*{{re|Ozzie10aaaa}} Good point - it's not immediately obvious to look for the annotations in a PDF. I've been trying to find a way to export them so that they can be pasted in the Wikimarkup as well, but I've not yet found a way. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 22:30, 15 January 2019 (UTC) ::*[[WikiJournal Preprints/Hepatitis E]]...done, thank you Dr.Shafee--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 02:06, 16 January 2019 (UTC) :::*Thanks. I'll let you know when the next steps are done on our end. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:29, 16 January 2019 (UTC) ::::Dr. Shafee, done (again)[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Hepatitis_E&diff=1966248&oldid=1965957] thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 02:06, 17 January 2019 (UTC) :::::[[Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Hepatitis_E#Editorial_comments]] done--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 12:18, 30 January 2019 (UTC) ===Ebola=== Dr.Shafee, done [[Talk:WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic]], thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 05:19, 23 January 2019 (UTC) :Done [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1969876&oldid=1969748], thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 07:39, 27 January 2019 (UTC) ::{{re|Ozzie10aaaa}} Thanks. One final minor thing: There are a mix of {{tlx|Cite_web}} and {{tlx|Cite_neews}} templates used used for WHO, BBC etc. Would it be sensible to distinguish different types of source with {{tlx|Cite_web}}/{{tlx|Cite_report}}/{{tlx|Cite_news}}? Not vital, but could be useful for distinguishing in the metadata. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:13, 31 January 2019 (UTC) :::The logical answer is yes, it would because they are different {{tlx|Cite_web}}/{{tlx|Cite_report}}/{{tlx|Cite_news}}, how should we proceed?--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 05:28, 31 January 2019 (UTC) ====per suggestion==== Dr Shafee per your email, Ive done the following: 1. have added the reference {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983339&oldid=1970572 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} 2. have gone thru the indicated 'media' references- :*'''26,28,29''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983345&oldid=1983342 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''36''', reference was simply redone to <u>the direct link</u> {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983353&oldid=1983345 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}}...''Doctors Without Borders'' which is a NGO. :*'''42''',{{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983361&oldid=1983353 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''47''' replaced with [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)00259-5/fulltext The Lancet Post Ebola syndrome] :*'''54''', '''55''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983557&oldid=1983556 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''56''' reference/text <u>deleted</u> [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983556&oldid=1983490 did not add significantly to paragraph] :*'''61''', '''62''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983559&oldid=1983557 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''69''' replaced <u>with United nations</u> {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983581&oldid=1983559 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''74-79''' - have slightly altered as follows (''Resistance to interventions by health officials among the Guinean population remained greater than in Sierra Leone and Liberia, per media reports, raising concerns over its impact on ongoing efforts to halt the epidemic; in mid-March, there were 95 new cases and on 28 March, and a 45-day "health emergency" was declared in 5 regions of the country.[71][72] On 22 May, the WHO reported another rise in cases, per media reports,[73] which was believed to have been due to funeral transmissions;[74] on 25 May, six persons were placed in prison isolation after they were found travelling with the corpse of an individual who had died of the disease,[75] on 1 June, it was reported that violent protests in a north Guinean town at the border with Guinea-Bissau had caused the Red Cross to withdraw its workers.[76] '') diffs are available at history[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&action=history] :*'''81''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983594&oldid=1983591 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''84''' ? :*'''85''' was replaced with {{cite web |title=Ebola Situation Report - 11 November 2015 {{!}} Ebola |url=http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-11-november-2015 |website=apps.who.int |accessdate=6 March 2019}} :*'''86''', '''87''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983606&oldid=1983605 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} :*'''90''', '''92''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983611&oldid=1983606 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}}...deleted reference 92/minor text :*'''93'''? :*'''94'''? (same sentence) :*'''95, 96, 98, 99''' {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983639&oldid=1983635 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=6 March 2019 |language=en}} 3. have trimmed '''50''' and '''58''' press release {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=1983341&oldid=1983339 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} and {{cite web |title=Difference between revisions of "WikiJournal Preprints/Western African Ebola virus epidemic" - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic&diff=next&oldid=1983341 |website=en.wikiversity.org |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} I want to thank you for your kind suggestions--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 17:26, 6 March 2019 (UTC) == Lint Errors == See [[Special:LintErrors/misc-tidy-replacement-issues]]. There are issues in several of the WikiJournal templates. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:10, 28 December 2018 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks. I've tracked the div-span-flip error to the {{tlx|WikiJournal_top_menu}} template. Should be easy to fix once I root it out within that template. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:26, 28 December 2018 (UTC) ::{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Fixed. It was a set of spans in the {{tlx|WikiJournal_top_menu_bar}} and {{tlx|Annotated_image_4}} templates. I've manually purged a few pages to check that it also fixes the downstream templates and pages. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 10:58, 29 December 2018 (UTC) See [[Special:LintErrors/html5-misnesting]]. There is an issue in [[Template:Editor's comments]]. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:12, 2 April 2019 (UTC) ==[[Lysenin]] article== Thomas, the article needs thorough copy-editing. Someone tagged it for citation style but it's not unclear, just not in any template. The article is written assuming considerable knowledge of cell biology and might need quite substantial glossing to make it easier to read. I've added numerous wikilinks and fixed a few bits of English that urgently needed attention, but much more is needed. Cheers, Ian [[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]] ([[User talk:Chiswick Chap|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick Chap|contribs]]) 09:14, 6 February 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Chiswick Chap}} Good point. Upon re-reading I see what you mean about the over-technicality - that is definitely something the author can address. Would you be happy to add a comment to the submission's talkpage? The language aspects often need assistance from others, since the author is probably working at the limit of their English skills. It would good to do at least a quick copyedit run before contacting peer reviewers. Otherwise I'll summarise and add to mine. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:26, 6 February 2019 (UTC) :: OK, I've added a comment and made a (very) preliminary copy-edit of the article. --[[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]] ([[User talk:Chiswick Chap|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick Chap|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 February 2019 (UTC) == Final review == Dr, Shafee I noticed that the Dyslexia peer-review has been indicated for sometime in February [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles]], was wondering if there might be a difficulty with it since its almost the end of the month, thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 22:32, 21 February 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Ozzie10aaaa}} Thanks for the note. I'll check with its [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Potential upcoming articles|review coordinators]] (Eric Youngstrom, Jitendra Kumar Sinha). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:04, 8 March 2019 (UTC) ::thank you, Dr Shafee, I am watching the article in question for any updates that need to be addressed... thank you again--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 13:46, 21 March 2019 (UTC) == tl:Cite book lua error == I noticed that you imported newer revisions of {{tl|Cite book}}. There is a "lua error" which is triggered by "coauthors=last, first" and the error goes away if the name is removed. I'm not sure what is causing the or how to fix it. The error is visible in Example 1 at the template page. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 18:10, 10 March 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Mu301}} I've had a look at the relevant line of [[Module:Citation/CS1]] and can't find what's causing the error, so I've asked for assistance over at the MediaWiki support desk ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uwduy1hmnz6taq9d Topic:Uwduy1hmnz6taq9d]). Will aim to get fixed ASAP. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:22, 21 March 2019 (UTC) I noticed a similar error in {{tl|coord}} which I have [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Coord&diff=1992448&oldid=1951967 temporarily downrev'd to an earlier version]]. I've brought up the topic of template imports at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#template_import]]. I'll follow up there. I'm a little concerned about the long term maintainability of these imported templates. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 11:51, 30 March 2019 (UTC) == WikiJournal preprints/Ice drilling technology == Hi Evolution and evolvability! Professor Taylor is mentioning in his follow up that the original title "Ice drilling" or another alternative suggested by the authors "Ice drilling methods" is okay. Should we give the authors time to reconsider? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 14:25, 9 April 2019 (UTC) == Widgiemoolthalite et al. == Hey Evolution and evolvability, Thanks for all your work on the WikiJournal projects! I had a question about [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Widgiemoolthalite&oldid=2003670 your edit] to the [[WikiJournal Preprints/Widgiemoolthalite|Widgiemoolthalite preprint]] at ''WJS''. I checked through the article's history and while it was imported from Wikipedia, I don't believe the [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Publishing#Acknowledgement_of_sources|>10% or 1 paragraph]] threshold for work contributed by other editors was met, which is why I left the link to the article's contributors in the Acknowledgements rather than as an ''et al.'' link. Was I correct in doing this? Thank you kindly! Best, [[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Bobamnertiopsis]] ([[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|contribs]]) 03:33, 7 May 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Bobamnertiopsis}} Aha, thank you. You are correct, I had not noticed the attribution section. Thank you for checking. Please feel to remove the {{para|et al}} parameter. You already correctly added the <code><nowiki>|license={{CC-BY-SA work}}</nowiki></code>, so that should all be fine! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 07:48, 7 May 2019 (UTC) ::Fabulous, thank you! [[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Bobamnertiopsis]] ([[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|contribs]]) 16:11, 7 May 2019 (UTC) Hi Evolution and evolvability, Is this review date "2015-12-31" correct for Robert Hazen's review? It appears to predate the article's existence on Wikipedia? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 14:44, 14 May 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Marshallsumter}} Thank you for notifying me. For some reason the date parameter was omitted so the template put in a default. I've updated the date, and edited the template so that it doesn't do something so misleading! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:29, 14 May 2019 (UTC) == Reviewer credentials == Hey Thomas, I got a question for you. While [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AWikiJournal_of_Science%2FA_card_game_for_Bell%27s_theorem_and_its_loopholes&type=revision&diff=2030070&oldid=2008763 entering the credentials] of the reviewer's institution, should we use the institution's native name or translated English name? That example is perfect as one is French and the other is German, yet both are easy to understand even if you don't know a single word in French or German. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 00:00, 9 July 2019 (UTC) ::{{re|OhanaUnited}} I'd go for the original language when in doubt to avoid any possibly ambiguity from alternative possible translations (unless it is more well known my its translation e.g. "Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry"). The priority is for it to be unambiguously identifiable, so even putting the translation with the original in brackets could work when it seems useful. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:22, 9 July 2019 (UTC) ==Paper== Thomas, I tried replying by email but it bounced saying unusual spamming from my IP! I copyedited the paper as requested; I hope not to have changed any meanings, so perhaps your expert eye would be beneficial for a final check. [[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]] ([[User talk:Chiswick Chap|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick Chap|contribs]]) 12:45, 8 August 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Chiswick Chap}} Fantastic, thank you! I've had look through the new version and the diffs and it's a great improvement.I'll do an additional sweep through before confirming with the author that they're ok wth the edits. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 16:58, 8 August 2019 (UTC) == [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014]] == I'm not quite sure how to troubleshoot the category error in question on this page. And I have not seen this kind of error before. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 15:12, 22 August 2019 (UTC) :{{re|OhanaUnited}} Very odd. I'll get on that - thanks for the note. It should just be placing it in [[:Category:Articles_submitted_for_peer_review_in_2014]] based on the {{para|submitted}} year. I'll dig into the {{tlx|Article info main}} code to find the error. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:23, 24 August 2019 (UTC) ::Super weird. there's some secret difference between the characters "2014‎" and "2014". I think some hidden zero-width space character? Should be fixed now anyway. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 14:11, 24 August 2019 (UTC) ::: It seems more common than I thought. Here's [[Talk:WikiJournal of Science/Baryonyx#Additional peer review on Wikipedia|another page]] with similar error. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 02:18, 26 August 2019 (UTC) ::::{{re|OhanaUnited}} Rats. The fix is to check if there's a zero-width space before or after the date and remove it. I'll go through to check some others. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 06:20, 26 August 2019 (UTC) ::::{{re|OhanaUnited}} I think I've found them all, so that should be fixed now. Thanks again for spotting the initial problems! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 05:28, 27 August 2019 (UTC) ::::: There's one more: [[Talk:WikiJournal of Medicine/Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014#Second peer review - intracranial electrodes]] [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:01, 1 September 2019 (UTC) == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. 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Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 14:34, 9 September 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(other,act5)&oldid=19352874 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! '''Your voice matters to us.''' Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(other,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 19:13, 20 September 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(other,act5)&oldid=19395141 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(other,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 17:04, 4 October 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(other,act5)&oldid=19435548 --> == Radiocarbon dating == Hi Thomas. ''British Archaeology'', the journal of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology Council for British Archaeology], has a box in each issue recommending the Wikipedia article on radiocarbon dating for information on the subject. Last month, I wrote to the journal informing them of the WJS article and they have published my letter in the November/December 2019 issue and changed to recommending the WJS version. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|talk]]) 14:34, 10 October 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Dudley Miles}} Very interesting! Thank you for both contacting them and for your post here and on the wikipedia article's talkpage. It's an idea that might be cross-applicable to other journals and magazines on different topics. Would you be willing to send me the email text that you sent? [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:29, 11 October 2019 (UTC) ::I have forwarded the email to you. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dudley Miles|contribs]]) 08:25, 11 October 2019 (UTC) == started an article == heya I have started putting an article together [[user:Faendalimas/What_is_in_a_Name]], it is based on a plenary speech I gave at an international conference in 2018, many people have been asking me to publish it. So I am writing it out, would appreciate your thoughts. Cheers [[User:Faendalimas|<span style="color: #004730">Scott Thomson</span>]] (<small class="nickname">Faendalimas</small>) ^{[[User talk:Faendalimas|<span style="color: maroon">talk</span>]]} 00:50, 3 November 2019 (UTC) :{{re|Faendalimas}} In general, we've avoided opinion articles to prevent the risk of either a) the article can't really be peer reviewed or b) the journals look like just a blogging site which could undermine the other articles. However ''really'' the distinction is whether an article could be reasonably peer reviewed. I think if the article can be written as a case study and proposal then that probably can be put to reviewers as to whether e.g. the relevant background and related work is clearly described, the current issues are accurately put forward, the proposal addresses the issues raised and the case is convincingly made. It'd have to be put to the other board members since it is still different from anything previously published in the journals. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 10:19, 3 November 2019 (UTC) == Re: Maps via Wikidata == Very nice. I was wondering if it can be loaded directly when user visits a page (kind of like my current [[User:OhanaUnited/sandbox|sandbox]]). Another thing is if there's a way to manually specify the location. For instance, the map directly loads my employer's headquarter location (Ottawa) even though I'm in Toronto. And do you know why the map shows my profile twice in Ottawa? I couldn't quite figure it out. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 22:35, 23 November 2019 (UTC) :So I've asked over at [[Wikidata:Wikidata:Project_chat#Embedding_query_result_in_wikimedia_page]], but there was no obvious answer. Maybe there's some location to ask over at wikivoyage, where they probably have more experience with such things? Otherwise, on other pages I've just included a screenshot that links to the live query ([[metawiki:Wikimedian_in_residence|example]]). The way I'm c alculating location is to just use the listed location of the employer (easiest to see in the [https://w.wiki/Ccf table output of the same query]), but there might be a way to check whether a location is listed for the person themself. Your double listing on {{q|Q22674854}} was an error that I've now fixed. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:49, 24 November 2019 (UTC) == wikipediajournal.com == Hi. Would you be willing to make me an account on wikipediajournal.com? I'd like to try some of the extensions there, and see if I have any ideas for user scripts that'll help the project. Thanks, --[[User:DannyS712|DannyS712]] ([[User talk:DannyS712|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DannyS712|contribs]]) 09:36, 2 December 2019 (UTC) :{{re|DannyS712}} Thanks! I think that should be fine What sorts of extensions are you thinking? Pinging {{u|Bryandamon}} who set the test wiki up. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 10:27, 2 December 2019 (UTC) ::I was just going to test what is installed already --[[User:DannyS712|DannyS712]] ([[User talk:DannyS712|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DannyS712|contribs]]) 11:10, 2 December 2019 (UTC) :::{{Re|DannyS712}} Sounds excellent. I've asked bryan to add you (currently beyond my knowledge). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:35, 2 December 2019 (UTC) :::{{Re|DannyS712}} Should be done now. Let me know if it's not working and I'll follow-up. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 22:39, 2 December 2019 (UTC) ::::It worked, thanks --[[User:DannyS712|DannyS712]] ([[User talk:DannyS712|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DannyS712|contribs]]) 00:27, 3 December 2019 (UTC) == [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_Preprints/Abū_al-Faraj_al-Iṣfahānī&diff=next&oldid=2107575 This edit] == Hi. Please look at the above linked edit. I think you may have accidentally changed the words to be incorrect. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vermont|contribs]]) 12:02, 17 December 2019 (UTC) == Italicizing title == I understand that [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_volume_summary&diff=2014069&oldid=2013542 you added italics parameter] to {{tl|Article volume summary}}. I think we need a different approach. If we set italics=yes in the template, the entire title is italicized, including parts that should not be italicized.[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Volume_4_Issue_1&diff=prev&oldid=2124525] If I use wiki markup directly in the title,[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Volume_2_Issue_1&diff=2124526&oldid=1716339] it breaks the link in the title and the full-text link. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 07:05, 22 February 2020 (UTC) :Have a look at [[WikiJournal Preprints/Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Iṣfahānī, the Author of the Kitāb al-Aghānī|this page]] which might have a solution. The code below should work on the page. I'll add a {{para|display_title}} parameter to the [[template:Article volume summary|relevant template]] that's used on the volume/issue page. <pre> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font-family:Century Gothic, Helvetica, sans serif; font-size: 10pt">{{BASEPAGENAME}}</span><span style="color:#DDD">/</span><span style="font-family:Century Gothic, Helvetica, sans serif;">Images of </span><span style="font-family:Century Gothic, Helvetica, sans serif;font-style:italic;">Aerococcus urinae</span>}} </pre> :[[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 07:35, 22 February 2020 (UTC) == Template:Information and Wikidata == Something about the changes to [[Template:Information]] is incomplete. The three files you added are showing up in [[:Category:Files with no machine-readable author]], [[:Category:Files with no machine-readable description]], and [[:Category:Files with no machine-readable source]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 May 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks! I've created a substitutable wrapper template {{tlx|InformationQ}} that seems to solve it! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 06:36, 24 May 2020 (UTC) == Adding a file in response to reviewer == Hi Thomas, could I ask you to have a quick check at [[Talk:WikiJournal Preprints/Beak and feather disease virus]]? The authors have made updates to the article based on the reviewer comments, and also provided a change-tracked document of these. I couldn't figure out an elegant method to attach that - the {{tl|response}} template does not take a file argument. So I stuck it in as an image thumbnail, which is probably less than ideal. I suspect there's a better method? Cheers --[[User:Elmidae|Florian <small>(Elmidae)</small>]] ([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]]) 16:00, 13 June 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Elmidae}} No problem - I've added a {{para|pdf}} parameter to the {{tl|response}} template, so that it can be added. Good point that it was a missing capability. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:51, 14 June 2020 (UTC) ::Ah, most well crafted :) Thanks. --[[User:Elmidae|Florian <small>(Elmidae)</small>]] ([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]]) 20:20, 14 June 2020 (UTC) ==Congrats!== *[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Applications/SCOPUS&diff=2171184&oldid=2125794 very well done]--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 22:43, 19 June 2020 (UTC) == Æthelfæd == Hi Thomas. An editor has deleted an edit at [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d&diff=next&oldid=971886775] which I assume you made. I will leave you to deal with it if you wish as I do not know the rules on this. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dudley Miles|contribs]]) 16:04, 12 August 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Dudley Miles}} Aha, rats. Thank you for letting me know. I've also just been alerted to a related conversation all about it [[wikipedia:Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine#Improper_use_of_template%2C_diverting_en.Wikipedia_readership|here]], so will have a read through that now and respond. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:03, 13 August 2020 (UTC) == [[:WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Alternative_layout2]] == As you seem to be responsible for a number of templates on which this depends , perhaps you can determine why this misrenders? Also why {{tl|Article info}} misrenders, generating unclosed DIV sequences... Thanks.. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 18:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC) : There seem to be a lot of LintErrors generated despite attempts by me to fix the problem (as yet unsuccessfully). : https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:LintErrors/missing-end-tag&dir=prev&offset=482875 [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 18:22, 18 August 2020 (UTC) == You've got mail == {{You've got mail}}'''--'''[[User:علاء |<span style="color:black;font-family:Script MT Bold;font-size:16px;">Alaa</span> ]] [[User_talk:علاء |:)..!]] 19:32, 22 September 2020 (UTC) == ... == Well, that wasn't all that helpful, was it :/ Sorry, wasn't aware that there was an actual "response" template. Will keep it in mind for next time! Cheers --[[User:Elmidae|Florian <small>(Elmidae)</small>]] ([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]]) 14:42, 10 October 2020 (UTC) :And now I realize that we talked about that very template before, on this very page, and I still didn't remember! I need a holiday... --[[User:Elmidae|Florian <small>(Elmidae)</small>]] ([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]]) 18:32, 11 October 2020 (UTC) == Testing out new reply to tool on my talkpage == Comment *list *list *list Comment [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:58, 15 October 2020 (UTC) :test reply [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:59, 15 October 2020 (UTC) ::Hi Thomas, it works ... PS it's under "Beta features" on people's Preferences page. Ian [[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]] ([[User talk:Chiswick Chap|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick Chap|contribs]]) 08:42, 15 October 2020 (UTC) :::Works in Firefox on windows. [[User:J S Lundeen|J S Lundeen]] ([[User talk:J S Lundeen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/J S Lundeen|contribs]]) 13:44, 15 October 2020 (UTC) == Update submitted article == We would like to rework the submitted article https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_Preprints/Androgen_backdoor_pathway Can you please point to correct path to sandbox and then resubmit? Or we may edit it now until (before) we get peer reviewers assigned? We would like to make substantial edits. ---[[User:Maxim Masiutin|Maxim Masiutin]] ([[User talk:Maxim Masiutin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maxim Masiutin|contribs]]) 18:48, 26 October 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Maxim Masiutin}} Since we have not yet contacted the peer reviewers, you have two options: :#ask us to wat before contacting reviewers and update the article directly :#create a copy at https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_Preprints/Androgen_backdoor_pathway/sandbox that you can continue editing whilst reviewers comment :let me know what you prefer [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 22:18, 26 October 2020 (UTC) ::{{re|Evolution and evolvability}} Thank you, I have created the sandbox page at the URL that you have provided, so we can continue editing whilst reviewers comment ---[[User:Maxim Masiutin|Maxim Masiutin]] ([[User talk:Maxim Masiutin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maxim Masiutin|contribs]]) 09:47, 27 October 2020 (UTC) :::{{re|Maxim Masiutin}} Ok, and thanks for adding the link to the tracking table. To confirm, the peer reviewers will be asked to review the main article page and not the /sandbox. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:44, 28 October 2020 (UTC) ::::{{re|Evolution and evolvability}} Thank you, I understand that the peer reviewers will be asked to review the main article page and not the /sandbox. ---[[User:Maxim Masiutin|Maxim Masiutin]] ([[User talk:Maxim Masiutin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Maxim Masiutin|contribs]]) 16:25, 28 October 2020 (UTC) == Self-closed tags == There's a recent error in one or more WikiJournal templates that is generating 350+ lint errors. See [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 November 2020 (UTC) :@[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]]: Aha, sorry about that. I've tracked the bug and fixed it! Was using a bit of html that I don't really understand to auto-number figures using [[template:WikiJournal/figure/styles.css]]. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 08:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC) ==COVID-19== Dr Shafee, may submit by April (depending on vaccine[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/authorship/en.wikipedia.org/COVID-19%20pandemic/])--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 14:30, 15 November 2020 (UTC) == Suggested citation format == Hello, hope you are doing well. There's a problem on all "Suggested citation format", for example see [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Viewer interaction with YouTube videos about hysterectomy recovery]]. Best '''--'''[[User:علاء |<span style="color:black;font-family:Script MT Bold;font-size:16px;">Alaa</span> ]] [[User_talk:علاء |:)..!]] 00:34, 29 November 2020 (UTC) :{{re|علاء }} Thanks for spotting that! Now fixed. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:51, 29 November 2020 (UTC) ::Thanks! '''--'''[[User:علاء |<span style="color:black;font-family:Script MT Bold;font-size:16px;">Alaa</span> ]] [[User_talk:علاء |:)..!]] 12:18, 29 November 2020 (UTC) == Steps in [[WikiJournal of Science/Potential upcoming articles]] == Are the steps/legends still applicable now that the table is auto-populated based on Wikidata and no longer shows which stage an article is at? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 16:26, 30 November 2020 (UTC) :{{re|OhanaUnited}} Good point. We probably still need to indicate the the general order of events, but that might be better as a schematic picture? Something like a process diagram, or a more focused, horizontal version of [[:File:WikiJournal of Science publishing pipeline (wiki first).svg|this]]. The one thing I've not worked out how to usefully automate via wikidata is when each review has been responded to, which would be needed to differentiate what was called '4,5,6'. [[metawiki:WikiJournal_User_Group/Meetings/2019-12-18|Integration with OJS]] could solve that, so it's back up the priority list for next year! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 06:40, 1 December 2020 (UTC) :: I think, in the interest of openness, we can mention which stage it is on under the "Notes" section. Or maybe add one column to the table to describe which it is at (without the Wikidata linkage). [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 06:27, 4 December 2020 (UTC) == et al. == According to [[Wikipedia:Category:CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.]], "et al." is no longer a valid author name. Instead, we are supposed to use <code>|display-authors=etal</code>. I'm not sure how this can be resolved using Wikidata entries, but it does need to be addressed at some point. See our own [[:Category:CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.]] for affected resources. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:32, 1 December 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Yes, there was also some conversation about it over at [[wikipedia:Template_talk:Citation#Et_al|this page]]. Currently I've made a workaround in {{tlx|Cite Q EtAl}} by including a hyperlinked 'et al.' which the software doesn't recognise (a temporary cheat), but ove the cite_Q template has stabilised (still lots of changes occurring) It should be possible to implement a <code>|display-authors=etal</code>-based solution. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 06:47, 1 December 2020 (UTC) == License == [[:File:What are Systematic Reviews.pdf]] has copyright information but is missing a license. See [[:Category:Files with no machine-readable license]]. Perhaps you can add a License or Permission value that would include the license. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 December 2020 (UTC) :{{re|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks for catching that. Fixed (both via updating wikidata, and by adding the relevant template below)! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 06:30, 1 December 2020 (UTC) == Paper status == Hi T.Shafee, My [[WikiJournal_Preprints/Affine_symmetric_group|submission]] to WJS has been sitting around for more than six months with no visible progress on refereeing. I e-mailed the assigned editor a week ago to inquire about the status of the refereeing process, but I have not received a response. I was hoping you could look into the matter. Thanks, [[User:JayBeeEll|JayBeeEll]] ([[User talk:JayBeeEll|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JayBeeEll|contribs]]) 21:34, 30 January 2021 (UTC) :{{re|JayBeeEll}} Thanks for letting me know. I'll look into it and organise a change in editor if the current editor isn't available any more. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 05:58, 31 January 2021 (UTC) :: Thank you, I appreciate it. --[[User:JayBeeEll|JayBeeEll]] ([[User talk:JayBeeEll|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JayBeeEll|contribs]]) 13:01, 31 January 2021 (UTC) :::{{re|JayBeeEll}} The final review is now in for the article ([[Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Affine_symmetric_group#Peer_review_3|link]]). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:06, 26 February 2021 (UTC) :::: Thanks! --[[User:JayBeeEll|JayBeeEll]] ([[User talk:JayBeeEll|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JayBeeEll|contribs]]) 00:31, 26 February 2021 (UTC) :::: I did not find a button to push to indicate that I have completed my response to the referees (and accompanying article edits); I hope that leaving this comment here is an accepted method! --[[User:JayBeeEll|JayBeeEll]] ([[User talk:JayBeeEll|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JayBeeEll|contribs]]) 20:17, 18 March 2021 (UTC) :::::{{re|JayBeeEll}} Excellent, thank you. I'll notify any reviewers that asked to see the article again, and if they have no additional items, the board will vote in the coming weeks! We're hoping to make an easier to use back-end for making sure that authors, reviewers and editors can easily update an article's stage and be notified when they have the ball back in their court, but in the meantime, you're right that this not is as good a place as any! [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:35, 19 March 2021 (UTC) == [[:Template:Fig]] == Please check your logic, It's leaking a DIV in certain instances. such as in [[WikiJournal_of_Science/About]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 13:43, 7 February 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Evolution and evolvability}} Did you actually want something more like the code in [[User:ShakespeareFan00/sandbox|my sandbox]] where the possibility of a 'nil' or absent 1st paramater is considered? [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:06, 10 February 2021 (UTC) ::{{re|ShakespeareFan00}} Thank you so much for your testing on this. I appreciate that the complexity of the structure makes it frustrating! I've been using [[Template:Fig/sandbox|this page]] as a test page. And your sandbox solution seems to make sense. I'd thought the leaky div was something to do with the guess it must be something to do with the <code><nowiki><dl class="figure-n-counter-set-to-zero"></dl></nowiki></code>. It had seemed to work fine for images inserted in the default <code><nowiki>[[File.example.jpg|thumb|caption]]</nowiki></code> format, so I also tried to implement it into the <code><nowiki>{{fig|...}}</nowiki></code> (which can act as a multiple image holding template) for when a page is going to contain a mixture of <code><nowiki>[[file:...]]</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{fig|...}}</nowiki></code>. It seems your solution does what I was thinking without leaking the div though. Thanks again for looking into it. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 22:57, 10 February 2021 (UTC) == Stage-scripts.. == Over on English Wikisource I wrote some templates for formatting 'drama' scripts. Would it be possible to get an import of the Stagescript template family over here on Wikiversity? The reason is that I wanted to do a reformat on some material I wrote a while back. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:AllPages?from=Stagescript&to=&namespace=10 It's the templates at the top of the list. The way I wrote the template and styles, it should be straightforward to adapt for various script/screenplay formats, by writing appropriate style-sheets? [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 01:46, 4 March 2021 (UTC) :{{re|ShakespeareFan00}} That should be fine! I've imported those across now, so let me know if they look like they're working. Nice organisation of the template set. I would suggest also making a [[Template:Stagescript]] page as the main documentation page just so that there's a root page when people look. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:35, 4 March 2021 (UTC) ::If you want to start documenting feel free. Whilst my format isn't exactly the same as a production format, I've based some aspects of the model on the examples here ( essentially the screenplay and US Radio Drama formats)- https://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/resources/medium-and-format. If you know CSS , you can add formats closer to those examples. Also I am wondering if for Wikisource purposes we need a /slide template in addition to /sdr1 and /fx. The template fammily can then be used to develop 'presentational' scripts, as well as drama. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 12:08, 5 March 2021 (UTC) == A Barnstar for you! == {{The Shootin Barnstar|color=Black|textcolor=I can see you are already doing well here. Keep going and happy editing. --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] ([[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IamTheAstronomer|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 March 2021 (UTC)}} == You have earned the Wikiversitian Award! == [[File:Wikiversity-logo.svg|thumb|left|124px]] May I present the Wikiversitian Award to this editor due to the fact that they have been an exceedingly outstanding contributor here. Believing they are an editor who has a huge level of competence, I decided to present this award to them for making Wikiversity the community it is meant to be. I wish this editor good luck with all their future endeavours. --[[User:IamTheAstronomer|IamTheAstronomer]] [[User talk:IamTheAstronomer|Talk]] 20:50, 30 March 2021 (UTC) == Copying links == Hi Thomas. Thanks for your help. I have copied the Wikipedia article to [[User:Dudley Miles/sandbox]] to work on it. I could easily create wikilinks by changing [[ to [[w:, but that leaves links as e.g. <nowiki>[[w:Mercia]]</nowiki>. Do I have to manually change every link to <nowiki>[[w:Mercia|Mercia]]</nowiki> or is there a way to automate this? [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dudley Miles|contribs]]) 12:49, 27 September 2021 (UTC) :@[[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]]: Yes, you can change all the links in the page to point to wikipedia using: :* at the top of the section or page: <code><nowiki>{{subst:</nowiki>[[Template:Convert links|convert_links]]|</code> :* at the bottom of the section or page: <code><nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> :I've gone ahead and done so in your sandbox (after removing the <code>w:</code>currently present), so hopefully that worked, but let me know if any didn't link up correctly. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 00:04, 28 September 2021 (UTC) ::Many thanks for your help Thomas. ::Am I correct in thinking that [[Template:Sfn]] only partly implements [[w:Template:Sfn]]? In Wikipedia hovering over the reference number in the text gives you an option to go straight to the source, including opening a web page, but in Wikiversity I only seem to be able to go to the citation and then manually find the source. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dudley Miles|contribs]]) 09:00, 28 September 2021 (UTC) :::@[[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]]: Hmm, check your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|preferences]]. I think it's the '[[mw:Reference_Tooltips|reference tooltips]]' gadget that's enabled by default on WP but still available on WV. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 07:05, 29 September 2021 (UTC) I have been working out how to manage editing in Wikiversity. I cannot get tooltips to work in my sandbox on either of my computers. However, I am not sure what is going on as it seems to work on my mobile phone and works for my computers on preprints. I have also been bodging to get sfn working. It does not work correctly in Wikiversity with the cite encyclopedia template. I also find I need to use the harvid field in the sources for it to work correctly. In fact, it then works better than on Wikipedia. The great advantage of sfn used to be that it highlights reference errors and unused sources, but the latter function was removed on Wikipedia. Both functions still work on Wikiversity. Thanks. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dudley Miles|contribs]]) 14:00, 29 September 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:14, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(3)&oldid=22532499 --> ==question== Dr. Shafee I realize your busy, however I was wondering what the timetable might be for PDF [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/The_Kivu_Ebola_Epidemic] its been about 1 month and a half since 13 April (I of course, know there are several articles you deal with from WikiJournal). I want to thank you for your very valuable time as always, Ozzie--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 12:05, 4 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]]: Thanks for flagging, and apologies for the delay. I'm in the process of training new users on how to do the off-wiki PDF formatting, so will use it as an example (as you've noticed, we have a bit of a backlog!). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 04:20, 12 June 2022 (UTC) ::Dr Shafee, I completely understand and thank you as always, Ozzie--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 12:28, 12 June 2022 (UTC) == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:Ziats Table1.png]] * [[:File:Ziats)Figure 1.jpg]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 02:00, 23 June 2022 (UTC) == A number of backlogged WJS submissions == Hi Thomas, there are a few WJS submissions which listed you as the peer review coordinator. I was wondering what the status are for those submissions: # [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]] (no records of having peer reviews submitted) # [[WikiJournal Preprints/Moisture Content as a Proximate Factor in Nest Site Attractiveness for Temnothorax rugatulus]] (I will follow up with the author as he appears to be somewhat active on Wikipedia) # [[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]] (authors need to respond to third reviewers' second-round of comments; pinging {{u|Kaexer}} to transclude [[Talk:WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats#Updated manuscript|updated PDF manuscript]] and {{u|Agan56}} to get ready for correspondence with this reviewer) If you have additional information for any of these submissions, please let me know. Thanks. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:52, 10 July 2022 (UTC) == File name error == Hi Thomas, one of the tech editor accidentally thought the authors' version was the accepted version and uploaded the file with that article's name with that assumption. Can you delete [[:File:Perspectives on the social license of the forest products.pdf]] since I can't rename/move the file to another name? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 16:02, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :No problem. I've moved it to [[:File:Perspectives on the social license of the forest products - Author's response.pdf|File:Perspectives on the social license of the forest products - Author's response.pdf]] and deleted the redirect page left behind. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:07, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks very much. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:36, 18 July 2022 (UTC) == Continuing Email Discussion == Hello T. Shafee, I've sent you an email back in March regarding the [[WikiJournal Preprints/The Effect of Corticosteroids on the Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients, v2]] medical paper. I'm assuming you might've missed it, which isn't an issue! I can ask the questions here: * I wanted to get a confirmation that the topic is suitable for a medical paper. I see that there are similar studies on the internet in regards to this as recent as December 2021--just wanted to make sure my efforts are being put into a useful field. * Is it an obligation to mention the number of studies incorporated in the medical paper? EDIT: I also wanted to see if writing a [[WikiJournal of Humanities]] paper on meditation would be a perfect topic. I'm not sure if you're familiar with the guidelines for that book, but I figured it was worth asking. Thank you! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:21, 20 July 2022 (UTC) == Tech editor's Wikidata entry == Hi Thomas, would you mind taking a look at [[d:Wikidata:Administrators'_noticeboard#On_the_flip_side|this conversation on Wikidata]] on whether our technical editors are notable enough to have individual Wikidata entries? I don't know what other backend uses there are that I couldn't see and what will be broken when their entries are deleted. Thanks. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 14:28, 8 August 2022 (UTC) pt8w2ivrc3asojmeph7pkgc24jm9e5v 6 213909 2412775 2303241 2022-08-09T10:28:07Z Jtneill 10242 Jtneill uploaded a new version of [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf]] wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Handout for [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]], 2016 |Source={{own}} |Date=2016 |Author=[[User:Jtneill]] |Permission= }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-3.0}} t21dponveihghgb85w3buq2iet4btpq 2412777 2412775 2022-08-09T10:29:06Z Jtneill 10242 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Handout for [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]], 2016 |Source={{own}} |Date=2016 |Author=[[User:Jtneill]] |Permission= }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-4.0}} dzjs78rl35gpbpcihzdg0dqsazdxwz1 2412779 2412777 2022-08-09T10:30:03Z Jtneill 10242 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Handout for [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]] |Source={{own}} |Date=2022 |Author=[[User:Jtneill]] |Permission= }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-4.0}} mztoj4tgcywvf7efh18akinwby0xezs 6 213910 2412776 2303242 2022-08-09T10:28:54Z Jtneill 10242 Jtneill uploaded a new version of [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf]] wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Handout for [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]], 2016 |Source={{own}} |Date=2016 |Author=[[User:Jtneill]] |Permission= }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-3.0}} t21dponveihghgb85w3buq2iet4btpq 2412778 2412776 2022-08-09T10:29:44Z Jtneill 10242 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Handout for [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]] |Source={{own}} |Date=2022 |Author=[[User:Jtneill]] |Permission= }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-4.0}} mztoj4tgcywvf7efh18akinwby0xezs 0 234449 2412648 2412591 2022-08-08T14:58:37Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Galaxies */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:M81 wide Galex.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) image of the spiral galaxy Messier 81 is in ultraviolet light. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/J. Huchra (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA).{{tlx|free media}}]] The radiation astronomy of galaxies generally is about the galaxy as a radiated or radiation emitting astronomical object. The stellar aspects of individual galaxies are in [[Stars/Galaxies|galaxies of stars]]. A galaxy is often perceived as a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.<ref name=Sparke>{{Cite book |last1=Sparke |first1=L. S. |last2=Gallagher |first2=J. S. III |date=2000 |title=Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59740-1 |accessdate=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324072126/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzNF79roUfoC }}</ref><ref name=nasa060812>{{cite web |last1=Hupp |first1=E. |last2=Roy |first2=S. |last3=Watzke |first3=M. |date=August 12, 2006 |title=NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=April 17, 2007 }}</ref> Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million ({{10^|8}}) stars to giants with one hundred trillion ({{10^|14}}) stars,<ref name=science250_4980_539>{{cite journal |last1=Uson |first1=J. M. |last2=Boughn |first2=S. P. |last3=Kuhn |first3=J. R. |date=1990 |title=The central galaxy in Abell 2029&nbsp;– An old supergiant |journal=Science |volume=250 |issue=4980 |pages=539–540 |bibcode=1990Sci...250..539U |doi=10.1126/science.250.4980.539 |pmid=17751483 }}</ref> each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical,<ref name=uf030616>{{cite news |last1=Hoover |first1=A. |date=June 16, 2003 |title=UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected |url=http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/ |publisher=Hubble News Desk |accessdate=March 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083835/http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/ |archivedate=July 20, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} Based upon: * {{Cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=A. W. |last2=Guzman |first2=R. |date=2003 |title=HST Photometry of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=2936–2950 |bibcode=2003AJ....125.2936G |doi=10.1086/374992 |arxiv = astro-ph/0303391 }}</ref> spiral, or irregular.<ref name="IRatlas">{{cite web |last1=Jarrett |first1=T. H. |title=Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas |url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/ |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=January 9, 2007 }}</ref> The number of galaxies in the observable universe has increased from a previous estimate of 200&nbsp;billion ({{val|2e11}})<ref name="apj624_2">{{cite journal |last1=Gott III |first1=J. R. |year=2005 |display-authors=etal |title=A Map of the Universe |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=624 |issue=2 |pages=463–484 |bibcode=2005ApJ...624..463G |doi=10.1086/428890 |arxiv = astro-ph/0310571 }}</ref> to a suggested 2 trillion ({{val|2e12}}) or more,<ref name="Conselice">{{cite journal |title=The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications |author=Christopher J. Conselice ''et al.'' |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=830 |issue=2 |year=2016 |arxiv=1607.03909v2 |bibcode= 2016ApJ...830...83C |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83 |page=83 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |date=17 October 2016 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=17 October 2016 }}</ref> containing more [[stars]] than all the grains of sand on planet Earth.<ref name="SU-20020201">{{cite web |last=Mackie |first=Glen |title=To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |date=1 February 2002 |work=Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing |accessdate=28 January 2017 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Galaxy clusters== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Galaxy clusters}} [[Image:Bootes_supercluster.gif|right|thumb|300px|This is a map of the Boötes Supercluster. Credit: Atlas of the Universe.{{tlx|free media}}]] "There are a couple of [prominent] superclusters in Bootes over 800 million light years away but this region of the sky is more famous for the large Boötes Void that lies next to them."<ref name=Powell>{{ cite book |author=Richard Powell |title=The Universe within 1 billion Light Years The Neighbouring Superclusters |publisher=Atlas of the Universe |location= |date=30 July 2006 |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc.html |accessdate=2018-04-01 }}</ref> The Boötes Supercluster is a super cluster of galaxies located in the direction of the Boötes constellation bordering the Super Corona of the Northern Crown with which it is probably connected by a filament of galaxies, and with the Void of Boötes, an area of the universe with a minimum concentration of galaxies (less than one hundred have been identified) with a diameter of about 300 million light years. In Boötes there are two concentrations of galaxy clusters called SCL 349 and SCL 351, placed respectively at 830 million and 1 billion light years from Earth.<ref>{{ cite journal |author = M. Chow-Martínez |author2=H. Andernach |author3=C. A. Caretta |date = 12/21/2014 |title = Two new catalogues of superclusters of Abell/ACO galaxy clusters out to redshift 0.15 |journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume = 445 |number = 4 |pp = 4073-4085 |accessdate = 2015-07-06 |doi = 10.1093/mnras/stu1961 |url = http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/445/4/4073 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series |accessdate = 2015-07-06 |url = http://www.edpsciences.org/10.1051/aas:1997340 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="2" |+'''Some clusters of galaxies from Boötes Supercluster''' |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Name of cluster (Abell) ! style="background:#efefef;" | R.A. ! style="background:#efefef;" | Dec. ! style="background:#efefef;" | Redshift (z) ! style="background:#efefef;" | Distance (million light years) ! style="background:#efefef;" | Richness class |- | Abell 1775 | {{RA|13|41|9}} | {{DEC|+26|22|}} | 0,0705 | 950 | 2 |- | Abell 1781 | {{RA|13|4|5}} | {{DEC|+29|51|}} | 0,0606 | 820 | 0 |- | Abell 1795 | {{RA|13|49|0}} | {{DEC|+26|35|}} | 0,0619 | 840 | 2 |- | Abell 1800 | {{RA|13|49|7}} | {{DEC|+28|04|}} | 0,0743 | 1000 | 0 |- | Abell 1825 | {{RA|13|58|0}} | {{DEC|+20|39|}} | 0,0583 | 790 | 0 |- | Abell 1827 | {{RA|13|58|2}} | {{DEC|+21|42|}} | 0,0642 | 870 | 1 |- | Abell 1828 | {{RA|13|58|4}} | {{DEC|+18|23|}} | 0,0611 | 840 | 1 |- | Abell 1831 | {{RA|13|59|2}} | {{DEC|+27|59|}} | 0,0603 | 815 | 1 |- | Abell 1861 | {{RA|14|07|5}} | {{DEC|+27|49|}} | uncertain | uncertain | 1 |- | Abell 1873 | {{RA|14|11|7}} | {{DEC|+28|09|}} | 0,0764 | 1025 | 0 |- | Abell 1898 | {{RA|14|20|6}} | {{DEC|+25|09|}} | 0,0762 | 1025 | 1 |- |} {{clear}} ==High-velocity galaxies== {{main|Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies}} [[Image:Irregular galaxy NGC 1427A (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The irregular galaxy NGC 1427A is passing through the Fornax cluster at nearly 600 kilometers per second (400 miles per second). Credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] "The irregular galaxy NGC 1427A is a spectacular example of the resulting stellar rumble. Under the gravitational grasp of a large gang of galaxies, called the Fornax cluster, the small bluish galaxy is plunging headlong into the group at 600 kilometers per second or nearly 400 miles per second."<ref name=Gregg>{{ cite web |author=M. Gregg |title=The Impending Destruction of NGC 1427A |publisher=Hubblesite.org |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=3 March 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/09/image/a/ |accessdate=2016-11-05 }}</ref> "Galaxy clusters, like the Fornax cluster, contain hundreds or even thousands of individual galaxies. Within the Fornax cluster, there is a considerable amount of gas lying between the galaxies. When the gas within NGC 1427A collides with the Fornax gas, it is compressed to the point that it starts to collapse under its own gravity. This leads to formation of the myriad of new stars seen across NGC 1427A, which give the galaxy an overall arrowhead shape that appears to point in the direction of the galaxy's high-velocity motion."<ref name=Gregg/> {{clear}} ==Active galactic nuclei== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Active galactic nuclei}} [[Image:NGC 1700.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The image shows NGC 1700, the Elliptical Galaxy and Rotating Disk by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Credit: Thomas S. Statler, Brian R. McNamara.{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 1700 is an elliptical galaxy of the Hubble type E4 pec in the constellation Eridanus south of the ecliptic. The galaxy has an angular extent of 3.3 '× 2.1', an apparent brightness of +11.2 mag. It is about 180 million light years away from the solar system and has a diameter of about 215,000 light years.<ref>http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc17.htm#1700</ref> It has an active galactic nucleus. {{clear}} ==Radiation astronomy== {{main|Radiation/Astronomy}} [[Image:GalacticRotation2.svg|thumb|right|250px|Galaxy rotation curve is of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted based on the visible matter (A) and observed (B). The distance is outward from the galactic core. Credit: [[c:user:PhilHibbs|PhilHibbs]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "The rotation of galaxies was discovered in 1914, when Slipher (1914) detected inclined absorption lines in the nuclear spectra of M31 and the Sombrero galaxy, and Wolf (1914) detected inclined lines in the nuclear spectrum of M81."<ref name=Sofue/> In the diagram on the right, expected (A) and observed (B) visible matter velocities as a function of distance from the galactic center are plotted. "At the dedication of the McDonald Observatory in 1939, Oort’s (1940) comment that “...the distribution of mass [in NGC 3115] appears to bear almost no relation to that of the light” seems from the view in 2000 to have attracted little attention. His conclusion concerning the mass distribution in NGC 3115 is worth quoting, even 60 years later. “In the outer parts of the nebula the ratio f of mass density to light density is found to be very high; and this conclusion holds for whatever dynamical model we consider. The spectrum of the nebula shows the characteristics of G-type dwarfs. Since f cannot be much larger than 1 for such stars, they can account for roughly only 1/2 percent of the mass; the remainder must consist either of extremely faint dwarfs having an average ratio of mass to light of about 200 to 1 or else of interstellar gas and dust”. From a reanalysis of the (scattered) velocities for M31, Schwarzschild (1954) concluded that the approximately flat rotation curve was “not discordant with the assumption of equal mass and light distribution.”"<ref name=Sofue>{{ cite journal |author=Yoshiaki Sofue |author2=Vera Rubin |title=Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=15 October 2000 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=137-74 |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0010594 |arxiv=astro-ph/0010594 |bibcode= |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.137 |pmid= |accessdate=5 June 2019 }}</ref> "Rotation curves are tools for several purposes: for studying the kinematics of galaxies; for inferring the evolutionary histories and the role that interactions have played; for relating departures from the expected rotation curve Keplerian form to the amount and distribution of dark matter; for observing evolution by comparing rotation curves in distant galaxies with galaxies nearby."<ref name=Sofue/> "Although Hα, [NII], and [SII] emission lines have traditionally been employed, the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 has become the first galaxy whose velocity field has been studied from the IR [Si VI] line (Tecza et al. 2000)."<ref name=Sofue/> "For a limited number of nearby galaxies, rotation curves can be produced from velocities of individual HII regions in galactic disks (Rubin & Ford, 1970, 1983; Zaritsky et al. 1989, 1990, 1994)."<ref name=Sofue/> "The HI line is a powerful tool to obtain kinematics of spiral galaxies, in part because its radial extent is often greater, sometimes 3 or 4 times greater, than that of the visible disk. Bosma’s thesis (1981a, b; van der Kruit & Allen 1978) played a fundamental role in establishing the flatness of spiral rotation curves."<ref name=Sofue/> "While comparison of the inner velocity rise for NGC 3198 showed good agreement between the 21-cm and the optical velocities (van Albada et al. 1985; Hunter et al. 1986), the agreement was poor for Virgo spirals observed at low HI resolution (Guhathakurta et al. 1988; Rubin et al. 1989)."<ref name=Sofue/> "The rotational transition lines of carbon monoxide (CO) in the millimeter wave range [e.g., 115.27 GHz for {{chem|12|CO}} (J = 1 − 0) line, 230.5 GHz for J = 2 − 1] are valuable in studying rotation kinematics of the inner disk and central regions of spiral galaxies, for extinction in the central dusty disks is negligible at CO wavelengths (Sofue 1996, 1997). Edge-on and high-inclination galaxies are particularly useful for rotation curve analysis in order to minimize the uncertainty arising from inclination corrections, for which extinction-free measurements are crucial, especially for central rotation curves."<ref name=Sofue/> "CO lines are emitted from molecular clouds associated with star formation regions emitting the Hα line. Hence, CO is a good alternative to Hα and also to HI in the inner disk, while HI is often weak or absent in the central regions. The Hα, CO, and HI rotation curves agree well with each other in the intermediate region disks of spiral galaxies (Sofue 1996; Sofue et al. 1999a, b). Small displacements between Hα and CO rotation curves can arise in the inner regions from the extinction of the optical lines and the contamination of the continuum star light from central bulges."<ref name=Sofue/> Interferometric "observations have achieved sub- or one-arcsec resolution (Sargent and Welch 1993; Scoville et al. 1993; Schinnerer et al. 2000; Sofue et al. 2000), comparable to, or sometimes higher than, the current optical measurements [...]. Another advantage of CO spectroscopy is its high velocity resolution of one to several km s⁻¹."<ref name=Sofue/> "Radial velocity observations of maser lines, such as SiO, OH and H2O lines, from circum-stellar shells and gas clouds allow us to measure the kinematics of stellar components in the disk and bulge of our Galaxy (Lindqvist et al. 1992a, b; Izumiura 1995, 1999; Deguchi et al. 2000). VLBI astrometry of SiO maser stars’ proper motion and parallax as well as radial velocities will reveal more unambiguous rotation of the Galaxy in the future. VLBI measurements of water masers from nuclei of galaxies reveal circumnuclear rotation on scales of 0.1 pc around massive central black holes, as was successfully observed for NGC 4258 (Miyoshi et al. 1995; see Section 4.4)."<ref name=Sofue/> "A simple “rotation curve” is an approximation as a function of radius to the full velocity field of a disk galaxy. As such, it can be obtained only by neglecting small scale velocity variations, and by averaging and smoothing rotation velocities from both sides of the galactic center. Because it is a sim- ple, albeit approximate, description of a spiral velocity field, it is likely to be valuable even as more complex descriptions become available for many galaxies."<ref name=Sofue/> "An extreme case of a nuclear warp is counterrotation. Rotating nuclear disks of cold gas have been discovered in more than 100 galaxies, types E through Sc (Bertola & Galletta 1978; Galletta 1987, 1996; Bertola et al. 1990; Bertola et al. 1992; Rubin 1994b; Garcia-Burillo et al. 1998); counterrotation is not especially rare. Simulations of disk interactions and mergers which include gas and stellar particles (Hernquist & Barnes 1991; Barnes & Hernquist 1992) reveal that a kinematically distinct nuclear gas disk can form; it may be counterrotating. Simulation of galactic-shock accretion of nuclear gas disk in an oval potential, such as a nuclear bar, produces highly eccentric streaming motion toward the nucleus, some portion being counterrotating (Wada et al. 1999). Kinematically decoupled stellar nuclear disks are also observed in early type galaxies (Jedrzejewski & Schechter 1989; Franx et al. 1991). Counter rotating nuclear disks can result from merger, mass exchange and/or inflow of intergalactic clouds. In addition to forming the central disk, an inflow of counterrotating gas would also be likely to promote nuclear activity."<ref name=Sofue/> "A disk rotation curve manifests the distribution of surface mass density in the disk, attaining a broad maximum at a radius of about twice the scale radius of the exponential disk. For massive Sb galaxies, the rotation maximum appears at a radius of 5 or 6 kpc, which is about twice the scale length of the disk. Beyond the maximum, the rotation curve is usually flat, merging with the flat portion due to the massive dark halo. Superposed on the smooth rotation curve are fluctuations of a few tens of km s⁻¹ due to spiral arms or velocity ripples. For barred spirals, the fluctuations are larger, of order 50 km s⁻¹, arising from non circular motions in the oval potential."<ref name=Sofue/> "Universal rotation curves reveal the following characteristics. Most luminous galaxies show a slightly declining rotation curves in the outer part, following a broad maximum in the disk. Intermediate galaxies have nearly flat rotation from across the disk. Less luminous galaxies have monotonically increasing rotation velocities across the optical disk. While Persic et al. conclude that the dark-to-luminous mass ratio increases with decreasing luminosity, mass deconvolutions are far from unique."<ref name=Sofue/> "Only a handful of galaxies are presently known to have counterrotating components over a large fraction of their disks (Rubin 1994b). The disk of E7/S0 NGC 4550, (Rubin et al. 1992; Kenney & Faundez 2000) contains two hospital stellar populations, one orbiting programmed, one retrograde. This discovery prompted modification of computer programs which fit only a single Gaussian to integrated absorption lines in galaxy spectra (Rix et al. 1992). In NGC 7217 (Sab), 30% of the disk stars orbit retrograde (Merrifield & Kuijen 1994). The bulge in NGC 7331 (Sbc) may (Prada et al. 1996) or may not (Mediavilla et al. 1998) counterrotate with respect to the disk. Stars in NGC 4826 (Sab; the Black Eye or Sleeping Beauty) orbit with a single sense. Gas extending from the nucleus through the broad dusty lane rotates prograde, but reverses its sense of rotation immediately beyond; radial infall motions are present where the galaxy velocities reverse (Rubin et al. 1965; Braun et al. 1994; Rubin 1994a; Walterbos et al. 1994; Rix et al. 1995; Sil’chenko 1996)."<ref name=Sofue/> "Only recently have rotation curves been obtained for distant galaxies, using HST and large-aperture ground-based telescopes with sub-arc second seeing. We directly observe galaxy evolution by studying galaxies closer to their era of formation. Rotation velocities for moderately distant spirals, z≈ 0.2 to 0.4, (Bershady 1997, et al. 1999, Simard & Prichet 1998, Kelson et al. 2000a) have already been surpassed with Keck velocities reaching z≈1 (Vogt et al. 1993, 1996, 1997; Koo 1999), for galaxies whose diameters subtend only a few seconds of arc. The rotation properties are similar to those of nearby galaxies, with peak velocities between 100 to 200 km s⁻¹, and flat outer disk velocities."<ref name=Sofue/> "The maximum rotation velocities for Sa galaxies are higher than those of Sb and Sc galaxies with equivalent optical luminosities. Median values of V_max decreases from 300 to 220 to 175 km s⁻¹ for the Sa, Sb, and Sc types, respectively (Rubin et al. 1985)."<ref name=Sofue/> "Large-scale rotation properties of SBb and SBc galaxies are generally similar to those of non-barred galaxies of Sb and Sc types."<ref name=Sofue/> Barred "galaxies show velocity jumps from ± ∼ 30 − 40 km s⁻¹ to ≥ 100 km s⁻¹ on the leading edges of the bar, R ∼ 2 − 5 kpc, whereas some barred galaxies show flat rotation (e.g., NGC 253: Sorai et al. 2000)."<ref name=Sofue/> "Until the last decade, observations of rotational kinematics were restricted to spirals with average or high surface brightness. Only within the past decade have low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies been found in great numbers (Schombert & Bothun 1988; Schombert ''et al.'' 1992); many are spirals. Their kinematics were first studied by de Blok et al. (1996) with HI, who found slowly rising curves which often continued rising to their last measured point. However, many of the galaxies are small in angular extent, so observations are subject to beam smearing. Recent optical rotation curves (Swaters 1999, 2001; Swaters ''et al.'' 2000; de Blok ''et al.'' 2001) reveal a steeper rise for some, but not all, of the galaxies studied previously at 21-cm."<ref name=Sofue/> "Dwarf galaxies, galaxies of low mass, are often grouped with low surface brightness galaxies, either by design or by error. The two classes overlap in the low surface brightness/low mass region. However, some low surface brightness galaxies are large and massive; some dwarf galaxies have high surface brightness. Early observations showed dwarf galaxies to be slowly rotating, with rotation curves which rise monotonically to the last measured point (Tully et al. 1978; Carignan & Freeman 1985; Carignan & Puche 1990a,b; Carignan & Beaulieu 1989; Puche et al. 1990, 1991a, b; Lake et al. 1990; Broeils 1992)."<ref name=Sofue/> {{clear}} ==Theoretical galaxies== '''Def. ''' "one of a collection of stars, galactic dust, black hole etc. of the billions which are found in the universe"<ref name=GalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:ILVI|ILVI]] |title=galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 June 2003 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called a '''galaxy'''. '''Def.''' "a galaxy where a significant fraction of the energy output is not emitted by the normal components of a galaxy"<ref name=ActiveGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=active galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/active_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called an '''active galaxy'''. '''Def.''' Any "galaxy, considerably smaller than the Milky Way, that has only several billions of stars"<ref name=DwarfGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=dwarf galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 April 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dwarf_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called a '''dwarf galaxy'''. ==Morphological classifications== [[Image:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|right|300px|The composite image shows a classification of galaxies. Credit: [[w:User:Ville Koistinen|Ville Koistinen]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Probably the earliest classification of galaxies "is based on the forms of the photographic images."<ref name=Hubble>{{ cite journal |author=Edwin Hubble |title=Extra-Galactic Nebulae |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=December |year=1926 |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=321-69 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1926ApJ....64..321H |arxiv= |bibcode=1926ApJ....64..321H |doi=10.1086/143018 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-05 }}</ref> '''Def.''' a "galaxy having a smooth, featureless light-profile"<ref name=EllipticalGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] |title=elliptical galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 September 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elliptical_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called an '''elliptical galaxy'''. '''Def.''' a "galaxy which has no spirals<ref name=IrregularGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=irregular galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 November 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irregular_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> and is not elliptical"<ref name=IrregularGalaxyWikt1>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:76.66.195.63|76.66.195.63]] |title=irregular galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=23 November 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irregular_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called an '''irregular galaxy''' '''Def.''' a "galaxy that like spiral galaxies has a flat disk but unlike them has lost most of its interstellar matter and therefore has no spirals; considered a transitional form between spirals and elliptical galaxies"<ref name=LenticularGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Jyril|Jyril]] |title=lenticular galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=2 December 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lenticular_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called a '''lenticular galaxy'''. '''Def.''' a "galaxy having a number of arms of younger stars that spiral out from the centre containing older ones"<ref name=SpiralGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=spiral galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 January 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiral_galaxy |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> is called a '''spiral galaxy''', or a '''whirlpool galaxy'''. "About 3 per cent are irregular, but the remaining nebulae fall into a sequence of type forms characterized by rotational symmetry about dominating nuclei."<ref name=Hubble/> "The sequence is composed of two sections, the elliptical nebulae and the spirals, which merge into each other."<ref name=Hubble/> "The classification of these nebulae is based on structure, the individual members of a class differing only in apparent size and luminosity."<ref name=Hubble/> The "forms divide themselves naturally into two groups: # those [nebulae] found in or near the Milky Way and # those in moderate or high galactic latitudes."<ref name=Hubble/> For the elliptical nebulae [galaxies], the classification E''n'', where "''n''=1, 2, .... , 7 indicates the ellipticity of the image without the decimal point".<ref name=Hubble/> For example, NGC 3379 is E0, NGC 221 is E2, NGC 4621 is E5 and NGC 2117 is E7.<ref name=Hubble/> The spirals are divided into two types: # Normal spirals (S) of Early (Sa), Intermediate (Sb), and Late (Sc) and # Barred spirals (SB) of Early (SBa), Intermediate (SBb), and Late (SBc).<ref name=Hubble/> The irregular galaxies are put into that structure form with "Irr".<ref name=Hubble/> Examples are # Sa - NGC 4594, # Sb - NGC 2841, # Sc - NGC 5457, # SBa - NGC 2859, # SBb - NGC 3351, # SBc - NGC 7479, and # Irr - NGC 4449.<ref name=Hubble/> {{clear}} ==Circumgalactic medium== "Most galaxies are surrounded by a haze called the circumgalactic medium, or CGM [...]. [The] CGM [may contain] more mass than the galaxy’s stars and controls a galaxy’s life cycle. But because the CGM doesn’t give off much light of its own, it’s hard to study."<ref name=Grossman>{{ cite web |author=Lisa Grossman |title=This fast radio burst shined a light on a galaxy’s mysterious gas halo |publisher=Science News |location= |date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fast-radio-burst-shined-light-galaxy-mysterious-gas-halo?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines |accessdate=1 October 2019 }}</ref> Fast radio bursts "FRBs could light up a CGM as well. Both quasars and FRBs emit light in a range of wavelengths, which are slowed along their path to Earth by charged particles en route. Because quasars shine continuously, it’s harder to tell how much the light is slowed. But the brief pulse of an FRB can reveal how much stuff is in the way. So there are characteristics of the CGM that FRBs can reveal directly, such as the gas’s density and magnetic fields, that longer-lasting quasars can’t."<ref name=Grossman/> "We can resolve these physical properties of the CGM that are pretty much impossible with other techniques."<ref name=Prochaska>{{ cite web |author=J. Xavier Prochaska |title=This fast radio burst shined a light on a galaxy’s mysterious gas halo |publisher=Science News |location= |date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fast-radio-burst-shined-light-galaxy-mysterious-gas-halo?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines |accessdate=1 October 2019 }}</ref> On "November 12, 2018, when the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder detected an FRB pulse lasting less than 40 microseconds, [the Pathfinder] tracked the FRB to a galaxy in the constellation Indus."<ref name=Grossman/> "At first, [it appeared that] the FRB came from a bright galaxy about 4 billion light-years away. But the distance measured for the FRB was closer to 5 billion light-years. [There] were two galaxies in a row — just the fortuitous lineup [...] hoped for."<ref name=Grossman/> "The foreground galaxy’s density and magnetization both were unexpectedly low, [...]. The density of CGM gas was less than 0.1 atoms per cubic centimeter, at least a factor of 10 lower than expected from previous studies. The magnetic field was less than 0.8 microgauss, a billion times weaker than a refrigerator magnet, suggesting that the gas doesn’t experience much turbulence."<ref name=Grossman/> "One of the great hopes for FRBs is using them as tools for probing everything that lies along their paths to Earth."<ref name=Cordes>{{ cite web |author=James Cordes |title=This fast radio burst shined a light on a galaxy’s mysterious gas halo |publisher=Science News |location= |date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fast-radio-burst-shined-light-galaxy-mysterious-gas-halo?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines |accessdate=1 October 2019 }}</ref> ==Clouds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Clouds}} [[Image:ESO - Milky Way.jpg|center|thumb|800px|This shows the Milky Way edge on with the Large Magellanic Cloud. Credit: ESO/S. Brunier.{{tlx|free media}}]] Two clouds occur in the image above: the Large Magellanic Cloud, second lowest object on the right below the galaxy, and the lowest diffuse object on the right, the Small Magellanic Cloud. Passing your cursor over image on Commons finds these two clouds. {{clear}} ==Cosmic rays== {{main|Radiation/Cosmic rays}} [[Image:Cosmic ray flux versus particle energy.svg|thumb|right|250px|The flux of cosmic-ray particles is a function of their energy. Credit: Sven Lafebre, after Swordy.<ref name=Swordy>{{ cite journal |author=S. Swordy |title=The energy spectra and anisotropies of cosmic rays |month= |year=2001 |journal=Space Science Reviews |issue= |volume=99 |pages=85–94 }}</ref>{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:NGC 5005.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Lots of cosmic rays in this one had to be removed manually even after running automatic noise removal over it. Credit: [[flickruser:54209675@N00|Judy Schmidt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is an image indicating the range of cosmic-ray energies. The flux for the lowest energies (yellow zone) is mainly attributed to solar cosmic rays, intermediate energies (blue) to galactic cosmic rays, and highest energies (purple) to extragalactic cosmic rays.<ref name=Swordy/> There is "a correlation between the arrival directions of cosmic rays with energy above 6 x 10¹⁹ electron volts and the positions of active galactic nuclei (AGN) lying within ~75 megaparsecs."<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal |author=J Abraham |author2=P Abreu |author3=M Aglietta |author4=C Aguirre |author5=D Allard |author6=The Pierre Auger Collaboration |title=Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic objects |journal=Science |month=November 9, |year=2007 |volume=318 |issue=5852 |pages=938-43 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5852/938.full |arxiv=0711.2256 |bibcode=2007Sci...318..938T |doi=10.1126/science.1151124 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-04 }}</ref> The "propagation of relativistic electrons is sufficiently well constrained that the observed distribution may have direct bearing on the distribution of cosmic rays. Observations near 5 GHz trace cosmic ray electrons that propagate 1 to 3 kpc from their sources before losing their energy. Supernova remnants are plausible candidates for cosmic ray production given their expected energy outputs and their surface number densities in galactic disks."<ref name=Duric>{{ cite journal |author=Nebojsa Duric |title=Cosmic rays in spiral galaxies, In: ''The interpretation of modern synthesis observations of spiral galaxies'' |volume= |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |location=San Francisco, CA |date=1991 |editor= |pages=17-26 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1991ASPC...18...17D&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST&high= |arxiv= |bibcode=1991ASPC...18...17D |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=28 February 2019 }}</ref> "The sample of galaxies [includes] NGC 5005 [shown on the left]."<ref name=Duric/> {{clear}} ==Protons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Protons|Proton astronomy}} The secondary antiprotons ({{SubatomicParticle|Antiproton}}) then propagate through the [[w:galaxy|galaxy]], confined by the galactic [[w:magnetic field|magnetic field]]s. Their energy spectrum is modified by collisions with other atoms in the interstellar medium. The antiproton cosmic ray energy spectrum is now measured reliably and is consistent with this standard picture of antiproton production by cosmic ray collisions.<ref name=Kennedy>{{ cite journal |author=Dallas C. Kennedy |year=2000 |month= |title=Cosmic Ray Antiprotons |journal=Proc. SPIE |volume= 2806 |issue= |pages= 113 |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0003485 |arxiv=astro-ph/0003485 |doi=10.1117/12.253971 }}</ref> ==Electrons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Electrons|Electron astronomy}} As of December 5, 2011, "Voyager 1 is about ... 18 billion kilometers ... from the [S]un [but] the direction of the magnetic field lines has not changed, indicating Voyager is still within the heliosphere ... the outward speed of the solar wind had diminished to zero in April 2010 ... inward pressure from interstellar space is compacting [the magnetic field] ... Voyager has detected a 100-fold increase in the intensity of high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffusing into our solar system from outside ... [while] the [solar] wind even blows back at us."<ref name=Cole>{{ cite book |author=Steve Cole |author2=Jia-Rui C. Cook |author3=Alan Buis |title=NASA's Voyager Hits New Region at Solar System Edge |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |date=December 2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/dec/HQ_11-402_AGU_Voyager.html |accessdate=2012-02-09 }}</ref> ==X-rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/X-rays|X-ray astronomy}} [[Image:Ngc5813 X rays.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a Chandra X-ray observatory image of NGC 5813. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Chandra image of NGC 5846 with Hα+Nii contours.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chandra X-ray Observatory image is NGC 5846 with superimposed contours of Hα+[N ii] emission. Credit: Temi, Pasquale; Amblard, Alexandre; Gitti, Myriam; Brighenti, Fabrizio; Gaspari, Massimo; Mathews, William G.; David, Laurence.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Antennae galaxies (captured by Chandra, Hubble and Spitzer).jpg|right|thumb|250px|A beautiful new image of two colliding galaxies has been released by NASA's Great Observatories. Credit: NASA, ESA, SAO, CXC, JPL-Caltech, and STScI.{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 5846 is the foremost galaxy of the large galaxy group known as the NGC 5846 group which includes NGC 5813, NGC 5831, NGC 5845, and NGC 5854.<ref name=Makarov>{{cite journal |last1=Makarov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Karachentsev |first2=Igor |title=Galaxy groups and clouds in the local (z∼ 0.01) Universe |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=21 April 2011 |volume=412 |issue=4 |pages=2498–2520 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18071.x |url=http://www.sao.ru/hq/dim/groups/galaxies.dat |bibcode=2011MNRAS.412.2498M |arxiv = 1011.6277 }}</ref> The group has two subgroups, one centered around the elliptical NGC 5813 and the other around NGC 5846, lying at a projected separation of 600 kpc.<ref name="Mahdavi05">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdavi |first1=Andisheh |last2=Trentham |first2=Neil |last3=Tully |first3=R. Brent |title=The NGC 5846 Group: Dynamics and the Luminosity Function to MR <nowiki>=</nowiki> -12 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=October 2005 |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=1502–1515 |doi=10.1086/444560 }}</ref> The group is part of the Virgo III Groups, a very obvious chain of galaxy groups on the left side of the Virgo cluster, stretching across 40 million light years of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Virgo III Groups |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/viriii.html |website=www.atlasoftheuniverse.com |accessdate=9 January 2019 }}</ref> In the image on the left of NGC 5846, white crosses mark the detected CO cloud positions.<ref name="Terni2018"/> The galaxy has complex X-ray morphology<ref name=Trinchieri02>{{cite journal |last1=Trinchieri |first1=G. |last2=Goudfrooij |first2=P. |title=The peculiar small-scale X-ray morphology of NGC 5846 observed with Chandra |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=15 May 2002 |volume=386 |issue=2 |pages=472–486 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020311 |bibcode=2002A&A...386..472T |arxiv=astro-ph/0202416 }}</ref> that is considered to be the result of AGN outflows. Two inner bubbles in the hot gas, at a distance of 600 pc from the center and filled with radio emission, are clear indications of recent AGN feedback. A weak radio source, elongated in the NE–SW direction, connects the inner cavities. X-ray-bright rims surround the inner X-ray bubbles.<ref name="Machacek11"/> Many X-ray knots are visible, suggesting cooling sites. The scenario indicated by the Chandra observation is that of an AGN outflow, compressing and cooling the gas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brighenti |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Mathews |first2=William G. |last3=Temi |first3=Pasquale |title=HOT GASEOUS ATMOSPHERES IN GALAXY GROUPS AND CLUSTERS ARE BOTH HEATED AND COOLED BY X-RAY CAVITIES |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 April 2015 |volume=802 |issue=2 |pages=118 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/802/2/118 |bibcode=2015ApJ...802..118B |arxiv=1501.07647 }}</ref> in the central ~2 kpc (20" at the distance of NGC 5846).<ref name="Terni2018">{{cite journal |last1=Temi |first1=Pasquale |last2=Amblard |first2=Alexandre |last3=Gitti |first3=Myriam |last4=Brighenti |first4=Fabrizio |last5=Gaspari |first5=Massimo |last6=Mathews |first6=William G. |last7=David |first7=Laurence |title=ALMA Observations of Molecular Clouds in Three Group-centered Elliptical Galaxies: NGC 5846, NGC 4636, and NGC 5044 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=27 April 2018 |volume=858 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aab9b0 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...17T |arxiv=1711.10630 }}</ref> "A beautiful new image of two colliding galaxies [second down on the right] has been released by NASA's Great Observatories. The Antennae galaxies, located about 62 million light-years from Earth, are shown in this composite image from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (blue), the Hubble Space Telescope (gold and brown), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (red). The Antennae galaxies take their name from the long antenna-like "arms," seen in wide-angle views of the system. These features were produced by tidal forces generated in the collision."<ref name=DePasquale>{{ cite book |author=J. DePasquale |author2=B. Whitmore |title=A Galactic Spectacle |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=August 5, 2010 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/2755/news_release/2010-25 |accessdate=17 April 2019 }}</ref> "The collision, which began more than 100 million years ago and is still occurring, has triggered the formation of millions of stars in clouds of dust and gas in the galaxies. The most massive of these young stars have already sped through their evolution in a few million years and exploded as supernovas."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The X-ray image from Chandra shows huge clouds of hot, interstellar gas that have been injected with rich deposits of elements from supernova explosions. This enriched gas, which includes elements such as oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon, will be incorporated into new generations of stars and planets. The bright, point-like sources in the image are produced by material falling onto black holes and neutron stars that are remnants of the massive stars. Some of these black holes may have masses that are almost one hundred times that of the Sun."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Spitzer data show infrared light from warm dust clouds that have been heated by newborn stars, with the brightest clouds lying in the overlapping region between the two galaxies."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Hubble data reveal old stars and star-forming regions in gold and white, while filaments of dust appear in brown. Many of the fainter objects in the optical image are clusters containing thousands of stars."<ref name=DePasquale/> "The Chandra image was taken in December 1999. The Spitzer image was taken in December 2003. The Hubble image was taken in July 2004 and February 2005."<ref name=DePasquale/> {{clear}} ==Ultraviolets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy}} [[Image:Sig07-009.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This beautiful galaxy is M81, or NGC 3031. Credit: Hubble data: NASA, ESA, and A. Zezas (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics); GALEX data: NASA, JPL-Caltech, GALEX Team, J. Huchra et al. (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics); Spitzer data: NASA/JPL/Caltech/S. Willner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.{{tlx|free media}}]] M81 is the beautiful galaxy tilted at an oblique angle on to our line of sight, giving a "birds-eye view" of the spiral structure, in the image on the right. Messier 81 aka NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away, with a diameter of 90,000 light years, about half the size of the Milky Way, in the constellation Ursa Major.<ref name="sinnott1988">{{cite book | first=J. L. E. |last=Dreyer |editor-first=R. W. |editor-last=Sinnott | title=The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters | date=1988 | publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation / Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-933346-51-2 }}</ref> Close to Earth, M81 has a large size, and an active galactic nucleus (which harbors a 70 million ''M''_⊙<ref name="devereuxetal2003">{{cite journal | first=N. |last=Devereux |first2=H. |last2=Ford |first3=Z. |last3=Tsvetanov |first4=J. |last4=Jocoby | date=2003 | title=STIS Spectroscopy of the Central 10 Parsecs of M81: Evidence for a Massive Black Hole | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=125 | issue=3 | pages=1226–1235 | bibcode=2003AJ....125.1226D | doi=10.1086/367595 }}</ref> supermassive black hole. The galaxy's large size and relatively high brightness also makes it a popular target for amateur astronomers.<ref name="omeara1998">{{cite book | first=S. J. |last=O'Meara | date=1998 | title=The Messier Objects | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-55332-2 }}</ref> Messier 81 is located approximately 10° northwest of Alpha Ursae Majoris along with several other galaxies in the Messier 81 Group.<ref name="omeara1998" /><ref name="eicher1988">{{cite book | first=D. J. |last=Eicher | date=1988 | title=The Universe from Your Backyard | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-36299-3 }}</ref> Messier 81 and Messier 82 can both be viewed easily using binoculars and small telescopes.<ref name="omeara1998"/><ref name="eicher1988" /> The two objects are generally not observable to the unaided eye, although highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions with a very dark sky.<ref name="omeara1998" /> Telescopes with apertures of {{convert|8|in|cm}} or larger are needed to distinguish structures in the galaxy.<ref name="eicher1988" /> {{clear}} ==Opticals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Opticals|Optical astronomy}} [[Image:Pic iroberts1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The telescope photograph of the Great Andromeda Nebula is taken around 1899. Credit: Isaac Roberts.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:NGC5850 Galaxy from the Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Schulman Telescope courtesy Adam Block.jpg|left|thumb|300px|NGC 5846 (right) and NGC 5850 (left) are by the Schulman Telescope at Mount Lemmon SkyCenter. Credit: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona.{{tlx|free media}}]] Still much further away from the Earth than the Sun or Neptune are the many '''stars''' and '''nebulae''' that make up the Milky Way. Beyond the confines of our '''galaxy''' is the Andromeda Galaxy shown at the top of the page. Of the Local Group, “[i]ts two dominant galaxies, the Milky Way and Andromeda (M31), are separated by a distance of ~700 kpc and are moving toward each other with a radial velocity of about -117 km s^-1 (Binney & Tremaine 1987, p. 605).”<ref name=Loeb>{{ cite journal |author=Abraham Loeb |author2=Mark J. Reid |author3=Andreas Brunthaler |author4=Heino Falcke |title=Constraints on the Proper Motion of the Andromeda Galaxy Based on the Survival of Its Satellite M33 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=November |year=2005 |volume=633 |issue=2 |pages=894-8 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/633/2/894/fulltext |arxiv= |bibcode=2005ApJ...633..894L |doi=10.1086/491644 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-11-14 }}</ref> making Andromeda one of the few blueshifted galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are thus expected to collide in about 4.5&nbsp;billion years, although the details are uncertain since Andromeda's tangential velocity with respect to the Milky Way is only known to within about a factor of two.<ref name=Grand>The Grand Collision, from the series: The Sky At Night, airdate: November 5, 2007</ref> A likely outcome of the collision is that the galaxies will merge to form a giant [[w:elliptical galaxy|elliptical galaxy]].<ref name=Cox> {{ cite journal | last=Cox | first=T. J. | last2=Loeb | first2=A. | year = 2008 | title = The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | pages = 461–474 | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.tmp..333C | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x }}</ref> Such events are frequent among the galaxies in galaxy groups. The fate of the [[Earth]] and the [[Solar System]] in the event of a collision are currently unknown. If the galaxies do not merge, there is a small chance that the Solar System could be ejected from the Milky Way or join Andromeda.<ref name=Cain>{{ cite book | last=Cain | first=F. | date=2007 | title=When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun? | url=http://www.universetoday.com/2007/05/10/when-our-galaxy-smashes-into-andromeda-what-happens-to-the-sun/ | accessdate=2007-05-16 }}</ref> NGC 5846 is an elliptical galaxy (type E0-1<ref name="ned">{{cite web | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 5846 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=NGC+5846 | accessdate=2016-01-18 }}</ref>) located in the constellation Virgo at a distance of 93 ± 32 Mly (28.5 ± 9.8 Mpc)<ref name="ned" /> from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 5846 is about 110,000 light years across. It lies near 110 Virginis and is part of the Herschel 400 Catalogue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Meara |first1=Steve |title=Herschel 400 Observing Guide |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521858939 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=Nyh9fAC_tpIC&pg=PA205 |language=en }}</ref> NGC 5846 is a giant elliptical galaxy with a round shape and a low luminosity active galactic nucleus, whose categorisation is ambiguous, having features that are observed both in LINER and HII regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Luis C. |last2=Filippenko |first2=Alexei V. |last3=Sargent |first3=Wallace L. W. |last4=Peng |first4=Chien Y. |title=A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. IV. Nuclei with Broad Hα Emission |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |date=October 1997 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=391–414 |doi=10.1086/313042 }}</ref> NGC 5846 apparently harbors a supermassive black hole with estimated mass {{val|1.1|0.1|e=9|ul=M_solar}} based on the central velocity dispersion.<ref name="Machacek11">{{cite journal |last1=Machacek |first1=Marie E. |last2=Jerius |first2=Diab |last3=Kraft |first3=Ralph |last4=Forman |first4=William R. |last5=Jones |first5=Christine |last6=Randall |first6=Scott |last7=Giacintucci |first7=Simona |last8=Sun |first8=Ming |title=Deep Chandra Observations of Edges and Bubbles in the NGC 5846 Galaxy Group |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=10 December 2011 |volume=743 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/15 |bibcode=2011ApJ...743...15M |arxiv=1108.5229 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Jian |title=The black hole mass–stellar velocity dispersion correlation: bulges versus pseudo-bulges |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 2008 |volume=386 |issue=4 |pages=2242–2252 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13195.x |bibcode=2008MNRAS.386.2242H |arxiv=0801.1481 }}</ref> NGC 5846 harbors a large number of globular clusters; over 1,200 have been detected in images by Hubble Space Telescope.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=Duncan A. |last2=Brodie |first2=Jean P. |last3=Huchra |first3=John |title=Globular Cluster Luminosity Functions and the Hubble Constant from WFPC2 Imaging: The Dominant Group Elliptical NGC 5846 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=December 1996 |volume=112 |pages=2448 |doi=10.1086/118194 |bibcode=1996AJ....112.2448F |arxiv=astro-ph/9611141 }}</ref> The specific frequency of occurrence is similar to other elliptical galaxies in groups as is the metallicity with bimodial distribution, roughly of [Fe/H]=-1.2 and -0.2.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=Duncan A. |last2=Brodie |first2=Jean P. |last3=Huchra |first3=John |title=Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Globular Cluster System Around NGC 5846 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=March 1997 |volume=113 |pages=887 |doi=10.1086/118308 |bibcode=1997AJ....113..887F |arxiv=astro-ph/9612172 }}</ref> Their typical effective radii are in the range of 3 - 5 pc, with the largest clusters located in the central regions; seven of the globular clusters have X-ray counterparts, which are among the most luminous X-ray sources in NGC 5846, and they are mostly in the central region, optically luminous, compact and belong to the red subpopulation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chies-Santos |first1=A. L. |last2=Pastoriza |first2=M. G. |last3=Santiago |first3=B. X. |last4=Forbes |first4=D. A. |title=The globular cluster system of NGC 5846 revisited: colours, sizes and X-ray counterparts |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=4 August 2006 |volume=455 |issue=2 |pages=453–459 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20054212 |bibcode=2006A&A...455..453C |arxiv=astro-ph/0604499 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} [[Image:Messier 106 visible and infrared composite.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Messier 106 is one of the brightest and nearest spiral galaxies to our own. Credit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), and R. Gendler (for the Hubble Heritage Team).{{tlx|free media}}]] Messier 106 (NGC 4258) is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici at a distance of about 22 to 25 million light-years, contains an active nucleus classified as a Type 2 Seyfert, and the presence of a central supermassive black hole demonstrated from radio astronomy observations of the rotation of an accretion disk of molecular gas orbiting within the inner light-year around the black hole.<ref name=Miyoshi1995>{{ cite journal |last1=Miyoshi |first1=Makoto ''et al'' |title=Evidence for a black hole from high rotation velocities in a sub-parsec region of NGC4258 |journal=Nature |date=12 January 1995 |volume=373 |issue=6510 |pages=127–129 |doi=10.1038/373127a0 |bibcode=1995Natur.373..127M }}</ref> M106 has a water vapor megamaser (the equivalent of a laser operating in microwave instead of visible light and on a galactic scale) that is seen by the 22-GHz line of ortho-H₂O that evidences dense and warm molecular gas that give M106 its characteristic purple color.<ref>Color analysis of M106: http://www.bt-images.net/incredible-universe/</ref> Water masers are useful to observe nuclear accretion disks in active galaxies, enabling the first case of a direct measurement of the distance to a galaxy, thereby providing an independent anchor for the cosmic distance ladder.<ref>{{cite journal |author=JR Herrnstein |display-authors=etal |title=A geometric distance to the galaxy NGC 4258 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk |journal=Nature |date=1999 |volume=400 |issue=6744 |pages=539–541 |doi=10.1038/22972 |arxiv = astro-ph/9907013 |bibcode = 1999Natur.400..539H }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard de Grijs |title=An Introduction to Distance Measurement in Astronomy |page=109 |date=2011 |location=Chichester |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-51180-0 }}</ref> M106 has a slightly warped, thin, almost edge-on Keplerian disc which is on a subparsec scale that surrounds a central area with mass 4 × 10⁷ M_⊙.<ref name="Henkeletal2005">{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Henkel | first1=C. | last2=Peck | first2=A. B. | last3=Tarchi | first3=A. | last4=Nagar | first4=N. M. | last5=Braatz | first5=J. A. | last6=Castangia | first6=P. | last7=Moscadelli | first7=L. | date=2005 | title=New H₂O masers in Seyfert and FIR bright galaxies | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=436 | issue=1 | pages=75–90 | bibcode=2005A&A...436...75H | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20042175 | arxiv=astro-ph/0503070 }}</ref> It is one of the largest and brightest nearby galaxies, similar in size and luminosity to the Andromeda Galaxy.<ref name="Karachentsev2004">{{cite journal | author=Karachentsev, Igor D. | author2=Karachentseva, Valentina E. | author3=Huchtmeier, Walter K. | author4=Makarov, Dmitry I. | title=A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies | journal=The Astronomical Journal | date=2003 | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=2031–2068 | bibcode=2004AJ....127.2031K | doi=10.1086/382905}}</ref> The supermassive black hole at the core has a mass of 3.9 x 10⁷ ± 0.1 solar mass.<ref name=Graham2008>{{cite journal | title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values | last1=Graham | first1=Alister W. | postscript=. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167–175 | date=November 2008 | doi=10.1071/AS08013 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G |arxiv = 0807.2549 }}</ref> M106 has also played an important role in calibrating the cosmic distance ladder: Cepheid variables from other galaxies could not be used to measure distances since they cover ranges of metallicities different from the Milky Way's, but M106 contains Cepheid variables similar to both the metallicities of the Milky Way and other galaxies' Cepheids, by measuring the distance of the Cepheids with metallicities similar to our galaxy, recalibration of the other Cepheids with different metallicities, a key fundamental step in improving quantification of distances to other galaxies in the universe, was possible.<ref name="Macrietal2006">{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Macri | first1=L. M. | last2=Stanek | first2=K. Z. | last3=Bersier | first3=D. | last4=Greenhill | first4=L. J. | last5=Reid | first5=M. J. | date=2006 | title=A New Cepheid Distance to the Maser-Host Galaxy NGC 4258 and Its Implications for the Hubble Constant | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=652 | issue=2 | pages=1133–1149 | bibcode=2006ApJ...652.1133M | doi=10.1086/508530 | arxiv=astro-ph/0608211 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Cyans== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Cyans|Cyan astronomy}} [[Image:Pinwheel Galaxy.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Pinwheel Galaxy, a.k.a. Messier 101 or NGC 5457, is a face-on spiral galaxy about 27 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/8941596@N05 Jim Keller].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:M101 hires STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg|left|thumb|300px|This is one of the largest and most detailed photo of a spiral galaxy NGC 5457 that has been released from Hubble. Credit: European Space Agency & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] For this image on the right, the DSS red channel was mapped as red, and the DSS blue channel was mapped as cyan. North is to the left, and the field of view is approximately 43x43 arcminutes. The Pinwheel Galaxy is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs)<ref name="shappee">{{cite journal |last=Shappee |first=Benjamin |author2=Stanek, Kris |title=A New Cepheid Distance to the Giant Spiral M101 Based on Image Subtraction of Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys Observations |journal=Astrophysical Journal |date=June 2011 |volume=733 |issue=2 |pages=124 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/124 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...733..124S |arxiv = 1012.3747 }}</ref> away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. M101 is a large galaxy, with a diameter of ~170,000 ly in diameter<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pinwheel Galaxy |url=https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2265.html |date=31 May 2012 |editor=NASA Content Administrator |publisher=NASA |accessdate=4 March 2017 }}</ref> It has around a trillion stars, twice the number in the Milky Way.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2006/02/28/hubble_delivers_again_m101.html |title=Hubble delivers again: M101 |last=Plait |first=Phil |date=2006-02-28 |work=Slate |access-date=2018-05-04 |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339 }}</ref> It has a disk mass on the order of 100 billion solar masses, along with a small central bulge of about 3 billion solar masses.<ref name="M101 mass">{{cite journal |author=Comte, G. |author2=Monnet, G. |author3=Rosado, M. |last-author-amp=yes |date=1979 |title=An optical study of the galaxy M 101 - Derivation of a mass model from the kinematic of the gas |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=72 |pages=73–81 |bibcode=1979A&A....72...73C }}</ref> M101 has a high population of H II regions, many are very large and bright, usually accompanying the enormous clouds of high density molecular hydrogen gas contracting under their own gravitational force where stars form, are ionized by large numbers of extremely bright and hot young stars; those in M101 are capable of creating hot superbubbles.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/554/1/202/ |title=ROSAT X-Ray Observations of the Spiral Galaxy M81 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=554 |issue=1 |author=Immler, Stefan |author2=Wang, Q. Daniel |last-author-amp=yes |date=2001 |page=202 |doi=10.1086/321335 |accessdate=12 May 2014 |arxiv = astro-ph/0102021 |bibcode = 2001ApJ...554..202I }}</ref> In a 1990 study, 1264 H II regions were cataloged in the galaxy.<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=1990ApJS...73..661H |title=The H II regions of M101. I - an atlas of 1264 emission regions |author=Hodge, Paul W. |date=August 1990 |journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=73 |pages=661–670 |doi=10.1086/191483 |last2=Gurwell |first2=Mark |last3=Goldader |first3=Jeffrey D. |last4=Kennicutt |first4=Robert C., Jr. }}</ref> Three are prominent enough to receive New General Catalogue numbers - NGC 5461, NGC 5462, and NGC 5471.<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv=astro-ph/9903334 |last1= Giannakopoulou-Creighton |first1= J. |title= Star formation in the giant HII regions of M101 |journal= The Astrophysical Journal |volume= 522 |issue= 1 |pages= 238–249 |last2= Fich |first2= M. |last3= Wilson |first3= C. D. |date= 1999 |doi= 10.1086/307619 |bibcode = 1999ApJ...522..238G }}</ref> M101 is asymmetrical due to the tidal forces from interactions with its companion galaxies. These gravitational interactions compress interstellar hydrogen gas, which then triggers strong star formation activity in M101's spiral arms that can be detected in ultraviolet images.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/481/1/169 |title=Ultraviolet Signatures of Tidal Interaction in the Giant Spiral Galaxy M101 |author=Waller, William H. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=481 |issue=1 |page=169 |date=20 May 1997 |doi=10.1086/304057 |accessdate=12 May 2014 |last2=Bohlin |display-authors=4 |first2=Ralph C. |last3=Cornett |first3=Robert H. |last4=Fanelli |first4=Michael N. |last5=Freedman |first5=Wendy L. |last6=Hill |first6=Jesse K. |last7=Madore |first7=Barry F. |last8=Neff |first8=Susan G. |last9=Offenberg |first9=Joel D. |last10=O'Connell |first10=Robert W. |last11=Roberts |first11=Morton S. |last12=Smith |first12=Andrew M. |last13=Stecher |first13=Theodore P. |arxiv = astro-ph/9612165 |bibcode = 1997ApJ...481..169W }}</ref> M101 has five prominent companion galaxies: NGC 5204, NGC 5474, NGC 5477, NGC 5585, and Holmberg IV.<ref name="carnegieatlas" >{{cite book | author=A. Sandage | author2=J. Bedke | date=1994 | title=Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies | publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington | isbn=978-0-87279-667-6 }}</ref> As stated above, the gravitational interaction between M101 and its satellites may have triggered the formation of the grand design pattern in M101. M101 has also probably distorted the companion galaxy NGC 5474.<ref name="carnegieatlas"/> M101 and its companion galaxies comprise most or possibly all of the M101 Group.<ref name="nbg">{{cite book | author=R. B. Tully | date=1988 | title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-35299-4 }}</ref><ref name="fouqueetal1992"> {{cite journal | author=P. Fouque | author2=E. Gourgoulhon | author3=P. Chamaraux | author4=G. Paturel | edition=2nd | title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement | volume=93 | pages=211–233 | bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F | date=1992 }}</ref><ref name="garcia1993"> {{cite journal | author=A. Garcia | date=1993 | title=General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement | volume=100 | pages=47–90 |bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G }}</ref><ref name="giuricinetal2002"> {{cite journal | last=Giuricin | first=G. | last2=Marinoni | first2=C. | last3=Ceriani | first3=L. | last4=Pisani | first4=A. | date=2000 | title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups | journal=Astrophysical Journal | volume=543 | issue=1 | pages=178–194 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G | doi=10.1086/317070 |arxiv = astro-ph/0001140 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Greens== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Greens|Green astronomy}} [[Image:Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The galaxy lies 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus. Credit: NASA, Andrew S. Wilson (University of Maryland); Patrick L. Shopbell (Caltech); Chris Simpson (Subaru Telescope); Thaisa Storchi-Bergmann and F. K. B. Barbosa (UFRGS, Brazil); and Martin J. Ward (University of Leicester, U.K.).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Resembling a swirling witch's cauldron of glowing vapors, the black hole-powered core of a nearby active galaxy appears in this colorful NASA Hubble Space Telescope image. The galaxy lies 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus."<ref name=Wilson>{{ cite book |author=Andrew S. Wilson |title=Circinus Galaxy Spews Gas Into Space |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=10 April 1999 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/1010/news_release/2000-37 |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "This galaxy is designated a type 2 Seyfert, a class of mostly spiral galaxies that have compact centers and are believed to contain massive black holes. Seyfert galaxies are themselves part of a larger class of objects called Active Galactic Nuclei or AGN. AGN have the ability to remove gas from the centers of their galaxies by blowing it out into space at phenomenal speeds. Astronomers studying the Circinus galaxy are seeing evidence of a powerful AGN at the center of this galaxy as well."<ref name=Wilson/> "Much of the gas in the disk of the Circinus spiral is concentrated in two specific rings - a larger one of diameter 1,300 light-years, which has already been observed by ground-based telescopes, and a previously unseen ring of diameter 260 light-years."<ref name=Wilson/> "In the Hubble image, the smaller inner ring is located on the inside of the green disk. The larger outer ring extends off the image and is in the plane of the galaxy's disk. Both rings are home to large amounts of gas and dust as well as areas of major "starburst" activity, where new stars are rapidly forming on timescales of 40 - 150 million years, much shorter than the age of the entire galaxy."<ref name=Wilson/> "At the center of the starburst rings is the Seyfert nucleus, the believed signature of a supermassive black hole that is accreting surrounding gas and dust. The black hole and its accretion disk are expelling gas out of the galaxy's disk and into its halo (the region above and below the disk). The detailed structure of this gas is seen as magenta-colored streamers extending towards the top of the image."<ref name=Wilson/> "In the center of the galaxy and within the inner starburst ring is a V-shaped structure of gas. The structure appears whitish-pink in this composite image, made up of four filters. Two filters capture the narrow lines from atomic transitions in oxygen and hydrogen; two wider filters detect green and near-infrared light. In the narrow-band filters, the V-shaped structure is very pronounced. This region, which is the projection of a three-dimensional cone extending from the nucleus to the galaxy's halo, contains gas that has been heated by radiation emitted by the accreting black hole. A "counter-cone," believed to be present, is obscured from view by dust in the galaxy's disk. Ultraviolet radiation emerging from the central source excites nearby gas causing it to glow. The excited gas is beamed into the oppositely directed cones like two giant searchlights."<ref name=Wilson/> "Located near the plane of our own Milky Way Galaxy, the Circinus galaxy is partially hidden by intervening dust along our line of sight. As a result, the galaxy went unnoticed until about 25 years ago. This Hubble image was taken on April 10, 1999 with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2."<ref name=Wilson/> {{clear}} ==Yellows== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Yellows|Yellow astronomy}} [[Image:grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows a cluster of yellow galaxies near the middle of the photograph. Credit: W.N. Colley and E. Turner (Princeton University), J.A. Tyson (Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies) and STScl/NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "This Hubble Space Telescope image [at right] shows several blue, loop-shaped objects that actually are multiple images of the same galaxy. They have been duplicated by the gravitational lens of the cluster of yellow, elliptical and spiral galaxies - called 0024+1654 - near the photograph's center. The gravitational lens is produced by the cluster's tremendous gravitational field that bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the image of a more distant object. How distorted the image becomes and how many copies are made depends on the alignment between the foreground cluster and the more distant galaxy, which is behind the cluster."<ref name=Colley>{{ cite book |author=W.N. Colley |author2=E. Turner |author3=J.A. Tyson |title=Hubble Space Telescope Completes Sixth Year of Exploration |publisher=STScl/NASA |location=Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA |date=April 24, 1996 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/10/image/a/ |accessdate=2012-12-25 }}</ref> "In this photograph, light from the distant galaxy bends as it passes through the cluster, dividing the galaxy into five separate images. One image is near the center of the photograph; the others are at 6, 7, 8, and 2 o'clock. The light also has distorted the galaxy's image from a normal spiral shape into a more arc-shaped object. Astronomers are certain the blue-shaped objects are copies of the same galaxy because the shapes are similar. The cluster is 5 billion light-years away in the constellation Pisces, and the blue-shaped galaxy is about 2 times farther away."<ref name=Colley/> "Though the gravitational light-bending process is not new, Hubble's high resolution image reveals structures within the blue-shaped galaxy that astronomers have never seen before. Some of the structures are as small as 300 light-years across. The bits of white imbedded in the blue galaxy represent young stars; the dark core inside the ring is dust, the material used to make stars. This information, together with the blue color and unusual "lumpy" appearance, suggests a young, star-making galaxy."<ref name=Colley/> "The picture was taken October 14, 1994 with the Wide Field Planetary Camera-2. Separate exposures in blue and red wavelengths were taken to construct this color picture."<ref name=Colley/> {{clear}} ==Oranges== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Oranges|Orange astronomy}} [[Image:NGC5831 - SDSS DR14.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The sky image of NGC 5831 is obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, DR14 with SciServer. Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Camera filters-300x274.png|left|thumb|300px|Response of SDSS filters are for the imaging camera. Credit: Mamoru Doi, Masayuki Tanaka, Masataka Fukugita, James E. Gunn, Naoki Yasuda, Zeljko Ivezic, Jon Brinkmann, Ernst de Haars, Scott J. Kleinman, Jurek Krzesinski, and R. French Leger.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:SDSS Camera.jpg|center|thumb|250px|The image shows the arrangement of the CCDs and filters on the SDSS-III camera. Credit: Mamoru Doi, Masayuki Tanaka, Masataka Fukugita, James E. Gunn, Naoki Yasuda, Zeljko Ivezic, Jon Brinkmann, Ernst de Haars, Scott J. Kleinman, Jurek Krzesinski, and R. French Leger.{{tlx|free media}}]] The SDSS imaging camera collects photometric imaging data using an array of 30 SITe/Tektronix 2048 by 2048 pixel CCDs arranged in six columns of five CCDs each, aligned with the pixel columns of the CCDs themselves.<ref name=Doi>{{ cite journal |author=Mamoru Doi |author2=Masayuki Tanaka |author3=Masataka Fukugita |author4=James E. Gunn |author5=Naoki Yasuda |author6=Zeljko Ivezic |author7=Jon Brinkmann |author8=Ernst de Haars |author9=Scott J. Kleinman |author10=Jurek Krzesinski |author11=R. French Leger |title=Photometric Response Functions of the SDSS Imager |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=April 2010 |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=1628-1648 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....139.1628D |arxiv= |bibcode=2010AJ....139.1628D |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1628 |pmid= |accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref> SDSS-III used the same filter system as the original SDSS with central wavelengths of the six filters: # u 3551 Å (ultraviolet) # g 4686 Å (green) # r 6166 Å (red) # i 7480 Å (infrared) # z 8932 mÅ (Z band).<ref name=Doi/> {{clear}} ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds|Red astronomy}} [[Image:H0323bl2.gif|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of H 0323+022 using the red (R) filter. Credit: Renato Falomo, ESO NTT.{{tlx|free media}}]] A '''BL Lacertae object''' or '''BL Lac object''' is a type of [[w:active galaxy|active galaxy]] with an [[w:active galactic nucleus|active galactic nucleus]] (AGN) and is named after its prototype, [[w:BL Lacertae|BL Lacertae]]. In contrast to other types of active galactic nuclei, BL Lacs are characterized by rapid and large-amplitude flux variability and significant optical polarization. All known BL Lacs are associated with core dominated radio sources, many of them exhibiting superluminal motion. QSO B0323+022 is a BL Lacertae object. The image at right is taken with the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) using the R filter. {{clear}} ==Infrareds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Infrareds|Infrared astronomy}} [[Image:Far-Infrared Image of M51.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This is a three-color far-infrared image of M51, the Whirlpool Galaxy. Credit: ESA and the PACS Consortium.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg|left|thumb|300px|NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope joined forces to create this striking composite image of Messier 104. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] Huge, cold clouds of gas and dust in our own galaxy, as well as in nearby [[galaxies]], glow in far-infrared light. This is due to thermal radiation of interstellar dust contained in molecular clouds. "One of the most interesting discoveries made by ''IRAS'' was of galaxies with far-infrared luminosities of 10¹¹ - 10¹² ''L''_⊙, and ''L''_IR/''L''_B ~ 10 - 100 (Soifer ''et al.'' 1984). [...] Only a few examples of this type of object, namely Arp 220, NGC 3690, Mrk 231, and NGC 6240, have ever been studied from the ground in detail."<ref name=Armus>{{ cite journal |author=Lee Armus |author2=Timothy Heckman |author3=Geoge Miley |title=Multicolor optical imaging of powerful far-infrared galaxies - More evidence for a link between galaxy mergers and far-infrared emission |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month=October |year=1987 |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=831-46 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJ.....94..831A |arxiv= |bibcode=1987AJ.....94..831A |doi=10.1086/114517 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-27 }}</ref> "Three-color far-infrared image of M51, the Whirlpool Galaxy." includes "Red, green and blue correspond to the 160-micron, 100-micron and 70-micron wavelength bands of the Herschels Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer, PACS instruments."<ref name=ESA2009>{{ cite book |author=ESA |title=Herschels Daring Test: A Glimpse of Things to Come |publisher=CalTech |location= |date=June 26, 2009 |url=https://www.herschel.caltech.edu/image/nhsc2009-016a |accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref> "Glowing light from clouds of dust and gas around and between the stars is visible clearly. These clouds are a reservoir of raw material for ongoing star formation in this galaxy. Blue indicates regions of warm dust that is heated by young stars, while the colder dust shows up in red."<ref name=ESA2009/> In the image on the left, "NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope joined forces to create this striking composite image of one of the most popular sights in the universe. Messier 104 is commonly known as the Sombrero galaxy because in visible light, it resembles the broad-brimmed Mexican hat. However, in Spitzer's striking infrared view, the galaxy looks more like a "bull's eye"."<ref name=Caltech2003>{{ cite book |author=NASA/JPL-Caltech |title=The Sombrero Galaxy in Infrared Light |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=2 October 2003 |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0328b/ |accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref> "Spitzer's full view shows the disk is warped, which is often the result of a gravitational encounter with another galaxy, and clumpy areas spotted in the far edges of the ring indicate young star-forming regions."<ref name=Caltech2003/> "The Sombrero galaxy is located some 28 million light-years away. Viewed from Earth, it is just six degrees south of its equatorial plane. Spitzer detected infrared emission not only from the ring, but from the center of the galaxy too, where there is a huge black hole, believed to be a billion times more massive than our Sun."<ref name=Caltech2003/> "The Spitzer picture is composed of four images taken at 3.6 (blue), 4.5 (green), 5.8 (orange), and 8.0 (red) microns. The contribution from starlight (measured at 3.6 microns) has been subtracted from the 5.8 and 8-micron images to enhance the visibility of the dust features."<ref name=Caltech2003/> "The Spitzer picture [of] four images [was] taken [in] June 2004 and January 2005."<ref name=Spitzer2003>{{ cite book |author=Spitzer |title=The Sombrero Galaxy in Infrared Light |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=January 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/1417/news_release/2003-28 |accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Submillimeters== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Submillimeters|Submillimeter astronomy}} [[Image:Antennae Galaxies composite of ALMA and Hubble observations.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ALMA observations — shown here in red, pink and yellow — were tuned to detect carbon monoxide molecules. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO). Visible light image: the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.{{tlx|free media}}]] Submillimetre astronomy or submillimeter astronomy is the branch of observational astronomy that is conducted at submillimetre wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Astronomers place the submillimetre waveband between the far-infrared and microwave wavebands, typically taken to be between a few hundred micrometres and a millimetre and using submillimetre observations, astronomers examine molecular clouds and dark cloud cores with a goal of clarifying the process of star formation from earliest collapse to stellar birth. These wavelengths are sometimes called '''Terahertz radiation''', since they have frequencies of the order of 1 THz. "The Antennae Galaxies (also known as NGC 4038 and 4039) are a pair of distorted colliding spiral galaxies about 70 million light-years away, in the constellation of Corvus (The Crow). This view combines ALMA observations, made in two different wavelength ranges during the observatory’s early testing phase, with visible-light observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope."<ref name=eso1137a>{{ cite book |author= eso1137a |title=Antennae Galaxies composite of ALMA and Hubble observations |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=Parana, Chile |date=October 3, 2011 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1137a/ |accessdate=2014-03-13 }}</ref> "The Hubble image is the sharpest view of this object ever taken and serves as the ultimate benchmark in terms of resolution. ALMA observes at much longer wavelengths which makes it much harder to obtain comparably sharp images. However, when the full ALMA array is completed its vision will be up to ten times sharper than Hubble."<ref name=eso1137a/> {{clear}} ==Microwaves== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Microwaves|Microwave astronomy}} [[Image:From microwaves to megamasers.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The two galaxies shown here, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, are named MCG+01-38-004 (the upper, red-tinted one) and MCG+01-38-005 (the lower, blue-tinted one). Credit: NASA Hubble Space Telescope.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The [microwave] detection of interstellar formaldehyde provides important information about the chemical physics of our galaxy. We now know that polyatomic molecules containing at least two atoms other than hydrogen can form in the interstellar medium."<ref name=Snyder>{{ cite journal |author=Lewis E. Snyder |author2=David Buhl |author3=B. Zuckerman |author4=Patrick Palmer |title=Microwave detection of interstellar formaldehyde |journal=Physical Review Letters |month=March |year=1969 |volume=22 |issue=13 |pages=679-81 |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref> "Phenomena across the universe emit radiation spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum — from high-energy gamma rays, which stream out from the most energetic events in the cosmos, to lower-energy microwaves and radio waves."<ref name=Hubble2017>{{ cite book |author=Hubble |title=From microwaves to megamasers |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=September 11, 2017 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahubble/36975002626/ |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "Microwaves, the very same radiation that can heat up your dinner, are produced by a multitude of astrophysical sources, including strong emitters known as masers (microwave lasers), even stronger emitters with the somewhat villainous name of megamasers, and the centers of some galaxies. Especially intense and luminous galactic centers are known as active galactic nuclei. They are in turn thought to be driven by the presence of supermassive black holes, which drag surrounding material inwards and spit out bright jets and radiation as they do so."<ref name=Hubble2017/> "The two galaxies shown here, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, are named MCG+01-38-004 (the upper, red-tinted one) and MCG+01-38-005 (the lower, blue-tinted one). MCG+01-38-005 is a special kind of megamaser; the galaxy’s active galactic nucleus pumps out huge amounts of energy, which stimulates clouds of surrounding water. Water’s constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are able to absorb some of this energy and re-emit it at specific wavelengths, one of which falls within the microwave regime. MCG+01-38-005 is thus known as a water megamaser!"<ref name=Hubble2017/> "Astronomers can use such objects to probe the fundamental properties of the universe. The microwave emissions from MCG+01-38-005 were used to calculate a refined value for the Hubble constant, a measure of how fast the universe is expanding. This constant is named after the astronomer whose observations were responsible for the discovery of the expanding universe and after whom the Hubble Space Telescope was named, Edwin Hubble."<ref name=Hubble2017/> {{clear}} ==Radios== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Radios|Radio astronomy}} [[Image:3C75 in Radio+Xray.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image is in radio (pink) and X-Ray (cyan) of 3C 75. Credit: X-Ray: NASA / CXC / D.Hudson, T.Reiprich et al. (AIfA); Radio: NRAO / VLA/ NRL.{{tlx|free media}}]] 3C 75 may be X-ray source 2A 0252+060 (1H 0253+058, XRS 02522+060).<ref name=Wood>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1086/190992 |author=Wood KS |author2=Meekins JF |author3=Yentis DJ |author4=Smathers HW |author5=McNutt DP |author6=Bleach RD |title=The HEAO A-1 X-ray source catalog |journal=Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. |date=December 1984 |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=507–649 |bibcode=1984ApJS...56..507W }}</ref> "What's happening at the center of active galaxy 3C 75? The two bright sources at the center of this composite x-ray (blue)/ radio (pink) image are co-orbiting supermassive black holes powering the giant radio source 3C 75. Surrounded by multimillion degree x-ray emitting gas, and blasting out jets of relativistic particles the supermassive black holes are separated by 25,000 light-years. At the cores of two merging galaxies in the Abell 400 galaxy cluster they are some 300 million light-years away."<ref name=Nemiroff>{{ cite book |author=Robert Nemiroff |author2=Jerry Bonnell |title=Two Black Holes Dancing in 3C 75 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=9 November 2008 |url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap081109.html |accessdate=28 February 2019 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Superluminals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Superluminals|Superluminal astronomy}} [[Image:NGC_5128.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[w:Centaurus A|Centaurus A]] in X-rays shows the relativistic jet. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The structure of relativistic jets in [active galactic nuclei] AGN on scales of light days reveals how energy propagates through jets, a process that is fundamental to galaxy evolution."<ref name=Wehrle>{{ cite book |title=What is the structure of Relativistic Jets in AGN on Scales of Light Days? In: ''Galaxies Across Cosmic Time'' |author=Ann E. Wehrle |author2=Norbert Zacharias |author3=Kenneth Johnston |author4=David Boboltz |author5=Alan L. Fey |author6=Ralph Gaume |author7=Roopesh Ojha |author8=David L. Meier |author9=David W. Murphy |author10=Dayton L. Jones |author11=Stephen C. Unwin |author12=B. Glenn Piner |date=February 11, 2009 |publisher= |location= |editor= |pages= |url=http://www.nrao.edu/A2010/whitepapers/rac/Wehrle_AGN_jets_GCT.pdf |accessdate=2013-04-28 }}</ref> Their lengths can reach several thousand<ref name=Biretta/> or even hundreds of thousands of light years.<ref name=Yale>Yale University - Office of Public Affairs (2006, June 20). Evidence for Ultra-Energetic Particles in Jet from Black Hole (http://web.archive.org/web/20080513034113/http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/06-06-20-01.all.html)</ref> The hypothesis is that the twisting of magnetic fields in the [[w:accretion disk|accretion disk]] [[w:collimated light|collimates]] the outflow along the rotation axis of the central object, so that when conditions are suitable, a jet will emerge from each face of the accretion disk. If the jet is oriented along the line of sight to Earth, [[w:relativistic beaming|relativistic beaming]] will change its apparent brightness. The mechanics behind both the creation of the jets<ref>Meier, L. M. (2003). The Theory and Simulation of Relativistic Jet Formation: Towards a Unified Model For Micro- and Macroquasars, 2003, ''New Astron. Rev. '', '''47''', 667. (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312048)</ref><ref name=Semenov>Semenov, V.S., Dyadechkin, S.A. and Punsly (2004, August 13). Simulations of Jets Driven by Black Hole Rotation. ''Science'', '''305''', 978-980. (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;305/5686/978?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=relativistic+jet&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&resourcetype=HWCIT)</ref> and the composition of the jets<ref name=Georganopoulos> Georganopoulos, M.; Kazanas, D.; Perlman, E.; Stecker, F. (2005) Bulk Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Extragalactic Jets as a Probe of their Matter Content, ''The Astrophysical Journal '', '''625''', 656. (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502201)</ref> are still a matter of much debate in the scientific community; it is hypothesized that the jets are composed of an electrically neutral mixture of electrons, positrons, and protons in some proportion. A relativistic jet emitted from the AGN of M87 is traveling at speeds between four and six times the speed of light.<ref name=Biretta>{{ cite book |author=John Biretta |title=Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87 |publisher=Space Telecsope Science Institute |location=Baltimore. Maryland USA |date=January 6, 1999 |url=http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/m87/press.txt |accessdate=2013-04-28 }}</ref> "The term 'superluminal motion' is something of a misnomer. While it accurately describes the speeds measured, scientists still believe the actual speed falls just below the speed of light."<ref name=Biretta/> "It's an illusion created by the finite speed of light and rapid motion".<ref name=Biretta/> "Our present understanding is that this 'superluminal motion' occurs when these clouds move towards Earth at speeds very close to that of light, in this case, more than 98 percent of the speed of light. At these speeds the clouds nearly keep pace with the light they emit as they move towards Earth, so when the light finally reaches us, the motion appears much more rapid than the speed of light. Since the moving clouds travel slightly slower than the speed of light, they do not actually violate Einstein's theory of relativity which sets light as the speed limit."<ref name=Biretta/> {{clear}} ==Milky Way== {{main|Milky Way}} [[Image:Milkyway pan.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The Milky Way is seen on edge when viewed from within. Credit: Digital Sky LLC.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Map of the Milky Way made with Cepheid stars.jpg|center|thumb|400px|A new map of the Milky Way made with Cepheid stars reveals the warped shape of the galaxy. Credit: J. Skowron/Ogle/Astronomical Observatory/University of Warsaw.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The '''Milky Way''' is a name for the galaxy we live in. It is a member of the '''Local Group''' of [[galaxies]]. "By using a balloon borne telescope, an extensive survey of the [CII] line emission of the Galaxy has been undertaken. To minimize the instrumental emission, an off-axis telescope with a Newtonian-Nasmyth focus was used in conjunction with a liquid helium cooled Fabry-Perot spectrometer. The beam size of the telescope was 12' in diameter and the spectral resolution of the spectrometer was 175 km/s in velocity scale."<ref name=Okuda>{{ cite journal |author=H. Okuda |author2=T. Nakagawa |author3=H. Shibai |author4=Y. Doi |author5=Y. Y. Yui |author6=K. Mochizuki |author7=M. Yui |author8=T. Nishmuura |author9=F. J. Low |title=Large scale [CII] line emission in the galaxy observed by stratospheric balloons |journal=Infrared Physics & Technology |date=March–April 1994 |volume=35 |issue=2–3 |pages=391-405 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1350449594900973 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/1350-4495(94)90097-3 |pmid= |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> "The balloon flights were made from Palestine, TX in 1991 and from Alice Springs, Australia in 1992. By both observations, the major part of the galactic plane in the northern sky and the southern sky has been scanned. As a result, a complete map of the [CII] line intensity distribution has been constructed for the region from—100° to 80° in galactic longitude and within ±4° in galactic latitude. In addition to the general scan of the galactic plane, the observations were extended to some individual sources, such as Cyg-X region, p-Oph dark cloud and Large Magellanic Cloud."<ref name=Okuda/> "The observed maps reveal strong [CII] line emission extensively distributed in the galactic plane, as well as many discrete sources associated with HII regions and/or molecular clouds. The distribution is more or less correlated with far infrared continuum and CO line intensity distributions."<ref name=Okuda/> "Rather than being flat as a Frisbee, the Milky Way’s star-studded disk is twisted and warped, [if] viewed from the side, the spiral arms girdling our galaxy’s bulging core would resemble a record bent into an S shape [...]"<ref name=Drake>{{ cite web |author=Nadia Drake |title=The Milky Way is warped around the edges, new star map confirms |publisher=National Geographic |location= |date=1 August 2019 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/milky-way-galaxy-has-warped-disk-star-map-confirms/ |accessdate=2 August 2019 }}</ref> "Stretching some 120,000 light-years from tip to tip, the Milky Way [four] large arms wind around its core, with our sun parked along a minor arm some 26,000 light-years from the center."<ref name=Drake/> "The galaxy’s disk of stars and gas is mostly thin and flat toward the middle. But at roughly the sun’s distance from the core, the galaxy begins to bend, flexing upward in one direction and flopping down in the other."<ref name=Drake/> "Near the edges, it gets kind of sloppy: The disk flares, expanding in width from 500 light-years to more than 3,000 light-years, and the warp is even more prominent, with stars living as many as 5,000 light-years above or below the galactic plane."<ref name=Drake/> "We think the warp may have been caused by interactions with satellite galaxies. The Milky Way today is surrounded by a swarm of dwarf galaxies."<ref name=Skowron>{{ cite web |author=Dorota Skowron |title=The Milky Way is warped around the edges, new star map confirms |publisher=National Geographic |location= |date=1 August 2019 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/milky-way-galaxy-has-warped-disk-star-map-confirms/ |accessdate=2 August 2019 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Milky Way theory== Here's a [[Definitions/Theory#Theoretical definition|theoretical definition]]: '''Def.''' a large spiral galaxy that includes the [[Stars/Sun|Sun]] is called the '''Milky Way'''. '''Def.''' a "faint galaxy, devoid of gas, having a higher than normal proportion of dark matter; especially those that orbit the Milky Way and Andromeda<ref name=DwarfSpheroidalGalaxyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=dwarf spheroidal galaxy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 February 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy |accessdate=2014-01-27 }}</ref> is called a '''dwarf spheroidal galaxy'''. '''Def.''' originating "outside the Milky Way galaxy"<ref name=ExtragalacticWikt>{{ cite book |title=extragalactic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=August 28, 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extragalactic |accessdate=2013-10-04 }}</ref> or "outside of a galaxy"<ref name=ExtragalacticWikt/> is called '''extragalactic'''. ==Galaxies== {{main|Stars/Galaxies|Galaxies}} [[Image:Radio galaxy 3C98.png|thumb|250px|right|The pseudo-colour image is of the large-scale radio structure of the FRII radio galaxy 3C98. Lobes, jet and hotspot are labelled. Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Radio galaxy 3C31.png|thumb|200px|right|Another pseudo-colour image is of the large-scale radio structure of the FRI radio galaxy 3C31. Jets and plumes are labelled. Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Over the past 30 years, radioastronomy has revealed a rich variety of molecular species in the interstellar medium of our galaxy and even others."<ref name=Herschbach>{{ cite journal |author=Dudley Herschbach |title=Chemical physics: Molecular clouds, clusters, and corrals |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |month=March-May |year=1999 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=S411-S418 |url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/physicsnet/units/4/4phla/Papers/RMP99_ChemPhysics_Herschbach.pdf&sa=U&ved=0CBkQFjABahUKEwj0uo2XvK3HAhWCQpIKHU_qAKI&sig2=DXecpu9lGSwYhxZcPT9xkw&usg=AFQjCNFN_7h3diLqm5Hh4fdwjio_UX0XHw |pdf=ftp://210.45.78.225/incoming/zhangry-home/%B9%A4%D7%F7%B2%BF%B7%D6/zhangry/book/%CE%EF%C0%ED%D1%A7%CA%B7/History%20of%20Modern%20Physics/Chemica%20Physics%20and%20Biological%20Physics/Chemical%20physics.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S411 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref> These regions are non-luminous, save for emission of the [[w:hydrogen line|21-cm (1,420 MHz) region]] spectral line. Mapping H I emissions with a radio telescope is a technique used for determining the structure of spiral galaxies. "In 1974, radio sources were divided into two classes [[w:Fanaroff-Riley classification|Fanaroff and Riley Class I (FRI), and Class II (FRII)]].<ref name=Fanaroff74>{{ cite journal |author=Fanaroff |author2=Bernard L. |author3=Riley Julia M. |year=1974 |month=May |title= The morphology of extragalactic radio sources of high and low luminosity |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=167 |issue= |pages=31P–36P |bibcode=1974MNRAS.167P..31F |last2=Riley }}</ref> The distinction was originally made based on the morphology of the large-scale radio emission (the type was determined by the distance between the brightest points in the radio emission): FRI sources were brightest towards the centre, while FRII sources were brightest at the edges. There is a reasonably sharp divide in luminosity between the two classes: FRIs were low-luminosity, FRIIs were high luminosity.<ref name=Fanaroff74/> The morphology turns out to reflect the method of energy transport in the radio source. FRI objects typically have bright jets in the centre, while FRIIs have faint jets but bright ''hotspots'' at the ends of the lobes. FRIIs appear to be able to transport energy efficiently to the ends of the lobes, while FRI beams are inefficient in the sense that they radiate a significant amount of their energy away as they travel. The FRI/FRII division depends on host-galaxy environment in the sense that the FRI/FRII transition appears at higher luminosities in more massive galaxies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Owen FN, Ledlow MJ |editor=G.V. Bicknell |editor2=M.A. Dopita |editor3=P.J. Quinn |title=The First Stromlo Symposium: The Physics of Active Galaxies. ASP Conference Series, |volume=54 |year=1994 |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series |isbn= 0-937707-73-2 |pages=319 |chapter=The FRI/II Break and the Bivariate Luminosity Function in Abell Clusters of Galaxies }}</ref> FRI jets are known to be decelerating in the regions in which their radio emission is brightest,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Laing RA, Bridle AH |year=2002 |title= Relativistic models and the jet velocity field in the radio galaxy 3C31 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=336 |issue= 1 |pages=328–57 |arxiv=astro-ph/0206215 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05756.x |bibcode = 2002MNRAS.336..328L }}</ref> The hotspots that are usually seen in FRII sources are interpreted as being the visible manifestations of shocks formed when the fast, and therefore supersonic, jet (the speed of sound cannot exceed c/√3) abruptly terminates at the end of the source, and their spectral energy distributions are consistent with this picture.<ref name=Meisenheimer>{{ cite journal |author=Meisenheimer K |author2=Röser H-J |author3=Hiltner PR |author4=Yates MG |author5=Longair MS |author6=Chini R |author7=Perley RA |year=1989 |title= The synchrotron spectra of radio hotspots |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=219 |issue= |pages=63–86 |bibcode = 1989A&A...219...63M |last2=Roser |last3=Hiltner |last4=Yates |last5=Longair |last6=Chini |last7=Perley }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 628== [[Image:PESSTO Snaps Supernova in Messier 74.jpg|right|thumb|250px|ESO's PESSTO survey has captured this view of Messier 74. Credit: ESO/PESSTO/S. Smartt.{{tlx|free media}}]] "ESO's PESSTO survey has captured this view of Messier 74, a stunning spiral galaxy with well-defined whirling arms. However, the real subject of this image is the galaxy's brilliant new addition from late July 2013: a Type II supernova named SN2013ej that is visible as the brightest star at the bottom left of the image."<ref name=Smartt/> "Such supernovae occur when the core of a massive star collapses due to its own gravity at the end of its life. This collapse results in a massive explosion that ejects material far into space. The resulting detonation can be more brilliant than the entire galaxy that hosts it and can be visible to observers for weeks, or even months."<ref name=Smartt/> "PESSTO (Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects) is designed to study objects that appear briefly in the night sky, such as supernovae. It does this by utilising a number of instruments on the NTT (New Technology Telescope), located at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. This new picture of SN2013ej was obtained using the NTT during the course of this survey."<ref name=Smartt/> "SN2013ej is the third supernova to have been observed in Messier 74 since the turn of the millennium, the other two being SN 2002ap and SN 2003gd. It was first reported on 25 July 2013 by the KAIT telescope team in California, and the first "precovery image" was taken by amateur astronomer Christina Feliciano, who used the public access SLOOH Space Camera to look at the region in the days and hours immediately before the explosion."<ref name=Smartt/> "Messier 74, in the constellation of Pisces (The Fish), is one of the most difficult Messier objects for amateur astronomers to spot due to its low surface brightness, but SN2013ej should still be visible to careful amateur astronomers over the next few weeks as a faint and fading star."<ref name=Smartt>{{ cite web |author=S. Smartt |title=PESSTO snaps Supernova in Messier 74 |publisher=ESO |location= |date=2 September 2013 |url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1335a/ |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> Radial velocity (cz) = 657 km/s.<ref name=ned/> Morphological type = Sc.<ref name=ned/><ref name=SimbadM74>{{ cite web |author=Simbad |title=M 74 -- Galaxy |publisher=Université de Strasbourg/CNRS |location=Strasbourg, France |date= |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=M74&submit=SIMBAD+search |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 2841== [[Image:NGC 2841 SDSS.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image created using the Aladin Sky Atlas software from the Astronomical Data Center of Strasbourg and SDSS public data in FIT format. Credit: [[c:user:Donald Pelletier|Donald Pelletier]].{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 2841 is an inclined, unbarred spiral galaxy exhibiting a prominent inner ring structure in the constellation Ursa Major discovered on 9 March 1788 by William Herschel.<ref name=csel>{{cite web |title=Celestial Atlas |work=Cseligman |url=http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc28.htm#2841 |accessdate=2016-03-01}}</ref> Initially thought to be about 30 million light years distant, a 2001 Hubble Space Telescope survey of the galaxy's Cepheid variables determined that it was approximately 14.1 megaparsecs or 46 million light years distant.<ref name="Cepheids">{{cite journal | author = Macri, L. M. | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Stetson, P. B. | author3 = Bothun, G. D. | author4 = Freedman, W. L. | author5 = Garnavich, P. M. | author6 = Jha, S. | author7 = Madore, B. F. | author8 = Richmond, M. W. |date=September 2001 | title = The Discovery of Cepheids and a New Distance to NGC 2841 Using the Hubble Space Telescope | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 559 | issue = 1 | pages = 243–259 | issn = 0004-637X | bibcode = 2001ApJ...559..243M | doi = 10.1086/322395 |arxiv = astro-ph/0105491 }}</ref> NGC 2841 is a giant spiral galaxy with properties similar to those of the Andromeda Galaxy.<ref name="Cepheids" /> It is a prototypical flocculent spiral galaxy, a type of spiral galaxy whose arms are patchy and discontinuous.<ref name="Elmegreen-1981-CH3">"A Near-Infrared Atlas of Spiral Galaxies", by Debra Meloy Elmegreen, [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Elmegreen/Elm3.html "CH3. Discussion"] (accessed 23 April 2010)</ref> NGC 2841 is home to large population of young blue stars, and few H II regions.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Leonid |last1 = Marochnik |first2 = Anatoly |last2 = Suchkov |title = Milky Way Galaxy |edition = 1st |date = 1995-11-01 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-2-88124-931-0 |page = 267 }}</ref> NGC 2841 contains a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER), a type of region that is characterized by spectral line emission from weakly ionized atoms.<ref name="hoetal1997">{{cite journal | author=L. C. Ho | author2=A. V. Filippenko | author3=W. L. W. Sargent | title=A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement | date=1997 | volume=112 | issue= 2 | pages=315–390 | bibcode=1997ApJS..112..315H | doi=10.1086/313041 |arxiv = astro-ph/9704107 }}</ref> New General Catalogue, NGC 2841 is a morphological type: Sa with a LINER-type Active Galaxy Nucleus.<ref name=SimbadNGC2841>{{ cite web |author=Simbad |title=NGC 2841 -- LINER-type Active Galaxy Nucleus |publisher=Université de Strasbourg/CNRS |location=Strasbourg, France |date= |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2841&submit=SIMBAD+search |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> Radial velocity (cz) = 569.6 km/s.<ref name=ned/> {{clear}} ==NGC 4594== [[Image:M104 ngc4594 sombrero galaxy hi-res.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This image of the Sombrero Galaxy is a mosaic of six images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys in May and June 2003 (exposition time: 10.2 hours). Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).{{tlx|free media}}]] "NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy. As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."<ref name=TeamM104/> "At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 28 million light-years from Earth."<ref name=TeamM104/> "Hubble easily resolves M104's rich system of globular clusters, estimated to be nearly 2,000 in number - 10 times as many as orbit our Milky Way galaxy. The ages of the clusters are similar to the clusters in the Milky Way, ranging from 10-13 billion years old. Embedded in the bright core of M104 is a smaller disk, which is tilted relative to the large disk. X-ray emission suggests that there is material falling into the compact core, where a 1-billion-solar-mass black hole resides."<ref name=TeamM104/> "In the 19th century, some astronomers speculated that M104 was simply an edge-on disk of luminous gas surrounding a young star, which is prototypical of the genesis of our solar system. But in 1912, astronomer V. M. Slipher discovered that the hat-like object appeared to be rushing away from us at 700 miles per second. This enormous velocity offered some of the earliest clues that the Sombrero was really another galaxy, and that the universe was expanding in all directions."<ref name=TeamM104/> "The Hubble Heritage Team took these observations in May-June 2003 with the space telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images were taken in three filters (red, green, and blue) to yield a natural-color image. The team took six pictures of the galaxy and then stitched them together to create the final composite image. One of the largest Hubble mosaics ever assembled, this magnificent galaxy has an apparent diameter that is nearly one-fifth the diameter of the full moon."<ref name=TeamM104>{{ cite web |author=Hubble Heritage Team |title=The Majestic Sombrero Galaxy (M104) |publisher=Hubblesite |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=October 2, 2003 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/1415/news_release/2003-28 |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> NGC 4594 is a morphological type: Sa galaxy with a LINER-type Active Galaxy Nucleus.<ref name=SimbadM104>{{ cite web |author=Simbad |title=M 104 -- LINER-type Active Galaxy Nucleus |publisher=Université de Strasbourg/CNRS |location=Strasburg, France |date= |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+4594&submit=SIMBAD+search |accessdate=6 June 2019 }}</ref> Radial velocity (cz) = 1024 km/s.<ref name=ned/> {{clear}} ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Active galactic nuclei|Active galactic nuclei]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Clouds|Cloud astronomy]] * [[Stars/Galaxies/Laboratory|Galaxies laboratory]] * [[Stars/Galaxies/Quiz|Galaxies quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxy clusters|Galaxy cluster astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies|High-velocity galaxy astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Nebulas|Nebula astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ Simbad at Strasburg] <!-- footer templates --> {{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Galaxies}} <!-- footer categories --> [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] 3sqkb7a08nnyot7grn85sgsey43ptrx 0 234529 2412767 2389670 2022-08-09T05:45:19Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:3c111 lo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image contains a series of radio images at successive epochs using the VLBA of the jet in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111. Credit: M. Kadler, E. Ros, M. Perucho, Y. Y. Kovalev, D. C. Homan, I. Agudo, K. I. Kellermann, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, M. L. Lister, and J. A. Zensus.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] There is "a correlation between the arrival directions of cosmic rays with energy above 6 x 10¹⁹ electron volts and the positions of active galactic nuclei (AGN) lying within ~75 megaparsecs."<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal |author=J Abraham |author2=P Abreu |author3=M Aglietta |author4=C Aguirre |author5=D Allard |author6=The Pierre Auger Collaboration |title=Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic objects |journal=Science |month=November 9, |year=2007 |volume=318 |issue=5852 |pages=938-43 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5852/938.full |arxiv=0711.2256 |bibcode=2007Sci...318..938T |doi=10.1126/science.1151124 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-04 }}</ref> Some low energy cosmic rays originate or are associated with solar flares. Even these cosmic rays have too high an energy to originate from the solar photosphere. The [[coronal cloud]] in close proximity to the [[Stars/Sun|Sun]] may be a source or create them as it bombards the chromosphere from above. "In particular we recognize a first trace of Vela, brightest gamma and radio galactic source, and smeared sources along Galactic Plane and Center [as a source of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR)]."<ref name="Fargion">{{cite journal |author=Daniele Fargion |title=UHECR besides ''Cen''_''A'': Hints of galactic sources |journal=Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics |month=April |year=2010 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=363-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641009001276 |arxiv=0911.4176 |bibcode=2010PrPNP..64..363F |doi=10.1016/j.ppnp.2009.12.049 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-09 }}</ref> "The main correlated map is the 408 MHz one. The first astronomical source that seem to correlate is the main multiplet along ''Cen''_''A''. This AGN source, the nearest extragalactic one, sits in the same direction of a far Centaurus Cluster (part of the Super-Galactic Plane). The blurring by random galactic magnetic field might spread the nearest AGN event along the same Super-Galactic Plane, explaining the AUGER group miss-understanding [3]."<ref name="Fargion"/> {{clear}} ==Emissions== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Emissions}} [[Image:Ngc4151sp.gif|thumb|right|250px|This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present. Credit: Bill Keel ''et al.'' 2003.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "Seyfert galaxies were originally noted for the strength and broadening of their emission lines, and as a class were later characterized by the high ionization states of many of the atomic and ionized species producing these lines. This composite spectrum of the archetypal Seyfert NGC 4151 shows the wide variety of emission lines present, from the Lyman limit at 912 A to the mid-infrared at about 9 microns. It uses spectra taken with apertures several arcseconds in size, so as to reproduce the usual spectrum mixing broad and narrow-line components. From 912-1800 A, the data come from the Shuttle-borne Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope; from 1800-3200 A, from the mean of three measurements by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) taken at similar brightness levels; from 3200-4000A, from an observation at Kitt Peak National Observatory, with the continuum rescaled to match the adjacent spectra; from 4000-8000 A, a CCD observation obtained at the Lick Observatory 3-m Shane telescope by Alexei Filippenko; from 8000 A to 1 microns, an observation using the same telescope by Donald Osterbrock and collaborators, carefully corrected for atmospheric absorption; from 0.9-2.4 microns, measurements by Rodger Thompson at Steward Observatory's 2,3-m Bok telescope, and on into the infrared, from the Infrared Space Observatory provided by Eckhard Sturm. Because NGC 4151 is irregularly variable, some of the spectral components have been scaled to make the various pieces match for this presentation (so the relative strengths of lines in very different spectral regions may not be accurate)."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp>{{ cite book |author=Bill Keel |title=Composite emission-line spectrum of NGC 4151 |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona USA |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/ngc4151sp.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> "Some of the most prominent emission lines are marked for reference. The permitted lines - those that can be produced at high densities by astronomical standards - show both brad and narrow components. The strongest of these are the hydrogen recombination lines, such as Lyman alpha at 1216 A, H-beta at 4861, and H-alpha at 6563, plus the strong ultraviolet lines of C IV at 1549 and Mg II at 2800. Other features produced only by very rarefied gas at densities of 1000 atoms per cubic centimeter or so - the forbidden lines, denoted by brackets - arise in regions with less velocity structure and are narrower. Some strong examples are [O III] at 4959 and 5007 A, [O II] at 3727, [Ne V] at 3426, and [S III] at 9060 and 9532."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp/> "The spectra of active galactic nuclei are noteworthy in showing species with a large range in ionization at once, from neutral ions such as [O I] and [N I] to highly ionized cases such as [Ne V] and [O VI]. Even hot stars such as light up gaseous nebulae in our galaxy cannot ionize gas as highly as these ions require, so that both a strong source of hard radiation and a wide range in gas density must be present to see such spectra."<ref name=KeelNGC4151sp/> {{clear}} ==Standard candles== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Standard candles}} [[Image:1-agnsasanewst.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This graph depicts using AGNs to estimate distances. Credit: Darach Watson (''et al'').{{tlx|fairuse}}]] “Accurate distances to celestial objects are key to establishing the age and energy density of the Universe and the nature of dark energy.”<ref name=Watson>{{ cite book |author=Darach Watson |title=AGNs as a new standard candle? |publisher=Physics Organization |location= |date=September 27, 2011 |url=http://phys.org/news/2011-09-agns-standard-candle.html |accessdate=2014-03-27 }}</ref> “A distance measure using active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been sought for more than forty years, as they are extremely luminous and can be observed at very large distances.”<ref name=Watson/> Active "galactic nuclei are home to supermassive black holes which unleash powerful radiation. When this radiation ionizes nearby gas clouds, they also emit their own light signature. With both emissions in range of data gathering telescopes, all that’s needed is a way to measure the time it takes between the radiation signal and the ionization point. The process is called reverberation mapping."<ref name=Plotner>{{ cite book |author=Tammy Plotner |title=AGNs as a new standard candle? |publisher=Physics Organization |location= |date=September 27, 2011 |url=http://phys.org/news/2011-09-agns-standard-candle.html |accessdate=2014-03-27 }}</ref> “We use the tight relationship between the luminosity of an AGN and the radius of its broad line region established via reverberation mapping to determine the luminosity distances to a sample of 38 AGN.”<ref name=Watson/> “All reliable distance measures up to now have been limited to moderate redshift — AGN will, for the first time, allow distances to be estimated to z~4, where variations of dark energy and alternate gravity theories can be probed.”<ref name=Watson/> "The AGN Hubble diagram [is at the right]. The luminosity distance indicator τ is plotted as a function of redshift for 38 AGN with H lag measurements. On the right axis the luminosity distance and distance modulus (m-M) are shown using the surface brightness fluctuations distance to NGC3227 as a calibrator. The current best cosmology is plotted as a solid line. The line is not fit to the data but clearly follows the data well. Cosmologies with no dark energy components are plotted as dashed and dotted lines. The lower panel shows the logarithm of the ratio of the data compared to the current cosmology on the left axis, with the same values but in magnitudes on the right. The red arrow indicates the correction for internal extinction for NGC3516. The green arrow shows where NGC7469 would lie using the revised lag estimate. NGC7469 is our largest outlier and is believed to be an example of an object with a misidentified lag."<ref name=Plotner/> “The scatter due to observational uncertainty can be reduced significantly. A major advantage held by AGN is that they can be observed repeatedly and the distance to any given object substantially refined.”<ref name=Watson/> “The ultimate limit of the accuracy of the method will rely on how the BLR (broad-line emitting region) responds to changes in the luminosity of the central source. The current tight radius-luminosity relationship indicates that the ionisation parameter and the gas density are both close to constant across our sample.”<ref name=Watson/> {{clear}} ==Continua== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Continua}} [[Image:Centauros a-spc.png|frame|False-colour image of the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A, showing radio (red), 24-micron infrared (green) and 0.5-5 keV X-ray emission (blue). The jet can be seen to emit synchrotron emission in all three wavebands. The lobes only emit in the radio. Gas and dust in the galaxy emits thermal radiation in the infrared. Thermal radiation from hot gas can be seen in the blue 'shells' around the lobes, particularly to the south (bottom). Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] The radio continuum from an active galactic nucleus is always due to a jet. It shows a spectrum characteristic of synchrotron radiation. {{clear}} ==BL Lacertae objects== {{main|Stars/Quasars}} [[Image:H0323bl2.gif|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of H 0323+022 using the red (R) filter. Credit: Renato Falomo, ESO NTT.{{tlx|free media}}]] A '''BL Lacertae object''' or '''BL Lac object''' is a type of [[w:active galaxy|active galaxy]] with an [[w:active galactic nucleus|active galactic nucleus]] (AGN) and is named after its prototype, [[w:BL Lacertae|BL Lacertae]]. In contrast to other types of active galactic nuclei, BL Lacs are characterized by rapid and large-amplitude flux variability and significant optical polarization. All known BL Lacs are associated with core dominated radio sources, many of them exhibiting superluminal motion. QSO B0323+022 is a BL Lacertae object. The image at right is taken with the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) using the R filter. {{clear}} ==Relativistic jets== [[Image:M87 jet Hubble.gif|thumb|right|250px|The two images are a top panel of Hubble Space Telescope image showing the M87 jet streaming out from the galaxy's nucleus (bright round region at far left) and a bottom panel which contains a sequence of Hubble images showing motion of something at six times the speed of light. Credit: John Biretta/NASA/ESA/Space Telecsope Science Institute.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:NGC_5128.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[w:Centaurus A|Centaurus A]] in X-rays shows the relativistic jet. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] In the images at right are the effects of charged particles apparently moving six times the speed of light. "We see almost a dozen clouds which appear to be moving out from the galaxy's center at between four and six times the speed of light. These are all located in a narrow [relativistic] jet of gas streaming out from the region of the black hole at the galaxy's center".<ref name=Biretta>{{ cite book |author=John Biretta |title=Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87 |publisher=Space Telecsope Science Institute |location=Baltimore. Maryland USA |date=January 6, 1999 |url=http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/m87/press.txt |accessdate=2013-04-28 }}</ref> "We believe this apparent speed translates into an actual velocity just slightly below that of light itself."<ref name=Biretta/> "The speeds reported are two to three times faster than the fastest motions previously recorded in M87, the only nearby galaxy to show evidence for superluminal motion."<ref name=Biretta/> "This discovery goes a long way towards confirming that radio galaxies, quasars and exotic BL Lac objects are basically the same beast, powered by super massive black holes, and differ only in orientation with respect to the observer".<ref name=Biretta/> "Here we have, for the first time, a fairly normal radio galaxy with both excellent evidence for a super-massive black hole, as well as superluminal jet speeds similar to those seen in distant quasars and BL Lac objects."<ref name=Biretta/> "This is the first time superluminal motion has been seen with any optical telescope, and this discovery was made possible by the extremely fine resolution obtained by Hubble".<ref name=Macchetto>{{ cite book |author=Duccio Macchetto |title=Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87 |publisher=Space Telecsope Science Institute |location=Baltimore. Maryland USA |date=January 6, 1999 |url=http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/m87/press.txt |accessdate=2013-04-28 }}</ref> "The structure of relativistic jets in [active galactic nuclei] AGN on scales of light days reveals how energy propagates through jets, a process that is fundamental to galaxy evolution."<ref name=Wehrle>{{ cite book |title=What is the structure of Relativistic Jets in AGN on Scales of Light Days? In: ''Galaxies Across Cosmic Time'' |author=Ann E. Wehrle |author2=Norbert Zacharias |author3=Kenneth Johnston |author4=David Boboltz |author5=Alan L. Fey |author6=Ralph Gaume |author7=Roopesh Ojha |author8=David L. Meier |author9=David W. Murphy |author10=Dayton L. Jones |author11=Stephen C. Unwin |author12=B. Glenn Piner |date=February 11, 2009 |publisher= |location= |editor= |pages= |url=http://www.nrao.edu/A2010/whitepapers/rac/Wehrle_AGN_jets_GCT.pdf |accessdate=2013-04-28 }}</ref> Their lengths can reach several thousand<ref name=Biretta/> or even hundreds of thousands of light years.<ref name=Yale>Yale University - Office of Public Affairs (2006, June 20). Evidence for Ultra-Energetic Particles in Jet from Black Hole (http://web.archive.org/web/20080513034113/http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/06-06-20-01.all.html)</ref> The hypothesis is that the twisting of magnetic fields in the [[w:accretion disk|accretion disk]] [[w:collimated light|collimates]] the outflow along the rotation axis of the central object, so that when conditions are suitable, a jet will emerge from each face of the accretion disk. If the jet is oriented along the line of sight to Earth, [[w:relativistic beaming|relativistic beaming]] will change its apparent brightness. The mechanics behind both the creation of the jets<ref>Meier, L. M. (2003). The Theory and Simulation of Relativistic Jet Formation: Towards a Unified Model For Micro- and Macroquasars, 2003, ''New Astron. Rev. '', '''47''', 667. (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312048)</ref><ref name=Semenov>Semenov, V.S., Dyadechkin, S.A. and Punsly (2004, August 13). Simulations of Jets Driven by Black Hole Rotation. ''Science'', '''305''', 978-980. (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;305/5686/978?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=relativistic+jet&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&resourcetype=HWCIT)</ref> and the composition of the jets<ref name=Georganopoulos> Georganopoulos, M.; Kazanas, D.; Perlman, E.; Stecker, F. (2005) Bulk Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Extragalactic Jets as a Probe of their Matter Content, ''The Astrophysical Journal '', '''625''', 656. (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502201)</ref> are still a matter of much debate in the scientific community; it is hypothesized that the jets are composed of an electrically neutral mixture of electrons, positrons, and protons in some proportion. A relativistic jet emitted from the AGN of M87 is traveling at speeds between four and six times the speed of light.<ref name=Biretta/> "The term 'superluminal motion' is something of a misnomer. While it accurately describes the speeds measured, scientists still believe the actual speed falls just below the speed of light."<ref name=Biretta/> "It's an illusion created by the finite speed of light and rapid motion".<ref name=Biretta/> "Our present understanding is that this 'superluminal motion' occurs when these clouds move towards Earth at speeds very close to that of light, in this case, more than 98 percent of the speed of light. At these speeds the clouds nearly keep pace with the light they emit as they move towards Earth, so when the light finally reaches us, the motion appears much more rapid than the speed of light. Since the moving clouds travel slightly slower than the speed of light, they do not actually violate Einstein's theory of relativity which sets light as the speed limit."<ref name=Biretta/> {{clear}} ==Theoretical active galactic nuclei== [[Image:Active Galactic Nuclei.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Inner structure of a galaxy with an active galactic nucleus is depicted radiating. Credit: Panjak Jain.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' a "compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion, and possibly all, of the electromagnetic spectrum"<ref name=ActiveGalacticNucleusWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:BD2412|BD2412]] |title=active galactic nucleus |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=27 September 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/active_galactic_nucleus |accessdate=24 July 2018 }}</ref> is called an '''active galactic nucleus'''. '''Def.''' a "structure formed by matter falling into a gravitational source such as a galaxy, black hole, or protostar"<ref name=AccretionDiskWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Długosz|Długosz]] |title=accretion disk |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 April 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accretion_disk |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> is called an '''accretion disk''' or '''accretion disc'''. {{clear}} ==Cosmic rays== {{main|Radiation/Cosmic rays}} [[Image:Cosmic ray flux versus particle energy.svg|thumb|right|250px|The flux of cosmic-ray particles is a function of their energy. Credit: Sven Lafebre, after Swordy.<ref name=Swordy>{{ cite journal |author=S. Swordy |title=The energy spectra and anisotropies of cosmic rays |month= |year=2001 |journal=Space Science Reviews |issue= |volume=99 |pages=85–94 }}</ref>{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is an image indicating the range of cosmic-ray energies. The flux for the lowest energies (yellow zone) is mainly attributed to solar cosmic rays, intermediate energies (blue) to galactic cosmic rays, and highest energies (purple) to extragalactic cosmic rays.<ref name=Swordy/> There is "a correlation between the arrival directions of cosmic rays with energy above 6 x 10¹⁹ electron volts and the positions of active galactic nuclei (AGN) lying within ~75 megaparsecs."<ref name=Abraham/> {{clear}} ==Neutrons== {{main|Radiation/Neutrons}} [[Image:Illuminated line volume1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The stream lines on this computer simulation of a [[w:supernova|supernova]] show the flow of matter behind the shock wave giving clues as to the origin of pulsars. Credit: Blondin and Mezzacappa. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] "Due to nγ collisions of the ultrarelativistic neutrons with the submillimeter-IR photons, the neutrons with Lorentz factors Γ > Γ_esc [...] should degrade in the region r ≤ r_mx responsible for the low-frequency radiation of [active galactic nuclei] AGN."<ref name=Atoyan>{{ cite journal |author=A.M. Atoyan |title=Relativistic neutrons in active galactic nuclei. I-Energy transport from the core. II-Gamma-rays of high and very high energies |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=April |year=1992 |volume=257 |issue=2 |pages=465-75 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992A%26A...257..465A |arxiv= |bibcode=1992A&A...257..465A |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-10-22 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Gamma rays|Gamma-ray astronomy}} [[Image:800 nasa structure renderin2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|This image depicts the two gigantic gamma-ray bubbles at the heart of the Milky Way. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.{{tlx|free media}}]] In March 2010 it was announced that active galactic nuclei are not responsible for most gamma-ray background radiation.<ref name=GLAST>{{ cite book |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/gamma-ray-dragons.html |title=NASA’s Fermi Probes “Dragons” of the Gamma-ray Sky |author=NASA }}</ref> Though active galactic nuclei do produce some of the gamma-ray radiation detected here on Earth, less than 30% originates from these sources. The search now is to locate the sources for the remaining 70% or so of all gamma-rays detected. Possibilities include star forming galaxies, galactic mergers, and yet-to-be explained dark matter interactions. Most gamma-ray emitting sources are actually gamma-ray bursts, objects which only produce gamma radiation for a few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away. Only 10% of gamma-ray sources are non-transient sources. These steady gamma-ray emitters include pulsars, neutron stars, and black hole candidates such as active galactic nuclei.<ref name=Cox>{{ cite book |editor=Cox, A. N. |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |date=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA124 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |page=124 |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==X-rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/X-rays|X-ray astronomy}} [[Image:Chandra Deep Field South - active galactic nuclei.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|X-Rays Emanate From Heated Material Falling Into Black Hole. Credit: NASA, ESA, A. M. Koekemoer (STScI), M. Dickinson (NOAO) and The GOODS Team.{{tlx|free media}}]] "[M]odels in which γ-rays are absorbed in collisions with X-rays producing nonthermal electron-positron pairs, which in turn radiate further X-rays [have been developed]."<ref name=Zdziarski>{{ cite journal |author=Andrzej A. Zdziarski |author2=Gabriele Ghisellini |author3=Ian M. George |author4=R. Svensson |author5=A. C. Fabian |author6=Chris Done |title=Electron-positron pairs, Compton reflection, and the X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=November 1, |year=1990 |volume=363 |issue=11 |pages=L1-4 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1990ApJ...363L...1Z |arxiv= |bibcode=1990ApJ...363L...1Z |doi=10.1086/185851 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-15 }}</ref> "[T]he reprocessing of radiation by ''e''⁺ ''e''^- pairs could be a sufficiently robust mechanism to yield the canonical spectrum, independent of the details of the particle acceleration mechanism and the parameters of the source, such as the X- and γ-ray luminosity, ''L'', and the size, R."<ref name=Zdziarski/> "[T]he hard X-ray spectrum of a growing number of [active galactic nuclei] AGN [in] the 1-30 keV X-ray emission has four distinct components":<ref name=Zdziarski/> # "an incident power law spectrum with a spectral index αⁱ_x ≃ 0.9,"<ref name=Zdziarski/> # "an emission line at the energy ~6.4 keV (interpreted as a fluorescent iron K-line),"<ref name=Zdziarski/> # "an absorption edge at 7-8 keV (interpreted as an iron K-edge), and"<ref name=Zdziarski/> # "a broad excess of emission with respect to the underlying power law at energies ≳ 10 keV (interpreted as Compton reflection from cold [T < 10⁶ K, optically thick] material)." <ref name=Zdziarski/> {{clear}} ==Super soft X-rays== Supersoft active galactic nuclei reach luminosities up to 10⁴⁵ erg/s.<ref name=Greiner>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1384-1076(00)00018-X |author=Greiner J |title=Catalog of supersoft X-ray sources |journal=New Astron. |year=2000 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=137–41 |url=http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/sss/ssscat.html |arxiv = astro-ph/0005238 |bibcode = 2000NewA....5..137G }}</ref> ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds|Red astronomy}} "The combination of X-ray absorption, red near-IR continuum, polarized optical continuum, and broad lines in the majority of 2MASS [active galactic nucleus] AGNs suggests that they are viewed at an intermediate line of sight with respect to dusty, nuclear material (e.g., torus/disk/wind), as has been proposed for the similarly polarized [broad absorption line] BAL [quasi-stellar object] QSOs."<ref name=Wilkes>{{ cite journal |author=Belinda J. Wilkes |author2=Gary D. Schmidt |author3=Roc M. Cutri |author4=Himel Ghosh |author5=Dean C. Hines |author6=Brant Nelson |author7=Paul S. Smith |title=The X-Ray Properties of 2MASS Red Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January 10, |year=2002 |volume=564 |issue=2 |pages=L65-8 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/564/2/L65/fulltext/ |arxiv=astro-ph/0112433 |bibcode=2002ApJ...564L..65W |doi=10.1086/338908 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-02 }}</ref> ==Superluminals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Superluminals}} [[Image:Quasar_0003+380.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:0055+300.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of NGC 315 showing apparent superluminal motion. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:0305+039.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of AGN 0305+039. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:1458+718.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of quasar 1458+718. Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:0219+428.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a radio image of the TeV-emitting BL Lac 0219+428 (3C 66A). Credit: M. I. Lister, M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, D. C. Homan, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. B. Pushkarev, J. L. Richards, E. Ros, and T. Savolainen/VLBA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] For active galactic nuclei (AGNs) "bright jet features typically exhibit apparent superluminal speeds and accelerated motions."<ref name=Lister>{{ cite journal |author=M. I. Lister |author2=M. F. Aller |author3=H. D. Aller |author4=D. C. Homan |author5=K. I. Kellermann |author6=Y. Y. Kovalev |author7=A. B. Pushkarev |author8=J. L. Richards |author9=E. Ros |author10=T. Savolainen |title=MOJAVE. X. Parsec-Scale Jet Orientation Variations and Superluminal Motion in AGN |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month= |year=2013 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.2713v1.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-03-17 }}</ref> AGN "jets with the fastest superluminal speeds all tend to have high Doppler boosted radio luminosities. [...] there is a correlation between intrinsic jet speed and intrinsic (de-beamed) luminosity".<ref name=Lister/> The AGN showing superluminal motion in B1950 are<ref name=Lister/> # 0003+380 S4 0003+38 J0006.1+3821 z=0.229 quasar # 0003-066 NRAO 005 ... z=0.3467 BL Lac # 0007+106 III Zw 2 ... z=0.0893 radio galaxy # 0010+405 4C +40.01 ... z=0.256 quasar # 0015-054 PMN J0017-0512 J0017.6-0510 z=0.226 quasar # 0016+731 S5 0016+73 ··· z=1.781 quasar # 0048-097 PKS 0048-09 J0050.6-0929 z=0.635 BL Lac # 0055+300 NGC 315 ··· z=0.0165 radio galaxy # 0059+581 TXS 0059+581 J0102.7+5827 z=0.644 quasar # 0106+013 4C +01.02 J0108.6+0135 z=2.099 quasar # 0109+224 S2 0109+22 J0112.1+2245 z=0.265 BL Lac # 0109+351 B2 0109+35 ··· z=0.450 quasar # 0110+318 4C +31.03 J0112.8+3208 z=0.603 quasar # 0111+021 UGC 00773 ··· z=0.047 BL Lac # 0116-219 OC -228 J0118.8-2142 z=1.165 quasar. At right is a radio image of quasar S4 0003+38.<ref name=Lister/> This object was image on March 9 and December 1, 2006, March 28 and August 24, 2007, May 1 and July 17, 2008, March 25, 2009, and July 12, 2010. From its movement as it was leaving its source in µas y^-1, S4 0003+38 before it left its source was moving at 2.62±0.84c, left its source at a back projected date of 2003.01±0.24, continued accelerating to 4.63±0.32c, then began to decelerate successively at each observation epoch from 0.67±0.20, 0.36±0.32, to 0.16±0.26.<ref name=Lister/> The second image at right is of apparent superluminal motion in NGC 315. In both of these images the apparent motion is rectilinear or close to it. NGC 315 is a low-luminosity radio galaxy. The third image at right shows the approximate radial motion of the jet component versus the core. "Inward motions are rare (2% of all features), are slow (< 0.1 mas per y), are more prevalent in BL Lac jets, and are typically found within 1 mas of the unresolved core feature. [...] Considering only the AGN with a known redshift, the inward components of 1458+718 [fourth at right] are the only ones which appear significantly superluminal, ranging from 1.4 c to 4.6 c. With the exception of 1458+718, 2021+614, and 2230+114, the inward motions all occur within ∼ 1 mas of the core, in typically the innermost component. In particular, the innermost two jet components of two TeV-emitting BL Lacs in our sample: 0219+428 (3C 66A) [at fifth right] and 1219+285 (W Comae) are both inward-moving. The small velocities and core separations of these moving components may indicate that the core is not a stable reference point in these two jets."<ref name=Lister/> The line in the image for 1458+718 connects the two components. The "the apparent inward motion [...] of [the] two component [is] in a complex emission region located ∼ 25 mas south of the core in this compact steep spectrum quasar. [There is] one additional component in this complex [...] that is also moving inward, in a non-radial direction."<ref name=Lister/> "The moving features are generally non-ballistic, with 70% of the well-sampled features showing either significant accelerations or non-radial motions."<ref name=Lister/> "A substantial number of components showed no significant acceleration, but had non-radial motion vectors. [...] This is in stark contrast to the kinematics of features in stellar (Herbig-Haro) jets, which are well described by ballistic models [...] Of the 739 components with statistically significant (≥ 3σ) speeds, 38% exhibited significant non-radial motion, implying non-ballistic trajectories.".<ref name=Lister/> The "acceleration [is resolvable into] terms ''μ''_⊥ and ''μ''_ǁ in directions perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the mean angular velocity direction φ."<ref name=Lister/> "[S]ignificant parallel accelerations [are] seen in roughly one third of our sample, and significant perpendicular accelerations in about one fifth of our sample."<ref name=Lister/> "VLBA images of the jet in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111. The picture shows the variable parsec-scale structure of the jet in this active galactic nucleus. The features observed correspond to ejected plasma regions traveling at relativistic speeds. Those appear to be larger than the speed of light due to projection effects. The sixteen images are spaced by their relative time intervals. The images show that a major radio flux-density outburst in 1996 was followed by a particularly bright plasma ejection associated with a superluminal jet component. This major event was followed by trailing features in its evolution. A similar event is seen after mid 2001. The jet dynamics in this source is revealed: a plasma injection into the jet beam leads to the formation of multiple shocks that travel at different speeds downstream (ranging from 3c to 6c) and interact with each other and with the ambient medium. This is in agreement with numerical relativistic magnetohydrodynamic structural and emission simulations of jets."<ref name=Kadler>{{ cite book |author=M. Kadler |author2=E. Ros |author3=M. Perucho |author4=Y. Y. Kovalev |author5=D. C. Homan |author6=I. Agudo |author7=K. I. Kellermann |author8=M. F. Aller |author9=H. D. Aller |author10=M. L. Lister |author11=J. A. Zensus |title=Superluminal Motions in the Jet of 3C 111 |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |location=West Virginia USA |date=September 23, 2005 |url=http://images.nrao.edu/600 |accessdate=2014-03-17 }}</ref> "Images were taken at 15 GHz with the full Very Long Baseline Array as part of the 2cm Survey/MOJAVE collaboration. The observing runs usually last 8 hr and the total observing time on source is approximately 50 minutes. The typical dynamic range in the images is of 1000:1 (the lowest shown flux density is typically of 1-2 mJy/beam). The images are convolved with a common restoring beam of 0.5x1.0 milliarcseconds (P.A. of 0 deg). The image alignment is (arbitrary) to the brightness peak. The superluminal speeds of the features in the jet were determined from a detailed analysis of multiple Gaussian model fits to the observed visibilities."<ref name=Kadler/> {{clear}} ==Warm–hot intergalactic medium== [[Image:Dark matter simulation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These computer simulations show a swarm of dark matter clumps around our Milky Way galaxy. Credit: NASA, ESA, and T. Brown and J. Tumlinson (STScI).{{tlx|free media}}]] The '''warm–hot intergalactic medium''' ('''WHIM''') refers to a sparse, warm-to-hot (10⁵ to 10⁷ K) plasma that [may] exist in the spaces between [[galaxies]] and ... contain 40&ndash;50%<ref name=ssr134_1_141>{{ cite journal | last1=Bykov | first1=A. M. | last2=Paerels | first2=F. B. S. | last3=Petrosian | first3=V. | title=Equilibration Processes in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=134 | issue=1–4 | pages=141–53 | month=February | year=2008 | doi=10.1007/s11214-008-9309-4 | bibcode=2008SSRv..134..141B |arxiv = 0801.1008 }}</ref> of the [[w:baryon|baryon]]s (that is, 'normal matter' which exists as plasma or as atoms and molecules, in contrast to [[w:dark matter|dark matter]]) in the universe at the current [[w:epoch (cosmology)|epoch]].<ref name=ssr100_1_89>{{ cite journal | first1=D. | last1=Reimers | year=2002 | title=Baryons in the diffuse intergalactic medium | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=100 | issue=1/4 | page=89 | bibcode=2002SSRv..100...89R | doi=10.1023/A:1015861926654 }}</ref> Because of the high temperature of the medium, it is more readily observed from the ultraviolet and low energy X-ray emission. This was detected in the 0.4–0.6&nbsp;keV energy band as of 2010 using the orbiting [[w:XMM-Newton|XMM-Newton]] observatory. This emission forms {{nowrap|12% ± 5%}} of the diffuse X-ray background radiation.<ref name=baas41_908>{{ cite journal |author=Anjali Gupta |author2=M. Galeazzi |author3=E. Ursino | title=Detection and Characterization of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | volume=41 | page=908 | month=May | year=2010 | bibcode=2010AAS...21631808G }}</ref> Within the WHIM, gas [[w:Shock waves in astrophysics|shocks]] are created as a result of [[w:Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]], along with the gravitationally-driven processes of merging and accretion. Part of the [[w:gravitational energy|gravitational energy]] supplied by these effects is converted into thermal emissions of the matter by collisionless shock heating.<ref name=ssr134_1_141/> In May 2010 a giant reservoir of WHIM was detected by the [[w:Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-ray Observatory]] lying along the wall shaped structure of galaxies ([[w:Sculptor Wall|Sculptor Wall]]) some 400 million light-years from Earth.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/chandra-missing-matter-100511.html</ref><ref>https://archive.is/20130202120147/www.skyandtelescope.com/news/93797364.html</ref> "These computer simulations [at right] show a swarm of dark matter clumps around our Milky Way galaxy. Some of the dark-matter concentrations are massive enough to spark star formation. Thousands of clumps of dark matter coexist with our Milky Way galaxy, shown in the center of the top panel. The green blobs in the middle panel are those dark-matter chunks massive enough to obtain gas from the intergalactic medium and trigger ongoing star formation, eventually creating dwarf galaxies. In the bottom panel, the red blobs are ultra-faint dwarf galaxies that stopped forming stars long ago."<ref name=Brown>{{ cite book |author=T. Brown |author2=J. Tumlinson |title=Dark matter simulation |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=June 5, 2012 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/ghost-galaxies.html |accessdate=2014-02-08 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Galaxies== {{main|Stars/Galaxies|Galaxies}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+ Features of different types of galaxies ! rowspan=2 | Galaxy type ! rowspan=2 | Active nuclei ! colspan="2" |Emission lines ! rowspan=2 | X-rays ! colspan="2" |Excess of ! rowspan=2 |Strong radio ! rowspan=2 |Jets ! rowspan=2 |Variable ! rowspan=2 |Radio loud |- !Narrow !! Broad !! UV !! Far-IR |- !Normal | no || weak || no || weak || no || no || no || no || no || no |- !Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) | unknown || weak || weak || weak || no || no || no || no || no || no |- !Seyfert I | yes || yes || yes || some || some || yes || few || no || yes || no |- !Seyfert II | yes || yes || no || some || some || yes || few || no || yes || no |- !Quasar | yes || yes || yes || some || yes || yes || some || some || yes || some |- !Blazar | yes || no || some || yes || yes || no ||yes || yes || yes ||yes |- !BL Lac object | yes || no || no/faint || yes || yes || no || yes || yes || yes || yes |- !OVV quasar | yes || no || stronger than BL Lac|| yes || yes || no || yes || yes || yes || yes |- !Radio galaxy | yes || some || some || some || some || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes |- |} ==Milky Way== [[Image:Gas cloud being ripped apart by the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Shown here are VLT observations from 2006, 2010 and 2013, coloured blue, green and red respectively. Credit: ESO/S. Gillessen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gas cloud being ripped apart by the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way (annotated).jpg|left|thumb|300px|The cloud is now dramatically stretched out and the velocity of the front is several million km/h different from that of the tail. Credit: ESO/S. Gillessen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Images of gas cloud being ripped apart by the black hole at the centre of the galaxy.jpg|center|thumb|400px|These observations from ESO’s Very Large Telescope, using the SINFONI instrument, show how a gas cloud is being stretched and ripped apart. Credit: ESO/S. Gillessen.{{tlx|free media}}]] New observations from ESO’s Very Large Telescope show for the first time [in the right image] a gas cloud being ripped apart by the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Shown here are VLT observations from 2006, 2010 and 2013, coloured blue, green and red respectively. Due to its distance, and the fact that we see the orbit at a steep angle as the cloud falls towards the black hole, only the position, not the shape, of the cloud can be discerned in this image. The stretching of the cloud is seen in observations of its velocity, which allow astronomers to work out where on its orbit the different parts of the cloud are now located. These observations show how a gas cloud [in the left image] now passing close to the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy is being ripped apart. The horizontal axis shows the extent of the cloud along its orbit and the vertical axis shows the velocities of different parts of the cloud. The cloud is now dramatically stretched out and the velocity of the front is several million km/h different from that of the tail. These observations [center image] from ESO’s Very Large Telescope, using the SINFONI instrument, show how a gas cloud is being stretched and ripped apart as it passes close to the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. The horizontal axis shows the extent of the cloud along its orbit and the vertical axis shows the velocities of different parts of the cloud during the last ten years. The cloud is now (2013) dramatically stretched out and the velocity of the front is several million km/h different from that of the tail. {{clear}} ==NGC 507== [[Image:NGC 507.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This composite image shows a vast cloud of hot gas (X-ray/red) of NGC 507. Credit: NASA/CXC/Stanford U./S.Allen et al.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''NGC 507''', also known as '''rp 229, CGCG 502-67, MCG 5-4-44, PGC 5098, UGC 938''', and '''V V 207''',<ref name="dso">{{cite book |url=https://dso-browser.com/deep-sky/1397/ngc-507/galaxy |title=Galaxy NGC 507 · Deep Sky Objects Browser |first=Sebastián García |last=Rojas |publisher=DSO }}</ref> is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was described as being "very faint", "pretty large", "round", "brighter in the middle", and "south of NGC 508" by John Louis Emil Dreyer in the New General Catalogue.<ref name="NGC">{{cite book |url=http://spider.seds.org/ngc/ngc.cgi?507 |title=NGC 507 |first=Hartmut |last=Frommert }}</ref> It was discovered by William Herschel on September 12, 1784.<ref name="prof">{{cite book |url=http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc5.htm#507 |title=New General Catalog Objects: NGC 500 - 549 }}</ref> This composite image on the right shows a vast cloud of hot gas (X-ray/red), surrounding high-energy bubbles (radio/blue) on either side of the bright white area around the supermassive black hole. By studying the inner regions of the galaxy with Chandra, scientists estimated the rate at which gas is falling toward the galaxy's supermassive black hole. These data also allowed an estimate of the power required to produce the bubbles, which are each about 10,000 light years in diameter. Surprisingly, the analysis indicates that most of the energy released by the infalling gas goes into producing jets of high-energy particles that create the huge bubbles, rather than into an outpouring of light as observed in many active galactic nuclei. {{clear}} ==NGC 1097== [[Image:Phot-33a-05.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a colour-composite image of the central 5,500 light-years wide region of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097, obtained with the NACO adaptive optics on the VLT. Credit: European Southern Observatory.{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is a "[c]olour-composite image of the central 5,500 light-years wide region of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097 [45 million light years away], obtained with the NACO adaptive optics on the VLT. More than 300 star forming regions - white spots in the image - are distributed along a ring of dust and gas in the image. At the centre of the ring there is a bright central source where the active galactic nucleus and its super-massive black hole are located. The image was constructed by stacking J- (blue), H- (green), and Ks-band (red) [infrared] images. North is up and East is to the left. The field of view is 24 x 29 arcsec2, i.e. less than 0.03% the size of the full moon!"<ref name=ESO05>{{ cite book |author=ESO05 |title=The Centre of the Active Galaxy NGC 1097 |publisher=European Southern Observatory |location=Paranal |date=October 17, 2005 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0534a/ |accessdate=2013-03-15 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 1700== [[Image:NGC 1700.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The image shows NGC 1700, the Elliptical Galaxy and Rotating Disk by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Credit: Thomas S. Statler, Brian R. McNamara.{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 1700 is an elliptical galaxy of the Hubble type E4 pec in the constellation Eridanus south of the ecliptic. The galaxy has an angular extent of 3.3 '× 2.1', an apparent brightness of +11.2 mag. It is about 180 million light years away from the solar system and has a diameter of about 215,000 light years.<ref>http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc17.htm#1700</ref> It has an active galactic nucleus. {{clear}} ==NGC 3393== [[Image:Active Nucleus of NGC 3393.png|right|thumb|300px|Apparently there is not just one black hole at the center of this galaxy, but a pair that are eventually going to merge. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/54209675@N00 Judy Schmidt from USA].{{tlx|free media}}]] "I'm still on a roll with the active galactic nuclei (AGN) and here is the latest, with thanks to Mitchell Revalski et al. for the list of interesting objects to investigate. I had the usual trouble with this one trying to balance the colors while making the illuminated filaments easy to discern. In many galaxies, the details near the nucleus are not so important to convey, and it is therefore ok if it's all a bright ball. Here, the image is quite dark to accommodate the details in the core."<ref name=Schmidt2018/> "We're quite used to seeing spiral galaxies with uniformly yellowish cores full of old stars, so when something blue or green is spotted, it seems a bit odd, and that's one of the ways astronomers can find these fascinating galaxies. Such nuances are picked out relatively easily by comparing spectroscopic results from many different galaxies. Spectroscopy is kind of like a fingerprint in light, and whatever spikes and dips in the graph appear tell a story about how far the light traveled, what elements are present, and what's happening to those elements."<ref name=Schmidt2018/> "Apparently there is not just one black hole at the center of this galaxy, but [https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/photo-H-11-278.html a pair] that are eventually going to merge. Would you believe that spectroscopy can also tell us this? This is moving into the realm of things I don't understand well enough to explain, but here are a number of papers specifically on the case of this galaxy. [https://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+NGC+3393/0/1/0/all/0/1 arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+NGC+3393/0/1/0/all/0/1]"<ref name=Schmidt2018/> "Data from the following proposal were used to create this image: [https://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=12185 The Hosts of Megamaser Disk Galaxies]"<ref name=Schmidt2018/> "The representation of filters was a bit difficult, as I used some near-infrared data for around the core, but it didn't extend all the way to the edge, and I had to make up for it with the F814W data there. With that in mind, colors are as follows:"<ref name=Schmidt2018/> Red: WFC3/IR F160W + WFC3/IR F110W Green: WFC3/UVIS F814W Blue: WFC3/UVIS F438W + WFC3/UVIS F336W "North is NOT up. It is 38.67° counter-clockwise from up."<ref name=Schmidt2018>{{ cite book |author=Judy Schmidt |title=File:Active Nucleus of NGC 3393.png |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=10 March 2018 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Active_Nucleus_of_NGC_3393.png |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 3621== [[Image:NGC 3621 ESO VLT.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This image, from ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), shows a truly remarkable galaxy known as NGC 3621. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] This image on the right, from ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), shows a truly remarkable galaxy known as NGC 3621. To begin with, it is a pure-disc galaxy. Like other spirals, it has a flat disc permeated by dark lanes of material and with prominent spiral arms where young stars are forming in clusters (the blue dots seen in the image). But while most spiral galaxies have a central bulge — a large group of old stars packed in a compact, spheroidal region — NGC 3621 doesn’t. In this image, it is clear that there is simply a brightening to the centre, but no actual bulge like the one in NGC 6744 (eso1118), for example. NGC 3621 is also interesting as it is believed to have an active supermassive black hole at its centre that is engulfing matter and producing radiation. This is somewhat unusual because most of these so-called active galactic nuclei exist in galaxies with prominent bulges. In this particular case, the supermassive black hole is thought to have a relatively small mass, of around 20 000 times that of the Sun. Another interesting feature is that there are also thought to be two smaller black holes, with masses of a few thousand times that of the Sun, near the nucleus of the galaxy. Therefore, NGC 3621 is an extremely interesting object which, despite not having a central bulge, has a system of three black holes in its central region. This galaxy is located in the constellation of Hydra (The Sea Snake) and can be seen with a moderate-sized telescope. This image, taken using B, V, and I filters with the FORS1 instrument on the powerful VLT, shows striking detail in this odd object and also reveals a multitude of background galaxies. A number of bright foreground stars that belong to our own Milky Way are also visible. {{clear}} ==NGC 3945== [[Image:NGC 3945 lenticular Galaxy 13024680373 e2ca77db8d o.png|right|thumb|300px|This is just a cool looking lenticular galaxy. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/54209675@N00 Judy Schmidt from Fresh Meadows, NY, USA].{{tlx|free media}}]] Image on the right is just a cool looking lenticular galaxy in the archive. It was shaped something like a TIE fighter but it turns out the ring goes all the way around. This is only the central part. Another ring of matter encircles the galaxy further out of the frame. [http://kudzu.astr.ua.edu/devatlas/NGC_3945______B___________.html Here is a complete image] and interesting accompanying arguments about the actual shape of the galaxy. Can you tell just from looking at it what its three dimensional shape is? Is it a oblique disk, an oblate sphere, or a combination of the two? Since this is an infrared image, the spiral structures visible in image at the link in the above paragraph are not visible in this image. Data is from proposal StSci. ID 11219: [http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=11219 Active Galactic Nuclei in nearby galaxies: a new view of the origin of the radio-loud radio-quiet dichotomy?] North is NOT up. It is 14.6° counter-clockwise from up. {{clear}} ==NGC 4321== [[Image:Core of Messier 100.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image of Messier 100 is from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "This [visual] image [at right] from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the most detailed made to date, shows the bright core of the galaxy and the innermost parts of its spiral arms. Messier 100 has an active galactic nucleus — a bright '''region''' at the galaxy’s core caused by a supermassive black hole that is actively swallowing material, which radiates brightly as it falls inwards."<ref name=ESAHubble>{{ cite book |author=ESA/Hubble |author2=NASA |title=Core of Messier 100 in super high res |publisher=ESA/Hubble & NASA |location= |date=January 16, 2012 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1203a/ |accessdate=2013-03-14 }}</ref> Bold added. "Messier 100 is a perfect example of a grand design spiral galaxy, a type of galaxy with prominent and very well-defined spiral arms. These dusty structures swirl around the galaxy’s nucleus, and are marked by a flurry of star formation activity that dots Messier 100 with bright blue, high-mass stars."<ref name=ESAHubble/> "The galaxy’s spiral arms also host smaller black holes, including the youngest ever observed in our cosmic neighbourhood, the result of a supernova observed in 1979."<ref name=ESAHubble/> "Messier 100 is located in the direction of the constellation of Coma Berenices, about 50 million light-years distant."<ref name=ESAHubble/> "This image, taken with the high resolution channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys demonstrates the continued evolution of Hubble’s capabilities over two decades in orbit. This image, like all high resolution channel images, has a relatively small field of view: only around 25 by 25 arcseconds."<ref name=ESAHubble/> The visual data is centered at 555 nm (blue), the visual + infrared is in green, and additional infrared centered at 814 nm is red.<ref name=ESAHubble/> {{clear}} ==NGC 4435== [[Image:NGC 4435 with nucleus Hubble.jpg|right|thumb|300px|NGC 4435 and dust ring around its nucleus is by the Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: [[w:user:Friendlystar|Friendlystar]].{{tlx|free media}}]] NGC 4435 is a barred lenticular galaxy currently interacting with NGC 4438. Studies of the galaxy by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed a relatively young (190 million years) stellar population within the galaxy's nucleus, which may have originated through the interaction with NGC 4438 compressing gas and dust in that region, triggering a starburst.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Panuzzo, P. |display-authors=4 |author2=Vega, O. |author3=Bressan, A. |author4=Buson, L. |author5=Clemens, M. |author6=Rampazzo, R. |author7=Silva, L. |author8=Valdés, J. R. |author9=Granato, G. L. |author10=Danese, L. |date=2007 |title=The Star Formation History of the Virgo Early-Type Galaxy NGC 4435: The Spitzer Mid-Infrared View |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=656 |issue=1 |pages=206–216 |doi = 10.1086/510147 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...656..206P|arxiv = astro-ph/0610316 }}</ref> It also has a long tidal tail possibly caused by the interaction with the mentioned galaxy;<ref>[http://www.astropix.com/wp/2007/05/13/ngc-4438-and-ngc-4435/ The Tail of NGC 4435]</ref> however, other studies suggest that tail is actually a galactic cirrus in the [[Milky Way]] totally unrelated to NGC 4435.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Cortese, L. |display-authors=4 |author2=Bendo, G. J. |author3=Isaak, K. G. |author4=Davies, J. I. |author5=Kent, B. R. |date=2010 |title=Diffuse far-infrared and ultraviolet emission in the NGC 4435/4438 system: tidal stream or Galactic cirrus? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=403 |issue=1 |pages=L26–L30 |doi = 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00808.x |bibcode = 2010MNRAS.403L..26C|arxiv = 1001.0980 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==NGC 5548== [[Image:Supermassive black hole at the heart of NGC 5548.jpg|right|thumb|300px|NGC 5548 is imaged by Hubble. Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA, and Davide de Martin.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''NGC 5548''' is a Type I Seyfert galaxy with a bright blue/white core. NGC 5548 is approximately 245<ref name="Crook2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Crook | first1 = Aidan C. | last2 = Huchra | first2 = John P. | last3 = Martimbeau | first3 = Nathalie | last4 = Masters | first4 = Karen L. | last5 = Jarrett | first5 = Tom | last6 = Macri | first6 = Lucas M. | display-authors = 1 | title = Groups of Galaxies in the Two Micron All Sky Redshift Survey | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 655 | pages = 790–813 |date=February 2007 | doi = 10.1086/510201 | bibcode = 2007ApJ...655..790C | arxiv = astro-ph/0610732 }}</ref> million light years away and appears in the constellation Boötes. This galaxy was studied by the Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring 2 m telescope.<ref name=Suganuma>{{ cite journal |author=Masahiro Suganuma |author2=Yuzuru Yoshii |author3=Yukiyasu Kobayashi |author4=Takeo Minezaki |author5=Keigo Enya |author6=Hiroyuki Tomita |author7=Tsutomu Aoki |author8=Shintaro Koshida |author9=Bruce A. Peterson |title=Reverberation Measurements of the Inner Radius of the Dust Torus in Nearby Seyfert 1 Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=March 1, |year=2006 |volume=639 |issue=1 |pages=46-63 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/639/1/46/fulltext |arxiv= |bibcode=2006ApJ...639...46S |doi=10.1086/499326 |pmid= |pdf=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/639/1/46/pdf/0004-637X_639_1_46.pdf |accessdate=2012-08-16 }}</ref> By the galaxy morphological classification, this is an unbarred lenticular galaxy with tightly-wound spiral arms, while shell and tidal tail features suggest that it has undergone a cosmologically-recent merger or interaction event.<ref name="AAA526_A43">{{Cite journal | last1 = Slavcheva-Mihova | first1 = L. | last2 = Mihov | first2 = B. | title = Optical multiband surface photometry of a sample of Seyfert galaxies. I. Large-scale morphology and local environment analysis of matched Seyfert and inactive galaxy samples | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 526 | page = A43 |date=February 2011 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/200913243 | bibcode = 2011A&A...526A..43S | postscript= . |arxiv = 1011.1772 }} See Table 1.</ref> Observation of NGC 5548 during the 1960s with radio telescopes showed an enhanced level of radio emission.<ref name="Tovmassian1966">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tovmassian | first1 = H. M. | title = On the radio emission from some peculiar galaxies | journal = Australian Journal of Physics | volume = 19 | page = 565 |date=August 1966 | bibcode = 1966AuJPh..19..565T | postscript= . | doi=10.1071/ph660565 }}</ref> Spectrograms of the nucleus made in 1966 showed that the energized region was confined to a volume a few parsecs across, where temperature were around 14000 K and the plasma had a dispersion velocity of ±450&nbsp;km/s.<ref name="DibaiEsipovPronik1968">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dibai | first1 = É. A. | last2 = Esipov | first2 = V. F. | last3 = Pronik | first3 = V. I. | title = The Nucleus of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 5548 | journal = Soviet Astronomy | volume = 11 | page = 553 |date=February 1968 | bibcode = 1968SvA....11..553D }}</ref> There is "a clumpy gas stream flowing quickly outwards and blocking 90 percent of the X-rays emitted by the black hole. This activity could provide insights into how supermassive black holes interact with their host galaxies."<ref name=Martin>{{ cite book |author=Davide de Martin |title=Swiftly moving gas streamer eclipses supermassive black hole |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1413/ |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> "The discovery of the unusual behaviour in NGC 5548 is the result of an intensive observing campaign using major ESA and NASA space observatories: ESA’s X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton), the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, NASA’s Swift, NASA’s Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, and ESA's International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)."<ref name=Martin/> "An active galaxy is a galaxy which hosts an active galactic nucleus (AGN). An AGN is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity. The high level of radiation, sometimes across the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum, is thought to be a result the supermassive black hole at the centre pulling in mass from the surroundings."<ref name=Martin/> "There are other galaxies that show gas streams near a black hole, but this is the first time that a stream like this has been seen to move into the line of sight."<ref name=Martin/> "This is the first direct evidence for the long-predicted shielding process that is needed to accelerate powerful gas streams, or winds, to high speeds."<ref name=Kaastra>{{ cite book |author=Jelle Kaastra |title=Swiftly moving gas streamer eclipses supermassive black hole |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1413/ |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> "We were very lucky. You don’t normally see this kind of event with objects like this. It tells us more about the powerful ionised winds that allow supermassive black holes in the nuclei of active galaxies to expel large amounts of matter. In larger quasars than NGC 5548, these winds can regulate the growth of both the black hole and its host galaxy."<ref name=Kaastra/> "As matter spirals down into a black hole it forms a flat disc, known as an accretion disc. The disc is heated so much that it emits X-rays, near to the black hole, and less energetic ultraviolet radiation further out. The ultraviolet radiation can create winds strong enough to blow gas away from the black hole, which otherwise would have fallen into it. But, the winds only come into existence if their starting point is shielded from X-rays."<ref name=Martin/> "Earlier observations had seen the effects of both X-rays and ultraviolet radiation on a region of warm gas for away from the black hole, but these most recent observations have shown the presence of a new gas stream between the disc and the original cloud. The newly discovered gas stream in the archetypal Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548 — one of the best-studied sources of this type over the past half-century — absorbs most of the X-ray radiation before it reaches the original cloud, shielding it from X-rays and leaving only the ultraviolet radiation. The same stream shields gas closer to the accretion disc. This makes the strong winds possible, and it appears that the shielding has been going on for at least three years."<ref name=Martin/> “There were dramatic changes since the last observation with Hubble in 2011. We saw signatures of much colder gas than was present before, indicating that the wind had cooled down, due to a strong decrease in the ionising X-ray radiation from the nucleus."<ref name=Kriss>{{ cite book |author=Gerard Kriss |title=Swiftly moving gas streamer eclipses supermassive black hole |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1413/ |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> "NGC 5548’s persistent wind, which has been known about for two decades, reaches velocities exceeding 3.5 million kilometres per hour. But, a new wind has arisen which is much stronger and faster than the persistent wind."<ref name=Martin/> "The new wind reaches speeds of up to 18 million kilometres per hour, but is much closer to the nucleus than the persistent wind. The new gas outflow blocks 90 percent of the low-energy X-rays that come from very close to the black hole, and it obscures up to a third of the region that emits the ultraviolet radiation at a distance of a few light-days from the black hole."<ref name=Kaastra/> "Strong X-ray absorption by ionised gas has been seen in several other sources, and it has been attributed for instance to passing clouds."<ref name=Martin/> "However, in our case, thanks to the combined XMM-Newton and Hubble data, we know this is a fast stream of outflowing gas very close to the nucleus"<ref name=Cappi>{{ cite book |author=Massimo Cappi |title=Swiftly moving gas streamer eclipses supermassive black hole |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1413/ |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> "It may even originate from the accretion disc."<ref name=Petrucci>{{ cite book |author=Pierre-Olivier Petrucci |title=Swiftly moving gas streamer eclipses supermassive black hole |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1413/ |accessdate=25 July 2018 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==UGC 6093== [[Image:Lasers and supermassive black holes UGC 6093.jpg|thumb|right|300px|UGC 6093 is classified as an active galaxy. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] UGC 6093 is classified as an active galaxy, which means that it hosts an active galactic nucleus.<ref name=Potw1801a>{{cite book |author=Potw1801a |title=Lasers and supermassive black holes |date=1 January 2018 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1801a/ |accessdate=1 January 2018 }}</ref> "This image, captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), shows a galaxy named UGC 6093. As can be easily seen, UGC 6093 is something known as a barred spiral galaxy — it has beautiful arms that swirl outwards from a bar slicing through the galaxy’s centre. It is classified as an active galaxy, which means that it hosts an active galactic nucleus, or AGN: a compact region at a galaxy’s centre within which material is dragged towards a supermassive black hole. As this black hole devours the surrounding matter it emits intense radiation, causing it to shine brightly."<ref name=Potw1801a/> "But UGC 6093 is more exotic still. The galaxy essentially acts as a giant astronomical laser that spews out light at microwave, not visible, wavelengths — this type of object is dubbed a megamaser (maser being the term for a microwave laser). Megamasers such as UGC 6093 can be some 100 million times brighter than masers found in galaxies like the Milky Way."<ref name=Potw1801a/> "Hubble’s WFC3 observes light spanning a range wavelengths — from the near-infrared, through the visible range, to the near-ultraviolet. It has two channels that detect and process different light, allowing astronomers to study a remarkable range of astrophysical phenomena; for example, the UV-visible channel can study galaxies undergoing massive star formation, while the near-infrared channel can study redshifted light from galaxies in the distant Universe. Such multi-band imaging makes Hubble invaluable in studying megamaser galaxies, as it is able to untangle their intriguing complexity."<ref name=Potw1801a/> {{clear}} ==IC 4970== [[Image:Galaxy Collision Switches on Black Hole.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This composite image of data from three different telescopes shows an ongoing collision between two galaxies, NGC 6872 and IC 4970. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/M.Machacek; Optical: ESO/VLT; Infrared: NASA/JPL/Caltech.{{tlx|free media}}]] "This composite image of data from three different telescopes shows an ongoing collision between two galaxies, NGC 6872 and IC 4970. X-ray data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is shown in purple, while Spitzer Space Telescope's infrared data is red and optical data from ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) is colored red, green and blue."<ref name=Machacek>{{ cite book |author=M. Machacek |title=Galaxy Collision Switches on Black Hole |publisher=NASA |location=Washington |date=9 October 2012 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/photo09-103.html |accessdate=21 July 2018 }}</ref> "Astronomers think that supermassive black holes exist at the center of most galaxies. Not only do the galaxies and black holes seem to co-exist, they are apparently inextricably linked in their evolution. To better understand this symbiotic relationship, scientists have turned to rapidly growing black holes -- so-called active galactic nucleus (AGN) -- to study how they are affected by their galactic environments."<ref name=Machacek/> "The latest data from Chandra and Spitzer show that IC 4970, the small galaxy at the top of the image, contains an AGN, but one that is heavily cocooned in gas and dust. This means in optical light telescopes, like the VLT, there is little to see. X-rays and infrared light, however, can penetrate this veil of material and reveal the light show that is generated as material heats up before falling onto the black hole (seen as a bright point-like source)."<ref name=Machacek/> "Despite this obscuring gas and dust around IC 4970, the Chandra data suggest that there is not enough hot gas in IC 4970 to fuel the growth of the AGN. Where, then, does the food supply for this black hole come from? The answer lies with its partner galaxy, NGC 6872. These two galaxies are in the process of undergoing a collision, and the gravitational attraction from IC 4970 has likely pulled over some of NGC 6872's deep reservoir of cold gas (seen prominently in the Spitzer data), providing a new fuel supply to power the giant black hole."<ref name=Machacek/> {{clear}} ==3C 279== [[Image:Gamma-Ray Quasar 3C 279.jpg|right|thumb|300px|3C 279 is a gamma-ray quasar in the constellation Virgo. Credit: EGRET team, Compton Observatory, NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig4a.png|right|thumb|300px|CHIRP is more robust as the signal-to-noise ratio of the simulated data is lowered. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''3C 279''' (also known as '''4C–05.55''', '''NRAO 413''', and '''PKS 1253–05''') is an optically violent variable quasar (OVV), which exhibits variations in the visible, radio, and X-ray bands.<ref>[http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/full/2005/24/aa1815-04/aa1815-04.html Resonant absorption troughs in the gamma-ray spectra of QSO] See section 4.2</ref> The quasar was observed to have undergone a period of extreme activity from 1987 until 1991.<ref name="webbetal1990">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |author=J. R. Webb |author2=M. T. Carini |author3=S. Clements |author4=S. Fajardo |author5=P. P. Gombola |author6=R. J. Leacock |author7=A. C. Sadun |author8=A. G. Smith |title=The 1987-1990 optical outburst of the OVV quasar 3C 279 |journal=Astronomical Journal |date=1990 |volume=100 |pages=1452–1456 |bibcode=1990AJ....100.1452W |doi=10.1086/115609 }}</ref> The Rosemary Hill Observatory (RHO) started observing 3C 279 in 1971,<ref name="webbetal1990"/> the object was further observed by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in 1991, when it was unexpectedly discovered to be one of the brightest gamma ray objects in the sky.<ref name=APOD>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981226.html APOD: December 26, 1998 - Gamma Ray Quasar]</ref> It is also one of the brightest and most variable sources in the gamma ray sky monitored by the Fermi Space Telescope. Apparent superluminal motion was detected during observations first made in 1973 in a jet of material departing from the quasar.<ref>[http://www.spacetimetravel.org/bewegung/bewegung4.html Apparent superluminal motion]</ref> In the second image down on the right, (a) is validation of Continuous High-Resolution Image Reconstruction Using Patch Priors (CHIRP) on data from the Boston University Blazar Group demonstrating superresolution [46,47] and (b) is a comparison of CHIRP (trained on natural images) and BiSpectrum Maximum Entropy Method (BSMEM) on reconstructing a black hole model image (courtesy A. Broderick) from simulated data.<ref name=Fish>{{ cite journal |author=Vincent L. Fish |author2=Kazunori Akiyama |author3=Katherine L. Bouman |author4=Andrew A. Chael |author5=Michael D. Johnson |author6=Sheperd S. Doeleman |author7=Lindy Blackburn |author8=John F. C. Wardle |author9=William T. Freeman |author10=the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration. |title=Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope |journal=Galaxies |date=27 October 2016 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=54 |url=http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/4/4/54/pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.3390/galaxies4040054 |pmid= |accessdate=20 July 2018 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==MCG+01-38-005== [[Image:From microwaves to megamasers.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The two galaxies shown here, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, are named MCG+01-38-004 (the upper, red-tinted one) and MCG+01-38-005 (the lower, blue-tinted one). Credit: NASA Hubble Space Telescope.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Phenomena across the universe emit radiation spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum — from high-energy gamma rays, which stream out from the most energetic events in the cosmos, to lower-energy microwaves and radio waves."<ref name=Hubble>{{ cite book |author=Hubble |title=From microwaves to megamasers |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=September 11, 2017 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahubble/36975002626/ |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "Microwaves, the very same radiation that can heat up your dinner, are produced by a multitude of astrophysical sources, including strong emitters known as masers (microwave lasers), even stronger emitters with the somewhat villainous name of megamasers, and the centers of some galaxies. Especially intense and luminous galactic centers are known as active galactic nuclei. They are in turn thought to be driven by the presence of supermassive black holes, which drag surrounding material inwards and spit out bright jets and radiation as they do so."<ref name=Hubble/> "The two galaxies shown here, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, are named MCG+01-38-004 (the upper, red-tinted one) and MCG+01-38-005 (the lower, blue-tinted one). MCG+01-38-005 is a special kind of megamaser; the galaxy’s active galactic nucleus pumps out huge amounts of energy, which stimulates clouds of surrounding water. Water’s constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are able to absorb some of this energy and re-emit it at specific wavelengths, one of which falls within the microwave regime. MCG+01-38-005 is thus known as a water megamaser!"<ref name=Hubble/> "Astronomers can use such objects to probe the fundamental properties of the universe. The microwave emissions from MCG+01-38-005 were used to calculate a refined value for the Hubble constant, a measure of how fast the universe is expanding. This constant is named after the astronomer whose observations were responsible for the discovery of the expanding universe and after whom the Hubble Space Telescope was named, Edwin Hubble."<ref name=Hubble/> {{clear}} ==Circinus galaxy== [[Image:Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The galaxy lies 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus. Credit: NASA, Andrew S. Wilson (University of Maryland); Patrick L. Shopbell (Caltech); Chris Simpson (Subaru Telescope); Thaisa Storchi-Bergmann and F. K. B. Barbosa (UFRGS, Brazil); and Martin J. Ward (University of Leicester, U.K.).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Resembling a swirling witch's cauldron of glowing vapors, the black hole-powered core of a nearby active galaxy appears in this colorful NASA Hubble Space Telescope image. The galaxy lies 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus."<ref name=Wilson>{{ cite book |author=Andrew S. Wilson |title=Circinus Galaxy Spews Gas Into Space |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=10 April 1999 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/1010/news_release/2000-37 |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "This galaxy is designated a type 2 Seyfert, a class of mostly spiral galaxies that have compact centers and are believed to contain massive black holes. Seyfert galaxies are themselves part of a larger class of objects called Active Galactic Nuclei or AGN. AGN have the ability to remove gas from the centers of their galaxies by blowing it out into space at phenomenal speeds. Astronomers studying the Circinus galaxy are seeing evidence of a powerful AGN at the center of this galaxy as well."<ref name=Wilson/> "Much of the gas in the disk of the Circinus spiral is concentrated in two specific rings - a larger one of diameter 1,300 light-years, which has already been observed by ground-based telescopes, and a previously unseen ring of diameter 260 light-years."<ref name=Wilson/> "In the Hubble image, the smaller inner ring is located on the inside of the green disk. The larger outer ring extends off the image and is in the plane of the galaxy's disk. Both rings are home to large amounts of gas and dust as well as areas of major "starburst" activity, where new stars are rapidly forming on timescales of 40 - 150 million years, much shorter than the age of the entire galaxy."<ref name=Wilson/> "At the center of the starburst rings is the Seyfert nucleus, the believed signature of a supermassive black hole that is accreting surrounding gas and dust. The black hole and its accretion disk are expelling gas out of the galaxy's disk and into its halo (the region above and below the disk). The detailed structure of this gas is seen as magenta-colored streamers extending towards the top of the image."<ref name=Wilson/> "In the center of the galaxy and within the inner starburst ring is a V-shaped structure of gas. The structure appears whitish-pink in this composite image, made up of four filters. Two filters capture the narrow lines from atomic transitions in oxygen and hydrogen; two wider filters detect green and near-infrared light. In the narrow-band filters, the V-shaped structure is very pronounced. This region, which is the projection of a three-dimensional cone extending from the nucleus to the galaxy's halo, contains gas that has been heated by radiation emitted by the accreting black hole. A "counter-cone," believed to be present, is obscured from view by dust in the galaxy's disk. Ultraviolet radiation emerging from the central source excites nearby gas causing it to glow. The excited gas is beamed into the oppositely directed cones like two giant searchlights."<ref name=Wilson/> "Located near the plane of our own Milky Way Galaxy, the Circinus galaxy is partially hidden by intervening dust along our line of sight. As a result, the galaxy went unnoticed until about 25 years ago. This Hubble image was taken on April 10, 1999 with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2."<ref name=Wilson/> {{clear}} ==Hickson Compact Group 59== [[Image:Hickson Compact Group 59.jpg|right|thumb|300px|That galaxies come in very different shapes and sizes is dramatically demonstrated by this striking Hubble image of the Hickson Compact Group 59. Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "That galaxies come in very different shapes and sizes is dramatically demonstrated by this striking Hubble image of the Hickson Compact Group 59. Named by astronomer Paul Hickson in 1982, this is the 59th such collection of galaxies in his catalogue of unusually close groups. What makes this image interesting is the variety on display. There are two large spiral galaxies, one face-on with smooth arms and delicate dust tendrils, and one highly inclined, as well as a strangely disorderly galaxy featuring clumps of blue young stars. We can also see many apparently smaller, probably more distant, galaxies visible in the background. Hickson groups display many peculiarities, often emitting in the radio and infrared and featuring active star-forming regions. In addition their galaxies frequently contain Active Galactic Nuclei powered by supermassive black holes, as well large quantities of dark matter."<ref name=Potw1004a>{{ cite book |author=potw1004a |title=A clump of galaxy misfits |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=17 May 2010 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1004a/ |accessdate=22 July 2018 }}</ref> "The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, using the Wide Field Channel, captured this image of HCG059 in 2007. The picture was created from images taken through blue, yellow and near-infrared filters (F435W, F606W and F814W). The total exposure times per filter were 57 minutes, 41 minutes and 35 minutes respectively. The field of view is about 3.4 arcminutes across."<ref name=Potw1004a/> {{clear}} ==Galactic mergers== [[Image:COSMOS survey.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Galaxies with active nuclei (left) are compered with those with inactive nuclei (right). Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Cisternas (Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy).{{tlx|free media}}]] "A team of astronomers studied over 1400 galaxies snapped by Hubble in the COSMOS survey, to test the hypothesis that galactic mergers trigger active galactic nuclei (AGN). In order to make this a blind test, the team modelled and removed the active nucleus (which normally appears as a bright spot) from each galaxy, and then cosmetically added a similar mark to the galaxies without an AGN, to make them visually indistinguishable. This explains the black dot visible near the centre of each of these images."<ref name=Cisternas>{{ cite book |author=M. Cisternas |title=Selected galaxies from the COSMOS survey |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=5 January 2011 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1101a/ |accessdate=22 July 2018 }}</ref> "They then categorised the galaxies, according to whether they showed no sign of recent mergers (top), minor signs (middle row) or clear signs of disruption from a recent merger (bottom)."<ref name=Cisternas/> "Analysing these results, they found that galaxies with active nuclei (left) and those with inactive nuclei (right) showed no statistically significant difference in the proportion that had undergone mergers. This means that processes other than galactic mergers must trigger AGN activity."<ref name=Cisternas/> The '''Cosmic Evolution Survey''' (COSMOS) is a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury Project to survey a two square degree equatorial field with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/516585 | title = The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview | journal = The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume = 172 | pages = 1 | year = 2007 | last1 = Scoville | first1 = Nick | last2 = Aussel | first2 = H. | last3 = Brusa | first3 = M. | last4 = Capak | first4 = P. | last5 = Carollo | first5 = C. Marcella | last6 = Elvis | first6 = M. | last7 = Giavalisco | first7 = M. | last8 = Guzzo | first8 = L. | last9 = Hasinger | first9 = G. | last10 = Impey | authorlink10 = Chris Impey | first10 = C. | last11 = Kneib | first11 = J. ‐P. | last12 = Lefevre | first12 = O. | last13 = Lilly | first13 = Simon J. | last14 = Mobasher | first14 = B. | last15 = Renzini | first15 = A. | last16 = Rich | first16 = R. M. | last17 = Sanders | first17 = D. B. | last18 = Schinnerer | first18 = E. | last19 = Schminovich | first19 = D. | last20 = Shopbell | first20 = P. | last21 = Taniguchi | first21 = Y. | last22 = Tyson | first22 = Neil deGrasse |arxiv = astro-ph/0612305 |bibcode = 2007ApJS..172....1S }}</ref> The largest survey ever undertaken by HST, the project incorporates commitments from observatories around the world, such as the Very Large Array radio observatory, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite, and Japan's eight meter Subaru telescope. At the moment, more than 150 astronomers around the world actively contribute to the project. The project's primary goal is to study the relationship between large scale structure (LSS) in the universe and dark matter, the formation of galaxies, and nuclear activity in galaxies. This includes careful analysis of the dependence of galaxy evolution on environment.<ref>{{cite book|title=COSMOS|url=http://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu |accessdate=19 October 2015}}</ref> The survey covers 2 square degrees of sky in the constellation Sextans. {{clear}} ==SDSSJ0150+2725== [[Image:Monster in the deep.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In the upper part of the frame, the light from distant galaxies has been smeared and twisted into odd shapes, arcs, and streaks. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Though the bright, light-speckled foreground galaxy on the left is eye-catching, it is far from the most intriguing object in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image. In the upper part of the frame, the light from distant galaxies has been smeared and twisted into odd shapes, arcs, and streaks. This phenomenon indicates the presence of a giant galaxy cluster, which is bending the light coming from the galaxies behind it with its monstrous gravitational influence."<ref name=Schmidt>{{ cite book |author=Judy Schmidt |title=Monster in the deep |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=30 April 2018 |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1818a/ |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "This cluster, called SDSSJ0150+2725, lies some three billion light-years away and was first documented by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), hence its name. The SDSS uses a 2.5-metre optical telescope located at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico to observe millions of objects and create detailed 3D maps of the Universe. This particular cluster was part of the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey (SGAS), which detected galaxy clusters with strong lensing properties; their gravity stretches and warps the light of more distant galaxies sitting behind them, creating weird and spectacular arcs such as those seen here."<ref name=Schmidt/> "The Hubble data on of SDSSJ0150+2725 were part of a study of star formation in brightest cluster galaxies (called BCGs), lying between approximately 2 and 6 billion light-years away. This study found the star formation rate in these galaxies to be low, which is consistent with models that suggest that most stars in such galaxies form very early on. These BCGs also emit strong radio signals thought to be from active galactic nuclei (AGN) at their centers, suggesting that the activity from both the AGN and any ongoing star formation is fuelled by cold gas found within the host galaxies."<ref name=Schmidt/> {{clear}} ==SDSS J1336-0331== [[Image:Major mergers SDSS J1336-0331.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The bright object at the centre of the frame is the galaxy cluster SDSS J1336-0331. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "At first glance, it may seem as though this image was taken through a faulty lens, but the mind-bending distortions visible in this Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 impressive image are actually caused by a cosmic phenomenon."<ref name=Potw1829a>{{ cite book |author=Potw1829a |title=Major mergers |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=16 July 2018 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1829a/ |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "The bright object at the centre of the frame is the galaxy cluster SDSS J1336-0331. The enormous gravitational influence of the cluster warps the very shape and fabric of its environment (the spacetime around it) creating an effect known as strong gravitational lensing. Through this the light from background galaxies in the line of sight to the observer are bent into fantastic arcs. This effect is very useful for studying distant background galaxies."<ref name=Potw1829a/> "Moreover SDSS J1336-0331 is interesting in itself: the cluster was part of a study of star formation within 42 of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs — the brightest galaxies within their host clusters, as the name would suggest). Typically located in the centres of their clusters, BCGs are among the most massive and luminous galaxies in the Universe. They are generally huge elliptical galaxies and are likely to host active galactic nuclei (AGN) in their cores. The study found evidence to suggest that BCGs are fueled by cold gas from the galaxy. It also showed that star formation in older BCGs no longer significantly contributes to the galaxy’s growth; instead, the stellar growth occurs through mergers, the collision of two galaxies. Violent, gas-rich major mergers can trigger intense bursts of star formation in their aftermath."<ref name=Potw1829a/> {{clear}} ==SDSS J1354+1327== [[Image:Hubble views a supermassive black hole burping — twice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A supermassive black hole blowing huge bubbles of hot, bright gas. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Comerford (University of Colorado-Boulder).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Researchers using a suite of telescopes including the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have spotted a supermassive black hole blowing huge bubbles of hot, bright gas — one bubble is currently expanding outwards from the black hole, while another older bubble slowly fades away. This cosmic behemoth sits within the galaxy at the bottom of this image, which lies 900 million light-years from Earth and is known as SDSS J1354+1327. The upper, larger, galaxy is known as SDSS J1354+1328."<ref name=Comerford>{{ cite book |author=J. Comerford |title=Hubble views a supermassive black hole burping — twice |publisher=Space Telescope |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=15 January 2018 |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1803a/ |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "Supermassive which can have a mass equivalent to billions of suns, are found in the centre of most galaxies (including the Milky Way). These black holes are able to “feed” on their surroundings, causing them to shine brilliantly as Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). However, this feeding process is not continuous as it depends on how much matter is available for the black hole to consume; if the surrounding material is clumpy and irregular, an AGN can be seen turning “off” and “on”, and flickering over long cosmic timescales."<ref name=Comerford/> "This clumpy accretion is what scientists believe has happened with the black hole in SDSS J1354+1327. Scientists believe these two outflows of material are the result of the black hole burping out material after two different feeding events. The first outburst created the fading southern relic: a cone of gas measuring 33 000 light-years across. Around 100 000 years later, a second burst spawned the more compact and radiant outflow emanating from the top of the galaxy: a cone of shocked gas some 3300 light-years across."<ref name=Comerford/> {{clear}} ==Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey== [[Image:Galaxy history revealed by the Hubble Space Telescope (GOODS-ERS2).jpg|right|thumb|300px|More than 12 billion years of cosmic history are shown in this panoramic view of thousands of galaxies in various stages of assembly. Credit: NASA, ESA, R. Windhorst, S. Cohen, M. Mechtley, and M. Rutkowski (Arizona State University, Tempe), R. O'Connell (University of Virginia), P. McCarthy (Carnegie Observatories), N. Hathi (University of California, Riverside), R. Ryan (University of California, Davis), H. Yan (Ohio State University), and A. Koekemoer (Space Telescope Science Institute).{{tlx|free media}}]] "More than 12 billion years of cosmic history are shown in this unprecedented, panoramic, full-color view of thousands of galaxies in various stages of assembly."<ref name=Windhorst/> "This image, taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, was made from mosaics taken in September and October 2009 with the newly installed Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and in 2004 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The view covers a portion of the southern field of a large galaxy census called the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies."<ref name=Windhorst/> "The final image combines a broad range of colors, from the ultraviolet, through visible light, and into the near-infrared. Such a detailed multi-color view of the universe has never before been assembled in such a combination of color, clarity, accuracy, and depth."<ref name=Windhorst/> "Hubble's sharp resolution and new color versatility, produced by combining data from the two cameras, are allowing astronomers to sort out the various stages of galaxy formation. The image reveals galaxy shapes that appear increasingly chaotic at each earlier epoch, as galaxies grew through accretion, collisions, and mergers. The galaxies range from the mature spirals and ellipticals in the foreground, to smaller, fainter, irregularly shaped galaxies, most of which are farther away, and therefore existed farther back in time. These smaller galaxies are considered the building blocks of the larger galaxies we see today."<ref name=Windhorst/> "Astronomers are using this multi-color panorama to trace many details of galaxy assembly over cosmic time, including the star-formation rate in galaxies, the rate of mergers among galaxies, and the abundance of weak active galactic nuclei."<ref name=Windhorst/> "The image shows a rich tapestry of 7,500 galaxies stretching back through most of the universe's history. The closest galaxies seen in the foreground emitted their observed light about a billion years ago. The farthest galaxies, a few of the very faint red specks, are seen as they appeared more than 13 billion years ago, or roughly 650 million years after the Big Bang. This mosaic spans a slice of space that is equal to about a third of the diameter of the full Moon (10 arcminutes)."<ref name=Windhorst/> "The new Hubble view highlights a wide variety of stages in the galaxy assembly process. Ultraviolet light taken by WFC3 shows the blue glow of hot, young stars in galaxies teeming with star birth. The orange light reveals the final buildup of massive galaxies about 8 billion to 10 billion years ago. The near-infrared light displays the red glow of very distant galaxies – in a few cases as far as 12 billion to 13 billion light-years away – whose light has been stretched, like a toy Slinky, from ultraviolet light to longer-wavelength infrared light due to the expansion of the universe."<ref name=Windhorst/> "In this ambitious use of Hubble's observing time, astronomers used 96 Hubble orbits to make the ACS optical observations of this slice of the GOODS field and 104 orbits to make the WFC3 ultraviolet and near-infrared exposures. WFC3 peered deeper into the universe in this study than comparable near-infrared observations from ground-based telescopes. This set of unique new Hubble observations reveals galaxies to about 27th magnitude in brightness over a factor of 10 in wavelength. That's over 250 million times fainter than the unaided eye can see in visual light from a dark ground-based site."<ref name=Windhorst>{{ cite book |author=Rogier Windhorst |title=GOODS/ERS2 Field |publisher=Hubble Site |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=January 5, 2010 |url=http://hubblesite.org/image/2662/news_release/2010-01 |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Wisconsinian glacial== Wisconsinian glacial began at 80,000 yr BP.<ref name= VanLandingham>{{ cite journal |author=Sam L. VanLandingham |title=Use of diatoms in determining age and paleoenvironment of the Valsequillo (Hueyatiaco) early man site, Puebla, Mexsico, with corroboration by Chrysophyta cysts for a maximum Yarmouthian (430,000-500,00yr BP) age of the artifacts |journal=Nova Hedwigia |month=May |year=2010 |volume=136 |issue= |pages=127-38 |url=http://www.pleistocenecoalition.com/vanlandingham/VanLandingham_2010b.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2017-06-16 }}</ref> The "emission phenomena observed in active galactic nuclei [includes] the production of compact radio sources separating at superluminal speeds".<ref name=Laviolette>{{ cite journal |author=Paul A. Laviolette |title=Cosmic-ray volleys from the Galactic Center and their recent impact on the Earth environment |journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets |month=March |year=1987 |volume=37 |issue=03 |pages=241-86 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1987EM%26P...37..241L |arxiv= |bibcode=1987EM%26P...37..241L |doi=10.1007/BF00116639 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> Outbursts "of cosmic ray electrons from the Galactic Center [may] penetrate the Galaxy relatively undamped and [may be able] to have a major impact on the [[Solar System]] through their ability to vaporize and inject cometary material into the interplanetary environment. [One] such 'superwave', passing through the Solar System toward the end of the Last Ice Age, [may have been] responsible for producing major changes in the Earth's climate and for indirectly precipitating the terminal Pleistocene extinction episode. The high concentration of ¹⁰Be, NO₃^-, Ir and Ni observed in Late Wisconsin polar ice are consistent with this scenario."<ref name=Laviolette/> ==Technology== [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig2a.png|right|thumb|300px|Validation and potential of polarimetric MEM imaging [42] is shown. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig1a.png|left|thumb|300px|EHT 1.3 mm baseline coverage for a source at +40◦ declination. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig3.png|center|thumb|400px|BSSpM reconstruction is of a disk-jet model of M87 at 1.3 mm. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig4b.png|right|thumb|300px|CHIRP is more robust as the signal-to-noise ratio of the simulated data is lowered. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig1b.png|left|thumb|300px|EHT 1.3 mm baseline coverage for a source at −20◦. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Observing—and Imaging—Active Galactic Nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope Fig2b.png|center|thumb|400px|Validation and potential of polarimetric MEM imaging [42] is shown. Credit: Vincent L. Fish, Kazunori Akiyama, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew A. Chael, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Lindy Blackburn, John F. C. Wardle, William T. Freeman, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.{{tlx|free media}}]] Validation and potential of polarimetric MEM imaging [42] is shown in the image at right. (a) Full-polarimetric images of 3C 279 from 7 mm VLBA data using CLEAN and MEM are nearly identical when the MEM image is convolved with the CLEAN beam. (b) Compared against a model image of Sgr A* at 1.3 mm, the normalized root-mean-square error of a polarimetric MEM reconstruction achieves its minimum at finer angular resolution than does CLEAN. MEM and CLEAN images reconstructed at the optimum beam sizes for each technique and the nominal beam size demonstrate that polarimetric MEM achieves superior resolution and image fidelity.<ref name=Fish/> In the image on the left for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is 1.3 mm baseline coverage for a source at +40◦ declination. Baselines to ALMA are shown in red. ALMA baselines extend north-south coverage and are especially important for southern sources, where they fill in a large gap in the (u, v) plane between the intra–northern hemisphere baselines and the very long baselines to the South Pole Telescope.<ref name=Fish/> In the center image is a BSSpM reconstruction of a disk-jet model of M87 at 1.3 mm: (a) The original model [45], (b) The model convolved with a 10 μas Gaussian, (c) The BSSpM reconstruction of the image from simulated data [44], where the fringe spacing of the longest baseline is approximately 25 μas, and (d) The BSSpM reconstruction convolved with a 10 μas Gaussian, where BSSpM successfully recovers features of the model at a superresolution of 40% of the fringe spacing.<ref name=Fish/> In the second image down on the right, (a) shows validation of CHIRP on data from the Boston University Blazar Group demonstrating superresolution [46,47]. (b) is a comparison of CHIRP (trained on natural images) and BSMEM on reconstructing a black hole model image (courtesy A. Broderick) from simulated data. CHIRP is more robust as the signal-to-noise ratio of the simulated data is lowered.<ref name=Fish/> For the second image down on the left, "EHT 1.3 mm baseline coverage for a source at −20◦. Baselines to ALMA are shown in red. ALMA baselines extend north-south coverage and are especially important for southern sources, where they fill in a large gap in the (u, v) plane between the intra–northern hemisphere baselines and the very long baselines to the South Pole Telescope."<ref name=Fish/> For the second centered image down, "(a) Full-polarimetric images of 3C 279 from 7 mm VLBA data using CLEAN and MEM are nearly identical when the MEM image is convolved with the CLEAN beam. (b) Compared against a model image of Sgr A* at 1.3 mm, the normalized root-mean-square error of a polarimetric MEM reconstruction achieves its minimum at finer angular resolution than does CLEAN. MEM and CLEAN images reconstructed at the optimum beam sizes for each technique and the nominal beam size demonstrate that polarimetric MEM achieves superior resolution and image fidelity."<ref name=Fish/> {{clear}} ==Image stacking== [[Image:Stacks of Light.jpg|right|thumb|300px|These two images show "stacked" Chandra images for two different classes of distant, massive galaxies. Credit: NASA/CXC/Durham/D.Alexander et al.{{tlx|free media}}]] "These two images show "stacked" Chandra images for two different classes of distant, massive galaxy detected with Spitzer. Image stacking is a procedure used to detect emission from objects that is too faint to be detected in single images. To enhance the signal, images of these faint objects are stacked on top of one another."<ref name=Alexander>{{ cite book |author=D. Alexander |title=Stacks of Light |publisher=Caltech |location=Palo Alto, California USA |date=25 October 2007 |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/2668-ssc2007-17b-Stacks-of-Light |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "In both images, low-energy X-rays are shown in orange and high-energy X-rays in blue, and the stacked object is in the center of the image (the other sources beyond the center of the image are X-ray sources that were directly detected and are not part of the source stacking)."<ref name=Alexander/> "On the left is a stacked Chandra image of the "normal" galaxies seen with Spitzer. The infrared emission for these young, massive galaxies is consistent with expectations for star formation. The Chandra image shows mainly low-energy X-ray emission at the center as expected."<ref name=Alexander/> "On the right, is a stacked Chandra image for galaxies with infrared emission exceeding the levels likely to be caused by star formation. These galaxies contain active galactic nuclei, or quasars, in their centers. These are luminous objects powered by the rapid growth of supermassive black holes. The obscured quasars show much higher levels of high-energy X-ray emission because the less energetic X-rays are mostly absorbed by gas."<ref name=Alexander/> {{clear}} ==EXOSAT== [[Image:Exosat control ESA377843.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Exosat dedicated control room was in Darmstadt 1983. Credit: European Space Agency.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:exosat.jpg|left|thumb|250px|European X-ray Observatory Satellite (EXOSAT), originally named HELOS, was an X-ray telescope operational from May 1983 until April 1986. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] The '''European X-ray Observatory Satellite''' ('''EXOSAT'''), originally named HELOS, was an X-ray telescope operational from May 1983 until April 1986 and in that time made 1780 observations in the X-ray band of most classes of astronomical object including active galactic nuclei, stellar coronae, cataclysmic variables, white dwarfs, X-ray binaries, clusters of galaxies, and supernova remnants. This European Space Agency (ESA) satellite for direct-pointing and lunar-occultation observation of X-ray sources beyond the solar system was launched into a highly eccentric orbit (apogee 200,000&nbsp;km, perigee 500&nbsp;km) almost perpendicular to that of the moon on May 26, 1983. The instrumentation includes two low-energy imaging telescopes (LEIT) with Wolter I X-ray optics (for the 0.04-2 keV energy range), a medium-energy experiment using Ar/CO₂ and Xe/CO₂ detectors (for 1.5-50 keV), a Xe/He gas scintillation spectrometer (GSPC) (covering 2-80 keV), and a reprogrammable onboard data-processing computer. Exosat was capable of observing an object (in the direct-pointing mode) for up to 80 hours and of locating sources to within at least 10 arcsec with the LEIT and about 2 arcsec with GSPC.<ref name=Hoff>{{cite journal |author=HA Hoff |title=EXOSAT - The new extrasolar X-ray observatory |journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (Space Chronicle) |date=August 1983 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=363–7 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829162441/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A8339971AH&q=&uid=788028604&setcookie=yes }}</ref> "Thirty-four years ago, on 26 May 1983, ESA’s Exosat satellite was launched by a Thor-Delta rocket from Vandenburg Airforce Base, California, USA, and was taken over by mission controllers at ESOC, the European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany."<ref name=Taylor>{{ cite book |author=Brian G. Taylor |title=Exosat control |publisher=European Space Agency (ESA) |location=European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany |date=26 May 1983 |url=http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/05/Exosat_control |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> "Designed to observe and detect high-energy sources, Exosat was the first ESA mission to study the Universe at X-ray wavelengths, and one of the first uncrewed satellites to feature an on-board computer."<ref name=Taylor/> "By placing the satellite in an elliptical orbit, mission teams were able to operate the instruments for 76 hours of each revolution."<ref name=Taylor/> "In its three-year life, the mission observed a wide variety of objects, including active galactic nuclei, X-ray binary systems, supernova remnants and clusters of galaxies."<ref name=Taylor/> "The results that Exosat obtained were very useful to scientists, and led to several new discoveries. The most important of these was probably the discovery of quasi-periodic oscillations in low-mass X-ray binary stars and X-ray pulsars, a phenomenon unknown before Exosat. All the data that Exosat retrieved are still available for study, and are still leading to new discoveries."<ref name=Taylor/> {{clear}} ==Simeiz RT-22 telescope== [[Image:Simeiz RT-22.jpg|right|thumb|300px|22-m radio telescope is for mm and cm radio waves. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/97189870@N00 Vyacheslav Stepanyuchenko from Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation].{{tlx|free media}}]] "22-m radio telescope for mm and cm radio waves. Located at the foot of mount Koshka (Cat) in Katsiveli (near Simeiz). Belongs to the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, the Department of Radioastronomy."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "RT-22 operation is supported by control system, consisting of two encoders with accuracy about 3 arcsec (rms), personal computer, CAMAC, quartz time standard, electric engines and other needed equipment and software. The fast RT-22 movement is supported by 2 engines with 20 kW power each, they are used for rapid change of the pointing or to move RT-22 from one source to another. 2 kW engines are used for tracking of the source."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "Diameter: 22 m. Surface tolerance: 0.25 mm. Wavelength limit: 2 mm."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "The radiotelescope is able to observe only single circular polarization which can be selected by investigator. Radiotelescope has a feed horn which allows to observe at the wavelength 13 and 3.6 cm simultaneously. The radiotelescope operation is supported by a control system, which consists of two encoders with accuracy of positioning 3 arcsec (rms), computer IBM-486, CAMAC, quartz time standard, electric engines and other equipment and software. 2 engines with 20 kW power each provide the fast radiotelescope motion and they are used for rapid change of the pointing or for radiotelescope motion from one source to another. Another two 2 kW engines are used for slow tracking of the source."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "The control system of the radiotelescope provides the possibility to point the antenna and to track observed source in two regimes: autonomous and automatic. Operator sets the coordinates of the targeted source using keyboard of the computer when the system works in autonomous regime. All modes of the radiotelescope operation: antenna motion, radiometer readings, data recording are given from the special host computer in automatic regime."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "The radiotelescope doesn't have a cover sheet (radome). Low frequencies equipment and recording system are located in the laboratory building in 30 meters apart from the radiotelescope."<ref name=Stepanyuchenko/> "The Department provides observing facilities for astronomers of international community and for its own staff. The following projects currently run:"<ref name=Stepanyuchenko>{{ cite book |author=Vyacheslav Stepanyuchenko |title=File:Simeiz RT-22.jpg |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=8 September 2005 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simeiz_RT-22.jpg |accessdate=23 July 2018 }}</ref> # Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). # Multi-wavelength monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). # Solar and stellar activity investigations. # Molecular lines observations at mm wavelengths. ==Telescopes at La Silla== [[Image:La Silla.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In this photograph, three telescopes are portrayed, all looking very different from each other. Credit: ESO.{{tlx|free media}}]] In this photograph, three telescopes are portrayed, all looking very different from each other. To the right of the water tanks is the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT), which had its first light on 23 March 1989. This 3.58-metre telescope was the first ever to have a computer-controlled main mirror, which could adjust its shape during observations to optimise image quality. The octagonal enclosure housing the NTT is another technological breakthrough, ventilated by a system of flaps that makes air flow smoothly across the mirror, reducing turbulence and leading to sharper images. To the right of the NTT is the Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope, which has a more traditional dome-shaped enclosure. It is operated by the Geneva Observatory at the Université de Genève in Switzerland, and had its first light on 12 April 1998. It is used to search for exoplanets in the southern sky; with its first discovery being a planet in orbit around the star Gliese 86. The telescope also observes variable stars, gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei. In the foreground on the right is a building nicknamed the sarcofago (sarcophagus). This houses the TAROT (Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires, or Rapid Action Telescope for Transient Objects), which started work at La Silla on 15 September 2006. {{clear}} ==Tuorla Observatory== [[Image:Tuorla observatory tower.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This image shows the tower lofting technology of the Tuorla observatory. Credit: Xepheid.{{tlx|free media}}]] Tuorla is located about 12 kilometres from Turku in the direction of Helsinki. The observatory is at an altitude of 60.6 m above sea level (asl). A new observatory was needed because the old [[w:Iso-Heikkilä Observatory|Iso-Heikkilä Observatory]] close to the centre of Turku started suffering heavy [[w:light pollution|light pollution]] from nearby city and especially industrial areas to the south of the observatory. A new place was found in Tuorla, which is one of the small villages in (former) [[w:Piikkiö|Piikkiö]] municipality. The observatory has several telescopes located around the main buildings and also international telescopes like the [[w:Nordic Optical Telescope|Nordic Optical Telescope]] are in use. The one meter [[w:Dall-Kirkham reflector|Dall-Kirkham reflector]] ([http://www.astro.utu.fi/research/telescopes/metri.htm]) is the largest optical telescope in Finland. The main area of research in Tuorla is active galactic nuclei; about half of the researchers are working on the topic. Other areas are dark matter, cosmology, astrodynamics, binary stars, solar neighborhood, solar physics and astrobiology. The optical laboratory produces high quality optics for telescopes. {{clear}} ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Observatories/Astronomy|Astronomical observatories]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxies|Galaxies]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxy clusters|Galaxy clusters]] * [[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies|High-velocity galaxies]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Telescopes|Telescopes]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] <!-- footer templates --> {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Active galactic nuclei}} <!-- footer categories --> [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] rm0cs66gx0c0ut8kcsqx54nvzk6e6u9 0 239075 2412604 2075592 2022-08-08T12:14:11Z 37.201.3.150 /* Robert Trivers' parental investment theory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Parental investment theory:<br>What does parental investment theory suggest about romantic and sexual attraction?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMP62Ys6gAA}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Man-person-boy-guy-love-father-1044871-pxhere.jpg|thumb|299x299px|''Figure 1.'' According to the parental investment theory, females are attracted to males who show gestures that indicate that they are more willing to invest in a child]] Imagine that you are a lady sitting in the food court eating your lunch when something picks up your attention. A young man walks up to a mother and her baby in a pram at the table opposite you. You find out that he is a brother as he greets her saying "hey sis" and starts to give the baby attention by smiling and continuing to communicate with the baby. Now imagine a different scenario where her brother said hello to the baby but didn't give him any more attention? Now if her brother comes up and says that you caught his attention and asks to go on a date with you, would you accept? You would probably be more willing to accept the date if the brother had been smiling and playing with the baby. This is exactly what Guéguen (2014) found in his field experiment, whereby females were more likely to accept the brother on a date if he gave the baby lots of attention, for example, as shown in Figure 1. This is further explained by Trivers' (2002) parental investment theory, which states that females are more attracted to males who are willing to invest in child-rearing. The following chapter explores parental investment theory and what it suggests about our motivations behind seeking romantic and sexual partners. == History == Before delving straight into parental investment theory, it is important to understand how it was developed. There are two main frameworks that Trivers (2002) mentions throughout his paper on parental investment theory. The first being Darwin's sexual selection theory from 1871, and the second being from Bateman's three principles from his 1948 study{{gr}}. [[File:Sexual Selection with Peafowl.gif|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Certain traits are more prominent in attracting mates as they have had better success in producing offspring in the past. In this example, more peacock eyes in the feathers are a favourable trait. |300x300px|alt=|left]] === Charles Darwin's sexual selection theory === [[File:Female Mexican fruit fly.jpg|thumb|298x298px|''Figure 3.'' Bateman found that certain male fruit flies were more successful at producing offspring, whereas other male fruit flies did not succeed at all. Females however, just about always produced successful offspring|alt=]] Have you ever noticed that some species display a common characteristic compared to other species in the same habitat? This can be explained by Darwin’s sexual selection theory, as it suggests that species develop certain traits due to having an advantage over other mates in the past. This means that these males have been more successful at attracting female’s{{gr}} and have had higher mating success rates relative to other competing males (Hosken & House, 2011), such as in Figure 2. These traits are often referred to as colours or ornaments of an animal, however in humans these traits are often compared to social behaviours and personality (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990). Moreover, Darwin noticed two mechanisms in his theory, the first being that males often compete with other males to possess a female, and the second being that females were often more selective at choosing a male (Hosken & House, 2011). === Angus Bateman's three principles === In 1948, Bateman did a study on fruit flies looking at the success rate of males versus females by placing five of each gender in the same space, such as in Figure 3, and found that females were more likely to be successful in making offspring compared to the males (Trivers, 2002). As such, three principles were concluded from this study and other studies that replicated it, which are displayed in Table 1. For more information about the evolution of mating, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013). {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} !Bateman's three principles (Trivers, 2002) |- |1. Males{{gr}} success rate in producing offspring varied considerably more than females{{gr}} |- |2. Males were still attracted to females even if they did not produce offspring |- |3. Females did not have more offspring when they had more mates, rather, males who mated with more females had more offspring |} == Robert Trivers' parental investment theory == [[File:JBLE welcomes New Year's baby 170103-F-AR942-009.jpg|thumb|239x239px|''Figure 4.'' According to parental investment theory, females are the ones who invest more into a child, since they carry the babies in the womb and look after them through infancy. Due to this, females have less energy to produce offspring and will be choosier about their partners]] With these frameworks in mind, Trivers (2002) developed the parental investment theory which can be defined as the amount of investment a parent gives to a child in order for them to survive and reproduce in the future, whereby this investment requires a lot of energy from the parents. Therefore, overtime, they have less energy to invest in more children. As such, when Trivers (2002) talks about investment he means not only the energy it take to produce a child, but also the energy needed to look after the child, such as giving them food, care and attention. Trivers (2002) helps explain the gender difference of sexual selection theory through his theory of parental investment as females are more likely to invest in a child as they are the ones who carry the baby in the womb and nurture them through infancy (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990), therefore, they are more selective in choosing a potential partner. This is because they need partners who are willing to invest in the child and also because they do not have much energy to invest in lots of mates. On the other hand, Trivers (2002) stated that those who invest less would be more competitive, as they are competing for females who are fertile and available to produce offspring. In this case, young, physically attractive females are seen as more fertile (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014). Trivers (2002) also argued that the number of fertile females available in space and time would predict the competitive nature of males, as males would compete depending on how available a fertile female is. Humans are a pair-bonding species, in which high male parental investment is the norm. Because of that, men and women are equally selective in long-term mating, since men then invest heavily in the offspring. As women have the higher obligatory biological parental investment, they are attracted to men who will be able to make high non-obligatory investments in the offspring. Therefore, they are attracted to men with resources and that are kind towards children. Men, on the other side, are attracted to women that are young and physically attractive, since these are signs of fertility. == Defining romantic and sexual attraction == Before being able to apply parental investment theory to attraction, it is important to briefly distinguish between the two types of attraction. As such, romantic and sexual attraction have been used interchangeably throughout the literature and have often been referred to as the same type of attraction. Moreover, those who experience sexual attraction often experience romantic attraction and vice versa, and, individuals often have their own definition of each type of attraction (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). Even so, there will be a brief definition of each attraction type. Throughout the research, authors often label attraction as an umbrella term for both romantic and sexual attraction, and often define romantic attraction as a type of sexual attraction as well. For more information about the different kinds of love, relationships and sexual desires, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015). === Romantic attraction === Lund, Thomas, Sias and Bradley (2016) distinguish between romantic and sexual attraction. As such they describe romantic attraction as the desire to form relationships that are meaningful and emotional. For example, someone may want a romantic relationship but are not interested in a sexual relationship. This type of attraction may be tied to our interpersonal need of belonging and being cared for. === Sexual attraction === On the other hand, sexual attraction is what motivates us to be attracted to others due to our sexual desires, fantasies and wanting to have a sexual encounter with that person (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). This type of attraction is what motivates us to choose an appropriate partner to produce offspring with (Fisher, Aron, Mashek, Li & Brown, 2002). Sexual attraction is often experienced with romantic attraction as well. == Parental investment theory and romantic and sexual attraction == If romantic and sexual attraction motivate forming relationships and having sexual encounters with others, then what does parental investment theory suggest about our motivation to be attracted to one person yet not another? This section discusses what parental investment theory suggests about our motivations to seek romantic and sexually attractive partners. === Physical attraction === [[File:Groupofladies.jpg|thumb|303x303px|''Figure 5.'' Males often seek young and attractive females as this would suggest that they are fertile and available to produce offspring]] Physical attraction is observable, but is everyone attracted to someone depending on their looks? It seems to help, but this is not always the case according to parental investment theory. Females are more likely to sacrifice "hot looks" for someone who can protect and invest in a future child (Frisby, Dillow, Gaughan & Nordlund, 2010). However, for males, physical attraction is important because young females are an indicator of a mate who can successfully produce offspring (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014), as shown in figure 5. Because physical attraction is related to being motivated in finding a partner to produce offspring with, perhaps it is more of a sexual attraction rather than a romantic one. Castro, Hattori, and Lopes (2012) wanted to know whether males and females choose partners in relation to "traditional sex preferences", in this case in terms of parental investment theory, or whether they choose partners who are similar to them. To test this idea, 267 young Brazilian university students were recruited, with 120 who were in a romantic relationship and 147 who were not currently involved in one. However, participants must have had a stable relationship for one year to continue on in the study. Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) gave out individual questionnaires to each participant to measure their self-evaluation and their perception of one's most recent romantic partner across a number of traits on a Likert scale. The traits that were included will be found in Table 2. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. {{inline comment|Add table caption hereK}} !9 traits measured in Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) study on a Likert scale from 0-5 |- |Beautiful face |- |Beautiful body |- |Health |- |Financial status |- |Sociability |- |Hard-working |- |Intelligent |- |Humurous{{sp}} |- |Sincerity |} What Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) found was that males, whether they were in a current romantic relationship or not, scored their partners as more physically attractive (in the face and body) compared to themselves, which goes in favour of parental investment theory, as males are said to choose amongst young and fertile females. However, they did find something that was not in favour of parental investment theory, as males scored themselves as healthier than their partners. Now, this is unusual because the theory would suggest that males should score their female partners as healthier since they are the ones to carry offspring, but this was not found in this study. Additionally, the results from female participants found no difference between their self-evaluation and the evaluation of their romantic partner across traits (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012), concluding that female participants rate their partners as being as physically attractive as themselves. According to parental investment theory, females should have scored their partners as having more resources such as a better financial status to be able to provide for a child. However, this was not found in the study probably due to the young sample of university students (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012). === Gender difference in mate attraction === As discussed in accordance with parental investment theory, females are often choosier in their partners, whereas males are not so much, but are rather more competitive in obtaining a female (Trivers, 2002). But is this also true for human relationships? As such, Kelley and Malouf (2013) were interested in testing whether there was a gender difference or age difference when selecting mates. They analysed ratings from two American newspapers which consisted of blind date columns. They examined 224 blind dates from one newspaper from 2007 to 2011 and examined 123 blind dates from another newspaper from 2009 to 2011. What they found was that females rated the dates less favourably than men, which had been consistent with previous findings where females were less likely to agree to give more contact details to males after a speed-dating event. Kelley and Malouf (2013) concluded that, because of this, females were seen as choosier in their dates than the males. However, they thought that younger females paired with older males would have better ratings, but this was not found in the study as ratings did not differ according to age. Parental investment theory would suggest that females should rate older males higher, and males should rate younger females higher (Kelley & Malouf, 2013). There are no studies that have yet tested the competitive nature of males fighting for attractive females, perhaps because of the ethical issue surrounding this kind of study, as it could lead to fighting amongst individuals. To combat this issue however, males who offer protection and resources to females would have a higher chance of being picked as a mate than other males according to parental investment theory (Grigorovici, 2018). For example, Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined the literature on parental investment theory and sex differences in mate choice and found a recurring finding that females were more willing to have long-term relationships with partners who could provide the resources needed to invest in a child. === Social behaviours === [[File:Ladysittingonbench.jpg|thumb|310x310px|''Figure 6.'' In Guéguen’s (2014) study, young females were more likely to accept a date with a male if they had seen them interacting positively with a baby]] Do our social behaviours matter in our motivation to find an attractive partner? Parental investment theory and research suggests that it depends on gender and whether the partner is seeking a long- or short-term relationship. Guéguen (2014) was interested in males' social behaviour in relation to parental investment and how this behaviour could influence how females were attracted to males. He conducted a field experiment with 52 young females who happened to be sitting at a pavement area in between two bars, similar to the lady sitting in Figure 6. As such, three young male confederates in their 20s were recruited to be a brother. Two mothers and their babies were also recruited as confederates in the study and was the male's sister. As such, Guéguen (2014) set up two conditions, a parental investment condition and a control condition. In the experimental condition, the male waited for a young female to sit down near the pavement area, and not long after the male would sit down near her. Then, a minute later the mother and her baby would stroll past and notice her brother and greet him. Then the male confederate would greet his sister and also kiss the baby and interact with them. However, in the control condition, the male confederate was instructed to say hello to the baby but nothing else. After their two-minute conversation the mother and her baby departed, and the male then asked the young female for a date, by approaching her and saying that he caught her attention earlier. Guéguen (2014) found that the young females were three times more likely to accept the invitation if the male had interacted positively with the baby. In favour of parental investment theory, this shows that males' willingness to invest in looking after a child is an important factor in how a female judges the attractiveness of a potential mate. Similarly, Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug (2006) conducted two separate experiments that tested male and female’s attractiveness to an opposite sex and their interaction with a baby. In the first experiment, males and females viewed a picture of either the opposite sex interacting with the baby or ignoring the baby in distress. What they found was that females rated the male's attractiveness lower (in relation to a long-term partner) when the participants had viewed the picture of the man ignoring the baby. They also found was that males were affected by this, whereby when they saw the picture of the female ignoring a baby in distress they rated their attractiveness as a long-term partner as more negative as well. This study demonstrates that males are also sensitive to the behaviour of the females and how they treat children, as males need a caring partner to nurture their offspring. In Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug's (2006) second study, males and females either looked at pictures of an opposite sex interacting with a baby, ignoring a baby or doing domestic chores. Interestingly, females rated males at the same level of attractiveness when they interacted with a baby and did domestic chores, in this case vacuuming. They suggest that this is because vacuuming could be seen by females as a behaviour that helps the mother out with children (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug,2006). Additionally, they did not find a negative impact on males attraction ratings of females who ignored a baby in this condition. [[File:Luis! (15662654966).jpg|thumb|''Figure 7.'' In a long-term relationship both genders seek a partner who is caring]] === Personality traits === Certain characteristics are also desired in others, but this depends again on gender and if the person is seeking a long-term or short-term relationship. Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined a numerous amount of studies that have tested what males and females desire in long- and short-term partners. In particular, they found that males and females both want a partner who is caring, for example in Figure 7, and intelligent as long-term partners. And in the short-term they found that both males and females prefer a physically attractive partner, perhaps because the female does not have to rely on the male to stay and look after the child, and so would rather choose desirable genes than a male's investment in child-rearing (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug, 2006). === Short-term and long-term relationships === Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) conducted multiple experiments on the effects of parental investment on partners{{gr}} creativity. Ninety one undergraduate participants were recruited and wrote a story about an ambiguous image for baseline purposes. The participants were then split into two groups. The experimental group was given a mating cue (viewing six attractive photos of opposite sexes) and were then told to write two stories on different ambiguous images. In the control condition there was no mating cue. In this experiment, they found that the mating cue only worked for male participants, as they were more creative after viewing pictures of attractive females. Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) also discussed the difference between short- and long-term relationships, suggesting that females contribute more to short-term relationships whereas males contribute far less, however in a long-term relationship males and females are both likely to invest just as much as each other in the offspring. To test this, they conducted a second experiment where participants in the mating cue condition now imagined either a short-term mating scenario or a long-term mating scenario. These scenarios can be found in Table 3. They also found no difference in increased creativity for females, however, they did find increased creativity for males both in the short-term scenario and the long-term scenario. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 3. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} ! colspan="2" |Short-term and long-term mating scenarios (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006) |- |Short-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine themselves on their last day of vacation on an exotic island where they meet an attractive mate, spend the afternoon with them and have a romantic dinner with them just before they had to go home |- |Long-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine meeting a desirable partner at university, whereby they imagined spending the afternoon with them, having a romantic dinner, and kissing them good night |} In a third study, a long-term committed scenario was added, whereby males and females now both increased creativity in these conditions. According to parental investment theory, this would be because both genders are now providing equal care to the offspring, and so are both putting in effort of creativity (or courtship) for the other gender (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006). ==Conclusion== Parental investment theory provides an evolutionary perspective into the motives behind why people seek romantic and sexual attraction in a potential partner. In particular, it shows that there is a distinct gender difference between our reasons for engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship. For example, research often finds that males rate their female partners as more attractive and seek young females to continue on their genes. Parental investment theory explains that young females are a good indicator for a male that she is fertile. Females on the other hand, very much rely on the social behaviours of males as indicators that they are good-natured and are willing to care for a child, and so find these behaviours attractive in a male. Parental investment theory also explains why females seem to be choosier in who they date compared to males. For example, blind date studies in newspaper columns show that females often rated their experience as less enjoyable than the males. This gender difference is explained by the parental investment theory due to the amount of investment each gender needs to give for their offspring. For example, the females have the baby in the womb and nurture it through infancy and so do not have the energy to breed with lots of males, therefore choosing the right male is vital. However, males are not as choosy, and rather rely on the physical attractiveness of the females, and compete for fertile females if not many are available. However, these gender differences seem to be more important in long-term relationships rather than short-term relationships, as some studies find that the gender difference disappears if males and females are just looking for a short-term relationship. For example, females and males find physical attraction equally important in short-term relationships. Although parental investment theory has been used in research to understand the gender differences in how each sex is attracted to a mate, there are also questions that have not been answered. Such as, why do females and males develop certain attraction "types" that they desire which do not fit the traditional sex preferences seen in the parental investment theory. Additionally, it does not explain why we are attracted to genetically similar others or same-sex attraction. Even so, parental investment theory is just one perspective, an evolutionary perspective, about why we are motivated to find romantic and sexual attraction in others. Therefore, males and females differ and tend to be romantically and sexually attracted to someone depending on their parental investment need. ==See also== *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Infidelity|Infidelity]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|Love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|Motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender|Online dating motivation and gender]] (Book chapter, 2017) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sexual motivation|Sexual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Unconscious sources of attraction|Unconscious sources of attraction]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Bleske-Rechek, A., Remiker, M., Swanson, M., & Zeug, N. (2006). Women More than Men Attend to Indicators of Good Character: Two Experimental Demonstrations. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 4'', 147470490600400. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400121 Castro, F., Hattori, W., & de Araújo Lopes, F. (2012). Relationship maintenance or preference satisfaction? Male and female strategies in romantic partner choice. ''Journal Of Social, Evolutionary, And Cultural Psychology, 6'', 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099213 Fisher, H., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. ''Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 31'', 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019888024255 Frisby, B., Dillow, M., Gaughan, S., & Nordlund, J. (2010). Flirtatious Communication: An Experimental Examination of Perceptions of Social-Sexual Communication Motivated by Evolutionary Forces. ''Sex Roles, 64'', 682-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9864-5 Grigorovici, I. (2018). Sexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective. Romanian Journal Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Hypnosis, 5(1-2), 1-6. Griskevicius, V., Cialdini, R., & Kenrick, D. (2006). Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 91'', 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.63 Guéguen, N. (2014). Cues of Men's Parental Investment and Attractiveness for Women: A Field Experiment. ''Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 24'', 296-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.820160 Hosken, D., & House, C. (2011). Sexual selection. ''Current Biology, 21'', R62-R65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053 Kelley, J., & Malouf, R. (2013). Blind Dates and Mate Preferences: An Analysis of Newspaper Matchmaking Columns. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 11'', 147470491301100. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100101 Kenrick, D., Sadalla, E., Groth, G., & Trost, M. (1990). Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model. ''Journal Of Personality, 58'', 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x Lund, E., Thomas, K., Sias, C., & Bradley, A. (2016). Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors. ''Journal Of LGBT Issues In Counseling, 10'', 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 Meltzer, A., McNulty, J., Jackson, G., & Karney, B. (2014). Men still value physical attractiveness in a long-term mate more than women: Rejoinder to Eastwick, Neff, Finkel, Luchies, and Hunt (2014). ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 106'', 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035342 Miner, E. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (2010). Mate attraction, retention and expulsion. Psicothema, 22(1), 9-14. Trivers, R. (2002). Natural selection and social theory (pp. 65-103). Oxford: Oxford University Press. }} ==External links== *[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/parental-investment Parental Investment] (ScienceDirect) [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2018]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Evolution]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] 5yy861xypaxzr2fb8dd5ggznfl7toue 2412605 2412604 2022-08-08T12:15:03Z 37.201.3.150 /* Robert Trivers' parental investment theory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Parental investment theory:<br>What does parental investment theory suggest about romantic and sexual attraction?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMP62Ys6gAA}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Man-person-boy-guy-love-father-1044871-pxhere.jpg|thumb|299x299px|''Figure 1.'' According to the parental investment theory, females are attracted to males who show gestures that indicate that they are more willing to invest in a child]] Imagine that you are a lady sitting in the food court eating your lunch when something picks up your attention. A young man walks up to a mother and her baby in a pram at the table opposite you. You find out that he is a brother as he greets her saying "hey sis" and starts to give the baby attention by smiling and continuing to communicate with the baby. Now imagine a different scenario where her brother said hello to the baby but didn't give him any more attention? Now if her brother comes up and says that you caught his attention and asks to go on a date with you, would you accept? You would probably be more willing to accept the date if the brother had been smiling and playing with the baby. This is exactly what Guéguen (2014) found in his field experiment, whereby females were more likely to accept the brother on a date if he gave the baby lots of attention, for example, as shown in Figure 1. This is further explained by Trivers' (2002) parental investment theory, which states that females are more attracted to males who are willing to invest in child-rearing. The following chapter explores parental investment theory and what it suggests about our motivations behind seeking romantic and sexual partners. == History == Before delving straight into parental investment theory, it is important to understand how it was developed. There are two main frameworks that Trivers (2002) mentions throughout his paper on parental investment theory. The first being Darwin's sexual selection theory from 1871, and the second being from Bateman's three principles from his 1948 study{{gr}}. [[File:Sexual Selection with Peafowl.gif|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Certain traits are more prominent in attracting mates as they have had better success in producing offspring in the past. In this example, more peacock eyes in the feathers are a favourable trait. |300x300px|alt=|left]] === Charles Darwin's sexual selection theory === [[File:Female Mexican fruit fly.jpg|thumb|298x298px|''Figure 3.'' Bateman found that certain male fruit flies were more successful at producing offspring, whereas other male fruit flies did not succeed at all. Females however, just about always produced successful offspring|alt=]] Have you ever noticed that some species display a common characteristic compared to other species in the same habitat? This can be explained by Darwin’s sexual selection theory, as it suggests that species develop certain traits due to having an advantage over other mates in the past. This means that these males have been more successful at attracting female’s{{gr}} and have had higher mating success rates relative to other competing males (Hosken & House, 2011), such as in Figure 2. These traits are often referred to as colours or ornaments of an animal, however in humans these traits are often compared to social behaviours and personality (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990). Moreover, Darwin noticed two mechanisms in his theory, the first being that males often compete with other males to possess a female, and the second being that females were often more selective at choosing a male (Hosken & House, 2011). === Angus Bateman's three principles === In 1948, Bateman did a study on fruit flies looking at the success rate of males versus females by placing five of each gender in the same space, such as in Figure 3, and found that females were more likely to be successful in making offspring compared to the males (Trivers, 2002). As such, three principles were concluded from this study and other studies that replicated it, which are displayed in Table 1. For more information about the evolution of mating, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013). {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} !Bateman's three principles (Trivers, 2002) |- |1. Males{{gr}} success rate in producing offspring varied considerably more than females{{gr}} |- |2. Males were still attracted to females even if they did not produce offspring |- |3. Females did not have more offspring when they had more mates, rather, males who mated with more females had more offspring |} == Robert Trivers' parental investment theory == [[File:JBLE welcomes New Year's baby 170103-F-AR942-009.jpg|thumb|239x239px|''Figure 4.'' According to parental investment theory, females are the ones who invest more into a child, since they carry the babies in the womb and look after them through infancy. Due to this, females have less energy to produce offspring and will be choosier about their partners]] With these frameworks in mind, Trivers (2002) developed the parental investment theory which can be defined as the amount of investment a parent gives to a child in order for them to survive and reproduce in the future, whereby this investment requires a lot of energy from the parents. Therefore, overtime, they have less energy to invest in more children. As such, when Trivers (2002) talks about investment he means not only the energy it take to produce a child, but also the energy needed to look after the child, such as giving them food, care and attention. Trivers (2002) helps explain the gender difference of sexual selection theory through his theory of parental investment as females are more likely to invest in a child as they are the ones who carry the baby in the womb and nurture them through infancy (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990), therefore, they are more selective in choosing a potential partner. This is because they do not have much energy to invest in lots of mates. On the other hand, Trivers (2002) stated that those who invest less would be more competitive, as they are competing for females who are fertile and available to produce offspring. In this case, young, physically attractive females are seen as more fertile (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014). Trivers (2002) also argued that the number of fertile females available in space and time would predict the competitive nature of males, as males would compete depending on how available a fertile female is. Humans are a pair-bonding species, in which high male parental investment is the norm. Because of that, men and women are equally selective in long-term mating, since men then invest heavily in the offspring. As women have the higher obligatory biological parental investment, they are attracted to men who will be able to make high non-obligatory investments in the offspring. Therefore, they are attracted to men with resources and that are kind towards children. Men, on the other side, are attracted to women that are young and physically attractive, since these are signs of fertility. == Defining romantic and sexual attraction == Before being able to apply parental investment theory to attraction, it is important to briefly distinguish between the two types of attraction. As such, romantic and sexual attraction have been used interchangeably throughout the literature and have often been referred to as the same type of attraction. Moreover, those who experience sexual attraction often experience romantic attraction and vice versa, and, individuals often have their own definition of each type of attraction (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). Even so, there will be a brief definition of each attraction type. Throughout the research, authors often label attraction as an umbrella term for both romantic and sexual attraction, and often define romantic attraction as a type of sexual attraction as well. For more information about the different kinds of love, relationships and sexual desires, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015). === Romantic attraction === Lund, Thomas, Sias and Bradley (2016) distinguish between romantic and sexual attraction. As such they describe romantic attraction as the desire to form relationships that are meaningful and emotional. For example, someone may want a romantic relationship but are not interested in a sexual relationship. This type of attraction may be tied to our interpersonal need of belonging and being cared for. === Sexual attraction === On the other hand, sexual attraction is what motivates us to be attracted to others due to our sexual desires, fantasies and wanting to have a sexual encounter with that person (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). This type of attraction is what motivates us to choose an appropriate partner to produce offspring with (Fisher, Aron, Mashek, Li & Brown, 2002). Sexual attraction is often experienced with romantic attraction as well. == Parental investment theory and romantic and sexual attraction == If romantic and sexual attraction motivate forming relationships and having sexual encounters with others, then what does parental investment theory suggest about our motivation to be attracted to one person yet not another? This section discusses what parental investment theory suggests about our motivations to seek romantic and sexually attractive partners. === Physical attraction === [[File:Groupofladies.jpg|thumb|303x303px|''Figure 5.'' Males often seek young and attractive females as this would suggest that they are fertile and available to produce offspring]] Physical attraction is observable, but is everyone attracted to someone depending on their looks? It seems to help, but this is not always the case according to parental investment theory. Females are more likely to sacrifice "hot looks" for someone who can protect and invest in a future child (Frisby, Dillow, Gaughan & Nordlund, 2010). However, for males, physical attraction is important because young females are an indicator of a mate who can successfully produce offspring (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014), as shown in figure 5. Because physical attraction is related to being motivated in finding a partner to produce offspring with, perhaps it is more of a sexual attraction rather than a romantic one. Castro, Hattori, and Lopes (2012) wanted to know whether males and females choose partners in relation to "traditional sex preferences", in this case in terms of parental investment theory, or whether they choose partners who are similar to them. To test this idea, 267 young Brazilian university students were recruited, with 120 who were in a romantic relationship and 147 who were not currently involved in one. However, participants must have had a stable relationship for one year to continue on in the study. Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) gave out individual questionnaires to each participant to measure their self-evaluation and their perception of one's most recent romantic partner across a number of traits on a Likert scale. The traits that were included will be found in Table 2. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. {{inline comment|Add table caption hereK}} !9 traits measured in Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) study on a Likert scale from 0-5 |- |Beautiful face |- |Beautiful body |- |Health |- |Financial status |- |Sociability |- |Hard-working |- |Intelligent |- |Humurous{{sp}} |- |Sincerity |} What Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) found was that males, whether they were in a current romantic relationship or not, scored their partners as more physically attractive (in the face and body) compared to themselves, which goes in favour of parental investment theory, as males are said to choose amongst young and fertile females. However, they did find something that was not in favour of parental investment theory, as males scored themselves as healthier than their partners. Now, this is unusual because the theory would suggest that males should score their female partners as healthier since they are the ones to carry offspring, but this was not found in this study. Additionally, the results from female participants found no difference between their self-evaluation and the evaluation of their romantic partner across traits (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012), concluding that female participants rate their partners as being as physically attractive as themselves. According to parental investment theory, females should have scored their partners as having more resources such as a better financial status to be able to provide for a child. However, this was not found in the study probably due to the young sample of university students (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012). === Gender difference in mate attraction === As discussed in accordance with parental investment theory, females are often choosier in their partners, whereas males are not so much, but are rather more competitive in obtaining a female (Trivers, 2002). But is this also true for human relationships? As such, Kelley and Malouf (2013) were interested in testing whether there was a gender difference or age difference when selecting mates. They analysed ratings from two American newspapers which consisted of blind date columns. They examined 224 blind dates from one newspaper from 2007 to 2011 and examined 123 blind dates from another newspaper from 2009 to 2011. What they found was that females rated the dates less favourably than men, which had been consistent with previous findings where females were less likely to agree to give more contact details to males after a speed-dating event. Kelley and Malouf (2013) concluded that, because of this, females were seen as choosier in their dates than the males. However, they thought that younger females paired with older males would have better ratings, but this was not found in the study as ratings did not differ according to age. Parental investment theory would suggest that females should rate older males higher, and males should rate younger females higher (Kelley & Malouf, 2013). There are no studies that have yet tested the competitive nature of males fighting for attractive females, perhaps because of the ethical issue surrounding this kind of study, as it could lead to fighting amongst individuals. To combat this issue however, males who offer protection and resources to females would have a higher chance of being picked as a mate than other males according to parental investment theory (Grigorovici, 2018). For example, Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined the literature on parental investment theory and sex differences in mate choice and found a recurring finding that females were more willing to have long-term relationships with partners who could provide the resources needed to invest in a child. === Social behaviours === [[File:Ladysittingonbench.jpg|thumb|310x310px|''Figure 6.'' In Guéguen’s (2014) study, young females were more likely to accept a date with a male if they had seen them interacting positively with a baby]] Do our social behaviours matter in our motivation to find an attractive partner? Parental investment theory and research suggests that it depends on gender and whether the partner is seeking a long- or short-term relationship. Guéguen (2014) was interested in males' social behaviour in relation to parental investment and how this behaviour could influence how females were attracted to males. He conducted a field experiment with 52 young females who happened to be sitting at a pavement area in between two bars, similar to the lady sitting in Figure 6. As such, three young male confederates in their 20s were recruited to be a brother. Two mothers and their babies were also recruited as confederates in the study and was the male's sister. As such, Guéguen (2014) set up two conditions, a parental investment condition and a control condition. In the experimental condition, the male waited for a young female to sit down near the pavement area, and not long after the male would sit down near her. Then, a minute later the mother and her baby would stroll past and notice her brother and greet him. Then the male confederate would greet his sister and also kiss the baby and interact with them. However, in the control condition, the male confederate was instructed to say hello to the baby but nothing else. After their two-minute conversation the mother and her baby departed, and the male then asked the young female for a date, by approaching her and saying that he caught her attention earlier. Guéguen (2014) found that the young females were three times more likely to accept the invitation if the male had interacted positively with the baby. In favour of parental investment theory, this shows that males' willingness to invest in looking after a child is an important factor in how a female judges the attractiveness of a potential mate. Similarly, Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug (2006) conducted two separate experiments that tested male and female’s attractiveness to an opposite sex and their interaction with a baby. In the first experiment, males and females viewed a picture of either the opposite sex interacting with the baby or ignoring the baby in distress. What they found was that females rated the male's attractiveness lower (in relation to a long-term partner) when the participants had viewed the picture of the man ignoring the baby. They also found was that males were affected by this, whereby when they saw the picture of the female ignoring a baby in distress they rated their attractiveness as a long-term partner as more negative as well. This study demonstrates that males are also sensitive to the behaviour of the females and how they treat children, as males need a caring partner to nurture their offspring. In Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug's (2006) second study, males and females either looked at pictures of an opposite sex interacting with a baby, ignoring a baby or doing domestic chores. Interestingly, females rated males at the same level of attractiveness when they interacted with a baby and did domestic chores, in this case vacuuming. They suggest that this is because vacuuming could be seen by females as a behaviour that helps the mother out with children (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug,2006). Additionally, they did not find a negative impact on males attraction ratings of females who ignored a baby in this condition. [[File:Luis! (15662654966).jpg|thumb|''Figure 7.'' In a long-term relationship both genders seek a partner who is caring]] === Personality traits === Certain characteristics are also desired in others, but this depends again on gender and if the person is seeking a long-term or short-term relationship. Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined a numerous amount of studies that have tested what males and females desire in long- and short-term partners. In particular, they found that males and females both want a partner who is caring, for example in Figure 7, and intelligent as long-term partners. And in the short-term they found that both males and females prefer a physically attractive partner, perhaps because the female does not have to rely on the male to stay and look after the child, and so would rather choose desirable genes than a male's investment in child-rearing (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug, 2006). === Short-term and long-term relationships === Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) conducted multiple experiments on the effects of parental investment on partners{{gr}} creativity. Ninety one undergraduate participants were recruited and wrote a story about an ambiguous image for baseline purposes. The participants were then split into two groups. The experimental group was given a mating cue (viewing six attractive photos of opposite sexes) and were then told to write two stories on different ambiguous images. In the control condition there was no mating cue. In this experiment, they found that the mating cue only worked for male participants, as they were more creative after viewing pictures of attractive females. Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) also discussed the difference between short- and long-term relationships, suggesting that females contribute more to short-term relationships whereas males contribute far less, however in a long-term relationship males and females are both likely to invest just as much as each other in the offspring. To test this, they conducted a second experiment where participants in the mating cue condition now imagined either a short-term mating scenario or a long-term mating scenario. These scenarios can be found in Table 3. They also found no difference in increased creativity for females, however, they did find increased creativity for males both in the short-term scenario and the long-term scenario. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 3. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} ! colspan="2" |Short-term and long-term mating scenarios (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006) |- |Short-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine themselves on their last day of vacation on an exotic island where they meet an attractive mate, spend the afternoon with them and have a romantic dinner with them just before they had to go home |- |Long-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine meeting a desirable partner at university, whereby they imagined spending the afternoon with them, having a romantic dinner, and kissing them good night |} In a third study, a long-term committed scenario was added, whereby males and females now both increased creativity in these conditions. According to parental investment theory, this would be because both genders are now providing equal care to the offspring, and so are both putting in effort of creativity (or courtship) for the other gender (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006). ==Conclusion== Parental investment theory provides an evolutionary perspective into the motives behind why people seek romantic and sexual attraction in a potential partner. In particular, it shows that there is a distinct gender difference between our reasons for engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship. For example, research often finds that males rate their female partners as more attractive and seek young females to continue on their genes. Parental investment theory explains that young females are a good indicator for a male that she is fertile. Females on the other hand, very much rely on the social behaviours of males as indicators that they are good-natured and are willing to care for a child, and so find these behaviours attractive in a male. Parental investment theory also explains why females seem to be choosier in who they date compared to males. For example, blind date studies in newspaper columns show that females often rated their experience as less enjoyable than the males. This gender difference is explained by the parental investment theory due to the amount of investment each gender needs to give for their offspring. For example, the females have the baby in the womb and nurture it through infancy and so do not have the energy to breed with lots of males, therefore choosing the right male is vital. However, males are not as choosy, and rather rely on the physical attractiveness of the females, and compete for fertile females if not many are available. However, these gender differences seem to be more important in long-term relationships rather than short-term relationships, as some studies find that the gender difference disappears if males and females are just looking for a short-term relationship. For example, females and males find physical attraction equally important in short-term relationships. Although parental investment theory has been used in research to understand the gender differences in how each sex is attracted to a mate, there are also questions that have not been answered. Such as, why do females and males develop certain attraction "types" that they desire which do not fit the traditional sex preferences seen in the parental investment theory. Additionally, it does not explain why we are attracted to genetically similar others or same-sex attraction. Even so, parental investment theory is just one perspective, an evolutionary perspective, about why we are motivated to find romantic and sexual attraction in others. Therefore, males and females differ and tend to be romantically and sexually attracted to someone depending on their parental investment need. ==See also== *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Infidelity|Infidelity]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|Love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|Motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender|Online dating motivation and gender]] (Book chapter, 2017) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sexual motivation|Sexual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Unconscious sources of attraction|Unconscious sources of attraction]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Bleske-Rechek, A., Remiker, M., Swanson, M., & Zeug, N. (2006). Women More than Men Attend to Indicators of Good Character: Two Experimental Demonstrations. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 4'', 147470490600400. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400121 Castro, F., Hattori, W., & de Araújo Lopes, F. (2012). Relationship maintenance or preference satisfaction? Male and female strategies in romantic partner choice. ''Journal Of Social, Evolutionary, And Cultural Psychology, 6'', 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099213 Fisher, H., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. ''Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 31'', 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019888024255 Frisby, B., Dillow, M., Gaughan, S., & Nordlund, J. (2010). Flirtatious Communication: An Experimental Examination of Perceptions of Social-Sexual Communication Motivated by Evolutionary Forces. ''Sex Roles, 64'', 682-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9864-5 Grigorovici, I. (2018). Sexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective. Romanian Journal Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Hypnosis, 5(1-2), 1-6. Griskevicius, V., Cialdini, R., & Kenrick, D. (2006). Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 91'', 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.63 Guéguen, N. (2014). Cues of Men's Parental Investment and Attractiveness for Women: A Field Experiment. ''Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 24'', 296-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.820160 Hosken, D., & House, C. (2011). Sexual selection. ''Current Biology, 21'', R62-R65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053 Kelley, J., & Malouf, R. (2013). Blind Dates and Mate Preferences: An Analysis of Newspaper Matchmaking Columns. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 11'', 147470491301100. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100101 Kenrick, D., Sadalla, E., Groth, G., & Trost, M. (1990). Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model. ''Journal Of Personality, 58'', 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x Lund, E., Thomas, K., Sias, C., & Bradley, A. (2016). Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors. ''Journal Of LGBT Issues In Counseling, 10'', 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 Meltzer, A., McNulty, J., Jackson, G., & Karney, B. (2014). Men still value physical attractiveness in a long-term mate more than women: Rejoinder to Eastwick, Neff, Finkel, Luchies, and Hunt (2014). ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 106'', 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035342 Miner, E. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (2010). Mate attraction, retention and expulsion. Psicothema, 22(1), 9-14. Trivers, R. (2002). Natural selection and social theory (pp. 65-103). Oxford: Oxford University Press. }} ==External links== *[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/parental-investment Parental Investment] (ScienceDirect) [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2018]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Evolution]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] 16qd0lglar39i1sf5f3ct9wpcvk9hte 2412606 2412605 2022-08-08T12:16:42Z 37.201.3.150 /* Robert Trivers' parental investment theory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Parental investment theory:<br>What does parental investment theory suggest about romantic and sexual attraction?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMP62Ys6gAA}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Man-person-boy-guy-love-father-1044871-pxhere.jpg|thumb|299x299px|''Figure 1.'' According to the parental investment theory, females are attracted to males who show gestures that indicate that they are more willing to invest in a child]] Imagine that you are a lady sitting in the food court eating your lunch when something picks up your attention. A young man walks up to a mother and her baby in a pram at the table opposite you. You find out that he is a brother as he greets her saying "hey sis" and starts to give the baby attention by smiling and continuing to communicate with the baby. Now imagine a different scenario where her brother said hello to the baby but didn't give him any more attention? Now if her brother comes up and says that you caught his attention and asks to go on a date with you, would you accept? You would probably be more willing to accept the date if the brother had been smiling and playing with the baby. This is exactly what Guéguen (2014) found in his field experiment, whereby females were more likely to accept the brother on a date if he gave the baby lots of attention, for example, as shown in Figure 1. This is further explained by Trivers' (2002) parental investment theory, which states that females are more attracted to males who are willing to invest in child-rearing. The following chapter explores parental investment theory and what it suggests about our motivations behind seeking romantic and sexual partners. == History == Before delving straight into parental investment theory, it is important to understand how it was developed. There are two main frameworks that Trivers (2002) mentions throughout his paper on parental investment theory. The first being Darwin's sexual selection theory from 1871, and the second being from Bateman's three principles from his 1948 study{{gr}}. [[File:Sexual Selection with Peafowl.gif|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Certain traits are more prominent in attracting mates as they have had better success in producing offspring in the past. In this example, more peacock eyes in the feathers are a favourable trait. |300x300px|alt=|left]] === Charles Darwin's sexual selection theory === [[File:Female Mexican fruit fly.jpg|thumb|298x298px|''Figure 3.'' Bateman found that certain male fruit flies were more successful at producing offspring, whereas other male fruit flies did not succeed at all. Females however, just about always produced successful offspring|alt=]] Have you ever noticed that some species display a common characteristic compared to other species in the same habitat? This can be explained by Darwin’s sexual selection theory, as it suggests that species develop certain traits due to having an advantage over other mates in the past. This means that these males have been more successful at attracting female’s{{gr}} and have had higher mating success rates relative to other competing males (Hosken & House, 2011), such as in Figure 2. These traits are often referred to as colours or ornaments of an animal, however in humans these traits are often compared to social behaviours and personality (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990). Moreover, Darwin noticed two mechanisms in his theory, the first being that males often compete with other males to possess a female, and the second being that females were often more selective at choosing a male (Hosken & House, 2011). === Angus Bateman's three principles === In 1948, Bateman did a study on fruit flies looking at the success rate of males versus females by placing five of each gender in the same space, such as in Figure 3, and found that females were more likely to be successful in making offspring compared to the males (Trivers, 2002). As such, three principles were concluded from this study and other studies that replicated it, which are displayed in Table 1. For more information about the evolution of mating, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013). {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} !Bateman's three principles (Trivers, 2002) |- |1. Males{{gr}} success rate in producing offspring varied considerably more than females{{gr}} |- |2. Males were still attracted to females even if they did not produce offspring |- |3. Females did not have more offspring when they had more mates, rather, males who mated with more females had more offspring |} == Robert Trivers' parental investment theory == [[File:JBLE welcomes New Year's baby 170103-F-AR942-009.jpg|thumb|239x239px|''Figure 4.'' According to parental investment theory, females are the ones who invest more into a child, since they carry the babies in the womb and look after them through infancy. Due to this, females have less energy to produce offspring and will be choosier about their partners]] With these frameworks in mind, Trivers (2002) developed the parental investment theory which can be defined as the amount of investment a parent gives to a child in order for them to survive and reproduce in the future, whereby this investment requires a lot of energy from the parents. Therefore, overtime, they have less energy to invest in more children. As such, when Trivers (2002) talks about investment he means not only the energy it take to produce a child, but also the energy needed to look after the child, such as giving them food, care and attention. Trivers (2002) helps explain the gender difference of sexual selection theory through his theory of parental investment as females are more likely to invest in a child as they are the ones who carry the baby in the womb and nurture them through infancy (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990), therefore, they are more selective in choosing a potential partner. This is because they do not have much energy to invest in lots of mates. On the other hand, Trivers (2002) stated that those who invest less would be more competitive, as they are competing for females who are fertile and available to produce offspring. Trivers (2002) also argued that the number of fertile females available in space and time would predict the competitive nature of males, as males would compete depending on how available a fertile female is. Humans are a pair-bonding species, in which high male parental investment is the norm. Because of that, men and women are equally selective in long-term mating, since men then invest heavily in the offspring. As women have the higher obligatory biological parental investment, they are attracted to men who will be able to make high non-obligatory investments in the offspring. Therefore, they are attracted to men with resources and that are kind towards children. Men, on the other side, are attracted to women that are young and physically attractive, since these are signs of fertility. == Defining romantic and sexual attraction == Before being able to apply parental investment theory to attraction, it is important to briefly distinguish between the two types of attraction. As such, romantic and sexual attraction have been used interchangeably throughout the literature and have often been referred to as the same type of attraction. Moreover, those who experience sexual attraction often experience romantic attraction and vice versa, and, individuals often have their own definition of each type of attraction (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). Even so, there will be a brief definition of each attraction type. Throughout the research, authors often label attraction as an umbrella term for both romantic and sexual attraction, and often define romantic attraction as a type of sexual attraction as well. For more information about the different kinds of love, relationships and sexual desires, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015). === Romantic attraction === Lund, Thomas, Sias and Bradley (2016) distinguish between romantic and sexual attraction. As such they describe romantic attraction as the desire to form relationships that are meaningful and emotional. For example, someone may want a romantic relationship but are not interested in a sexual relationship. This type of attraction may be tied to our interpersonal need of belonging and being cared for. === Sexual attraction === On the other hand, sexual attraction is what motivates us to be attracted to others due to our sexual desires, fantasies and wanting to have a sexual encounter with that person (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). This type of attraction is what motivates us to choose an appropriate partner to produce offspring with (Fisher, Aron, Mashek, Li & Brown, 2002). Sexual attraction is often experienced with romantic attraction as well. == Parental investment theory and romantic and sexual attraction == If romantic and sexual attraction motivate forming relationships and having sexual encounters with others, then what does parental investment theory suggest about our motivation to be attracted to one person yet not another? This section discusses what parental investment theory suggests about our motivations to seek romantic and sexually attractive partners. === Physical attraction === [[File:Groupofladies.jpg|thumb|303x303px|''Figure 5.'' Males often seek young and attractive females as this would suggest that they are fertile and available to produce offspring]] Physical attraction is observable, but is everyone attracted to someone depending on their looks? It seems to help, but this is not always the case according to parental investment theory. Females are more likely to sacrifice "hot looks" for someone who can protect and invest in a future child (Frisby, Dillow, Gaughan & Nordlund, 2010). However, for males, physical attraction is important because young females are an indicator of a mate who can successfully produce offspring (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014), as shown in figure 5. Because physical attraction is related to being motivated in finding a partner to produce offspring with, perhaps it is more of a sexual attraction rather than a romantic one. Castro, Hattori, and Lopes (2012) wanted to know whether males and females choose partners in relation to "traditional sex preferences", in this case in terms of parental investment theory, or whether they choose partners who are similar to them. To test this idea, 267 young Brazilian university students were recruited, with 120 who were in a romantic relationship and 147 who were not currently involved in one. However, participants must have had a stable relationship for one year to continue on in the study. Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) gave out individual questionnaires to each participant to measure their self-evaluation and their perception of one's most recent romantic partner across a number of traits on a Likert scale. The traits that were included will be found in Table 2. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. {{inline comment|Add table caption hereK}} !9 traits measured in Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) study on a Likert scale from 0-5 |- |Beautiful face |- |Beautiful body |- |Health |- |Financial status |- |Sociability |- |Hard-working |- |Intelligent |- |Humurous{{sp}} |- |Sincerity |} What Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) found was that males, whether they were in a current romantic relationship or not, scored their partners as more physically attractive (in the face and body) compared to themselves, which goes in favour of parental investment theory, as males are said to choose amongst young and fertile females. However, they did find something that was not in favour of parental investment theory, as males scored themselves as healthier than their partners. Now, this is unusual because the theory would suggest that males should score their female partners as healthier since they are the ones to carry offspring, but this was not found in this study. Additionally, the results from female participants found no difference between their self-evaluation and the evaluation of their romantic partner across traits (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012), concluding that female participants rate their partners as being as physically attractive as themselves. According to parental investment theory, females should have scored their partners as having more resources such as a better financial status to be able to provide for a child. However, this was not found in the study probably due to the young sample of university students (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012). === Gender difference in mate attraction === As discussed in accordance with parental investment theory, females are often choosier in their partners, whereas males are not so much, but are rather more competitive in obtaining a female (Trivers, 2002). But is this also true for human relationships? As such, Kelley and Malouf (2013) were interested in testing whether there was a gender difference or age difference when selecting mates. They analysed ratings from two American newspapers which consisted of blind date columns. They examined 224 blind dates from one newspaper from 2007 to 2011 and examined 123 blind dates from another newspaper from 2009 to 2011. What they found was that females rated the dates less favourably than men, which had been consistent with previous findings where females were less likely to agree to give more contact details to males after a speed-dating event. Kelley and Malouf (2013) concluded that, because of this, females were seen as choosier in their dates than the males. However, they thought that younger females paired with older males would have better ratings, but this was not found in the study as ratings did not differ according to age. Parental investment theory would suggest that females should rate older males higher, and males should rate younger females higher (Kelley & Malouf, 2013). There are no studies that have yet tested the competitive nature of males fighting for attractive females, perhaps because of the ethical issue surrounding this kind of study, as it could lead to fighting amongst individuals. To combat this issue however, males who offer protection and resources to females would have a higher chance of being picked as a mate than other males according to parental investment theory (Grigorovici, 2018). For example, Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined the literature on parental investment theory and sex differences in mate choice and found a recurring finding that females were more willing to have long-term relationships with partners who could provide the resources needed to invest in a child. === Social behaviours === [[File:Ladysittingonbench.jpg|thumb|310x310px|''Figure 6.'' In Guéguen’s (2014) study, young females were more likely to accept a date with a male if they had seen them interacting positively with a baby]] Do our social behaviours matter in our motivation to find an attractive partner? Parental investment theory and research suggests that it depends on gender and whether the partner is seeking a long- or short-term relationship. Guéguen (2014) was interested in males' social behaviour in relation to parental investment and how this behaviour could influence how females were attracted to males. He conducted a field experiment with 52 young females who happened to be sitting at a pavement area in between two bars, similar to the lady sitting in Figure 6. As such, three young male confederates in their 20s were recruited to be a brother. Two mothers and their babies were also recruited as confederates in the study and was the male's sister. As such, Guéguen (2014) set up two conditions, a parental investment condition and a control condition. In the experimental condition, the male waited for a young female to sit down near the pavement area, and not long after the male would sit down near her. Then, a minute later the mother and her baby would stroll past and notice her brother and greet him. Then the male confederate would greet his sister and also kiss the baby and interact with them. However, in the control condition, the male confederate was instructed to say hello to the baby but nothing else. After their two-minute conversation the mother and her baby departed, and the male then asked the young female for a date, by approaching her and saying that he caught her attention earlier. Guéguen (2014) found that the young females were three times more likely to accept the invitation if the male had interacted positively with the baby. In favour of parental investment theory, this shows that males' willingness to invest in looking after a child is an important factor in how a female judges the attractiveness of a potential mate. Similarly, Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug (2006) conducted two separate experiments that tested male and female’s attractiveness to an opposite sex and their interaction with a baby. In the first experiment, males and females viewed a picture of either the opposite sex interacting with the baby or ignoring the baby in distress. What they found was that females rated the male's attractiveness lower (in relation to a long-term partner) when the participants had viewed the picture of the man ignoring the baby. They also found was that males were affected by this, whereby when they saw the picture of the female ignoring a baby in distress they rated their attractiveness as a long-term partner as more negative as well. This study demonstrates that males are also sensitive to the behaviour of the females and how they treat children, as males need a caring partner to nurture their offspring. In Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug's (2006) second study, males and females either looked at pictures of an opposite sex interacting with a baby, ignoring a baby or doing domestic chores. Interestingly, females rated males at the same level of attractiveness when they interacted with a baby and did domestic chores, in this case vacuuming. They suggest that this is because vacuuming could be seen by females as a behaviour that helps the mother out with children (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug,2006). Additionally, they did not find a negative impact on males attraction ratings of females who ignored a baby in this condition. [[File:Luis! (15662654966).jpg|thumb|''Figure 7.'' In a long-term relationship both genders seek a partner who is caring]] === Personality traits === Certain characteristics are also desired in others, but this depends again on gender and if the person is seeking a long-term or short-term relationship. Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined a numerous amount of studies that have tested what males and females desire in long- and short-term partners. In particular, they found that males and females both want a partner who is caring, for example in Figure 7, and intelligent as long-term partners. And in the short-term they found that both males and females prefer a physically attractive partner, perhaps because the female does not have to rely on the male to stay and look after the child, and so would rather choose desirable genes than a male's investment in child-rearing (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug, 2006). === Short-term and long-term relationships === Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) conducted multiple experiments on the effects of parental investment on partners{{gr}} creativity. Ninety one undergraduate participants were recruited and wrote a story about an ambiguous image for baseline purposes. The participants were then split into two groups. The experimental group was given a mating cue (viewing six attractive photos of opposite sexes) and were then told to write two stories on different ambiguous images. In the control condition there was no mating cue. In this experiment, they found that the mating cue only worked for male participants, as they were more creative after viewing pictures of attractive females. Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) also discussed the difference between short- and long-term relationships, suggesting that females contribute more to short-term relationships whereas males contribute far less, however in a long-term relationship males and females are both likely to invest just as much as each other in the offspring. To test this, they conducted a second experiment where participants in the mating cue condition now imagined either a short-term mating scenario or a long-term mating scenario. These scenarios can be found in Table 3. They also found no difference in increased creativity for females, however, they did find increased creativity for males both in the short-term scenario and the long-term scenario. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 3. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} ! colspan="2" |Short-term and long-term mating scenarios (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006) |- |Short-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine themselves on their last day of vacation on an exotic island where they meet an attractive mate, spend the afternoon with them and have a romantic dinner with them just before they had to go home |- |Long-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine meeting a desirable partner at university, whereby they imagined spending the afternoon with them, having a romantic dinner, and kissing them good night |} In a third study, a long-term committed scenario was added, whereby males and females now both increased creativity in these conditions. According to parental investment theory, this would be because both genders are now providing equal care to the offspring, and so are both putting in effort of creativity (or courtship) for the other gender (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006). ==Conclusion== Parental investment theory provides an evolutionary perspective into the motives behind why people seek romantic and sexual attraction in a potential partner. In particular, it shows that there is a distinct gender difference between our reasons for engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship. For example, research often finds that males rate their female partners as more attractive and seek young females to continue on their genes. Parental investment theory explains that young females are a good indicator for a male that she is fertile. Females on the other hand, very much rely on the social behaviours of males as indicators that they are good-natured and are willing to care for a child, and so find these behaviours attractive in a male. Parental investment theory also explains why females seem to be choosier in who they date compared to males. For example, blind date studies in newspaper columns show that females often rated their experience as less enjoyable than the males. This gender difference is explained by the parental investment theory due to the amount of investment each gender needs to give for their offspring. For example, the females have the baby in the womb and nurture it through infancy and so do not have the energy to breed with lots of males, therefore choosing the right male is vital. However, males are not as choosy, and rather rely on the physical attractiveness of the females, and compete for fertile females if not many are available. However, these gender differences seem to be more important in long-term relationships rather than short-term relationships, as some studies find that the gender difference disappears if males and females are just looking for a short-term relationship. For example, females and males find physical attraction equally important in short-term relationships. Although parental investment theory has been used in research to understand the gender differences in how each sex is attracted to a mate, there are also questions that have not been answered. Such as, why do females and males develop certain attraction "types" that they desire which do not fit the traditional sex preferences seen in the parental investment theory. Additionally, it does not explain why we are attracted to genetically similar others or same-sex attraction. Even so, parental investment theory is just one perspective, an evolutionary perspective, about why we are motivated to find romantic and sexual attraction in others. Therefore, males and females differ and tend to be romantically and sexually attracted to someone depending on their parental investment need. ==See also== *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Infidelity|Infidelity]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|Love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|Motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender|Online dating motivation and gender]] (Book chapter, 2017) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sexual motivation|Sexual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Unconscious sources of attraction|Unconscious sources of attraction]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Bleske-Rechek, A., Remiker, M., Swanson, M., & Zeug, N. (2006). Women More than Men Attend to Indicators of Good Character: Two Experimental Demonstrations. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 4'', 147470490600400. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400121 Castro, F., Hattori, W., & de Araújo Lopes, F. (2012). Relationship maintenance or preference satisfaction? Male and female strategies in romantic partner choice. ''Journal Of Social, Evolutionary, And Cultural Psychology, 6'', 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099213 Fisher, H., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. ''Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 31'', 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019888024255 Frisby, B., Dillow, M., Gaughan, S., & Nordlund, J. (2010). Flirtatious Communication: An Experimental Examination of Perceptions of Social-Sexual Communication Motivated by Evolutionary Forces. ''Sex Roles, 64'', 682-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9864-5 Grigorovici, I. (2018). Sexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective. Romanian Journal Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Hypnosis, 5(1-2), 1-6. Griskevicius, V., Cialdini, R., & Kenrick, D. (2006). Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 91'', 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.63 Guéguen, N. (2014). Cues of Men's Parental Investment and Attractiveness for Women: A Field Experiment. ''Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 24'', 296-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.820160 Hosken, D., & House, C. (2011). Sexual selection. ''Current Biology, 21'', R62-R65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053 Kelley, J., & Malouf, R. (2013). Blind Dates and Mate Preferences: An Analysis of Newspaper Matchmaking Columns. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 11'', 147470491301100. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100101 Kenrick, D., Sadalla, E., Groth, G., & Trost, M. (1990). Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model. ''Journal Of Personality, 58'', 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x Lund, E., Thomas, K., Sias, C., & Bradley, A. (2016). Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors. ''Journal Of LGBT Issues In Counseling, 10'', 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 Meltzer, A., McNulty, J., Jackson, G., & Karney, B. (2014). Men still value physical attractiveness in a long-term mate more than women: Rejoinder to Eastwick, Neff, Finkel, Luchies, and Hunt (2014). ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 106'', 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035342 Miner, E. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (2010). Mate attraction, retention and expulsion. Psicothema, 22(1), 9-14. Trivers, R. (2002). Natural selection and social theory (pp. 65-103). Oxford: Oxford University Press. }} ==External links== *[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/parental-investment Parental Investment] (ScienceDirect) [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2018]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Evolution]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] nbrx0zcaotplzkm3sq8f73ptkx8y3n8 2412607 2412606 2022-08-08T12:17:42Z 37.201.3.150 /* Overview */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Parental investment theory:<br>What does parental investment theory suggest about romantic and sexual attraction?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMP62Ys6gAA}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Man-person-boy-guy-love-father-1044871-pxhere.jpg|thumb|299x299px|''Figure 1.'' According to the parental investment theory, females are attracted to males who show gestures that indicate that they are more willing to invest in a child]] Imagine that you are a lady sitting in the food court eating your lunch when something picks up your attention. A young man walks up to a mother and her baby in a pram at the table opposite you. You find out that he is a brother as he greets her saying "hey sis" and starts to give the baby attention by smiling and continuing to communicate with the baby. Now imagine a different scenario where her brother said hello to the baby but didn't give him any more attention? Now if her brother comes up and says that you caught his attention and asks to go on a date with you, would you accept? You would probably be more willing to accept the date if the brother had been smiling and playing with the baby. This is exactly what Guéguen (2014) found in his field experiment, whereby females were more likely to accept the brother on a date if he gave the baby lots of attention, for example, as shown in Figure 1. This is further explained by Trivers' (2002) parental investment theory, which states that females are more attracted to males who are willing to invest in child-rearing. The following chapter explores parental investment theory and what it suggests about our motivations behind seeking romantic and sexual partners. == History == Before delving straight into parental investment theory, it is important to understand how it was developed. There are two main frameworks that Trivers (2002) mentions throughout his paper on parental investment theory. The first being Darwin's sexual selection theory from 1871, and the second being from Bateman's three principles from his 1948 study{{gr}}. [[File:Sexual Selection with Peafowl.gif|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Certain traits are more prominent in attracting mates as they have had better success in producing offspring in the past. In this example, more peacock eyes in the feathers are a favourable trait. |300x300px|alt=|left]] === Charles Darwin's sexual selection theory === [[File:Female Mexican fruit fly.jpg|thumb|298x298px|''Figure 3.'' Bateman found that certain male fruit flies were more successful at producing offspring, whereas other male fruit flies did not succeed at all. Females however, just about always produced successful offspring|alt=]] Have you ever noticed that some species display a common characteristic compared to other species in the same habitat? This can be explained by Darwin’s sexual selection theory, as it suggests that species develop certain traits due to having an advantage over other mates in the past. This means that these males have been more successful at attracting female’s{{gr}} and have had higher mating success rates relative to other competing males (Hosken & House, 2011), such as in Figure 2. These traits are often referred to as colours or ornaments of an animal, however in humans these traits are often compared to social behaviours and personality (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990). Moreover, Darwin noticed two mechanisms in his theory, the first being that males often compete with other males to possess a female, and the second being that females were often more selective at choosing a male (Hosken & House, 2011). === Angus Bateman's three principles === In 1948, Bateman did a study on fruit flies looking at the success rate of males versus females by placing five of each gender in the same space, such as in Figure 3, and found that females were more likely to be successful in making offspring compared to the males (Trivers, 2002). As such, three principles were concluded from this study and other studies that replicated it, which are displayed in Table 1. For more information about the evolution of mating, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013). {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} !Bateman's three principles (Trivers, 2002) |- |1. Males{{gr}} success rate in producing offspring varied considerably more than females{{gr}} |- |2. Males were still attracted to females even if they did not produce offspring |- |3. Females did not have more offspring when they had more mates, rather, males who mated with more females had more offspring |} == Robert Trivers' parental investment theory == [[File:JBLE welcomes New Year's baby 170103-F-AR942-009.jpg|thumb|239x239px|''Figure 4.'' According to parental investment theory, females are the ones who invest more into a child, since they carry the babies in the womb and look after them through infancy. Due to this, females have less energy to produce offspring and will be choosier about their partners]] With these frameworks in mind, Trivers (2002) developed the parental investment theory which can be defined as the amount of investment a parent gives to a child in order for them to survive and reproduce in the future, whereby this investment requires a lot of energy from the parents. Therefore, overtime, they have less energy to invest in more children. As such, when Trivers (2002) talks about investment he means not only the energy it take to produce a child, but also the energy needed to look after the child, such as giving them food, care and attention. Trivers (2002) helps explain the gender difference of sexual selection theory through his theory of parental investment as females are more likely to invest in a child as they are the ones who carry the baby in the womb and nurture them through infancy (Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990), therefore, they are more selective in choosing a potential partner. This is because they do not have much energy to invest in lots of mates. On the other hand, Trivers (2002) stated that those who invest less would be more competitive, as they are competing for females who are fertile and available to produce offspring. Trivers (2002) also argued that the number of fertile females available in space and time would predict the competitive nature of males, as males would compete depending on how available a fertile female is. Humans are a pair-bonding species, in which high male parental investment is the norm. Because of that, men and women are equally selective in long-term mating, since men then invest heavily in the offspring. As women have the higher obligatory biological parental investment, they are attracted to men who will be able to make high non-obligatory investments in the offspring. Therefore, they are attracted to men with resources and that are kind towards children. Men, on the other side, are attracted to women that are young and physically attractive, since these are signs of fertility. == Defining romantic and sexual attraction == Before being able to apply parental investment theory to attraction, it is important to briefly distinguish between the two types of attraction. As such, romantic and sexual attraction have been used interchangeably throughout the literature and have often been referred to as the same type of attraction. Moreover, those who experience sexual attraction often experience romantic attraction and vice versa, and, individuals often have their own definition of each type of attraction (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). Even so, there will be a brief definition of each attraction type. Throughout the research, authors often label attraction as an umbrella term for both romantic and sexual attraction, and often define romantic attraction as a type of sexual attraction as well. For more information about the different kinds of love, relationships and sexual desires, see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015). === Romantic attraction === Lund, Thomas, Sias and Bradley (2016) distinguish between romantic and sexual attraction. As such they describe romantic attraction as the desire to form relationships that are meaningful and emotional. For example, someone may want a romantic relationship but are not interested in a sexual relationship. This type of attraction may be tied to our interpersonal need of belonging and being cared for. === Sexual attraction === On the other hand, sexual attraction is what motivates us to be attracted to others due to our sexual desires, fantasies and wanting to have a sexual encounter with that person (Lund, Thomas, Sias & Bradley, 2016). This type of attraction is what motivates us to choose an appropriate partner to produce offspring with (Fisher, Aron, Mashek, Li & Brown, 2002). Sexual attraction is often experienced with romantic attraction as well. == Parental investment theory and romantic and sexual attraction == If romantic and sexual attraction motivate forming relationships and having sexual encounters with others, then what does parental investment theory suggest about our motivation to be attracted to one person yet not another? This section discusses what parental investment theory suggests about our motivations to seek romantic and sexually attractive partners. === Physical attraction === [[File:Groupofladies.jpg|thumb|303x303px|''Figure 5.'' Males often seek young and attractive females as this would suggest that they are fertile and available to produce offspring]] Physical attraction is observable, but is everyone attracted to someone depending on their looks? It seems to help, but this is not always the case according to parental investment theory. Females are more likely to sacrifice "hot looks" for someone who can protect and invest in a future child (Frisby, Dillow, Gaughan & Nordlund, 2010). However, for males, physical attraction is important because young females are an indicator of a mate who can successfully produce offspring (Meltzer, McNulty, Jackson & Karney, 2014), as shown in figure 5. Because physical attraction is related to being motivated in finding a partner to produce offspring with, perhaps it is more of a sexual attraction rather than a romantic one. Castro, Hattori, and Lopes (2012) wanted to know whether males and females choose partners in relation to "traditional sex preferences", in this case in terms of parental investment theory, or whether they choose partners who are similar to them. To test this idea, 267 young Brazilian university students were recruited, with 120 who were in a romantic relationship and 147 who were not currently involved in one. However, participants must have had a stable relationship for one year to continue on in the study. Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) gave out individual questionnaires to each participant to measure their self-evaluation and their perception of one's most recent romantic partner across a number of traits on a Likert scale. The traits that were included will be found in Table 2. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. {{inline comment|Add table caption hereK}} !9 traits measured in Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) study on a Likert scale from 0-5 |- |Beautiful face |- |Beautiful body |- |Health |- |Financial status |- |Sociability |- |Hard-working |- |Intelligent |- |Humurous{{sp}} |- |Sincerity |} What Castro, Hattori and Lopes (2012) found was that males, whether they were in a current romantic relationship or not, scored their partners as more physically attractive (in the face and body) compared to themselves, which goes in favour of parental investment theory, as males are said to choose amongst young and fertile females. However, they did find something that was not in favour of parental investment theory, as males scored themselves as healthier than their partners. Now, this is unusual because the theory would suggest that males should score their female partners as healthier since they are the ones to carry offspring, but this was not found in this study. Additionally, the results from female participants found no difference between their self-evaluation and the evaluation of their romantic partner across traits (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012), concluding that female participants rate their partners as being as physically attractive as themselves. According to parental investment theory, females should have scored their partners as having more resources such as a better financial status to be able to provide for a child. However, this was not found in the study probably due to the young sample of university students (Castro, Hattori & Lopes, 2012). === Gender difference in mate attraction === As discussed in accordance with parental investment theory, females are often choosier in their partners, whereas males are not so much, but are rather more competitive in obtaining a female (Trivers, 2002). But is this also true for human relationships? As such, Kelley and Malouf (2013) were interested in testing whether there was a gender difference or age difference when selecting mates. They analysed ratings from two American newspapers which consisted of blind date columns. They examined 224 blind dates from one newspaper from 2007 to 2011 and examined 123 blind dates from another newspaper from 2009 to 2011. What they found was that females rated the dates less favourably than men, which had been consistent with previous findings where females were less likely to agree to give more contact details to males after a speed-dating event. Kelley and Malouf (2013) concluded that, because of this, females were seen as choosier in their dates than the males. However, they thought that younger females paired with older males would have better ratings, but this was not found in the study as ratings did not differ according to age. Parental investment theory would suggest that females should rate older males higher, and males should rate younger females higher (Kelley & Malouf, 2013). There are no studies that have yet tested the competitive nature of males fighting for attractive females, perhaps because of the ethical issue surrounding this kind of study, as it could lead to fighting amongst individuals. To combat this issue however, males who offer protection and resources to females would have a higher chance of being picked as a mate than other males according to parental investment theory (Grigorovici, 2018). For example, Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined the literature on parental investment theory and sex differences in mate choice and found a recurring finding that females were more willing to have long-term relationships with partners who could provide the resources needed to invest in a child. === Social behaviours === [[File:Ladysittingonbench.jpg|thumb|310x310px|''Figure 6.'' In Guéguen’s (2014) study, young females were more likely to accept a date with a male if they had seen them interacting positively with a baby]] Do our social behaviours matter in our motivation to find an attractive partner? Parental investment theory and research suggests that it depends on gender and whether the partner is seeking a long- or short-term relationship. Guéguen (2014) was interested in males' social behaviour in relation to parental investment and how this behaviour could influence how females were attracted to males. He conducted a field experiment with 52 young females who happened to be sitting at a pavement area in between two bars, similar to the lady sitting in Figure 6. As such, three young male confederates in their 20s were recruited to be a brother. Two mothers and their babies were also recruited as confederates in the study and was the male's sister. As such, Guéguen (2014) set up two conditions, a parental investment condition and a control condition. In the experimental condition, the male waited for a young female to sit down near the pavement area, and not long after the male would sit down near her. Then, a minute later the mother and her baby would stroll past and notice her brother and greet him. Then the male confederate would greet his sister and also kiss the baby and interact with them. However, in the control condition, the male confederate was instructed to say hello to the baby but nothing else. After their two-minute conversation the mother and her baby departed, and the male then asked the young female for a date, by approaching her and saying that he caught her attention earlier. Guéguen (2014) found that the young females were three times more likely to accept the invitation if the male had interacted positively with the baby. In favour of parental investment theory, this shows that males' willingness to invest in looking after a child is an important factor in how a female judges the attractiveness of a potential mate. Similarly, Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug (2006) conducted two separate experiments that tested male and female’s attractiveness to an opposite sex and their interaction with a baby. In the first experiment, males and females viewed a picture of either the opposite sex interacting with the baby or ignoring the baby in distress. What they found was that females rated the male's attractiveness lower (in relation to a long-term partner) when the participants had viewed the picture of the man ignoring the baby. They also found was that males were affected by this, whereby when they saw the picture of the female ignoring a baby in distress they rated their attractiveness as a long-term partner as more negative as well. This study demonstrates that males are also sensitive to the behaviour of the females and how they treat children, as males need a caring partner to nurture their offspring. In Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson and Zeug's (2006) second study, males and females either looked at pictures of an opposite sex interacting with a baby, ignoring a baby or doing domestic chores. Interestingly, females rated males at the same level of attractiveness when they interacted with a baby and did domestic chores, in this case vacuuming. They suggest that this is because vacuuming could be seen by females as a behaviour that helps the mother out with children (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug,2006). Additionally, they did not find a negative impact on males attraction ratings of females who ignored a baby in this condition. [[File:Luis! (15662654966).jpg|thumb|''Figure 7.'' In a long-term relationship both genders seek a partner who is caring]] === Personality traits === Certain characteristics are also desired in others, but this depends again on gender and if the person is seeking a long-term or short-term relationship. Miner and Shackelford (2010) examined a numerous amount of studies that have tested what males and females desire in long- and short-term partners. In particular, they found that males and females both want a partner who is caring, for example in Figure 7, and intelligent as long-term partners. And in the short-term they found that both males and females prefer a physically attractive partner, perhaps because the female does not have to rely on the male to stay and look after the child, and so would rather choose desirable genes than a male's investment in child-rearing (Bleske-Rechek, Remiker, Swanson & Zeug, 2006). === Short-term and long-term relationships === Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) conducted multiple experiments on the effects of parental investment on partners{{gr}} creativity. Ninety one undergraduate participants were recruited and wrote a story about an ambiguous image for baseline purposes. The participants were then split into two groups. The experimental group was given a mating cue (viewing six attractive photos of opposite sexes) and were then told to write two stories on different ambiguous images. In the control condition there was no mating cue. In this experiment, they found that the mating cue only worked for male participants, as they were more creative after viewing pictures of attractive females. Griskevicius, Cialdini and Kenrick (2006) also discussed the difference between short- and long-term relationships, suggesting that females contribute more to short-term relationships whereas males contribute far less, however in a long-term relationship males and females are both likely to invest just as much as each other in the offspring. To test this, they conducted a second experiment where participants in the mating cue condition now imagined either a short-term mating scenario or a long-term mating scenario. These scenarios can be found in Table 3. They also found no difference in increased creativity for females, however, they did find increased creativity for males both in the short-term scenario and the long-term scenario. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 3. {{inline comment|Add table caption here}} ! colspan="2" |Short-term and long-term mating scenarios (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006) |- |Short-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine themselves on their last day of vacation on an exotic island where they meet an attractive mate, spend the afternoon with them and have a romantic dinner with them just before they had to go home |- |Long-term mating scenario |Participants had to imagine meeting a desirable partner at university, whereby they imagined spending the afternoon with them, having a romantic dinner, and kissing them good night |} In a third study, a long-term committed scenario was added, whereby males and females now both increased creativity in these conditions. According to parental investment theory, this would be because both genders are now providing equal care to the offspring, and so are both putting in effort of creativity (or courtship) for the other gender (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Kenrick, 2006). ==Conclusion== Parental investment theory provides an evolutionary perspective into the motives behind why people seek romantic and sexual attraction in a potential partner. In particular, it shows that there is a distinct gender difference between our reasons for engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship. For example, research often finds that males rate their female partners as more attractive and seek young females to continue on their genes. Parental investment theory explains that young females are a good indicator for a male that she is fertile. Females on the other hand, very much rely on the social behaviours of males as indicators that they are good-natured and are willing to care for a child, and so find these behaviours attractive in a male. Parental investment theory also explains why females seem to be choosier in who they date compared to males. For example, blind date studies in newspaper columns show that females often rated their experience as less enjoyable than the males. This gender difference is explained by the parental investment theory due to the amount of investment each gender needs to give for their offspring. For example, the females have the baby in the womb and nurture it through infancy and so do not have the energy to breed with lots of males, therefore choosing the right male is vital. However, males are not as choosy, and rather rely on the physical attractiveness of the females, and compete for fertile females if not many are available. However, these gender differences seem to be more important in long-term relationships rather than short-term relationships, as some studies find that the gender difference disappears if males and females are just looking for a short-term relationship. For example, females and males find physical attraction equally important in short-term relationships. Although parental investment theory has been used in research to understand the gender differences in how each sex is attracted to a mate, there are also questions that have not been answered. Such as, why do females and males develop certain attraction "types" that they desire which do not fit the traditional sex preferences seen in the parental investment theory. Additionally, it does not explain why we are attracted to genetically similar others or same-sex attraction. Even so, parental investment theory is just one perspective, an evolutionary perspective, about why we are motivated to find romantic and sexual attraction in others. Therefore, males and females differ and tend to be romantically and sexually attracted to someone depending on their parental investment need. ==See also== *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Infidelity|Infidelity]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Love and lust|Love and lust]] (Book chapter, 2015) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Motivation and relationships|Motivation and relationships]] (Book chapter, 2013) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender|Online dating motivation and gender]] (Book chapter, 2017) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sexual motivation|Sexual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Unconscious sources of attraction|Unconscious sources of attraction]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Bleske-Rechek, A., Remiker, M., Swanson, M., & Zeug, N. (2006). Women More than Men Attend to Indicators of Good Character: Two Experimental Demonstrations. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 4'', 147470490600400. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400121 Castro, F., Hattori, W., & de Araújo Lopes, F. (2012). Relationship maintenance or preference satisfaction? Male and female strategies in romantic partner choice. ''Journal Of Social, Evolutionary, And Cultural Psychology, 6'', 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099213 Fisher, H., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. ''Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 31'', 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019888024255 Frisby, B., Dillow, M., Gaughan, S., & Nordlund, J. (2010). Flirtatious Communication: An Experimental Examination of Perceptions of Social-Sexual Communication Motivated by Evolutionary Forces. ''Sex Roles, 64'', 682-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9864-5 Grigorovici, I. (2018). Sexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective. Romanian Journal Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Hypnosis, 5(1-2), 1-6. Griskevicius, V., Cialdini, R., & Kenrick, D. (2006). Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 91'', 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.63 Guéguen, N. (2014). Cues of Men's Parental Investment and Attractiveness for Women: A Field Experiment. ''Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 24'', 296-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.820160 Hosken, D., & House, C. (2011). Sexual selection. ''Current Biology, 21'', R62-R65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053 Kelley, J., & Malouf, R. (2013). Blind Dates and Mate Preferences: An Analysis of Newspaper Matchmaking Columns. ''Evolutionary Psychology, 11'', 147470491301100. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100101 Kenrick, D., Sadalla, E., Groth, G., & Trost, M. (1990). Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model. ''Journal Of Personality, 58'', 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x Lund, E., Thomas, K., Sias, C., & Bradley, A. (2016). Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors. ''Journal Of LGBT Issues In Counseling, 10'', 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 Meltzer, A., McNulty, J., Jackson, G., & Karney, B. (2014). Men still value physical attractiveness in a long-term mate more than women: Rejoinder to Eastwick, Neff, Finkel, Luchies, and Hunt (2014). ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 106'', 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035342 Miner, E. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (2010). Mate attraction, retention and expulsion. Psicothema, 22(1), 9-14. Trivers, R. (2002). Natural selection and social theory (pp. 65-103). Oxford: Oxford University Press. }} ==External links== *[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/parental-investment Parental Investment] (ScienceDirect) [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2018]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Evolution]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] nk3s0m2esrkf8vlbtxas63qkqisx5kv 0 245683 2412759 2408468 2022-08-09T04:02:16Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:M31 Core in X-rays.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image captures the core of Messier 31 (M31) in X-rays using the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Credit: S. Murray, M. Garcia, et al., Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (USRA) NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''[[Radiation astronomy/Galaxies|Galaxies]]''' is a lecture studying a specific type of radiated astronomical objects. It is also a mini-lecture for a quiz section as part of the [[Radiation/Astronomy|radiation astronomy]] course on the [[principles of radiation astronomy]]. You are free to take this quiz based on [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxies|galaxies]] at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxies/Quiz#See also|'''See also''']], [[Radiation astronomy/Galaxies/Quiz#External links|'''External links''']], and in the {{tlx|radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %. As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score. '''Suggestion:''' Have the lecture available in a separate window. To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association. Enjoy learning by doing! {{clear}} ==Quiz== <quiz> {The galaxies may have which types of rotational symmetry? |type="[]"} + one-fold - ⊙ + two-fold - ⊖ + three-fold - ▲ + four-fold - ◈ + five-fold - ✪ + six-fold - ✱ {A cosmic ray may originate from what astronomical source? |type="[]"} - Jupiter + the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus {Yes or No, Any small luminous green dot appearing in the cloudless portion of the night sky, especially with a fixed location relative to other such dots is most likely to be an active galactic nucleus. |type="()"} - Yes + No {The use of the principle of line of sight allows what phenomenon to be determined? |type="()"} + the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun - the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus - any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky - the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy - the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars - lightning always precedes rain {True or False, As a galaxy is made up of millions or billions of stars, a solitary star does not exist in a galaxy. |type="()"} - TRUE + FALSE {Spiral galaxies have which of the following in common? |type="[]"} + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape - may appear lenticular - is irregular + arms of younger stars + may contain star clusters + dust lanes {Phenomena associated with the Milky Way are? |type="[]"} + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape + a standard to differentiate dwarf galaxies + often referred to as the Galaxy + arms of younger stars + contains star clusters + dust lanes + extended red emission (ERE) + a faint galaxy heavy with dark matter may orbit it - larger than the Andromeda galaxy {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Einstein ring - A stellar nebula - B Andromeda galaxy - C Triplet galaxies interacting - D Hubble galaxies - E Dark matter halo simulation - F Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H [[Image:Andromeda's Colorful Rings.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Galax.png|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble.JPG|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:SWIFT J0123.9-5846 Hard X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:Dark matter halo.png|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:AmCyc Nebula - Stellar Nebula.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:Dorian Gray.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:Cosmic Interactions.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Sa - A Sb - B Sc - C SBa - D SBb - E SBc - F Irr - G S0 - H [[Image:M101 hires STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Ngc5866 hst big.png|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:M104 - Sombrero.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Starburst in NGC 4449 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:Caldwell 44.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:NGC2841.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:The VLT goes lion hunting.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:NGC 2859.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: E0 - A E1 - B E2 - C E3 - D E4 - E E5 - F E6 - G E7 - H [[Image:Maf1atlas.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. [[Image:M32 Lanoue.png|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Messier 105 2MASS.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:Ngc185 rgb combined.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:2MASS NGC 4125 JHK.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:NGC 1427 Hubble WikiSky.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:M105 (37482401952).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:Coma Cluster of Galaxies (visible, wide field).jpg|thumb|left|100px|at left]] { E (i) }. {{clear}} </quiz> ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Galaxies are primarily a product of the galactic magnetic field. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Astrophysics/Quiz]] * [[Radiation chemistry/Quiz|Radiation astrochemistry/Quiz]] * [[Radiation geography/Quiz|Radiation astrogeography/Quiz]] * [[Radiation history/Quiz|Radiation astrohistory/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|Galaxies}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy quizzes]] [[Category:Stars quizzes]] 6ay0mqpm0z1muih2jwlvzywgbgjf0o0 0 250118 2412665 2146674 2022-08-08T17:38:54Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:SDSS Mrk 421.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sloan Digital Sky Survey image is of blazar Markarian 421, illustrating the bright nucleus and elliptical host galaxy. Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''[[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies|High-velocity galaxy radiation astronomy]]''' is a lecture as part of the [[Portal:Radiation astronomy|radiation astronomy]] course on the [[principles of radiation astronomy]]. You are free to take this quiz based on [[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies|high-velocity galaxy radiation astronomy]] at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under [[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies/Quiz#See also|'''See also''']], [[Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies/Quiz#External links|'''External links''']], and in the {{tlx|principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %. As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score. '''Suggestion:''' Have the lecture available in a separate window. To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association. Enjoy learning by doing! {{clear}} ==Quiz== <quiz> {A cosmic ray may originate from what astronomical source? |type="()"} - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }. {What may be the first astronomical cosmic-ray source? |type="()"} - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus {Which of the following is associated with the diffuse X-ray background? |type="[]"} - the Sun + rather consistently observed over a wide range of energies - an Aitoff-Hammer equal-area map in galactic coordinates + an isotropic X-ray background flux was obtained in 1956 + an early high-energy end was obtained by instruments on board Ranger 3 + super soft X-rays are absorbed by galactic neutral hydrogen {Which of the following is associated with the Sun as a possible first X-ray source? |type="[]"} + lofting an X-ray detector with a V-2 rocket from White Sands Proving Grounds on August 5, 1948 + in the late 1930s, "the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun ... was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species" - early theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona - “extensive 1/4 keV emission in the Galactic halo” - its overall redness has decreased - ionizing radiation that may originate deep within the Sun does not reach the bottom of a sunspot {Complete the text: |type="{}"} A well-known black hole (or black hole candidate) and galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus is { Cygnus X-1 | Cyg X-1 (i) }. {Ionization within the Earth's atmosphere from cosmic rays has what property? |type="()"} - it's subject to solar eclipses - it increases underwater - cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere - is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top - is obscured by hot-air balloons + the ionization rate rises at rising elevation {Yes or No, An intergalactic medium is a medium in between interplanetary and interstellar media. |type="()"} - Yes + No {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Intracluster medium - A Mayall's object - B M82 PAHs - C Milky Way bubbles - D Local Hot Bubble - E Stephan's Quintet - F UGC 8335 - G Arp 272 - H [[Image:Hubble Interacting Galaxy UGC 8335 (2008-04-24).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) } [[Image:Outflow from M82 galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Stephan's Quintet with annotation.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:Local_bubble.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:800 nasa structure renderin2.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. [[Image:A2199 Xray Optical2.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 6050 (2008-04-24).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:Hubble Interacting Galaxy Arp 148 (2008-04-24).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. {{clear}} {True or False, An intergalactic medium is a rarefied plasma rather than a gaseous medium. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: synchrotron X-rays - A power law - B inverse Compton - C thermal Bremsstrahlung - D black body - E cyclotron - F Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients { D (i) } Galactic diffuse emission { B (i) }. Crab nebula { A (i) }. continuum { C|D|E|A (i) }. accretion disk { E (i) }. strongly magnetized neutron stars { F (i) }. {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below: interior models of the giant planets - A high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B hierarchical accumulation - C clouds and globular clusters - D cosmic helium abundance - E deuterium fusion - F a large deficiency of light elements - G after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H the motions of hydrogen { D (i) } formation of luminous quasars { H (i) }. stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass { G (i) }. rotating liquid drops { B|F (i) }. primordial is less than 26 per cent { E (i) }. a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas { A (i) }. around 13 Jupiter masses { F (i) }. smaller rocky objects { C (i) }. {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Discussion of the alternative hypothesis of cloud ejection from the equatorial layer of the Galaxy leads to the conclusion that the { gaseous (i) } halo must be highly { turbulent (i) } and that the coronal clouds are probably { H I|HI (i) } regions. {True or False, 3C 295 is a galaxy cluster filled with a vast cloud of 50 MK gas and plasma. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Yes or No, Active galactic nuclei do not occur in spiral galaxies generally. |type="()"} - Yes + No {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the standard candle with a representative image: Tully-Fisher relation - A surface brightness fluctuations - B absolute magnitude - C globular clusters - D active galactic nuclei - E Type Ia supernova - F classical Cepheid variable - G novae - H planetary nebula - I [[Image:65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) } [[Image:Maximum magnitude-rate of decline for novae.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:B-, R-, I-, and H-band Tully-Fisher relations.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Blackbody spectral density.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:SN2005ke labels.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:A further away schematic galaxy.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:1-agnsasanewst.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:Planetary nebulae H-R.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { I (i) } [[Image:Luminosity function for globular clusters.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the radiation object with the likely source: [[Image:Crmo volcanic bomb 20070516123632.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - L [[Image:Circinus X-1.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - M [[Image:Moon egret.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - N [[Image:Neusun1 superk1.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - O [[Image:Earth in ultraviolet from the Moon (S72-40821).jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - P [[Image:PIA00072.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - Q [[Image:Io Color Eclipse Movie - PIA03450.gif|thumb|left|100px]] - R [[Image:NGC 7048.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - S [[Image:HST NGC 5728 -O III- emission-line image.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] - T a Craters of the Moon volcano { L (i) }. violet image of Venus { Q (i) }. active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728 { T (i) }. cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface { N (i) }. blue lights from Io { R (i) }. neutrino profile of the solar octant { O (i) }. planetary nebula NGC 7048 { S (i) }. ultraviolet image of the Earth { P (i) }. a neutron star in a binary system { M (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }. {Which of the following are associated with red clump stars as a standard candle? |type="[]"} + many examples within reach of parallax measurements - internal extinction - star forming regions + sufficiently bright + local group galaxies - almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Einstein ring - A stellar nebula - B Andromeda galaxy - C Triplet galaxies interacting - D Hubble galaxies - E Dark matter halo simulation - F Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H [[Image:Andromeda's Colorful Rings.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Galax.png|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble.JPG|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:SWIFT J0123.9-5846 Hard X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:Dark matter halo.png|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:AmCyc Nebula - Stellar Nebula.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:Dorian Gray.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:Cosmic Interactions.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. {{clear}} {Phenomena associated with the Milky Way are? |type="[]"} + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape + a standard to differentiate dwarf galaxies + often referred to as the Galaxy + arms of younger stars + contains star clusters + dust lanes + extended red emission (ERE) + a faint galaxy heavy with dark matter may orbit it - larger than the Andromeda galaxy </quiz> ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # High-velocity galaxies leave a trail that can be detected. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=12em}} * [[Beta-particles astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Electron astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Meson astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Muon astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Neutrino astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Neutron astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Positron astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Proton astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Subatomics/Quiz|Subatomic astronomy/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|High-velocity galaxies}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation quizzes]] h4lexr4sgwin9v5t0cv6s9s2lpf0bk2 3 250786 2412681 2410828 2022-08-08T19:50:00Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2022-32 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == First Message Posting == Update Talk on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 21:04, 29 June 2019 (UTC) == Update Sandbox User == == Posting to sandbox == Update Sandbox on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin/sandbox]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]])[[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> 22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> 15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> 20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> 20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> 22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> 20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> 22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> 22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> qz3f642t2ojysveaq1kuwwv8m2indb4 2 257428 2412674 2412306 2022-08-08T19:19:09Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} = Salem Accord = {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == ghtbarn78ivvxr9y0z21op7m377jr3m 2412675 2412674 2022-08-08T19:20:36Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 111px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} = Salem Accord = {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 7lxn7x2v9hsch4mkhcnywig7ianm3m9 0 260886 2412690 2412412 2022-08-08T22:39:43Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Gardeners */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897= ==Logistics== 1897 July 2, Friday, one of the major social events of the "season" of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee The invitations were for 10:30 p.m., but people began to arrive about 10:00, and the Duke of Devonshire came down to greet the Prince and Princess of Wales at 11:00 p.m. The invitations asked people to dress as monarchs and their courts from the past or as goddesses or figures from antiquity. Weather: According to the ''Times'', it was 63 degrees at midnight in London, just as the ball was getting underway, with a dew point of 58, which means that it would not have been as oppressive in all those leather, velvet and satin costumes as well as metal armor as it could have been.<ref>"Weather, The." The London ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 10 [of 20], Col. 1A. The ''Times Digital Archive''. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.</ref> Location: The party was at Devonshire House, in Picadilly, hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Louisa Cavendish]], the Duchess, and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Compton Cavendish]], the 8th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]]. ==Who Was There We Might Recognize Now== The people who attended this party belonged to the most elite circles of society and were in the social networks of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Louise Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. The people in these networks were not the same as the people in, for example, Queen Victoria's networks. The social network of the Prince of Wales did not exclude people who were divorced, involved in extra-marital relationships, or associated with scandal or gossip. It also included Jews, Americans, businessmen and the ''nouveau riche'', and actors and actresses, even if they were not particularly wealthy, so long as they were beautiful, witty and able to keep the prince amused. In their day, they were celebrities, the subjects of newspaper reports and were considered stylish, "fast," and social leaders. Many of these people would not be familiar now to many of us. The ones that we might find familiar include the following: * [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] later King Edward VII, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], later Queen Alexandra. * [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|George of Wales]], Duke of York and Duchess of York, Princess (Victoria Mary) May or [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary of Teck]], later King George V and Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth II's grandparents. (For fans of the tv series ''[[wikipedia:The_Crown_(TV_series)|The Crown]]'', the role of Queen Mary was played by [[wikipedia:Eileen_Atkins|Eileen Atkins]].) * Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of[[Social Victorians/People/Derby | Derby]], who commissioned the first Stanley Cup and presented it to Canda.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-12|title=Stanley Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup&oldid=972518864|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The entire Stanley family were engaged with hockey when Frederick Arthur Stanley was Governor General of Canada (1888 to 1893).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-27|title=Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby&oldid=975203053|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Lady Frances, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]], called Daisy, the person for whom the song "Bicycle Built for Two" was written. *Oscar Wilde dedicated ''A Woman of No Importance'' to Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lady de Grey]]. * [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Winston Churchill]], who was at the ball by virtue of his mother's popularity in these social networks; he was 24 in 1897 and so little known that only the ''Gentlewoman'' reported his attendance. * A number of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschilds]] were present: Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended. *Prince Charles (or Carl) of Denmark was married to Princess Maud of Norway, the daughter of the Albert Edward, Prince and Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. He became King Haakon VII of Norway, and Princess Maud of Wales Queen of Norway. The role of the old King Haakon VII in the tv series ''[[wikipedia:Atlantic_Crossing_(TV_series)|Atlantic Crossing]]'' was played by [[wikipedia:Søren_Pilmark|Søren Pilmark]]. *Some people will recognize the name Joe Cresswell, known for being the commanding officer for a destroyer that captured an intact Enigma machine; his father, [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Baker-Cresswell]], was at the ball. * [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|William St. John Freemantle Brodrick, later Viscount Midleton]], related by marriage to Agatha Whitehead von Trapp,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-18|title=Robert Whitehead|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whitehead&oldid=973672889|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> first wife of Georg von Trapp and thus the mother of the 7 children in the von Trapp singers. (Agatha Whitehead von Trapp died of scarlet fever in 1922, and Georg von Trapp remarried in 1927 Maria August Kutschera, former novice of Nonnberg Abbey.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-05|title=Georg von Trapp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Trapp&oldid=976801201|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>) Some controversy exists about the accuracy of this genealogy. * While few of us would recognize the name [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]], we might recognize the bank he founded: Deutsche Bank. * [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] was a Life Governor of De Beers and friend of Cecil Rhodes. *[[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Michael Arthur Bass]], 1st Baron Burton of Burton-on-Trent and of Rangemore and Chairman of Bass Brewery, which was founded in 1777 by Michael Arthur Bass's ancestor William Bass. According to the ''Wikipedia'' article on the Bass Brewery, by 1887 Bass was the largest brewery in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-03-19|title=Bass Brewery|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass_Brewery&oldid=1012919731|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *[[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Edward Cecil Guinness]], 1st Earl of Iveagh and Chairman of Guiness Brewery, which was founded in 1759 by Edward Guiness's ancestor Arthur Guiness. ==Descriptions and Contextualizing Information== The attendees were presented to the royals in [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts |Quadrilles and the Courts]] of Female Monarchs, goddesses, and so on. ===Staff at the Ball=== A number of people were present not as people invited to the ball but as staff. Not all the Royals at the ball are described in the newspapers as having been accompanied by attendants — the courtiers who usually attended them — but it seems likely that they all would have been. Some of these attendants are described in the newspapers, perhaps those who were invited in their own right. Some, like [[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|the photographer Lafayette]] and the people who worked at that firm or the musicians, for example, served as staff of the party itself. Some were staff and servants working in Devonshire House or for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at one of his other properties. These people would have helped prepare for the ball, would have served dinner and cleaned up after people, or would have been responsible for the flowers and decorations, like the gardening staff at the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]]'s manorial estate, Chatsworth House, who brought flowers from there for decorations at the ball. ==== Gardeners ==== The gardens at Chatsworth House provided the greens and flowers for the ball. According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>Flowers arrived early on the day of the party, and by the afternoon each room was a mass of orchids and exotic plants from Paxton's great conservatory at Chatsworth. The large marble tazza in the hall was filled with water lilies, and there was even a Night Flowering cactus, a tropical plant whose flowers bloom at night and last a few hours before dying by morning. ... On each table [in the supper marquee] were palm fronds after the fashion set by the Savoy Hotel the previous year, and hidden in these fronds and the flower arrangements around the marquee were tiny electric lights which gave a glittering, fairy-like appearance to the room. This was a novelty in 1897, and the Duchess was taking a risk, as in these early days of electricity, hostesses who chose this form of lighting were apt to find their parties plunged into darkness without warning. Fortunately, at this even all was well.<ref name=":182">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref>(137)</blockquote>According to the ''Belfast News-letter'', <blockquote>The elaborate floral decorations were all carried out under the direction of Mr. Chester, the head gardener of Chatsworth, and the whole of the lovely flowers and palms were sent up from the conservatories and gardens on the estate.<ref name=":10">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}</blockquote> Describing a later social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, the ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898, about half a year later: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place [in Eastbourne], including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> Staff who were named as '''present at the 1897 ball''' included * Mr. J. P. Cockerell, agent for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. W. S. Lawrence, house steward for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. May, gardener for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire ==== Serving Staff ==== It seems that the staff of Devonshire House was in costume. For example, after people were welcomed by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, "Masters of the Ceremonies in '''Louise Seize''' military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms."<ref name=":7">“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}} The article in the ''Gentlewoman'' says something very similar, although not identical: the Duchess of Devonshire's "Masters of the Ceremonies were in Louis Seize military uniforms, and they ushered the guests through into the inner rooms, with the exception of the Oriental queens, who, with their suites, assembled in the white and gold saloon, which was brilliantly lit by hundreds of wax '''Candles''', as were, indeed, all the rooms."<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}} The people serving dinner were in costume, as the ''Westminster Gazette'' reported in its article on the ball: "The waiters moving about among the supper-folk were dressed as our great-grandfathers in the time of Pitt were dressed — the hair bunched in a black bag, black courtiers' coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and buckle shoes."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}} According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'', some of the staff who worked the ball were hired from the "outside," and some were already staff at Devonshire House.<blockquote>Then there was the mammoth task of organising costumes for the staff, as the Duchess had decided that they should all be in fancy dress. Those hired from outside were to wear Elizabethan and Egyptian costumes from a theatrical outfitter and, for the Devonshire House staff, the men were to be dressed in the blue and buff Devonshire livery of the eighteenth century and the maids in Elizabethan sprigged frocks.<ref name=":18">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref>{{rp|137}}</blockquote>Lady Violet Greville, who wrote the article on the ball in the ''Graphic'', says, "even the servants, in their own quaint and barbaric Eastern dress, carried out the illusion of antiquity to their knee breeches and white wigs."<ref>Greville, Violet, Lady. "Devonshire House Ball." ''The Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.</ref>{{rp|p. 15, Col. 1b}} No evidence exists that Lady Greville was present at the ball, although her son and daughter in law were there. ====Artists Associated with this Event==== '''''Photographers''''' [[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|James Stack Lauder]], known as Lafayette because that was the name of his firm, was invited by the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]] to set up a temporary studio in the garden and take portrait photographs of the guests in their costumes at the ball. While Lafayette is in many ways the most important photographer documenting the costumes for this event because he was present at the ball, with the imprimatur of the Duke of Devonshire, other photographers also took part in documenting this event. We see their work in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]] made of ones taken a week later by Lafayette as well as ones made by other photographers were collected as a hostess gift for the Duchess and given to her in 1899. A copy of this album is in the National Portrait Gallery and has been digitized.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515</ref> '''''Painters''''' The "fashionable miniaturist" Amelie Küssner painted the Prince of Wales in his costume.<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' Monday 27 December 1897: 3 [of 6], Col. 2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18971227/006/0003.</ref> According to the ''Western Daily Press'', H. A. Stock, a "much-admired" west-of-England painter, "represented one or two of the personages taking part in the Devonshire House fancy dress ball."<ref>"The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours. West of England Artists." ''Western Daily Press'' Monday 20 March 1899: 3 [of 8], Col. 8B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18990320/012/0003.</ref> At the 32nd Exhibition of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours that opened 12 March 1898, Mr. Stocks exhibited a "portrait of a well-known society lady in the costume she wore at the Devonshire House fancy dress ball."<ref>"From Our London Correspondent. By Special Wire." ''Dundee Advertiser'' 11 March 1898, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> At least one of the portraits in the ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album is a painting rather than a photograph. '''''Sculptors''''' The Marchioness of Granby, who at this time was [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners]], commissioned a bust by George Frampton.<ref>''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> ====Musicians==== At least two ensembles were present and providing music, Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band and, early the next morning, the White Hungarian Band. One was called an orchestra and the other a band: according to the ''Guernsey Star'', "The orchestra was placed in close proximity to the ballroom, and another band played a programme in the garden."<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." ''The Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref>{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2c}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says that the Blue Hungarian Band was near the saloon where the guests at the ball presented themselves to the Royals: <blockquote> About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of "God Save the Queen," and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}} </blockquote> The Blue Hungarian Band advertised in the ''Morning Post'': <blockquote> Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band. Cymbalos, Berkes Geza and Miska. has arrived in town for the Season. — Engagements for balls, receptions, &c., to be made to 163A, New Bond-street, W. This band was specially engaged for the Duchess of Devonshire's ball on Friday last.<ref>[Advertisement]. ''Morning Post'' Wednesday 7 July 1897: 6 [of 12], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' <nowiki>http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/002/0006</nowiki>.</ref> </blockquote> According to a letter to the editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' by "One Who Was There," the White Hungarian Band was present at the very end.<ref>One Who Was There. "Devonshire House: A Retrospect." Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.</ref> Describing something that seems to be quite different, the ''Westminster Gazette'' says, "A mandoline band under the sycamore trees killed time."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}} ==== Costumiers, Perruquiers, and Jewelers ==== Not present at the ball but certainly very involved in it were the people who made the clothing, hats, wigs, jewelry, and so forth. Besides people who made the costumes (costumiers, dressmakers, and modistes) and wigs (perruquiers), embroiderers, jewelers and shoemakers are occasionally mentioned although almost never named in the newspaper accounts. General, contextualizing descriptions of the costumes can be found in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#General Discussions of the Costumes|Anthology]]. '''''Costumiers for Theatres and Operas''''' * M. Comelli, designer and costumier at Covent Garden, designed the costumes that were constructed by Mr. Alias of Soho Square.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. Karl, artist, designed the costumes made by Messrs. L. and H. Nathan of Coventry-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} <ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 5b}} * Messrs. John Simmons and Sons, Coventry House, Haymarket<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Simmons, 7 and 8, King Street, Covent Garden<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mme. Auguste, of Wellington-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Harrison's, Ltd., 31, Bow-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. W. Clarkson, 44, Wellington Street (costumes and wigs)<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mme. or Miss Mary E. Fisher, 26, Bedford-street, Covent-garden<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cVQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PR2&dq=Mr.+May,+Garrick-street,+Covent-garden&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=The Play-pictorial|date=1908|publisher=Greening & Company, Limited|language=en}} P. ADVT ii. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQZAAAAYAAJ.</ref> <ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. May, Garrick-street, 9 & 11 Garrick Street, Covent-garden<ref name=":9" /> * "and many others"<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} '''''Fashion Houses and Modistes''''' Among those who helped construct the costumes and wigs include the following: * Mme Durrant made the dress for [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Theresa, Marchioness of Londonderry|Theresa, Marchioness of Londonderry]], who was dressed as Empress Marie-Thérèse.<ref>"Lines for the Ladies." ''Daily Gazette for Middlesbrough'' Thursday 16 June 1898: 4 [of 4], Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000159/18980616/060/0004.</ref> The dress and fabrics for the Marchioness of Londonderry as well as her quadrille, were made in Britain or Ireland.<ref name=":02">"This Morning’s News." London ''Daily News'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970706/038/0007.</ref> * The French "tailoring workshop"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashion.mam-e.it/morin-blossier/|title=Morin-Blossier -|date=2016-02-05|language=it-IT|access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> of Morin-Blossier made the dress worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Princess Maud of Wales]] (Princess Charles of Denmark).<ref name=":43">Harris, Russell. "Prince and Princess Carl of Denmark, later King Haakon VII (1872-1957) and Queen Maud of Norway (1869-1938), and Princess Victoria of Wales (1868-1935), as a 16th century Danish courtier, and Ladies-in-Waiting at to Marguerite de Valois." "List of Sitters." ''In Calm Prose''. 2011 http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/denmark.html.</ref> * The House of Worth * Doucet * Madame Frederic, of Lower Grosvenor Place * M. or Mrs. Mason, of New Burlington Street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * '''Mr. Caryl Craven<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}}''' * M. Machinka, Conduit-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Paquin, of Dover-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Jays, Ltd., Regent-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} The ''Gentlewoman'' covered this topic explicitly: <blockquote> Very great credit is due to the taste and artistic powers of the designers of these dresses, and particular mention must be made of M. Comelli, of Covent Garden Theatre, whose facile pen designed most of the superb toilettes so ably carried out by Messrs. Alias, of Soho-square. Other theatrical costumiers who brought all their special talents to bear on the historical and fancy costumes required for this function were Messrs. Nathan (artist, Mr. Karl), of Coventry-street; Messrs. John Simmons & Sons, Haymarket; Mme. Auguste, of Wellington-street; Harrison's, Ltd., 31, Bow-street; Simmons, 7 and 8, King-street; Mr. Clarkson, 44, Wellington-street; Mme. Fisher, 26, Bedford-street; and many others. A great number of well-known modistes in London were also called upon to supply dresses. Amongst these we chronicle M. Mason, New Burlington-street; M. Machinka, Conduit-street; Paquin, of Dover-street; Jays, Ltd., Regent-street; Messrs. Durrant, 116, Bond-street (who made Lady Londonderry's magnificent gown), and numerous others.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} </blockquote> The London ''Evening Standard'' cites the sources of its information about the costumes: <blockquote> We are indebted for some of the particulars of the dresses to Mr. Charles Alias, Soho-square; Messrs. L. and H. Nathan, Coventry-street, Haymarket; Messrs. John Simmons and Son, Coventry House, Haymarket; Mr. May, Garrick-street, Covent-garden; Miss Mary E. Fisher, 26 Bedford-street, Covent-garden; and the ''Lady'' newspaper.<ref name=":8">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 5b}}</blockquote> The ''Morning Post'' also addressed the costumiers. It named Mr. Alias in association with the royals, as well as mentioning several other costumiers by name: <blockquote> The costumes worn by the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and the Duchess of Connaught, as well as many others were supplied by Mr. Alias, of Soho-square. Those worn by the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, the Duke of Manchester, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and others were made by Mr. W. Clarkson, of Wellington-street, who also supplied the wigs and headdresses for the Royal Family. Messrs. Simmons and Sons, of the Haymarket, made a large number of costumes, including those of the Duke of Somerset, the Marquis of Winchester, Earls Beauchamp, Carrington, Ellesmere, and Essex. Nathan, of Coventry-street, and Simmons, of King-street, Covent-garden; Madame Frederic, of Lower Grosvenor-place, and Mrs. Mason, of New Burlington-street, also made some of the principal costumes.<ref name=":0">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} </blockquote> On 3 July 1897, the day after the ball, the ''Belfast News-letter'' says, <blockquote>For weeks past all the leading London dressmakers and costumiers had been hard at work executing the orders for this great ball. At Alias Nathan's, Clarkson's, Auguste's, and Simmons' all hands set to with a will, and it is gratifying to know that the dresses entrusted to them more than held their own with those sent over from Paris.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}</blockquote> According to the ''Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald'', citing the ''Daily Mail'', <blockquote> Lady de Grey is going as Zenobia, and is getting her dress from Doucet, I hear, while Worth also is making a great many costumes; but the greatest number are being made in England. The Duchess of Portland, the Duchess of Hamilton, Lady Mar and Kellie, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] are all going to the costumier in Soho-square, and Alias has also been summoned to Marlborough House for a consultation. Mr. Caryl Craven, who is so clever in such matters, is helping the Duchess of Leeds with her dress; in fact, everyone seems pressed into the service, and the result will be one of the most brilliant sights that ever was seen.<ref>“Derbyshire Sayings and Doings.” ''Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald'' 12 June 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000228/18970612/018/0005.</ref> </blockquote> Which costumier was this? "A well-known West End dressmaker booked for the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy dress ball orders representing £27000."<ref>"London Letter." ''Western Daily Press'' 15 July 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 8], Col. 7c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18970715/146/0008.</ref> '''''Perruquiers''''' Mr. W. Clarkson "supplied the wigs and headdresses for the Royal Family."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} <blockquote> At the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, on the 2d inst., the Prince of Wales looked as if he had stepped out of a masterpiece by one of the old painters. His wig, which completed a correct make-up as Knight of Malta, was specially made and fitted by that favoured "Royal Perruquier" Mr Willie Clarkson, who also had the honour of making and fitting the wigs worn by Prince Charles of Denmark, the Duke of York, and the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, and of dressing the hair of the Duchess of York and the Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. Mr Clarkson also supplied a number of the costumes, including those worn by the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, Princess Louise, and the Duke of Manchester. It would not be safe to say how many crowned heads have literally "passed through the hands" of Mr Clarkson. The art of the perruquier is a very difficult one, requiring historical knowledge, patient research, and great taste. It is most essential to the success of any theatrical performance or of an historical ball.<ref>“Foreign Plays and Players.” ''The Era'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 15 [of 28], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18970710/032/0015.</ref> </blockquote> Clarkson also provided costumes and wigs for the [[Social Victorians/Royals Amateur Theatricals|amateur theatricals]] that the royals took part in to entertain themselves. '''''Jewelers''''' After naming costumiers, the ''Gentlewoman'' specifically mentions the Parisian Company for its jewelry and Mr. Norman of Bond Street for the shoes he made: <blockquote> Among other firms [than the costumiers] who lent their aid to make the great ball a huge success was the Parisian Company, whose sparkling gems and jewels, and whose ropes of pearls and precious stones, enhanced the charms of many a fair dame in her dainty old-world costume, and the firm of Mr. Norman, 69, New Bond-street, who designed and made the shoes for the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Buccleuch, &c., &c.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3c}} </blockquote> According to the ''Westminster Gazette'', "One very great lady indeed had been lent, by a jeweller, diamonds worth about £13,000."<ref name=":4">“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}} === Journalists and Newspaper Men Present === Several men who owned newspapers were present at the ball, but it seems very unlikely that they were invited because of their associations with journalism unless they were already part of the social network that the list of people who attended the ball can be seen to represent. Also, of course, given the class of people invited to the ball, they were not reporters but proprietors and editors. Still, their newspapers played a very important role in the reportage on the event, which makes them worth identifying separately: * [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]], proprietor of the ''Morning Post'', and son and editor Oliver Borthwick * [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Oppenheim]], one of three proprietors of the ''Daily News'' in July 1897; Oppenheim was apparently the only one of the three present at the ball. * [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|William Gervase Beckett]], proprietor and editor in chief of the ''Saturday Review'' While Borthwick and Oppenheim represented newspapers that gave a great deal of attention to the ball, their presence at the ball does not suggest their newspapers necessarily took it more seriously. The newspapers that had the biggest articles about the ball the day after are the following. The main article about the ball * on 10 July 1897 in the ''Gentlewoman'' is 8,489 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Morning Post'' is 7,719 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Evening Standard'' is 7,048 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Times'' is 5,675 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Daily News'' is 3,676 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the ''Westminster Gazette'' is 2,959 words. The articles in the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Graphic'' (this last one written by Lady Violet Greville), both 10 July 1897, had a very large number of illustrations, which made them longer than the number of words itself would suggest. ===[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |Anthology of Reports]]=== A collection of excerpts of descriptions from the newspaper and magazine reports, called here an [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |anthology]], gives a sense of what people read about the event. Reporting on this event began months before it, as soon I think as rumors that it would take place began to circulate, and continued for many months after; it occasionally shows up in a newspaper report years later. ==People Present== Most social events of this size that included the Prince and Princess of Wales, especially those hosted by them, were reported in the newspapers with a list of people invited, generally in order by rank. Royals, including royals from countries outside the U.K., were listed first, often as special guests. The ranks of the aristocracy followed, with dukes together, marquises, earls, and so on. Sometimes the toponyms were in alphabetical order; occasionally they were just grouped; I never saw a list that followed the orders of precedence beyond the general groupings by title. If members of a family were present and had a title, they were in the lists by their title with their family members listed with them. No newspaper printed a complete list of those invited to this ball, probably because the Duchess of Devonshire did not release such a list to the newspapers. This list, then, is the result of trawling through every contemporary account of the ball. It is possible, perhaps, to confirm the presence of some people, because, for example, they appear in the Album of portraits given as a thank-you gift to the Duchess in 1899. The fact that more than one newspaper mentions someone's presence may mean not confirmation but the fact that one or both of these newspaper were reprinting articles originally published somewhere else. The random quality to the list below, then, arises from the newspapers themselves. Further, the location of the names on the list depends on which newspaper article I was working from at the time. I began with the London ''Morning News'' because of its audience and reputation for gossip and social news for the aristocracy and oligarchy. Almost all other lists of attendees are made up only of what was published in the ''Times'', which is a good list but not the best (because of its repetitions) and nowhere near complete. Husbands and wives are often not listed together in the newspaper reports on the ball, and sometimes, as with the ''Times'', the same people are listed in several places with different titles and honorifics. Also influential in developing the list of attendees and identifying some who were mentioned in newspapers but without enough identifying information was the Album, which included the photographs of some of the attendees in their costumes, a copy of which is in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and another in the British Library. A list of people whom it would seem likely would have been at the ball but are not mentioned in the press are below, in the section [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball#People_Absent|People Absent]]. ===Missing from the List: Indian Dignitaries=== Missing from this list are the dignitaries from India, who were said to have been present. According to the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' dated 2 July 1897, the day of the party, "The Duchess [of Devonshire] has secured the attendance of many of the Indian Rajahs, who have merely to present themselves in the gorgeous dresses with which they have decorated London drawing-rooms during the past fortnight. ... — London Correspondent."<ref>“The Devonshire Ball.” ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 3 [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18970702/017/0003.</ref> In a letter to the Editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' on 6 July 1897, "One Who Was There" is lamenting about how, now that the ball was over, people would not see the beautiful costumes again. Unlike most of the people who attended, however, "The Indian princes were happy in their lot — no hired possessions theirs, but treasure trove, and they could play at dressing up whenever they pleased."<ref>One Who Was There. "Devonshire House: A Retrospect." Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.</ref> Describing wearing Indian late-19th-century native dress as "play[ing] at dressing up" reveals perhaps that part of the attraction of inviting these people, who were likely in London for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, were their colorful and exotic clothing. We know that "the Maharajah of Kapurthala" was present (at 195 in the list below) and at Table 10 in the first supper seating. No other newspapers stories talked about the presence of many Indian Rajahs, but perhaps the reporters didn't see them arrive or depart and didn't know who they were. These dignitaries are likely to have been in London to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee; perhaps their names can be guessed from those named at other events from about this time. [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh]] (at 605) was not a dignitary from India: he was living in London at this time. On [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|6 July 1897, Tuesday]], just 4 days after the fancy-dress ball, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted a garden party that was attended by a number of people from South Asia, who were named in the ''Morning Post'' article about the garden party. Although Duleep Singh himself is not mentioned, his English wife, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, Countess of Selkirk, was present and mentioned just after this:<blockquote>The company arrived in quick succession from four till nearly seven o'clock by the two side entrances to the grounds, as well as the principal entrance in Piccadilly, and the presence of our Indian and Colonial visitors in their picturesque and varied uniforms testified to the far-reaching popularity of the Duke of Devonshire and the hostess. The Maharajah of Kapurthala, the Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee, the Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh, Thakur Hari Singh, Kumar Dhopal Singh, Rajah Khetri Singh, Rajah Agit Singh, Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura, Bijey Singh, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy, and the Maha Mudalayar of Kandy, besides the officers of the Imperial Service Troops and the Officers of the Native Cavalry Corps were present. Among those who attended were: Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike, Senathi Rajah, Deir Senathi Rajah ....<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 07 July 1897 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/069/0007.</ref></blockquote>That is, assuming that those who were in London on 6 July 1897 were also likely in London on 2 July, these visitors from South Asia might have attended the fancy-dress ball as well: * The Maharajah of Kapurthala * The Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee * The Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh * Thakur Hari Singh * Kumar Dhopal Singh * Rajah Khetri Singh * Rajah Agit Singh * Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura * Bijey Singh * Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy * The Maha Mudalayar of Kandy * Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike * Senathi Rajah * Deir Senathi Rajah The list of attendees to this garden party follows the pattern of the typical list for this kind of event that included royals, visiting dignitaries and officials, and aristocracy from other nations. That is, people are listed more or less in rank order and grouped by family, as if the newspaper had received a copy of the invitation list itself. The list of people who attended the fancy-dress ball is not ordered in these ways, as if the newspapers were not given the invitation list. This difference might explain why the ''Morning Post'' knew the names of these dignitaries from South Asia on 7 July but did not on 3 July. === Possible Errors === *Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, but Hon. Mr. and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke are at 325 and 236, respectively. *Mr. S. Cavendish (at 656) may be an error; he may be [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. R. Cavendish]], who is already in the list (at 107) *The National Portrait Gallery letterpress on her portrait says that Lady Helen Stewart is Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] (at 43, right after her mother in this list). Helen Stewart-Murray, daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Duke of Atholl]] (at 657) was probably a misidentification. *Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 718) and Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 719) are difficult to identify given the honorifics. Possibly the J. is a typo for T. in the ''Times'' report? *The [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]] were in a quadrille with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]]: The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]] are at 23, two women. If each woman had one sash, then there were 2 ladies Villiers and 2 ladies Ker. Lady Edith Villiers (at 282) was definitely in the Cosway quadrille; Lady M. Villiers (at 433) is probably Lady Margaret Villiers, so that might be both the Ladies Villiers. (Mr. E. Villiers is at 326.) * The ''Times'' article<ref name=":2" /> lists both Mrs. George Curzon and then later Mr. and Mrs. Curzon; was George there? or was this another couple? Several people are treated this way, mentioned earlier in the ''Times'' article and then apparently showing up later, with fewer honorifics, especially if they are Hon.'s. Also, there may be duplicates because of variant spellings of the names. ===List of People Who Attended=== # [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales | Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], train borne by ##[[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Hon. Louvima Knollys|Hon. Louvima Knollys]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Prince George of Wales, Duke of York]], at this point heir to the throne. He and the Duchess of York were attended by ## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547) ## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152) # [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary, Duchess of York]], who was Mary of Teck, in attendance on Alexandra. She and George, Duke of York were attended by ## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547) ## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152) # [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (son of "Affie," [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]]) # Prince[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] # Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] # The[[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia | Grand Duke Michael of Russia]] # Princess Louise, Duchess of[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Connaught and Strathearn]] (Princess Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes of Prussia) (Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught is at 369) # Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein | Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]] (her parents, Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein are at 6 and 7) # [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Alexander of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Francis of Teck]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duke of Fife]] (the Duchess of Fife is at 177) # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura Williamina Seymour of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen |Countess Helena Gleichen]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire #[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Cavendish]], Duke of Devonshire # [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch |Duke of Buccleuch]], ([[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|the Duchess of Bucchleuch]] is at 24) #[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu | William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Manchester]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Manchester is at 175) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duchess of Roxburghe]] (the Duke of Roxburghe, her son, is at 48) #[[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21) #[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (the Duke of Buccleuch is at 20) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott | Katharine Scott]] # Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott | Constance Scott]] # Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duke of Somerset]] (Susan St. Maur, Duchess of Somerset at 209) # William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duke of Portland]] (Duchess of Portland at 29; Mildred Grenfell at 30) # Winifred Anna Dallas-Yorke Cavendish-Bentinck, the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duchess of Portland]] (the Duke of Portland at 27) #[[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell | Mildred Grenfell]] # Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Countess of Dudley]] (William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Alva |Duke of Alva]]— probably Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|16th Duke of Alba]] (possibly his son, Lord Alva, is at 405) # Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine Leveson-Gower, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland |Duchess of Sutherland]] (the Duke of Sutherland is at 623) # Katherine Cavendish Grosvenor, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duchess of Westminster]] (the Duke is at 173) # Katherine Frances Lambton Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds |Duchess of Leeds]] (the duke is at 455) # Constance Villiers Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |Countess of Derby]] (Frederick, Earl of Derby is at 210) #[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273) #[[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |Daisy (Mary Theresa) Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of [[Social Victorians/People/Pless | Pless]] (Prince Henry of Pless is at 40) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Hon. George Keppel]] (Alice Keppel is at 231) #[[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Prince Henry of Pless]] ("Daisy" Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West | Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of Pless, is at 38) # Evelyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Alington |Lady Alington]] (Humphrey Sturt is at 120) # Theresa Chetwynd-Talbot Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry |Marchioness of Londonderry]] (the Marquess of Londonderry is at 511) # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] # Lady Beatrix [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne | Petty-FitzMaurice]], daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquess and Marchioness of Lansdowne]], in attendance on the Marchioness of Londonderry (at 42) #[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Lady Beatrice Butler]] (Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]], is at 372; Constance Butler is at 373) #[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (daughter of James Hamilton, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Duke of Abercorn]]) #[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling |Miss Stirling]] (possibly Evelyn Mary Caroline Lilah Stirling) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marchioness of Zetland]] (The Marquis of Zetland is at 59; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duke of Roxburghe]] (The Duchess of Roxburghe, his mother, is at 22) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Winchester |Marquis of Winchester]] # Maud Hamilton Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice is at 43) # Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquis of Lansdowne]] # Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Countess of Warwick]] (the Earl of Warwick is at 525) # Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Countess of Yarborough]] (the Earl is at 61) # Beatrix Jane Craven,[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Countess Cadogan]] (Earl Cadogan is at 176) #[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lady Emily Lurgan]] (Lord Lurgan is at 165) #[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Lady Sophie Scott]] (Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., is at 99) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie | Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (the Countess of Mar and Kellie is at 160) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marquis of Zetland]] (The Marchioness of Zetland is at 48; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529) # William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Earl Beauchamp]] (Lady Mary Lygon, his sister, is at 547) # Charles Anderson-Pelham, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Earl of Yarborough]] (The Countess of Yarborough is at 54) # Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Earl Harewood]] (Lady Harewood is at 524) # William Humble Ward, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Earl of Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) # George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Earl Essex]] (the Adele Grant Cappell, Countess of Essex is at 194) # Edward [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers | Villiers]], 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Earl Clarendon]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Count Franz Deym]] (Countess Deym is at 67) #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Countess Isabel Deym]] (Count Deym is at 66) # Francis Egerton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Earl of Ellesmere]] (his daughter Lady Mabel Egerton is at 544) # Lord Carington: Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington |Earl Carrington]] # William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Earl of Selborne]] (Beatrix Palmer, Lady Selborne is at 557) # Edward Montagu, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich |Earl of Sandwich]] # Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice,[[Social Victorians/People/Kerry | Earl Kerry]] # Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart,[[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Viscount Castlereagh]] # Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |1st Viscount Peel]] # Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscountess Raincliffe]] (Lady Mildred [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough | Denison]] is at 283) # William, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscount Raincliffe]] # Oliver Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lord Ampthill]] (Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420; Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] is at 418) # Giles Fox-Strangways,[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Lord Stavordale]] (Muriel Fox-Strangways is at 403) # Frederick Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton |Lord Wolverton]] (Edith, Lady Wolverton is at 130) #[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Lord Rodney]] (Lady Rodney is at 472) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor |R. Grosvenor]]: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]] # Seymour Henry Bathurst,[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst | 7th Earl Bathurst]] # Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood | Hood]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 46; Lord Ronald Hamilton is at 105) # Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |Lady Tweedmouth]] (Edward Marjoribanks, Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] is at 49) # Arthur Balfour, [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour |the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]] (Miss Balfour is at 486) # Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (Lady Glenesk is at 88; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]], Lady Glenesk (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]] (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Lady Glenesk is at 88; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Minnie (Mary)[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (Arthur Paget is at 91) # Colonel Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]] (Minnie Paget is at 90) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds | Fanny Ronalds]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain |Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]] (Mrs. Mary Chamberlain is at 491; Miss Chamberlain is at 492) #[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (Sir William Harcourt is at 128; Lewis Harcourt is at 664) # Mr. F. B. [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay |(Francis Bingham) Mildmay]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson |Captain Gordon Wilson]] (Lady Sarah Wilson is at 392) # Sir John[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye | Lister Kaye, Bart.]] (Lady Maria Lister Kaye is at 499) #[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Colonel William Chaine]] (Maria Chaine is at 490) # Sir Samuel [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Scott]], Bart. (Lady Sophie Scott, his wife, is at 57) # Mr. Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Loder | Loder]], M.P. # Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Shrewsbury]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lady Edward Cecil]] (Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lord R. Cecil is at 126; Lady R. Cecil is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404) # [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell |Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell) # Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell: [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Schomberg McDonnell]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (possibly Ronald James Hamilton, nephew of the 1st Duke of Abercorn) (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 45; Lord Frederick Hamilton is at 83) # [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis |Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]] # Mr. R. (possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lord Richard) Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Mr. Nicolas Gourko]] # Edward Marjoribanks, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth | Tweedmouth]], as the Earl of Leicester (Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, Duke of Roxburghe is at 49) # Cyril Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lord Battersea]] (Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is at 328) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Charles Hartopp]] (Millicent, Lady Hartopp is at 488) # Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lady Rothschild]] (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck is 263) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace | Donald Mackenzie Wallace]] # Mr. Montague [[Social Victorians/People/Guest | Guest]] (Ivor Bertie Guest, at 295; Frederick Guest, at 345) # Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (Lady Meysey Thompson is at 391) # Walter Hume [[Social Victorians/People/Long | Long]], the Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P. (Lady Doreen Long is at 484) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Arthur Wilson]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Edith Wilbraham]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom, is at 125; Alice Bootle-Wilbraham, Countess Lathom, is at 213) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt, M.P.]] (Lady Alington is at 41) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Mr. R Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James of Hereford]] (his niece, Miss James, is at 396) # [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Lord Edmund Talbot]] # Mr. C. Wyndham, M.P.: Colonel Sir Charles [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham | Wyndham Murray]] # Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Earl of Lathom]] (The Countess of Lathom is at 213; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119) # [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lord Robert Cecil]] (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lady Robert Cecil [Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil] is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404). # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall | Charles Hall]], Q.C, M.P. # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |William Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Lewis Harcourt is at 669) # Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere |Lord Burghclere]], as a Puritan (Lady Burghclere is at 437) # Edith Glyn, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton | Wolverton]] (Lord Wolverton is at 79) # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Princess Louise]] Marchioness of Lorne (the Marquis of Lorne is at 620; Elspeth Campbell is at 621) # [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill |Lady Randolph Churchill]] (her son Winston Churchill, is at 179; Jack Churchill is at 223) # Alphonse [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Chodron de Courcel]] (Madame de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Ernest Louis, the [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Grand Duke of Hesse]] (Princess Victoria, the Grand Duchess of Hesse, is at 138). # M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral | de Soveral]] # Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon |Countess de Grey]] (Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey is at 656) ## Ethiopian or Nubian attendant # [[Social Victorians/People/Georges de Staal | Georges de Staal]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Princess Victoria]], the Grand Duchess of Hesse (the Grand Duke of Hesse is at 134). # Archibald Primrose, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery |Earl of Rosebery]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Lady Gosford]] (the Earl of Gosford is at 143) # John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham |Earl of Durham]] # Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Duke of Marlborough]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough is at 174) # Archibald Acheson, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Earl of Gosford]] (Lady Gosford is at 140) # [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Prince Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Charles of Denmark is at 159). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by ## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651) ## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654) # John Spencer, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Earl Spencer]] (Charlotte, Countess Spencer is at 192) # Beatrix Herbert, the [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Countess of Pembroke]] (the Earl of Pembroke is at 181; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648) # Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury |Lord Halsbury]] (Lady Halsbury is at 515) # Ana, Countess de [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa Valencia]] (the Count is at 183) # [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Adolphus of Teck]] # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle |Duchess of Newcastle]] (the Duke of Newcastle is at 564) # Mrs. White: [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White |Daisy (Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherford) White]] (Henry White is at 310) # [[Social Victorians/People/Cust |Sir Charles Cust]] , who accompanied the Duke and Duchess of York with Lady Mary Lygon # William Court [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully Selby]] (Mrs. Gully is at 441; Miss Gully at 442) # [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Clara Stone Hay]] (John Milton Hay is at 187; Miss Helen Hay at 508) # Alice Anne Graham-Montgomery Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville Edgerton, [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos |Duchess of Buckingham]] (Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton is at 591; Lady Gore-Langton is at 592) # [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (her husband Lord Edward George Villiers Stanley is at 188) # Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, the [[Social Victorians/People/Chesterfield |Earl of Chesterfield]] # Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Maud of Wales) (Prince Charles of Denmark is at 144). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by ## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651) ## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654) # Lady Violet (Susan Violet) Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie |Countess of Mar and Kellie]] (the Earl of Mar and Kellie is at 58) # Lord Charles Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Charles William Augustus Montagu]] # Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscountess Chelsea]] # Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscount Chelsea]] # Lady E., probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lady Evelyn, Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Mr. R. Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lurgan]] (Lady Lurgan is at 56) # Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton |Duchess of Hamilton]] # Lord Kenyon, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon | Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon]]. # Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]] (Viscount Curzon is at 197) # Robert Crewe-Milnes, [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes |Earl of Crewe]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duke of Montrose]] (the Duchess of Montrose is at 186) # Viscount Garnet [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley | Wolseley]] (Lady Wolseley is at 541; Miss Wolseley is at 542) # Lord Falmouth: Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth |7th Viscount Falmouth]] (Lady Falmouth is at 471) # Hugh Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duke of Westminster]] (the Duchess of Westminster is at 34) #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill |Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Marlborough]] (The Duke of Marlborough is at 142) # Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (William, Duke of Manchester is at 21) # Earl [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Cadogan]] (Countess Cadogan is at 55) # Princess Royal, Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duchess of Fife]] (the Duke of Fife is at 15) # M. de [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa | Souza Correa]] (João Arthur Souza Corrêa) #Winston [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Churchill]] (his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]], is at 132; his brother, Jack Churchill, is at 223) # Albert, [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff |Count Mensdorff]] # Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |14th Earl of Pembroke]] (the Countess of Pembroke is at 145; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648) # Madame [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse Chodron de Courcel is at 133; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Count [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa de Valencia]] (the Countess is at 148) # Countess Torby: Sophia Nicholaievna, [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia |Countess Torbi or Torby]] # Lord Ribblesdale: Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (Lady Ribblesdale is at 206) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duchess of Montrose]] (the Duke of Montrose is at 170) # [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |John Milton Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; Helen Hay at 508) # Lord Edward George Villiers [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]] (Lady A. Stanley [Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley] is at 157) # Lord Montagu: William Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton |1st Baron Rowton]] #Lady H. Lennox: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Richmond and Gordon|Amelia Gordon-Lennox]] # Countess Clary: Thérèse, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Countess Clary-Aldringen]] (Count Siegfried Clary is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Countess Spencer]] (John, Earl Spencer is at 145) # Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (William Beresford is at 581) # Adele Grant Cappell, [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Countess Essex]] (George Capell, Earl of Essex is at 64) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Kapurthala|Maharajah of Kapurthala]] #Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (Lord Cranborne is at 610) #Richard George Penn, [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |Viscount Curzon]] (Georgiana, Viscountess Curzon is at 168; Countess Howe is at 489) #Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Lady Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) #Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] is at 606) #[[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |Ettie (Mrs. W. H.) Grenfell]] (Mr. W. H. Grenfell is at 222; Miss Mildred Grenfell is at 30) #Hugo Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lord Elcho]] (Mary Charteris, Lady Elcho is at 224) #Louise ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon |Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (Mr. Arthur Sassoon is at 552), with nephews as attendants: ##Evelyn [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 668 ##Anthony [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 669) # Henry, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Earl of Suffolk]] (Lady Suffolk is at 538) # Lady Hastings: [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings |Elizabeth Evelyn Harbord Astley]] (Lord Hastings is at 425) # Count Clary, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Siegfried Graf von Clary und Aldringen]] (Countess Thérèse Clary is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Lady Ribblesdale: [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Charlotte, Baroness Ribblesdale]] (Lord Ribblesdale is at 185) # [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey |Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey]] # Lowry Egerton Cole, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|4th Earl of Enniskillen]] (Charlotte, Countess of Enniskillen is at 597; Lady Florence Cole is at 239) # Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duchess of Somerset]] (Algernon St. Maur, Duke of Somerset is at 27) # Frederick Arthur Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |16th Earl of Derby]] (Constance, Countess of Derby is at 36) # Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |Countess of Lonsdale]] (Hugh Cecil Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale is at 225) # Mr. Goschen: [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|George Joachim Goschen]] (Mrs. Lucy Goschen is at 423; Miss Goschen is at 424) # Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Countess of Lathom]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom is at 125; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Hon. Reginald Lister]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Helen Venetia Duncombe Vincent]] (Sir Edgar Vincent is at 226) # Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]], as a Swiss Burgher (Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild is at 112) # [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith |Margot Asquith]] (Herbert Henry Asquith is at 381) # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Oliphant|Laurence Oliphant]] # Sybil Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |Countess of Westmorland]] (Anthony Mildmay Fane, Earl of Westmorland is at 257) # Lady Cynthia [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Graham of Netherby]] (Sir Richard Graham is at 464) # [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham |Mr. George Wyndham]] #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |William Henry Grenfell]] (Ethel Grenfell is at 200; Miss Mildred Grenfell is at 30) # [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jack Churchill]] (his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, is at 132; his brother, Winston Churchill, is at 179) #Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]] (Hugo Charteris, Lord Elcho is at 201) # Hugh Cecil Lowther, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |5th Earl of Lonsdale]] (Grace, Countess of Lonsdale is at 211) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham |Edgar Vincent]] (Lady Helen Vincent is at 215) #Miss West: Shelagh [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |(Constance Edwina) Cornwallis-West]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Mary Goelet]], Miss Ogden Göelet (Mr. Ogden Göelet is at 502; Mrs. May Göelet is at 503) #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|C. Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Duke of Westminster]]) #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]] (Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Mrs. Isabel Oppenheim is at 408) #[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Alice Keppel]] (George Keppel is at 39). # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |Algernon Bourke]] (Guendoline Bourke is at 236) #Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |A. (Guendoline) Bourke]] (Algernon Bourke is at 235) #[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Gerald Paget Paget]]: likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget (Mrs. Arthur Paget is at 90; Arthur Paget is at 91) #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford |Violet de Trafford]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Cole |Lady Florence Cole]] (Lowry, Earl of Inneskillen is at 208; Charlotte, Countess Inneskillen is at 597) #Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Julia Peel Maguire]] (Mr. Rochfort Maguire is at 241) #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Rochfort Maguire]] #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson | Muriel Wilson]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Helena Violet Alice Fraser]] ("Miss Keith Fraser") (Captain Keith Fraser is at 244) #Captain Fraser: [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Keith Alexander Fraser]] (Helena Violet Alice Fraser is at 243) #[[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere |Marie Hope-Vere]] #Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke | Lady Colebrooke]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. Leo was in the Duchess procession. #<!-- [Unidentified still] -->[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#E. Stanley|E. Stanley]] #Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |George Frederick Stanley]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Derby#Hon. J. Stanley|J. Stanley]] #Hon. F. C. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Ferdinand Charles Stanley]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]] #Lady A. Acheson: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson]] #Lord Acheson: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard |Mary Milner Gerard]] #Anthony Mildmay Julian Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |13th Earl of Westmorland]] (Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland is at 219) #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Talbot]] # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|de Brienen]] (Baron Brienen is at 465; Baroness Brienen is at 466) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |Leonie Leslie]] (Col. John Leslie is at 261) # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |John Leslie]] (Leonie Leslie is at 260) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Henry Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck is at 543) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Olivia Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck (is at 543) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish Bentinck]] (Mr. Cavendish Bentinck is at 112) # [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]] # Mr. A. M. Biddulph, possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph |Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]], probably John Gaspard le Marchant Romilly, [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|3rd Baron Romilly]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Hon. Gerald Ward]] (the Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; Georgina Lady Dudley is at 198) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell |Cecil Campbell]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |James Stewart Forbes]] (Lady Angela Forbes is at 37) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Shipley Cardross]] (Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Rosalie Cardross]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton |Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]] # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Muriel Erskine]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 275; Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276) # Mr. Elliot: the Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry Elliot]] (Lady Minto is at 544) # M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell | Boulatzell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |Margaret Spicer]] (Captain John Spicer is at 410) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Edith Villiers]] (Lady May Julia Child-Villiers is at 372; Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lord Hyde is at 294) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Mildred Denison]] (Grace, Viscountess Raincliffe is at 75; William, Viscount Raincliffe is at 76) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|St. Oswald]] (Lord St. Oswald is at 641) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Blanche Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273; Lady Angela Forbes is at 37) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber, Charles Shuldham Schreiber]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Mary Von André]] (Herr Adolf Von André is at 386) # [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie | Walter Murray Guthrie]] (Olive Guthrie is at 291) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie |Olive Guthrie]] (Walter Murray Guthrie is at 290) # [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Eleanor Louise Montagu]] (escorted by Lord Stavordale, at 78) # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Miss Enid Wilson]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde (Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lady Edith Villiers is at 282) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Ivor Guest]] (Montague Guest, at 115; Frederick Guest, at 345) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue |Seymour Fortescue]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Sidney Greville]] # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Greville |Margaret (Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (where was Ronald Greville?) # <!-- Still unidentified. -->The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Mrs. Greville]] (probably not 298?) # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]] # The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon: [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |the Hon. Mary Curzon]] (The Hon. George Curzon is at 495) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Hon. George Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|1st Viscount Peel]] is at 74) #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris |Evan Charteris]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady Lettice Grosvenor|Lettice Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]] # Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Hon. Francis Cecil Brownlow]], the Hon. Cecil Brownlow # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Marion Leigh]] (Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570; Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; John Blundell Leigh is at 602) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond |Katherine Mary Drummond]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White | Henry White]] (Mrs. Daisy White is at 151) # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mr. Norton (MornPost Fancy 1897-07-03) or Mr. Morton (Times 1897-07-03) was dressed as Guyman di Silva in the 17th-century procession. # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Ernest William Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483; Mabel Beckett is at 359; Mr. Rupert Beckett is at 481; Muriel Beckett is at 482) # Mr. H. [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender | Warrender]]: probably Hugh Valdave Warrender (Captain Warrender, probably George John Scott Warrender, is at 519) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune |Francis Jeune]] attended with (Lady Susan Jeune is at 550; Miss Madeline Stanley is at 551) # Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess of Powis]] # George [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur (Mary Venetia) James]] (Mr. Arthur James is at 480) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |D. Marjoribanks]] (Fanny Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; Henry Duke of Roxburghe is at 49; two "brother officers" are at 637 and 638) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Ephrussi]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Holden |Henry Holden]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Mr. E. Villiers|E. Villiers]] # Arthur, [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] # Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lady Battersea]] (Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is at 110) # Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey |Lady de Ramsey]] # Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild|Ferdinand de Rothschild]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Hon. S. (George William Spencer) Lyttelton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox is at 623) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lady Harriet Burton]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lord Michael Burton]] # Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh |Lady Garvagh]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Rose Leigh]] (John Blundell Leigh is at 602; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson |Zoë Farquharson]] (Alexander Farquharson is at 458) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Naylor]] # The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Sackville West]] # Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]] # Lord Annaly: Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Baron Annaly]] # John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl |Marquess of Tullibardine]] # Lord George [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl | Stewart-Murray]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Frederick Edward Guest]] # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|the Hon. W. Lambton]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Frank Dugdale]] (Lady Eva Dugdale is at 409) #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Clive Wilson]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Morley |Arnold Morley]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy |Francis Gathorne-Hardy]] # Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscount Helmsley]] # Muriel Duncombe Owen, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscountess Helmsley]] # Evelyn McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (Mr. Wentworth Beaumont is at 468) # [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Earl of Ava]]: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood # <!-- [Still unidentified?] -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]] # Mrs. G. Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Mabel Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga |Emilia Yznaga]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik |Count Hadik]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |Hilda Brodrick]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] is at 368) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Jack Graham Menzies]] # [[Social Victorians/People/William James |Evelyn Elizabeth Forbes James]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|C. (Caroline) FitzMaurice]] (Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice is at 626) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Moyra Cavendish]] (Mr. R. Cavendish: Richard Frederick Cavendish is at 107) # James Somerville, 2nd Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney | Athlumney]] # Mr. Brodrick: [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] (Lady H. Brodrick is at 362) # [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught]] (Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught is at 9) # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Henriette de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|May Julia Child-Villiers]] # Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; Constance Butler is at 374) # Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde | Butler]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] is at 373) # Mabel, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Francis, Baron Ashburton is at 376) # Francis, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Mabel, Lady Ashburton is at 375) # Lady Archibald [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll | Campbell]] # Mrs. Susannah Wilson [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Graham Menzies]] (Jack Graham Menzies is at 363) # Mr. Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407; Eric Chaplin is at 616) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Horace Farquhar]], Bart. (Lady Emilie Farquhar is at 639) # The Right Hon. H. H. (Herbert Henry) [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith | Asquith]] (Margot Asquith is at 217) # Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lord Iveagh]] (Adelaide Guiness, Lady Iveagh is at 440) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe#Lady Margaret Innes-Ker and Lady Victoria Innes-Kerr|Victoria Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit |Alfred Beit]] # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]] # Herr [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Adolf Von André]] (Mrs. Mary Von André is at 289) # Pierre Louis Leopold d'Hautpoul, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquis d'Hautpoul]] # Julia Caroline Stonor d'Hautpoul, the [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquise d'Hautpoul]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Harry Julian Stonor]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Adair]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson |Ethel Meysey Thompson]] (Sir Henry Meysey-Thompson is at 116) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson | Sarah Wilson]] (Captain Gordon Wilson is at 96) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Edward Cavendish]] # Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky |Josephine Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; Count Charles Kinsky is at 575) # Mary ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Mrs. Arthur) Wilson]] # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James]] (Lord James of Hereford is at 122) # [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Maurice William Oppenheim]] (Mrs. Oppenheim is at 408; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (Lord Suffield is at 535; Lady Suffield is at 536) # Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (the Marquis of Tweeddale is at 400), accompanied by two sons dressed as pages: ## Lord William George Montagu Hay ## Lord Arthur Vincent Hay # William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marquis of Tweeddale]] (The Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 399) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (Sir Henry Ewart is at 430) # Lady Hilda FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton |Baroness Southampton]] (Baron Southampton is at 569) # Lady Muriel [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Fox Strangways]] (Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale is at 78) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gwendolen Cecil]] # Lord Alva: [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó]] (Carlos Duke Alba is at 32) # [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]] # Miss Chaplin, probably Hon. Edith Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Eric Chaplin is at 616) #Mrs. Openheim: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Isabella Oppenheim]] (Mr. Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Eva Dugdale]] (Mr. Frank Dugdale is at 348) # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |John Spicer]] (Lady Margaret Spicer is at 281) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Edward Cecil]] (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury | Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord R. Cecil is at 126). #Mr. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Charles Henry Wilson]] #Mrs. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Florence Wilson]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving | Henry Irving]] # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine |Charles Edward Swaine]] # Lord Rosslyn: James, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Earl of Rosslyn]] # Lady Rosslyn: Violet, [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Countess of Rosslyn]] # Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77; Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420) # Margaret Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77) # Emily, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Mrs. Goschen]]: Lucy Goschen (G. J. Goschen is at 212\) # [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Miss Goschen]] (G. J. Goschen is at 212) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings | Hastings]]: George Manners Astley, 20th Baron Hastings (Lady Hastings is at 204) # Florence Chetwynd, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd |Marchioness of Hastings]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd|Miss Chetwynd]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Clarissa Bischoffsheim]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster |Henry Ewart]] (Lady Evelyn Ewart is at at 401) # Lord Jersey: Victor Child-Villiers, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Earl of Jersey]] # Lady Jersey: Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Countess of Jersey]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey |Margaret Villiers]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Alwyne Frederick Compton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Mary Compton]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Frere|Bartle Frere]] # Winifred Gardner, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere | Burghclere]] (Lord Burghclere is at at 129) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Mrs. Louisa Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667) # Adelaide Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lady Iveagh]] (Edward Cecil Guiness, Lord Iveagh is at 382) # Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby |Selby Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153) # Elizabeth Kate Shelley [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153) # Lord Feversham: William Ernest Duncombe, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Earl of Feversham]] # Lady Feversham: Mabel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Countess Feversham]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Tedeschi|Tadeschi]] # James McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lord Magheramorne]] (Lady Magheramorne is at 355) # Lord Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Henry John Brinsley Manners]] # Lady Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Violet Manners]] # Sir Allen [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Young]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |R. Cecil]]: Eleanor Lambton [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gascoyne-Cecil]] (Lord Robert Cecil is at 126) #General Reginald Talbot: General Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Chetwynd-Talbot]] (Mrs. Talbot, Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot is at 485) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Neumann |Ludwig Neumann]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Mr. Alfred Duncombe]] (Lady Florence Duncombe is at 456) # George Godolphin Osborne, 10th [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds | Duke of Leeds]] (the duchess is at 35) # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Lady Florence Duncombe]] (Alfred Duncombe is at 454) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]]: Mrs. Nina Williams # Mr. Alexander [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson | Farquharson]] (Zoë Farquharson is at 338) # Lord Dalkeith: John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Earl of Dalkeith]] # Lady Dalkeith: Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Countess of Dalkeith]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Euston|Earl of Euston]]: Henry James FitzRoy # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel |Ernest Joseph Cassel]] # Lady Cromer: [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]] # Sir R. Graham: [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham#Lady Cynthia Graham and Sir Richard Graham|Sir Richard Graham]] (Lady Cynthia Graham is at 220) # [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baron Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259) # [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baroness Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259) #[[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Lady Esther Gore Smith]] # Mr. Beaumont: [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Wentworth Canning Blackett Beaumont]] (Lady Aline Beaumont is at 356) # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->Lady M. Greville: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Lady Mary Grenville]] # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->Mr. Greville: possibly Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Luis Grenville]] # Lady Falmouth: Kathleen Douglas-Pennant Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth | Viscountess Falmouth]] (Viscount Falmouth is at 172) # Lady Rodney: [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Corisande Rodney]] (Lord Rodney is at 80) # Lord W. Stanley: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Frederick William Stanley]] # <!-- [Unidentified still] -->Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady W. Stanley|W. Stanley]] # Mr. C. Sykes: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Sykes|Christopher Sykes]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|M. Hicks-Beach]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|Lucy Hicks-Beach]] # Lord Leconfield: Henry Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|2nd Baron Leconfield]] # Lady Leconfield: Lady Constance Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Lord and Lady Leconfield|Lady Leconfield]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur James]] (Mrs. [Mary Venetia] Arthur James is at 318) # Mr. R. Beckett: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Rupert Beckett]] # Muriel Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |R. Beckett]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Gervase Beckett]] (Mabel [Mrs. G.] Beckett is at 359) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Long |Doreen Long]] (Walter Hume Long is at 117) #Mrs. Talbot: [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]] (General Reginald Talbot is at 451) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Balfour]] (Arthur Balfour is at 86) # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mr. Lu Rack [named in the ''Times'', spelling confirmed] # Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Lady Hartopp]] (Sir Charles Hartopp is at 111) # Lady Howe: Isabella,[[Social Victorians/People/Howe | Countess Howe]]) (Viscount Curzon is at 197) # [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Maria Chaine]] (William Chaine is at 97) # Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93; Miss Chamberlain is at 492) # Miss Beatrice (?) [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93) # Mr. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Charles Robert Spencer]]) # Mrs. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Margaret Baring Spencer]]) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |George Curzon]] (The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon is at 301) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Farrer Herschell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Agnes Herschell]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye |Natica (Maria) Lister Kaye]] (Sir John Lister Kaye is at 97) # Lord Milton: Viscount [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Billy Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]] # Lady Milton: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Maud Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Ogden Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |May Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]] # Mrs. Hartman: possibly Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Eliza Hartmann]] #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Lewis Flower]] #Major Drummond: [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]] # Miss Hay: [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Helen Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; John Milton Hay is at 187) # Hon. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]]) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]]) # The Marquis of Londonderry: Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Marquis of Londonderry]] (the Marchioness of Londonderry is at 42) # Henry Strutt, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Baron Belper]] # Margaret, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Lady Belper]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Belper |Hon. Miss Strutt]], probably Norah Strutt (Margaret, Lady Belper is at 560) # Wilhelmina Giffard, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury | Halsbury]] (Lord Halsbury is at 147) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]]: Georgina Cavendish Coke # Lord Carnarvon: George Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|5th Earl of Carnarvon]] # Lady Carnarvon: Almina, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|Countess Carnarvon]] # Captain Warrender: [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |George John Scott Warrender]] (Lady Maud Warrender is at 520) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |Maud Warrender]] (Captain George Warrender is at 519) # Major [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Vesey Dawson]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Arthur Walsh]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]] # Lady Harewood: Florence Lascelles, [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Lady Harewood]] (the Earl of Harewood is at 62) # Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick | Earl of Warwick]] (Daisy, Countess of Warwick is at 53) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch#Lord George Scott|George Scott]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Leopold Rothschild]] (Marie Perugia [Mrs. Leopold] Rothschild is at 528) # Mrs. L. ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (sons Evelyn Achille de Rothschild, at 669, and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild, at 670) # Lawrence John Lumley Dundas, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland | Earl of Ronaldshay]] #Mr. Brassey, [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Lady Violet Brassey]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Duberly|Grey Duberly]] # (Mr. R.) [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon | Reuben David Sassoon]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon |Miss Sassoon]] # Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lord Suffield]] # Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Miss Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel is at 74; other family members are on the same page) # Lady Suffolk: Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (Henry, Earl of Suffolk is at 203) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Phipps|Hon. Harriet Phipps]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Earl of Scarbrough]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Louisa Wolseley]] (Viscount Garnet Wolseley is at 171; Miss Frances Wolseley is at 542) # Miss Wolseley: [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Frances Wolseley]] (Viscount Wolseley is at 171; Lady Louisa Wolseley is at 541) # Lady Ottoline [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263) # Lady Minto: Mary Caroline Grey Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto | Countess Minto]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]]: David Alexander Edward Lindsay, Lord Balcarres # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Mary Lygon]] (with Charles Cust, at 152, attended the Duke and Duchess of York) # Mr. B. Bathurst: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst#Mr. B. Bathurst|Benjamin Bathurst]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |William Portal]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |Florence Portal]] # Lady Susan Mary Elizabeth ([[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]]) [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune | Jeune]] (Sir Francis Jeune is at 315) # Miss Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (accompanying Sir Francis Jeune, at 314, and Lady Jeune, at 550) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Arthur Sassoon]] (Louise [Mrs. Arthur] Sassoon is at 201) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Mabel Egerton]] (with her father, the Earl of Ellesmere, at 68) # [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Sir W. Hart Dyke]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]] # Beatrix Palmer, [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Lady Selborne]] (the Earl of Selborne is at 70) #Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh |Victor Duleep Singh]] #Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry | Countess of Coventry]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Anne Coventry]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Dorothy Coventry]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur|Sir George Arthur]] # Henry Pelham-Clinton,[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle | Duke of Newcastle]] (the Duchess is at 150) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. Hay, attending with the [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]] #Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |Xavier Baudon de Mony]] #Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |de Courcel Baudon de Mony]] # Charles FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton | Baron Southampton]] (Hilda FitzRoy, Lady Southampton is at 402) # Captain Gerard [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Lilian Maud Spencer-Churchill]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Norah Beatrice Henriette Spencer-Churchill]] # François, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marquis de Jancourt]] # Victoria Lina, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marchioness de Jancourt]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky | Count Charles Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip Green]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip (Mabel) Green]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Montagliari|Marquis Paulac Montagliari]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Alfred Lyttelton]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] # Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Beresford]] (Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] is at 193) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Basil Blackwood]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Hall Walker]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Sophie Walker]] # Lord Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |George Charles Bingham]] # Lady Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |Violet Bingham]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mr. Almeric FitzRoy]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mrs. Almeric (Katherine) FitzRoy]] #Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Talbot]] (many Talbots attended; these are Chetwynd-Talbots) #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Talbot]] (attending with Colonel Talbot) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (Anne, Duchess of Buckingham is at 155) # Lady Gore-Langton: Lady Caroline Jemima Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos | Gore-Langton]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois |Ralph Blois]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lord Hillingdon]]: Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon # [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lady Hillingdon]]: Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles Mills, Baroness Hillingdon # Miss Mills: the [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]] # Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Countess of Enniskillen]] (Lowry, Earl of Enniskillen is at 208; Lady Florence Cole is at 239) # Sir M. FitzGerald: Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Maurice FitzGerald]] # Lady FitzGerald: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Amelia Lady, FitzGerald]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Watson|Meyer Watson]] (identification highly uncertain) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]]: Albertha Spencer-Churchill # John Blundell [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570) # Hon. Mr. Reginald Baliol [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]] # Hon. Mrs. Eleanor [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family |Alfred Rothschild]] #Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] (Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] is at 198) # Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Earl of Kintore]] (Sydney, Countess Kintore is at 607; Lady Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer is at 677) # Sydney, [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Countess Kintore]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Salmon|Mr. Arthur Salmon]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lord Cranborne]]: James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] (Lady Cranborne is at 196) # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]] # Mr. H. Milner: [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]] # Mr. Eric [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407) #Captain G. Milner: Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # [[Social Victorians/People/Bagot|Lord William Bagot]] # John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Marquis of Lorne]], as a Tudor (Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, is at 130) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll |Elspeth Campbell]] # Lord Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox | Gordon Lennox]] (Lady Blanche Gordon Lennox is at 333) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland | Duke of Sutherland]] (the Duchess of Sutherland is at 32) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Colonel Alan Gardner]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Mrs. Alan Gardner]]: Mrs. Nora Gardner # [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|Edmond FitzMaurice]] (Lady C. FitzMaurice is at 364) # <!-- Still unidentified. -->The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Cecil Lambton]] # Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale | Hay]] (William Hay, Marquis of Tweeddale is at 399; Candida Hay, Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 398) # Miss Tufnell: Gian, [[Social Victorians/People/Mount Stephen|Lady Mount Stephen]] #Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano | de Alcalo Galiano]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano |Consuelo de Alcalo Galiano]] # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce | Marquisa de Santurce]] # Mr. F. Murrieta: possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]] # The Hon. Mrs. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Edith Isabella Georgina [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] #The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Hon. Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] # Lady Florence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]] # Lord Terence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Emilie Farquhar]] (Sir Horace Farquhar, Bart., is at 380) # Geraldine ([[Social Victorians/People/Magniac |Sybil Aimée Geraldine) Magniac]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald | St. Oswald]] (Lady St. Oswald is at 284) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald |Maud Julia Winn]] (with Lord and Lady St. Oswald, her mother, at 284) # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester | Viscountess Coke]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Isobel Constance Mary Stanley]] # Lord Crichton: Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Viscount Crichton]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Beatrix Herbert]] (Beatrix Countess Pembroke is at 146; Sidney Herbert, Earl Pembroke is at 181) # Lt.-Col. John Dunville [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]] # Mrs. Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Miss Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (attending Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, at 159 and 144) # Mrs. Claud Cole-Hamilton: Lucy [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton |Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]] # Claud George [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton | Cole-Hamilton]] #General Ellis: Gen. Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|Arthur Edward Augustus Ellis]], in attendance on Prince Charles of Denmark (at 143) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Miss Alexandra Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]] # Frederick Oliver Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon#Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey|Earl de Grey]] (Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey is at 136) # James Albert Edward Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Anne Lambton]] #Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hedworth Lambton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven |Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]] # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Nellie Bass Baillie]], Hon. Mrs. Baillie (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (or Miss Jane Thornville) # [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lewis Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Sir William Harcourt is at 128) # [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]] # Mrs. Sneyd: [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527) # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell |Stephen Frederick Wombwell]] # The Hon. Mrs. Gwendoline [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther | Lowther]] # Col. [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Douglas Dawson]] # Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Louisa, Lady de Rothschild|Lady de Rothschild]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Alexander McDonnell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore |Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer]] (Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore is at 607) # [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]] # Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys | Lady Norreys]] # Major John Seymour [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family | Wynne-Finch]] # Marie (Agnes Blanche Marie) [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin | Hay-Drummond]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton |Edward Walter Hamilton]] # Daisy (Marguerite Hyde) [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk |Leiter]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Lukach |Joseph Harry Lukach]] # [[Social Victorians/People/William James | William Dodge James]] (Evelyn Forbes James is at 364) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]] # <!-- 688 Still unidentified. -->Mrs. Habington (mentioned as part of Queen Elizabeth's court by the ''Gentlewoman''.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|32, Col. 3c}} There is no doubt about the spelling in the ''Gentlewoman'' article.) # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|P. A. Longhurst]] #<!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]] #Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]], M.P. #Mr. E. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|Crawley]] #Mr. W. R. Chaine: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine#Mr. W. R. Chaine|William Robert Chaine]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|William Erskine]] #<!-- Highly uncertain ID -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Mr. S. Cavendish]], possibly Mr. R. Cavendish (at 107) #<!-- 719 -->A "brother officer" of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49). #<!-- 720 -->A second "brother officer" of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49). #<!-- unidentified still? -->Mr. Bourke (the Hon. A. Bourke is at 235) #<!-- Unidentified still? -->Mrs. Bourke (the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke is at 236) ===Attendants of the People Who Were Present=== A number of people present at the ball were not invited in their own right and were there as attendants. Listed in the descriptions of the people at the ball and their costumes are some people who were clearly there as attendants: # "Black attendants" followed the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession, preceding the Italian procession.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> # There were unnamed Imperial Trumpeters in the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession. They had to really be able to play the trumpet so perhaps were hired musicians? # Heralds led the Queen Elizabeth Procession, but they are not named, so they were probably not invited guests but servants or attendants of some kind? # According to the Leamington ''Spa Courier'', the Countess of Warwick's "four pages shared in the compliments."<ref>“Town Talk and Street Echoes.” ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970710/015/0005.</ref> According to the Guernsey ''Star'', Lady Warwick "was accompanied by four boys dressed in white satin, with three-cornered hats to match."<ref name=":1">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref> # The Marchioness of Tweeddale also had two pages: "The Marchioness of Tweeddale was Joséphine, wife of Napoleon, in white satin, wrought with gold and a deep rose-coloured train, trimmed with ermine, and borne by two pages in mauve velvet, embroidered with gold."<ref name=":1" /> # Princess Henry of Pless had black and white pages: "As the Queen of Sheba, Princess Henry of Pless was attended by five black pages and five white, in gorgeous dresses, who carried her train."<ref name=":1" /> In the large list of people who were present for the ball, above, attendants are listed with the people for whom they worked; typically royals had attendants with them. ====Attendants of Color==== Clearly, some of these attendants were black people (especially at 1 and 6). The vocabulary the newspapers used ranged from "Black" to "Negro" to the actual n-word (for American Minnie Paget?). The Aberdeen ''Journal'' of 4 August 1897 ran a story, "Black Boys for London Ladies," that refers to the black attendants at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball: :Titian’s pictures (says London correspondent) have made us familiar with black boys forming part of the train of certain great ladies. The Prince of Wales brought a Nubian boy home, and for a time he was in the Marlborough House and Sandringham households. The Duchess of Marlborough is very often accompanied by a black boy in Oriental scarlet and gold, who seems '''but live''' to obey her grace’s behests; for his dark, piercing eyes follow her every movement, giving him a weird look, which is increased by the curious incision in his cheeks. At the Devonshire House fancy ball the glory of the great Oriental procession was much increased by the Nubian boys, who carried palm-leaves over some of the queenly heads.<ref>"Black Boys for London Ladies." ''Aberdeen Journal'' Wednesday 4 August 1897: 6 [of 8], Col. 5C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000032/18970804/130/0006.</ref> We need to know more about these children. ==People Absent== The ''London Daily News'' and the ''Times'' reported as attending Lady Hindlip, who was not able to attend, according to the ''Morning Post'', suggesting that they may have gotten a list of people attending from something other than onsite reportage, perhaps from someone describing the costumes that had been made. Of the people who were not present but seem missing because their immediate family, for example, was present, some are women, the wives of the people named. So perhaps they did not court newspaper attention? Of the men who might have been there, logically, perhaps they did not dress in costume and thus did not receive mention? (We know some men attended the ball and were not in fancy dress.) # Samuel Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lord Hindlip]] and Georgina Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lady Hindlip]] were not present because Lord Hindlip was ill and died less than two weeks later. # Colonel Brabazon "unavoidably prevented" from attending.<ref>"The Queen's Sympathy." ''Morning Post'' Monday 05 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 5B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970705/070/0007.</ref> # Mrs. Hwfa Williams was reported in the Morning Post not to have attended because she was in mourning.<ref>“Arrangements for This Day.” ''Morning Post'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970702/038/0005.</ref> Owen's and Hwfa Williams' sister Edith Peers-Williams had died. Although General or Mr. Owen Williams is not listed as having attended, his wife Mrs. Nina Williams (at 457) was said to have been present, but really it seems most likely that none of them attended. # Fanny Ronalds was there, but Arthur Sullivan's name is not listed; was he there but not in an interesting costume? Or not present? # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]] was there (at 238, above), but her husband? or son?, Sir Humphrey Francis de Trafford, 3rd Baronet, is not listed. # Mrs. Henry White isn't listed as present, but Mr. Henry White is at 310, and Margaret "Daisy" Stuyvesant Rutherford White is now at 151. I believe she was present because both Whites were photographed in costume and that photograph is in the album at the NPG. # Even though Henry Maurice William Oppenheim and his daughter, Rosalinda Oppenheim were present, Mrs. Isabel Georgina Oppenheim (who does not appear to have been Rosalinda's mother) is not listed anywhere as being present. # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|F. Murrieta]] (at 708) was present according to ''The Gentlewoman'', but who was he? Her husband, José Murrieta y del Campo Downey, 1st Marques de Santurce, is not listed as having been present although he was still alive. Possibly the F. is a mistake on the part of The Gentlewoman, and it was Don José who was there? # Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|William Cansfield Gerard]], Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Gerard]]'s husband: she was present (at 256) and represented in the album, but he's not mentioned. Was he there? # The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), was present, but her husband, whose brother was Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale and who would be later in his own right, was not? # Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329) was present, but William Fellowes, Baron de Ramsey was not? # Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336) attended the ball. Where was Charles Canning, Lord Garvagh? Did he just not get mentioned? # Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey (at 207) attended the ball, but Francis Needham, Earl of Kilmorey did not? # Prince Leopold's wife, Helena, Duchess of Albany wasn't there? # Princess Beatrice didn't go? # [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lilias Bathurst]] is not listed has having attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, although her husband [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl of Bathurst]], her parents [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]] and her brother [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Oliver Borthwick]] were there. A child was not born to her in 1897 as far as I can tell, although we may not be able to know about a miscarriage. Perhaps she was present and not reported on. # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Louise Loder]] is not listed among the attendees at the ball; was she there and just not reported on? No child was born that year, but she was bearing children during this time. Gerald Loder is at 100. #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lady Mary Bertie Talbot]] at the ball? She is not mentioned. She isn't likely to be Mrs. Talbot because her father was an Earl? She would have been Lady Talbot? #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|James Charles Hope-Vere]] present at the ball and just not mentioned? Marie Hope-Vere was not mentioned in the press, so without the Album of portraits of people in their costumes in the National Portrait Gallery, we might not know about her. #Did [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Ned (Edward Arthur) Colebrooke]] attend the ball? Alexandra Paget Colebrooke (at 246) did. #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Countess Arthur de Heeren]] at the ball and not reported on? #Mrs. Margaret Greville (298) was there; was Ronald Greville but not mentioned in reports? #The wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|M. Ephrussi]], whichever one attended, is not mentioned as having been present; perhaps she was there but not recognized or described? #"The little daughter of Sir Francis and Lady Knollys"<ref name=":42">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} attended, as did her aunt, Hon. Charlotte Knollys, but were her parents not there? Francis Knollys was the Prince of Wales's private secretary at this point, as well as holding a number of other courtier positions in the Household at the same time. #Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]] (at 691) was present; was his wife? #If the Lord Churchill (at 610) is [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill]], did his wife Lady Augusta Spencer-Churchill also attend? #Neither the [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Earl of Leicester]] nor [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscount Coke]] are listed as having attended the ball, but did they? #[[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] was present at the ball; where was Ralph de Tunstall Sneyd? #[[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Mary Graham Murray]] was present at the ball: where was Andrew Graham Murray? #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] was at the ball; was Eugénie Sellers, whom he married less than 6 months later? #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]]'s sister, Mettie Lady Rossmore, is not listed as having attended the ball; where was she? #Was Juliette Gordon Low, wife of Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Low]], present and just not mentioned? #Was Maria del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos Duke of Alba]], present but not mentioned? #[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]] (at 462) attended, but Evelyn, Earl of Cromer is not listed. He seems likely to have attended if she did? #Isabella, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Countess Howe]] (at 489) was present, but Richard, Earl Howe is not mentioned in any reports. Was he there? #Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Earl Carington]] was present, but his wife Cecilia, Countess Carington is not mentioned in any reports. Was she there? #If [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Mr. George Wyndham|Mr. George Wyndham]] (at 221) is the Right Hon. George Wyndham, who married Sibell Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Lumley]] Grosvenor, then was she at the ball? Her nephew Alfred Lumley, [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|10th Earl Scarbrough]] attended. #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546) was at the ball, so where was Agnes Poynter? She attended other social events at this level with him. #Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] was present at the ball, but Montagu Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lord Norreys]] was not? #If [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon#Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] was at the ball, was his wife, Kate (Catherine Ezekiel) Sassoon? #Gilbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Earl of Minto]] was still alive; was he at the ball? #Anne Antrobus Elliot, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#The Right Hon. Henry George Elliot|Henry George Elliot]] (at 279), was still alive at this time; did she attend the ball? #George, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|Earl of Coventry]] was still alive at this point, and his wife and two daughters attended the ball. Where was he? #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Seymour Fortescue]]'s wife Emily Ormsby-Gore Fortescue is not mentioned. Was she at the ball? #Was Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Ethel Sydney Keith-Falconer]] at the ball? Her parents and younger sister were, assuming the Album's information is correct. #Neither [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Rose, Lady Norreys]] (at 680) nor Montagu, Lord Norreys was mentioned in any press reports, but her portrait was in the commemorative album of portraits. Was he present and just not mentioned? == Notes and Questions == # According to the ''Western Gazette'', three men dressed as Lorenzaccio, whom Sarah Bernhardt was performing at the Adelphi, appeared at the ball.<ref name=":5">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings & Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels." ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.</ref>{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7C}} # Possibly another group of young women similarly dressed occurs here: "three young girls were noticeable as Reynolds's "Three Ladies Waldegrave"<ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes." ''Leister Chronicle'' 10 July 1897: 11 [of 12], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref>{{rp|11, 4a}} The 1780–81 Joshua Reynolds' ''The Ladies Walgrave'' shows 3 young women, probably in "Oriental cream satin," but no "coloured silk sashes" are apparent: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladies_Waldegrave#/media/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_The_Ladies_Waldegrave_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg. Cosway is not Reynolds, so unless one of the reports made a mistake, so these are not [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers daughters]] or the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Innes-Ker daughters]]. #Who was "Madame Rose" in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury'' story<ref name=":6">"For Wives and Daughters." ''Northampton Mercury'' Friday 25 June 1897: 8 [of 10], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000317/18970625/078/0008.</ref> on the ball? A [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] was present at the ball as one of the yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession, but she was a businesswoman and he must have been an oligarch or patrician. Madame Rose wrote a fashion column called "For Wives and Daughters" that was published in regional newspapers like the ''Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of Kent Mail, Hands and County Advertiser''; ''Northampton Mercury''; the ''Burnley Gazette''; and so on, as well as the story on the ball in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury''.<ref name=":6" /> (1893–1897). In 1905, the column is called "Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters," in similar papers as well as the ''Tottenham and Edmonton Herald''.<ref>"Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters." Tottenham and Edmonton Weekly ''Herald'' 07 June 1905 Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 6–7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001716/19050607/031/0004.</ref> A Madame Rose also advertised in the newspapers. For example, "Madame Rose, Court Dressmaker & Ladies' Taylor. Personally Superintends all orders and guarantees perfection in fit and elegance. Speciality in Evening Gowns. Mme. Rose, 30, Shaftesbury Avenue, Piccadilly, one door from Trocadore Restaurant, and 56, two doors from Wardocr-street [sic?]. Tel. 7341 Gerrard."<ref>"Madame Rose." ''The Referee'' 23 October 1904 Sunday: 10 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002310/19041023/094/0010.</ref> #The report from the ''Western Gazette'' says some women were dressed as abbesses<ref name=":5" />; who were they? #The ''Westminster Gazette'' says that "There were two or three Napoleons."<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Col. 1}} #Several women came dressed as Princess Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters: [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche (Algernon) Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333); [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420); [[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67); [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Clara Hay]] (at 153). #The Yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession are mostly not notable at this point in their lives though they were present at this event: Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Hon. D. (Dudley) Marjoribanks]], [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]], Mr. Rose. According to the ''Gentlewoman'' Mr. E. Villiers, Mr. Harold Brassey were heralds.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|32, Col. 3c}} #The "eight officers of the Imperial Guard attending Catherine of Russia" were the following: "[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lord Raincliffe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Lord Romilly]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|J. Forbes]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]], Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon. Gerald Ernest Francis Ward|Gerald Ward]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]]."<ref name=":42" />{{rp|36, Col. 3b}} #According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|8, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":42" />{{rp|40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were "[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]]."<ref name=":3">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6A–6, Col. 1B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|5, Col. 7a}} George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]] was 29; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25. ==References== {{reflist}} * [[Category:Lists]] gt1w4kz2krh3ptys5tzj8ugqoqoqzow 2412691 2412690 2022-08-08T22:40:37Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Gardeners */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897= ==Logistics== 1897 July 2, Friday, one of the major social events of the "season" of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee The invitations were for 10:30 p.m., but people began to arrive about 10:00, and the Duke of Devonshire came down to greet the Prince and Princess of Wales at 11:00 p.m. The invitations asked people to dress as monarchs and their courts from the past or as goddesses or figures from antiquity. Weather: According to the ''Times'', it was 63 degrees at midnight in London, just as the ball was getting underway, with a dew point of 58, which means that it would not have been as oppressive in all those leather, velvet and satin costumes as well as metal armor as it could have been.<ref>"Weather, The." The London ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 10 [of 20], Col. 1A. The ''Times Digital Archive''. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.</ref> Location: The party was at Devonshire House, in Picadilly, hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Louisa Cavendish]], the Duchess, and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Compton Cavendish]], the 8th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]]. ==Who Was There We Might Recognize Now== The people who attended this party belonged to the most elite circles of society and were in the social networks of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Louise Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. The people in these networks were not the same as the people in, for example, Queen Victoria's networks. The social network of the Prince of Wales did not exclude people who were divorced, involved in extra-marital relationships, or associated with scandal or gossip. It also included Jews, Americans, businessmen and the ''nouveau riche'', and actors and actresses, even if they were not particularly wealthy, so long as they were beautiful, witty and able to keep the prince amused. In their day, they were celebrities, the subjects of newspaper reports and were considered stylish, "fast," and social leaders. Many of these people would not be familiar now to many of us. The ones that we might find familiar include the following: * [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] later King Edward VII, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], later Queen Alexandra. * [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|George of Wales]], Duke of York and Duchess of York, Princess (Victoria Mary) May or [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary of Teck]], later King George V and Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth II's grandparents. (For fans of the tv series ''[[wikipedia:The_Crown_(TV_series)|The Crown]]'', the role of Queen Mary was played by [[wikipedia:Eileen_Atkins|Eileen Atkins]].) * Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of[[Social Victorians/People/Derby | Derby]], who commissioned the first Stanley Cup and presented it to Canda.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-12|title=Stanley Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup&oldid=972518864|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The entire Stanley family were engaged with hockey when Frederick Arthur Stanley was Governor General of Canada (1888 to 1893).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-27|title=Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby&oldid=975203053|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Lady Frances, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]], called Daisy, the person for whom the song "Bicycle Built for Two" was written. *Oscar Wilde dedicated ''A Woman of No Importance'' to Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lady de Grey]]. * [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Winston Churchill]], who was at the ball by virtue of his mother's popularity in these social networks; he was 24 in 1897 and so little known that only the ''Gentlewoman'' reported his attendance. * A number of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschilds]] were present: Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended. *Prince Charles (or Carl) of Denmark was married to Princess Maud of Norway, the daughter of the Albert Edward, Prince and Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. He became King Haakon VII of Norway, and Princess Maud of Wales Queen of Norway. The role of the old King Haakon VII in the tv series ''[[wikipedia:Atlantic_Crossing_(TV_series)|Atlantic Crossing]]'' was played by [[wikipedia:Søren_Pilmark|Søren Pilmark]]. *Some people will recognize the name Joe Cresswell, known for being the commanding officer for a destroyer that captured an intact Enigma machine; his father, [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Baker-Cresswell]], was at the ball. * [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|William St. John Freemantle Brodrick, later Viscount Midleton]], related by marriage to Agatha Whitehead von Trapp,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-18|title=Robert Whitehead|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whitehead&oldid=973672889|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> first wife of Georg von Trapp and thus the mother of the 7 children in the von Trapp singers. (Agatha Whitehead von Trapp died of scarlet fever in 1922, and Georg von Trapp remarried in 1927 Maria August Kutschera, former novice of Nonnberg Abbey.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-05|title=Georg von Trapp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Trapp&oldid=976801201|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>) Some controversy exists about the accuracy of this genealogy. * While few of us would recognize the name [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]], we might recognize the bank he founded: Deutsche Bank. * [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] was a Life Governor of De Beers and friend of Cecil Rhodes. *[[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Michael Arthur Bass]], 1st Baron Burton of Burton-on-Trent and of Rangemore and Chairman of Bass Brewery, which was founded in 1777 by Michael Arthur Bass's ancestor William Bass. According to the ''Wikipedia'' article on the Bass Brewery, by 1887 Bass was the largest brewery in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-03-19|title=Bass Brewery|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass_Brewery&oldid=1012919731|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *[[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Edward Cecil Guinness]], 1st Earl of Iveagh and Chairman of Guiness Brewery, which was founded in 1759 by Edward Guiness's ancestor Arthur Guiness. ==Descriptions and Contextualizing Information== The attendees were presented to the royals in [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts |Quadrilles and the Courts]] of Female Monarchs, goddesses, and so on. ===Staff at the Ball=== A number of people were present not as people invited to the ball but as staff. Not all the Royals at the ball are described in the newspapers as having been accompanied by attendants — the courtiers who usually attended them — but it seems likely that they all would have been. Some of these attendants are described in the newspapers, perhaps those who were invited in their own right. Some, like [[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|the photographer Lafayette]] and the people who worked at that firm or the musicians, for example, served as staff of the party itself. Some were staff and servants working in Devonshire House or for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at one of his other properties. These people would have helped prepare for the ball, would have served dinner and cleaned up after people, or would have been responsible for the flowers and decorations, like the gardening staff at the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]]'s manorial estate, Chatsworth House, who brought flowers from there for decorations at the ball. ==== Gardeners ==== The gardens at Chatsworth House provided the greens and flowers for the ball. According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>Flowers arrived early on the day of the party, and by the afternoon each room was a mass of orchids and exotic plants from Paxton's great conservatory at Chatsworth. The large marble tazza in the hall was filled with water lilies, and there was even a Night Flowering cactus, a tropical plant whose flowers bloom at night and last a few hours before dying by morning. ... On each table [in the supper marquee] were palm fronds after the fashion set by the Savoy Hotel the previous year, and hidden in these fronds and the flower arrangements around the marquee were tiny electric lights which gave a glittering, fairy-like appearance to the room. This was a novelty in 1897, and the Duchess was taking a risk, as in these early days of electricity, hostesses who chose this form of lighting were apt to find their parties plunged into darkness without warning. Fortunately, at this even all was well.<ref name=":182">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref>{{rp|137}}</blockquote> According to the ''Belfast News-letter'', <blockquote>The elaborate floral decorations were all carried out under the direction of Mr. Chester, the head gardener of Chatsworth, and the whole of the lovely flowers and palms were sent up from the conservatories and gardens on the estate.<ref name=":10">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}</blockquote> Describing a later social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, the ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898, about half a year later: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place [in Eastbourne], including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> Staff who were named as '''present at the 1897 ball''' included * Mr. J. P. Cockerell, agent for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. W. S. Lawrence, house steward for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. May, gardener for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire ==== Serving Staff ==== It seems that the staff of Devonshire House was in costume. For example, after people were welcomed by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, "Masters of the Ceremonies in '''Louise Seize''' military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms."<ref name=":7">“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}} The article in the ''Gentlewoman'' says something very similar, although not identical: the Duchess of Devonshire's "Masters of the Ceremonies were in Louis Seize military uniforms, and they ushered the guests through into the inner rooms, with the exception of the Oriental queens, who, with their suites, assembled in the white and gold saloon, which was brilliantly lit by hundreds of wax '''Candles''', as were, indeed, all the rooms."<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}} The people serving dinner were in costume, as the ''Westminster Gazette'' reported in its article on the ball: "The waiters moving about among the supper-folk were dressed as our great-grandfathers in the time of Pitt were dressed — the hair bunched in a black bag, black courtiers' coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and buckle shoes."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}} According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'', some of the staff who worked the ball were hired from the "outside," and some were already staff at Devonshire House.<blockquote>Then there was the mammoth task of organising costumes for the staff, as the Duchess had decided that they should all be in fancy dress. Those hired from outside were to wear Elizabethan and Egyptian costumes from a theatrical outfitter and, for the Devonshire House staff, the men were to be dressed in the blue and buff Devonshire livery of the eighteenth century and the maids in Elizabethan sprigged frocks.<ref name=":18">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref>{{rp|137}}</blockquote>Lady Violet Greville, who wrote the article on the ball in the ''Graphic'', says, "even the servants, in their own quaint and barbaric Eastern dress, carried out the illusion of antiquity to their knee breeches and white wigs."<ref>Greville, Violet, Lady. "Devonshire House Ball." ''The Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.</ref>{{rp|p. 15, Col. 1b}} No evidence exists that Lady Greville was present at the ball, although her son and daughter in law were there. ====Artists Associated with this Event==== '''''Photographers''''' [[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|James Stack Lauder]], known as Lafayette because that was the name of his firm, was invited by the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]] to set up a temporary studio in the garden and take portrait photographs of the guests in their costumes at the ball. While Lafayette is in many ways the most important photographer documenting the costumes for this event because he was present at the ball, with the imprimatur of the Duke of Devonshire, other photographers also took part in documenting this event. We see their work in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]] made of ones taken a week later by Lafayette as well as ones made by other photographers were collected as a hostess gift for the Duchess and given to her in 1899. A copy of this album is in the National Portrait Gallery and has been digitized.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515</ref> '''''Painters''''' The "fashionable miniaturist" Amelie Küssner painted the Prince of Wales in his costume.<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' Monday 27 December 1897: 3 [of 6], Col. 2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18971227/006/0003.</ref> According to the ''Western Daily Press'', H. A. Stock, a "much-admired" west-of-England painter, "represented one or two of the personages taking part in the Devonshire House fancy dress ball."<ref>"The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours. West of England Artists." ''Western Daily Press'' Monday 20 March 1899: 3 [of 8], Col. 8B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18990320/012/0003.</ref> At the 32nd Exhibition of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours that opened 12 March 1898, Mr. Stocks exhibited a "portrait of a well-known society lady in the costume she wore at the Devonshire House fancy dress ball."<ref>"From Our London Correspondent. By Special Wire." ''Dundee Advertiser'' 11 March 1898, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> At least one of the portraits in the ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album is a painting rather than a photograph. '''''Sculptors''''' The Marchioness of Granby, who at this time was [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners]], commissioned a bust by George Frampton.<ref>''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> ====Musicians==== At least two ensembles were present and providing music, Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band and, early the next morning, the White Hungarian Band. One was called an orchestra and the other a band: according to the ''Guernsey Star'', "The orchestra was placed in close proximity to the ballroom, and another band played a programme in the garden."<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." ''The Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref>{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2c}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says that the Blue Hungarian Band was near the saloon where the guests at the ball presented themselves to the Royals: <blockquote> About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of "God Save the Queen," and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}} </blockquote> The Blue Hungarian Band advertised in the ''Morning Post'': <blockquote> Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band. Cymbalos, Berkes Geza and Miska. has arrived in town for the Season. — Engagements for balls, receptions, &c., to be made to 163A, New Bond-street, W. This band was specially engaged for the Duchess of Devonshire's ball on Friday last.<ref>[Advertisement]. ''Morning Post'' Wednesday 7 July 1897: 6 [of 12], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' <nowiki>http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/002/0006</nowiki>.</ref> </blockquote> According to a letter to the editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' by "One Who Was There," the White Hungarian Band was present at the very end.<ref>One Who Was There. "Devonshire House: A Retrospect." Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.</ref> Describing something that seems to be quite different, the ''Westminster Gazette'' says, "A mandoline band under the sycamore trees killed time."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}} ==== Costumiers, Perruquiers, and Jewelers ==== Not present at the ball but certainly very involved in it were the people who made the clothing, hats, wigs, jewelry, and so forth. Besides people who made the costumes (costumiers, dressmakers, and modistes) and wigs (perruquiers), embroiderers, jewelers and shoemakers are occasionally mentioned although almost never named in the newspaper accounts. General, contextualizing descriptions of the costumes can be found in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#General Discussions of the Costumes|Anthology]]. '''''Costumiers for Theatres and Operas''''' * M. Comelli, designer and costumier at Covent Garden, designed the costumes that were constructed by Mr. Alias of Soho Square.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. Karl, artist, designed the costumes made by Messrs. L. and H. Nathan of Coventry-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} <ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 5b}} * Messrs. John Simmons and Sons, Coventry House, Haymarket<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Simmons, 7 and 8, King Street, Covent Garden<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mme. Auguste, of Wellington-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Harrison's, Ltd., 31, Bow-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. W. Clarkson, 44, Wellington Street (costumes and wigs)<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mme. or Miss Mary E. Fisher, 26, Bedford-street, Covent-garden<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cVQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PR2&dq=Mr.+May,+Garrick-street,+Covent-garden&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=The Play-pictorial|date=1908|publisher=Greening & Company, Limited|language=en}} P. ADVT ii. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQZAAAAYAAJ.</ref> <ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Mr. May, Garrick-street, 9 & 11 Garrick Street, Covent-garden<ref name=":9" /> * "and many others"<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} '''''Fashion Houses and Modistes''''' Among those who helped construct the costumes and wigs include the following: * Mme Durrant made the dress for [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Theresa, Marchioness of Londonderry|Theresa, Marchioness of Londonderry]], who was dressed as Empress Marie-Thérèse.<ref>"Lines for the Ladies." ''Daily Gazette for Middlesbrough'' Thursday 16 June 1898: 4 [of 4], Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000159/18980616/060/0004.</ref> The dress and fabrics for the Marchioness of Londonderry as well as her quadrille, were made in Britain or Ireland.<ref name=":02">"This Morning’s News." London ''Daily News'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970706/038/0007.</ref> * The French "tailoring workshop"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashion.mam-e.it/morin-blossier/|title=Morin-Blossier -|date=2016-02-05|language=it-IT|access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> of Morin-Blossier made the dress worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Princess Maud of Wales]] (Princess Charles of Denmark).<ref name=":43">Harris, Russell. "Prince and Princess Carl of Denmark, later King Haakon VII (1872-1957) and Queen Maud of Norway (1869-1938), and Princess Victoria of Wales (1868-1935), as a 16th century Danish courtier, and Ladies-in-Waiting at to Marguerite de Valois." "List of Sitters." ''In Calm Prose''. 2011 http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/denmark.html.</ref> * The House of Worth * Doucet * Madame Frederic, of Lower Grosvenor Place * M. or Mrs. Mason, of New Burlington Street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * '''Mr. Caryl Craven<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}}''' * M. Machinka, Conduit-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Paquin, of Dover-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} * Jays, Ltd., Regent-street<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} The ''Gentlewoman'' covered this topic explicitly: <blockquote> Very great credit is due to the taste and artistic powers of the designers of these dresses, and particular mention must be made of M. Comelli, of Covent Garden Theatre, whose facile pen designed most of the superb toilettes so ably carried out by Messrs. Alias, of Soho-square. Other theatrical costumiers who brought all their special talents to bear on the historical and fancy costumes required for this function were Messrs. Nathan (artist, Mr. Karl), of Coventry-street; Messrs. John Simmons & Sons, Haymarket; Mme. Auguste, of Wellington-street; Harrison's, Ltd., 31, Bow-street; Simmons, 7 and 8, King-street; Mr. Clarkson, 44, Wellington-street; Mme. Fisher, 26, Bedford-street; and many others. A great number of well-known modistes in London were also called upon to supply dresses. Amongst these we chronicle M. Mason, New Burlington-street; M. Machinka, Conduit-street; Paquin, of Dover-street; Jays, Ltd., Regent-street; Messrs. Durrant, 116, Bond-street (who made Lady Londonderry's magnificent gown), and numerous others.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3b}} </blockquote> The London ''Evening Standard'' cites the sources of its information about the costumes: <blockquote> We are indebted for some of the particulars of the dresses to Mr. Charles Alias, Soho-square; Messrs. L. and H. Nathan, Coventry-street, Haymarket; Messrs. John Simmons and Son, Coventry House, Haymarket; Mr. May, Garrick-street, Covent-garden; Miss Mary E. Fisher, 26 Bedford-street, Covent-garden; and the ''Lady'' newspaper.<ref name=":8">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 5b}}</blockquote> The ''Morning Post'' also addressed the costumiers. It named Mr. Alias in association with the royals, as well as mentioning several other costumiers by name: <blockquote> The costumes worn by the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and the Duchess of Connaught, as well as many others were supplied by Mr. Alias, of Soho-square. Those worn by the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, the Duke of Manchester, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and others were made by Mr. W. Clarkson, of Wellington-street, who also supplied the wigs and headdresses for the Royal Family. Messrs. Simmons and Sons, of the Haymarket, made a large number of costumes, including those of the Duke of Somerset, the Marquis of Winchester, Earls Beauchamp, Carrington, Ellesmere, and Essex. Nathan, of Coventry-street, and Simmons, of King-street, Covent-garden; Madame Frederic, of Lower Grosvenor-place, and Mrs. Mason, of New Burlington-street, also made some of the principal costumes.<ref name=":0">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} </blockquote> On 3 July 1897, the day after the ball, the ''Belfast News-letter'' says, <blockquote>For weeks past all the leading London dressmakers and costumiers had been hard at work executing the orders for this great ball. At Alias Nathan's, Clarkson's, Auguste's, and Simmons' all hands set to with a will, and it is gratifying to know that the dresses entrusted to them more than held their own with those sent over from Paris.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}</blockquote> According to the ''Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald'', citing the ''Daily Mail'', <blockquote> Lady de Grey is going as Zenobia, and is getting her dress from Doucet, I hear, while Worth also is making a great many costumes; but the greatest number are being made in England. The Duchess of Portland, the Duchess of Hamilton, Lady Mar and Kellie, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] are all going to the costumier in Soho-square, and Alias has also been summoned to Marlborough House for a consultation. Mr. Caryl Craven, who is so clever in such matters, is helping the Duchess of Leeds with her dress; in fact, everyone seems pressed into the service, and the result will be one of the most brilliant sights that ever was seen.<ref>“Derbyshire Sayings and Doings.” ''Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald'' 12 June 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000228/18970612/018/0005.</ref> </blockquote> Which costumier was this? "A well-known West End dressmaker booked for the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy dress ball orders representing £27000."<ref>"London Letter." ''Western Daily Press'' 15 July 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 8], Col. 7c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18970715/146/0008.</ref> '''''Perruquiers''''' Mr. W. Clarkson "supplied the wigs and headdresses for the Royal Family."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} <blockquote> At the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, on the 2d inst., the Prince of Wales looked as if he had stepped out of a masterpiece by one of the old painters. His wig, which completed a correct make-up as Knight of Malta, was specially made and fitted by that favoured "Royal Perruquier" Mr Willie Clarkson, who also had the honour of making and fitting the wigs worn by Prince Charles of Denmark, the Duke of York, and the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, and of dressing the hair of the Duchess of York and the Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. Mr Clarkson also supplied a number of the costumes, including those worn by the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, Princess Louise, and the Duke of Manchester. It would not be safe to say how many crowned heads have literally "passed through the hands" of Mr Clarkson. The art of the perruquier is a very difficult one, requiring historical knowledge, patient research, and great taste. It is most essential to the success of any theatrical performance or of an historical ball.<ref>“Foreign Plays and Players.” ''The Era'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 15 [of 28], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18970710/032/0015.</ref> </blockquote> Clarkson also provided costumes and wigs for the [[Social Victorians/Royals Amateur Theatricals|amateur theatricals]] that the royals took part in to entertain themselves. '''''Jewelers''''' After naming costumiers, the ''Gentlewoman'' specifically mentions the Parisian Company for its jewelry and Mr. Norman of Bond Street for the shoes he made: <blockquote> Among other firms [than the costumiers] who lent their aid to make the great ball a huge success was the Parisian Company, whose sparkling gems and jewels, and whose ropes of pearls and precious stones, enhanced the charms of many a fair dame in her dainty old-world costume, and the firm of Mr. Norman, 69, New Bond-street, who designed and made the shoes for the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Buccleuch, &c., &c.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 3c}} </blockquote> According to the ''Westminster Gazette'', "One very great lady indeed had been lent, by a jeweller, diamonds worth about £13,000."<ref name=":4">“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}} === Journalists and Newspaper Men Present === Several men who owned newspapers were present at the ball, but it seems very unlikely that they were invited because of their associations with journalism unless they were already part of the social network that the list of people who attended the ball can be seen to represent. Also, of course, given the class of people invited to the ball, they were not reporters but proprietors and editors. Still, their newspapers played a very important role in the reportage on the event, which makes them worth identifying separately: * [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]], proprietor of the ''Morning Post'', and son and editor Oliver Borthwick * [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Oppenheim]], one of three proprietors of the ''Daily News'' in July 1897; Oppenheim was apparently the only one of the three present at the ball. * [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|William Gervase Beckett]], proprietor and editor in chief of the ''Saturday Review'' While Borthwick and Oppenheim represented newspapers that gave a great deal of attention to the ball, their presence at the ball does not suggest their newspapers necessarily took it more seriously. The newspapers that had the biggest articles about the ball the day after are the following. The main article about the ball * on 10 July 1897 in the ''Gentlewoman'' is 8,489 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Morning Post'' is 7,719 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Evening Standard'' is 7,048 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Times'' is 5,675 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Daily News'' is 3,676 words. * on 3 July 1897 in the ''Westminster Gazette'' is 2,959 words. The articles in the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Graphic'' (this last one written by Lady Violet Greville), both 10 July 1897, had a very large number of illustrations, which made them longer than the number of words itself would suggest. ===[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |Anthology of Reports]]=== A collection of excerpts of descriptions from the newspaper and magazine reports, called here an [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |anthology]], gives a sense of what people read about the event. Reporting on this event began months before it, as soon I think as rumors that it would take place began to circulate, and continued for many months after; it occasionally shows up in a newspaper report years later. ==People Present== Most social events of this size that included the Prince and Princess of Wales, especially those hosted by them, were reported in the newspapers with a list of people invited, generally in order by rank. Royals, including royals from countries outside the U.K., were listed first, often as special guests. The ranks of the aristocracy followed, with dukes together, marquises, earls, and so on. Sometimes the toponyms were in alphabetical order; occasionally they were just grouped; I never saw a list that followed the orders of precedence beyond the general groupings by title. If members of a family were present and had a title, they were in the lists by their title with their family members listed with them. No newspaper printed a complete list of those invited to this ball, probably because the Duchess of Devonshire did not release such a list to the newspapers. This list, then, is the result of trawling through every contemporary account of the ball. It is possible, perhaps, to confirm the presence of some people, because, for example, they appear in the Album of portraits given as a thank-you gift to the Duchess in 1899. The fact that more than one newspaper mentions someone's presence may mean not confirmation but the fact that one or both of these newspaper were reprinting articles originally published somewhere else. The random quality to the list below, then, arises from the newspapers themselves. Further, the location of the names on the list depends on which newspaper article I was working from at the time. I began with the London ''Morning News'' because of its audience and reputation for gossip and social news for the aristocracy and oligarchy. Almost all other lists of attendees are made up only of what was published in the ''Times'', which is a good list but not the best (because of its repetitions) and nowhere near complete. Husbands and wives are often not listed together in the newspaper reports on the ball, and sometimes, as with the ''Times'', the same people are listed in several places with different titles and honorifics. Also influential in developing the list of attendees and identifying some who were mentioned in newspapers but without enough identifying information was the Album, which included the photographs of some of the attendees in their costumes, a copy of which is in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and another in the British Library. A list of people whom it would seem likely would have been at the ball but are not mentioned in the press are below, in the section [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball#People_Absent|People Absent]]. ===Missing from the List: Indian Dignitaries=== Missing from this list are the dignitaries from India, who were said to have been present. According to the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' dated 2 July 1897, the day of the party, "The Duchess [of Devonshire] has secured the attendance of many of the Indian Rajahs, who have merely to present themselves in the gorgeous dresses with which they have decorated London drawing-rooms during the past fortnight. ... — London Correspondent."<ref>“The Devonshire Ball.” ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 3 [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18970702/017/0003.</ref> In a letter to the Editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' on 6 July 1897, "One Who Was There" is lamenting about how, now that the ball was over, people would not see the beautiful costumes again. Unlike most of the people who attended, however, "The Indian princes were happy in their lot — no hired possessions theirs, but treasure trove, and they could play at dressing up whenever they pleased."<ref>One Who Was There. "Devonshire House: A Retrospect." Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.</ref> Describing wearing Indian late-19th-century native dress as "play[ing] at dressing up" reveals perhaps that part of the attraction of inviting these people, who were likely in London for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, were their colorful and exotic clothing. We know that "the Maharajah of Kapurthala" was present (at 195 in the list below) and at Table 10 in the first supper seating. No other newspapers stories talked about the presence of many Indian Rajahs, but perhaps the reporters didn't see them arrive or depart and didn't know who they were. These dignitaries are likely to have been in London to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee; perhaps their names can be guessed from those named at other events from about this time. [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh]] (at 605) was not a dignitary from India: he was living in London at this time. On [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|6 July 1897, Tuesday]], just 4 days after the fancy-dress ball, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted a garden party that was attended by a number of people from South Asia, who were named in the ''Morning Post'' article about the garden party. Although Duleep Singh himself is not mentioned, his English wife, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, Countess of Selkirk, was present and mentioned just after this:<blockquote>The company arrived in quick succession from four till nearly seven o'clock by the two side entrances to the grounds, as well as the principal entrance in Piccadilly, and the presence of our Indian and Colonial visitors in their picturesque and varied uniforms testified to the far-reaching popularity of the Duke of Devonshire and the hostess. The Maharajah of Kapurthala, the Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee, the Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh, Thakur Hari Singh, Kumar Dhopal Singh, Rajah Khetri Singh, Rajah Agit Singh, Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura, Bijey Singh, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy, and the Maha Mudalayar of Kandy, besides the officers of the Imperial Service Troops and the Officers of the Native Cavalry Corps were present. Among those who attended were: Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike, Senathi Rajah, Deir Senathi Rajah ....<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 07 July 1897 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/069/0007.</ref></blockquote>That is, assuming that those who were in London on 6 July 1897 were also likely in London on 2 July, these visitors from South Asia might have attended the fancy-dress ball as well: * The Maharajah of Kapurthala * The Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee * The Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh * Thakur Hari Singh * Kumar Dhopal Singh * Rajah Khetri Singh * Rajah Agit Singh * Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura * Bijey Singh * Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy * The Maha Mudalayar of Kandy * Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike * Senathi Rajah * Deir Senathi Rajah The list of attendees to this garden party follows the pattern of the typical list for this kind of event that included royals, visiting dignitaries and officials, and aristocracy from other nations. That is, people are listed more or less in rank order and grouped by family, as if the newspaper had received a copy of the invitation list itself. The list of people who attended the fancy-dress ball is not ordered in these ways, as if the newspapers were not given the invitation list. This difference might explain why the ''Morning Post'' knew the names of these dignitaries from South Asia on 7 July but did not on 3 July. === Possible Errors === *Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, but Hon. Mr. and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke are at 325 and 236, respectively. *Mr. S. Cavendish (at 656) may be an error; he may be [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. R. Cavendish]], who is already in the list (at 107) *The National Portrait Gallery letterpress on her portrait says that Lady Helen Stewart is Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] (at 43, right after her mother in this list). Helen Stewart-Murray, daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Duke of Atholl]] (at 657) was probably a misidentification. *Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 718) and Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 719) are difficult to identify given the honorifics. Possibly the J. is a typo for T. in the ''Times'' report? *The [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]] were in a quadrille with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]]: The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]] are at 23, two women. If each woman had one sash, then there were 2 ladies Villiers and 2 ladies Ker. Lady Edith Villiers (at 282) was definitely in the Cosway quadrille; Lady M. Villiers (at 433) is probably Lady Margaret Villiers, so that might be both the Ladies Villiers. (Mr. E. Villiers is at 326.) * The ''Times'' article<ref name=":2" /> lists both Mrs. George Curzon and then later Mr. and Mrs. Curzon; was George there? or was this another couple? Several people are treated this way, mentioned earlier in the ''Times'' article and then apparently showing up later, with fewer honorifics, especially if they are Hon.'s. Also, there may be duplicates because of variant spellings of the names. ===List of People Who Attended=== # [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales | Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], train borne by ##[[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Hon. Louvima Knollys|Hon. Louvima Knollys]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Prince George of Wales, Duke of York]], at this point heir to the throne. He and the Duchess of York were attended by ## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547) ## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152) # [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary, Duchess of York]], who was Mary of Teck, in attendance on Alexandra. She and George, Duke of York were attended by ## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547) ## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152) # [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (son of "Affie," [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]]) # Prince[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] # Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] # The[[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia | Grand Duke Michael of Russia]] # Princess Louise, Duchess of[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Connaught and Strathearn]] (Princess Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes of Prussia) (Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught is at 369) # Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein | Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]] (her parents, Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein are at 6 and 7) # [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Alexander of Teck]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Francis of Teck]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duke of Fife]] (the Duchess of Fife is at 177) # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura Williamina Seymour of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen |Countess Helena Gleichen]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire #[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Cavendish]], Duke of Devonshire # [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch |Duke of Buccleuch]], ([[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|the Duchess of Bucchleuch]] is at 24) #[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu | William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Manchester]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Manchester is at 175) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duchess of Roxburghe]] (the Duke of Roxburghe, her son, is at 48) #[[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21) #[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (the Duke of Buccleuch is at 20) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott | Katharine Scott]] # Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott | Constance Scott]] # Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duke of Somerset]] (Susan St. Maur, Duchess of Somerset at 209) # William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duke of Portland]] (Duchess of Portland at 29; Mildred Grenfell at 30) # Winifred Anna Dallas-Yorke Cavendish-Bentinck, the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duchess of Portland]] (the Duke of Portland at 27) #[[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell | Mildred Grenfell]] # Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Countess of Dudley]] (William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Alva |Duke of Alva]]— probably Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|16th Duke of Alba]] (possibly his son, Lord Alva, is at 405) # Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine Leveson-Gower, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland |Duchess of Sutherland]] (the Duke of Sutherland is at 623) # Katherine Cavendish Grosvenor, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duchess of Westminster]] (the Duke is at 173) # Katherine Frances Lambton Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds |Duchess of Leeds]] (the duke is at 455) # Constance Villiers Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |Countess of Derby]] (Frederick, Earl of Derby is at 210) #[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273) #[[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |Daisy (Mary Theresa) Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of [[Social Victorians/People/Pless | Pless]] (Prince Henry of Pless is at 40) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Hon. George Keppel]] (Alice Keppel is at 231) #[[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Prince Henry of Pless]] ("Daisy" Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West | Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of Pless, is at 38) # Evelyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Alington |Lady Alington]] (Humphrey Sturt is at 120) # Theresa Chetwynd-Talbot Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry |Marchioness of Londonderry]] (the Marquess of Londonderry is at 511) # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] # Lady Beatrix [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne | Petty-FitzMaurice]], daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquess and Marchioness of Lansdowne]], in attendance on the Marchioness of Londonderry (at 42) #[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Lady Beatrice Butler]] (Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]], is at 372; Constance Butler is at 373) #[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (daughter of James Hamilton, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Duke of Abercorn]]) #[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling |Miss Stirling]] (possibly Evelyn Mary Caroline Lilah Stirling) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marchioness of Zetland]] (The Marquis of Zetland is at 59; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duke of Roxburghe]] (The Duchess of Roxburghe, his mother, is at 22) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Winchester |Marquis of Winchester]] # Maud Hamilton Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice is at 43) # Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquis of Lansdowne]] # Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Countess of Warwick]] (the Earl of Warwick is at 525) # Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Countess of Yarborough]] (the Earl is at 61) # Beatrix Jane Craven,[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Countess Cadogan]] (Earl Cadogan is at 176) #[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lady Emily Lurgan]] (Lord Lurgan is at 165) #[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Lady Sophie Scott]] (Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., is at 99) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie | Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (the Countess of Mar and Kellie is at 160) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marquis of Zetland]] (The Marchioness of Zetland is at 48; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529) # William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Earl Beauchamp]] (Lady Mary Lygon, his sister, is at 547) # Charles Anderson-Pelham, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Earl of Yarborough]] (The Countess of Yarborough is at 54) # Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Earl Harewood]] (Lady Harewood is at 524) # William Humble Ward, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Earl of Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) # George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Earl Essex]] (the Adele Grant Cappell, Countess of Essex is at 194) # Edward [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers | Villiers]], 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Earl Clarendon]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Count Franz Deym]] (Countess Deym is at 67) #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Countess Isabel Deym]] (Count Deym is at 66) # Francis Egerton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Earl of Ellesmere]] (his daughter Lady Mabel Egerton is at 544) # Lord Carington: Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington |Earl Carrington]] # William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Earl of Selborne]] (Beatrix Palmer, Lady Selborne is at 557) # Edward Montagu, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich |Earl of Sandwich]] # Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice,[[Social Victorians/People/Kerry | Earl Kerry]] # Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart,[[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Viscount Castlereagh]] # Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |1st Viscount Peel]] # Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscountess Raincliffe]] (Lady Mildred [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough | Denison]] is at 283) # William, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscount Raincliffe]] # Oliver Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lord Ampthill]] (Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420; Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] is at 418) # Giles Fox-Strangways,[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Lord Stavordale]] (Muriel Fox-Strangways is at 403) # Frederick Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton |Lord Wolverton]] (Edith, Lady Wolverton is at 130) #[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Lord Rodney]] (Lady Rodney is at 472) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor |R. Grosvenor]]: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]] # Seymour Henry Bathurst,[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst | 7th Earl Bathurst]] # Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood | Hood]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 46; Lord Ronald Hamilton is at 105) # Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |Lady Tweedmouth]] (Edward Marjoribanks, Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] is at 49) # Arthur Balfour, [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour |the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]] (Miss Balfour is at 486) # Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (Lady Glenesk is at 88; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]], Lady Glenesk (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]] (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Lady Glenesk is at 88; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82) # Minnie (Mary)[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (Arthur Paget is at 91) # Colonel Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]] (Minnie Paget is at 90) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds | Fanny Ronalds]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain |Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]] (Mrs. Mary Chamberlain is at 491; Miss Chamberlain is at 492) #[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (Sir William Harcourt is at 128; Lewis Harcourt is at 664) # Mr. F. B. [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay |(Francis Bingham) Mildmay]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson |Captain Gordon Wilson]] (Lady Sarah Wilson is at 392) # Sir John[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye | Lister Kaye, Bart.]] (Lady Maria Lister Kaye is at 499) #[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Colonel William Chaine]] (Maria Chaine is at 490) # Sir Samuel [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Scott]], Bart. (Lady Sophie Scott, his wife, is at 57) # Mr. Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Loder | Loder]], M.P. # Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Shrewsbury]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lady Edward Cecil]] (Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lord R. Cecil is at 126; Lady R. Cecil is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404) # [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell |Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell) # Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell: [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Schomberg McDonnell]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (possibly Ronald James Hamilton, nephew of the 1st Duke of Abercorn) (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 45; Lord Frederick Hamilton is at 83) # [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis |Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]] # Mr. R. (possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lord Richard) Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Mr. Nicolas Gourko]] # Edward Marjoribanks, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth | Tweedmouth]], as the Earl of Leicester (Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, Duke of Roxburghe is at 49) # Cyril Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lord Battersea]] (Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is at 328) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Charles Hartopp]] (Millicent, Lady Hartopp is at 488) # Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lady Rothschild]] (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck is 263) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace | Donald Mackenzie Wallace]] # Mr. Montague [[Social Victorians/People/Guest | Guest]] (Ivor Bertie Guest, at 295; Frederick Guest, at 345) # Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (Lady Meysey Thompson is at 391) # Walter Hume [[Social Victorians/People/Long | Long]], the Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P. (Lady Doreen Long is at 484) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Arthur Wilson]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Edith Wilbraham]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom, is at 125; Alice Bootle-Wilbraham, Countess Lathom, is at 213) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt, M.P.]] (Lady Alington is at 41) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Mr. R Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James of Hereford]] (his niece, Miss James, is at 396) # [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Lord Edmund Talbot]] # Mr. C. Wyndham, M.P.: Colonel Sir Charles [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham | Wyndham Murray]] # Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Earl of Lathom]] (The Countess of Lathom is at 213; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119) # [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lord Robert Cecil]] (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lady Robert Cecil [Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil] is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404). # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall | Charles Hall]], Q.C, M.P. # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |William Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Lewis Harcourt is at 669) # Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere |Lord Burghclere]], as a Puritan (Lady Burghclere is at 437) # Edith Glyn, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton | Wolverton]] (Lord Wolverton is at 79) # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Princess Louise]] Marchioness of Lorne (the Marquis of Lorne is at 620; Elspeth Campbell is at 621) # [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill |Lady Randolph Churchill]] (her son Winston Churchill, is at 179; Jack Churchill is at 223) # Alphonse [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Chodron de Courcel]] (Madame de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Ernest Louis, the [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Grand Duke of Hesse]] (Princess Victoria, the Grand Duchess of Hesse, is at 138). # M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral | de Soveral]] # Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon |Countess de Grey]] (Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey is at 656) ## Ethiopian or Nubian attendant # [[Social Victorians/People/Georges de Staal | Georges de Staal]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Princess Victoria]], the Grand Duchess of Hesse (the Grand Duke of Hesse is at 134). # Archibald Primrose, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery |Earl of Rosebery]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Lady Gosford]] (the Earl of Gosford is at 143) # John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham |Earl of Durham]] # Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Duke of Marlborough]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough is at 174) # Archibald Acheson, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Earl of Gosford]] (Lady Gosford is at 140) # [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Prince Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Charles of Denmark is at 159). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by ## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651) ## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654) # John Spencer, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Earl Spencer]] (Charlotte, Countess Spencer is at 192) # Beatrix Herbert, the [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Countess of Pembroke]] (the Earl of Pembroke is at 181; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648) # Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury |Lord Halsbury]] (Lady Halsbury is at 515) # Ana, Countess de [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa Valencia]] (the Count is at 183) # [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Adolphus of Teck]] # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle |Duchess of Newcastle]] (the Duke of Newcastle is at 564) # Mrs. White: [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White |Daisy (Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherford) White]] (Henry White is at 310) # [[Social Victorians/People/Cust |Sir Charles Cust]] , who accompanied the Duke and Duchess of York with Lady Mary Lygon # William Court [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully Selby]] (Mrs. Gully is at 441; Miss Gully at 442) # [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Clara Stone Hay]] (John Milton Hay is at 187; Miss Helen Hay at 508) # Alice Anne Graham-Montgomery Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville Edgerton, [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos |Duchess of Buckingham]] (Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton is at 591; Lady Gore-Langton is at 592) # [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (her husband Lord Edward George Villiers Stanley is at 188) # Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, the [[Social Victorians/People/Chesterfield |Earl of Chesterfield]] # Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Maud of Wales) (Prince Charles of Denmark is at 144). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by ## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651) ## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654) # Lady Violet (Susan Violet) Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie |Countess of Mar and Kellie]] (the Earl of Mar and Kellie is at 58) # Lord Charles Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Charles William Augustus Montagu]] # Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscountess Chelsea]] # Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscount Chelsea]] # Lady E., probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lady Evelyn, Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Mr. R. Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366) # Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lurgan]] (Lady Lurgan is at 56) # Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton |Duchess of Hamilton]] # Lord Kenyon, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon | Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon]]. # Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]] (Viscount Curzon is at 197) # Robert Crewe-Milnes, [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes |Earl of Crewe]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duke of Montrose]] (the Duchess of Montrose is at 186) # Viscount Garnet [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley | Wolseley]] (Lady Wolseley is at 541; Miss Wolseley is at 542) # Lord Falmouth: Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth |7th Viscount Falmouth]] (Lady Falmouth is at 471) # Hugh Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duke of Westminster]] (the Duchess of Westminster is at 34) #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill |Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Marlborough]] (The Duke of Marlborough is at 142) # Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (William, Duke of Manchester is at 21) # Earl [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Cadogan]] (Countess Cadogan is at 55) # Princess Royal, Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duchess of Fife]] (the Duke of Fife is at 15) # M. de [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa | Souza Correa]] (João Arthur Souza Corrêa) #Winston [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Churchill]] (his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]], is at 132; his brother, Jack Churchill, is at 223) # Albert, [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff |Count Mensdorff]] # Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |14th Earl of Pembroke]] (the Countess of Pembroke is at 145; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648) # Madame [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse Chodron de Courcel is at 133; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Count [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa de Valencia]] (the Countess is at 148) # Countess Torby: Sophia Nicholaievna, [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia |Countess Torbi or Torby]] # Lord Ribblesdale: Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (Lady Ribblesdale is at 206) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duchess of Montrose]] (the Duke of Montrose is at 170) # [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |John Milton Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; Helen Hay at 508) # Lord Edward George Villiers [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]] (Lady A. Stanley [Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley] is at 157) # Lord Montagu: William Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton |1st Baron Rowton]] #Lady H. Lennox: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Richmond and Gordon|Amelia Gordon-Lennox]] # Countess Clary: Thérèse, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Countess Clary-Aldringen]] (Count Siegfried Clary is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Countess Spencer]] (John, Earl Spencer is at 145) # Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (William Beresford is at 581) # Adele Grant Cappell, [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Countess Essex]] (George Capell, Earl of Essex is at 64) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Kapurthala|Maharajah of Kapurthala]] #Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (Lord Cranborne is at 610) #Richard George Penn, [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |Viscount Curzon]] (Georgiana, Viscountess Curzon is at 168; Countess Howe is at 489) #Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Lady Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271) #Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] is at 606) #[[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |Ettie (Mrs. W. H.) Grenfell]] (Mr. W. H. Grenfell is at 222; Miss Mildred Grenfell is at 30) #Hugo Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lord Elcho]] (Mary Charteris, Lady Elcho is at 224) #Louise ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon |Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (Mr. Arthur Sassoon is at 552), with nephews as attendants: ##Evelyn [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 668 ##Anthony [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 669) # Henry, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Earl of Suffolk]] (Lady Suffolk is at 538) # Lady Hastings: [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings |Elizabeth Evelyn Harbord Astley]] (Lord Hastings is at 425) # Count Clary, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Siegfried Graf von Clary und Aldringen]] (Countess Thérèse Clary is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Lady Ribblesdale: [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Charlotte, Baroness Ribblesdale]] (Lord Ribblesdale is at 185) # [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey |Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey]] # Lowry Egerton Cole, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|4th Earl of Enniskillen]] (Charlotte, Countess of Enniskillen is at 597; Lady Florence Cole is at 239) # Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duchess of Somerset]] (Algernon St. Maur, Duke of Somerset is at 27) # Frederick Arthur Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |16th Earl of Derby]] (Constance, Countess of Derby is at 36) # Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |Countess of Lonsdale]] (Hugh Cecil Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale is at 225) # Mr. Goschen: [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|George Joachim Goschen]] (Mrs. Lucy Goschen is at 423; Miss Goschen is at 424) # Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Countess of Lathom]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom is at 125; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Hon. Reginald Lister]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Helen Venetia Duncombe Vincent]] (Sir Edgar Vincent is at 226) # Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]], as a Swiss Burgher (Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild is at 112) # [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith |Margot Asquith]] (Herbert Henry Asquith is at 381) # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Oliphant|Laurence Oliphant]] # Sybil Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |Countess of Westmorland]] (Anthony Mildmay Fane, Earl of Westmorland is at 257) # Lady Cynthia [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Graham of Netherby]] (Sir Richard Graham is at 464) # [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham |Mr. George Wyndham]] #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |William Henry Grenfell]] (Ethel Grenfell is at 200; Miss Mildred Grenfell is at 30) # [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jack Churchill]] (his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, is at 132; his brother, Winston Churchill, is at 179) #Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]] (Hugo Charteris, Lord Elcho is at 201) # Hugh Cecil Lowther, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |5th Earl of Lonsdale]] (Grace, Countess of Lonsdale is at 211) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham |Edgar Vincent]] (Lady Helen Vincent is at 215) #Miss West: Shelagh [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |(Constance Edwina) Cornwallis-West]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Mary Goelet]], Miss Ogden Göelet (Mr. Ogden Göelet is at 502; Mrs. May Göelet is at 503) #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|C. Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Duke of Westminster]]) #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]] (Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Mrs. Isabel Oppenheim is at 408) #[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Alice Keppel]] (George Keppel is at 39). # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |Algernon Bourke]] (Guendoline Bourke is at 236) #Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |A. (Guendoline) Bourke]] (Algernon Bourke is at 235) #[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Gerald Paget Paget]]: likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget (Mrs. Arthur Paget is at 90; Arthur Paget is at 91) #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford |Violet de Trafford]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Cole |Lady Florence Cole]] (Lowry, Earl of Inneskillen is at 208; Charlotte, Countess Inneskillen is at 597) #Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Julia Peel Maguire]] (Mr. Rochfort Maguire is at 241) #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Rochfort Maguire]] #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson | Muriel Wilson]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Helena Violet Alice Fraser]] ("Miss Keith Fraser") (Captain Keith Fraser is at 244) #Captain Fraser: [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Keith Alexander Fraser]] (Helena Violet Alice Fraser is at 243) #[[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere |Marie Hope-Vere]] #Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke | Lady Colebrooke]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. Leo was in the Duchess procession. #<!-- [Unidentified still] -->[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#E. Stanley|E. Stanley]] #Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |George Frederick Stanley]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Derby#Hon. J. Stanley|J. Stanley]] #Hon. F. C. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Ferdinand Charles Stanley]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]] #Lady A. Acheson: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson]] #Lord Acheson: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard |Mary Milner Gerard]] #Anthony Mildmay Julian Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |13th Earl of Westmorland]] (Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland is at 219) #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Talbot]] # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|de Brienen]] (Baron Brienen is at 465; Baroness Brienen is at 466) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |Leonie Leslie]] (Col. John Leslie is at 261) # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |John Leslie]] (Leonie Leslie is at 260) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Henry Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck is at 543) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Olivia Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck (is at 543) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish Bentinck]] (Mr. Cavendish Bentinck is at 112) # [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]] # Mr. A. M. Biddulph, possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph |Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]], probably John Gaspard le Marchant Romilly, [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|3rd Baron Romilly]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Hon. Gerald Ward]] (the Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; Georgina Lady Dudley is at 198) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell |Cecil Campbell]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |James Stewart Forbes]] (Lady Angela Forbes is at 37) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Shipley Cardross]] (Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Rosalie Cardross]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton |Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]] # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Muriel Erskine]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 275; Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276) # Mr. Elliot: the Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry Elliot]] (Lady Minto is at 544) # M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell | Boulatzell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |Margaret Spicer]] (Captain John Spicer is at 410) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Edith Villiers]] (Lady May Julia Child-Villiers is at 372; Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lord Hyde is at 294) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Mildred Denison]] (Grace, Viscountess Raincliffe is at 75; William, Viscount Raincliffe is at 76) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|St. Oswald]] (Lord St. Oswald is at 641) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Blanche Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273; Lady Angela Forbes is at 37) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber, Charles Shuldham Schreiber]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Mary Von André]] (Herr Adolf Von André is at 386) # [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie | Walter Murray Guthrie]] (Olive Guthrie is at 291) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie |Olive Guthrie]] (Walter Murray Guthrie is at 290) # [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Eleanor Louise Montagu]] (escorted by Lord Stavordale, at 78) # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Miss Enid Wilson]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde (Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lady Edith Villiers is at 282) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Ivor Guest]] (Montague Guest, at 115; Frederick Guest, at 345) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue |Seymour Fortescue]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Sidney Greville]] # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Greville |Margaret (Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (where was Ronald Greville?) # <!-- Still unidentified. -->The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Mrs. Greville]] (probably not 298?) # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]] # The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon: [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |the Hon. Mary Curzon]] (The Hon. George Curzon is at 495) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Hon. George Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|1st Viscount Peel]] is at 74) #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris |Evan Charteris]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady Lettice Grosvenor|Lettice Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]] # Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Hon. Francis Cecil Brownlow]], the Hon. Cecil Brownlow # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Marion Leigh]] (Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570; Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; John Blundell Leigh is at 602) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond |Katherine Mary Drummond]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White | Henry White]] (Mrs. Daisy White is at 151) # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mr. Norton (MornPost Fancy 1897-07-03) or Mr. Morton (Times 1897-07-03) was dressed as Guyman di Silva in the 17th-century procession. # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Ernest William Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483; Mabel Beckett is at 359; Mr. Rupert Beckett is at 481; Muriel Beckett is at 482) # Mr. H. [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender | Warrender]]: probably Hugh Valdave Warrender (Captain Warrender, probably George John Scott Warrender, is at 519) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune |Francis Jeune]] attended with (Lady Susan Jeune is at 550; Miss Madeline Stanley is at 551) # Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess of Powis]] # George [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur (Mary Venetia) James]] (Mr. Arthur James is at 480) # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |D. Marjoribanks]] (Fanny Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; Henry Duke of Roxburghe is at 49; two "brother officers" are at 637 and 638) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Ephrussi]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Holden |Henry Holden]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Mr. E. Villiers|E. Villiers]] # Arthur, [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] # Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lady Battersea]] (Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is at 110) # Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey |Lady de Ramsey]] # Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild|Ferdinand de Rothschild]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Hon. S. (George William Spencer) Lyttelton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox is at 623) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lady Harriet Burton]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lord Michael Burton]] # Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh |Lady Garvagh]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Rose Leigh]] (John Blundell Leigh is at 602; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson |Zoë Farquharson]] (Alexander Farquharson is at 458) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Naylor]] # The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Sackville West]] # Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]] # Lord Annaly: Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Baron Annaly]] # John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl |Marquess of Tullibardine]] # Lord George [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl | Stewart-Murray]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Frederick Edward Guest]] # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|the Hon. W. Lambton]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Frank Dugdale]] (Lady Eva Dugdale is at 409) #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Clive Wilson]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Morley |Arnold Morley]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy |Francis Gathorne-Hardy]] # Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscount Helmsley]] # Muriel Duncombe Owen, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscountess Helmsley]] # Evelyn McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (Mr. Wentworth Beaumont is at 468) # [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Earl of Ava]]: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood # <!-- [Still unidentified?] -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]] # Mrs. G. Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Mabel Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga |Emilia Yznaga]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik |Count Hadik]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |Hilda Brodrick]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] is at 368) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Jack Graham Menzies]] # [[Social Victorians/People/William James |Evelyn Elizabeth Forbes James]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|C. (Caroline) FitzMaurice]] (Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice is at 626) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Moyra Cavendish]] (Mr. R. Cavendish: Richard Frederick Cavendish is at 107) # James Somerville, 2nd Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney | Athlumney]] # Mr. Brodrick: [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] (Lady H. Brodrick is at 362) # [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught]] (Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught is at 9) # [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Henriette de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|May Julia Child-Villiers]] # Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; Constance Butler is at 374) # Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde | Butler]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] is at 373) # Mabel, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Francis, Baron Ashburton is at 376) # Francis, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Mabel, Lady Ashburton is at 375) # Lady Archibald [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll | Campbell]] # Mrs. Susannah Wilson [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Graham Menzies]] (Jack Graham Menzies is at 363) # Mr. Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407; Eric Chaplin is at 616) # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Horace Farquhar]], Bart. (Lady Emilie Farquhar is at 639) # The Right Hon. H. H. (Herbert Henry) [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith | Asquith]] (Margot Asquith is at 217) # Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lord Iveagh]] (Adelaide Guiness, Lady Iveagh is at 440) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe#Lady Margaret Innes-Ker and Lady Victoria Innes-Kerr|Victoria Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit |Alfred Beit]] # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]] # Herr [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Adolf Von André]] (Mrs. Mary Von André is at 289) # Pierre Louis Leopold d'Hautpoul, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquis d'Hautpoul]] # Julia Caroline Stonor d'Hautpoul, the [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquise d'Hautpoul]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Harry Julian Stonor]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Adair]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson |Ethel Meysey Thompson]] (Sir Henry Meysey-Thompson is at 116) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson | Sarah Wilson]] (Captain Gordon Wilson is at 96) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Edward Cavendish]] # Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky |Josephine Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; Count Charles Kinsky is at 575) # Mary ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Mrs. Arthur) Wilson]] # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James]] (Lord James of Hereford is at 122) # [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Maurice William Oppenheim]] (Mrs. Oppenheim is at 408; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (Lord Suffield is at 535; Lady Suffield is at 536) # Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (the Marquis of Tweeddale is at 400), accompanied by two sons dressed as pages: ## Lord William George Montagu Hay ## Lord Arthur Vincent Hay # William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marquis of Tweeddale]] (The Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 399) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (Sir Henry Ewart is at 430) # Lady Hilda FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton |Baroness Southampton]] (Baron Southampton is at 569) # Lady Muriel [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Fox Strangways]] (Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale is at 78) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gwendolen Cecil]] # Lord Alva: [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó]] (Carlos Duke Alba is at 32) # [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]] # Miss Chaplin, probably Hon. Edith Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Eric Chaplin is at 616) #Mrs. Openheim: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Isabella Oppenheim]] (Mr. Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Eva Dugdale]] (Mr. Frank Dugdale is at 348) # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |John Spicer]] (Lady Margaret Spicer is at 281) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Edward Cecil]] (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury | Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord R. Cecil is at 126). #Mr. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Charles Henry Wilson]] #Mrs. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Florence Wilson]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving | Henry Irving]] # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine |Charles Edward Swaine]] # Lord Rosslyn: James, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Earl of Rosslyn]] # Lady Rosslyn: Violet, [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Countess of Rosslyn]] # Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77; Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420) # Margaret Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77) # Emily, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Mrs. Goschen]]: Lucy Goschen (G. J. Goschen is at 212\) # [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Miss Goschen]] (G. J. Goschen is at 212) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings | Hastings]]: George Manners Astley, 20th Baron Hastings (Lady Hastings is at 204) # Florence Chetwynd, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd |Marchioness of Hastings]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd|Miss Chetwynd]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Clarissa Bischoffsheim]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster |Henry Ewart]] (Lady Evelyn Ewart is at at 401) # Lord Jersey: Victor Child-Villiers, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Earl of Jersey]] # Lady Jersey: Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Countess of Jersey]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey |Margaret Villiers]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Alwyne Frederick Compton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Mary Compton]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Frere|Bartle Frere]] # Winifred Gardner, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere | Burghclere]] (Lord Burghclere is at at 129) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Mrs. Louisa Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667) # Adelaide Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lady Iveagh]] (Edward Cecil Guiness, Lord Iveagh is at 382) # Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby |Selby Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153) # Elizabeth Kate Shelley [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153) # Lord Feversham: William Ernest Duncombe, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Earl of Feversham]] # Lady Feversham: Mabel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Countess Feversham]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Tedeschi|Tadeschi]] # James McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lord Magheramorne]] (Lady Magheramorne is at 355) # Lord Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Henry John Brinsley Manners]] # Lady Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Violet Manners]] # Sir Allen [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Young]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |R. Cecil]]: Eleanor Lambton [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gascoyne-Cecil]] (Lord Robert Cecil is at 126) #General Reginald Talbot: General Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Chetwynd-Talbot]] (Mrs. Talbot, Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot is at 485) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Neumann |Ludwig Neumann]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Mr. Alfred Duncombe]] (Lady Florence Duncombe is at 456) # George Godolphin Osborne, 10th [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds | Duke of Leeds]] (the duchess is at 35) # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Lady Florence Duncombe]] (Alfred Duncombe is at 454) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]]: Mrs. Nina Williams # Mr. Alexander [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson | Farquharson]] (Zoë Farquharson is at 338) # Lord Dalkeith: John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Earl of Dalkeith]] # Lady Dalkeith: Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Countess of Dalkeith]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Euston|Earl of Euston]]: Henry James FitzRoy # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel |Ernest Joseph Cassel]] # Lady Cromer: [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]] # Sir R. Graham: [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham#Lady Cynthia Graham and Sir Richard Graham|Sir Richard Graham]] (Lady Cynthia Graham is at 220) # [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baron Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259) # [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baroness Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259) #[[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Lady Esther Gore Smith]] # Mr. Beaumont: [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Wentworth Canning Blackett Beaumont]] (Lady Aline Beaumont is at 356) # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->Lady M. Greville: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Lady Mary Grenville]] # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->Mr. Greville: possibly Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Luis Grenville]] # Lady Falmouth: Kathleen Douglas-Pennant Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth | Viscountess Falmouth]] (Viscount Falmouth is at 172) # Lady Rodney: [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Corisande Rodney]] (Lord Rodney is at 80) # Lord W. Stanley: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Frederick William Stanley]] # <!-- [Unidentified still] -->Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady W. Stanley|W. Stanley]] # Mr. C. Sykes: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Sykes|Christopher Sykes]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|M. Hicks-Beach]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|Lucy Hicks-Beach]] # Lord Leconfield: Henry Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|2nd Baron Leconfield]] # Lady Leconfield: Lady Constance Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Lord and Lady Leconfield|Lady Leconfield]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur James]] (Mrs. [Mary Venetia] Arthur James is at 318) # Mr. R. Beckett: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Rupert Beckett]] # Muriel Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |R. Beckett]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Gervase Beckett]] (Mabel [Mrs. G.] Beckett is at 359) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Long |Doreen Long]] (Walter Hume Long is at 117) #Mrs. Talbot: [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]] (General Reginald Talbot is at 451) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Balfour]] (Arthur Balfour is at 86) # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mr. Lu Rack [named in the ''Times'', spelling confirmed] # Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Lady Hartopp]] (Sir Charles Hartopp is at 111) # Lady Howe: Isabella,[[Social Victorians/People/Howe | Countess Howe]]) (Viscount Curzon is at 197) # [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Maria Chaine]] (William Chaine is at 97) # Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93; Miss Chamberlain is at 492) # Miss Beatrice (?) [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93) # Mr. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Charles Robert Spencer]]) # Mrs. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Margaret Baring Spencer]]) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |George Curzon]] (The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon is at 301) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Farrer Herschell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Agnes Herschell]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye |Natica (Maria) Lister Kaye]] (Sir John Lister Kaye is at 97) # Lord Milton: Viscount [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Billy Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]] # Lady Milton: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Maud Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Ogden Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |May Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]] # Mrs. Hartman: possibly Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Eliza Hartmann]] #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Lewis Flower]] #Major Drummond: [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]] # Miss Hay: [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Helen Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; John Milton Hay is at 187) # Hon. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]]) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]]) # The Marquis of Londonderry: Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Marquis of Londonderry]] (the Marchioness of Londonderry is at 42) # Henry Strutt, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Baron Belper]] # Margaret, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Lady Belper]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Belper |Hon. Miss Strutt]], probably Norah Strutt (Margaret, Lady Belper is at 560) # Wilhelmina Giffard, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury | Halsbury]] (Lord Halsbury is at 147) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]]: Georgina Cavendish Coke # Lord Carnarvon: George Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|5th Earl of Carnarvon]] # Lady Carnarvon: Almina, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|Countess Carnarvon]] # Captain Warrender: [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |George John Scott Warrender]] (Lady Maud Warrender is at 520) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |Maud Warrender]] (Captain George Warrender is at 519) # Major [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Vesey Dawson]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Arthur Walsh]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]] # Lady Harewood: Florence Lascelles, [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Lady Harewood]] (the Earl of Harewood is at 62) # Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick | Earl of Warwick]] (Daisy, Countess of Warwick is at 53) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch#Lord George Scott|George Scott]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Leopold Rothschild]] (Marie Perugia [Mrs. Leopold] Rothschild is at 528) # Mrs. L. ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (sons Evelyn Achille de Rothschild, at 669, and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild, at 670) # Lawrence John Lumley Dundas, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland | Earl of Ronaldshay]] #Mr. Brassey, [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Lady Violet Brassey]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Duberly|Grey Duberly]] # (Mr. R.) [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon | Reuben David Sassoon]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon |Miss Sassoon]] # Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lord Suffield]] # Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Miss Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel is at 74; other family members are on the same page) # Lady Suffolk: Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (Henry, Earl of Suffolk is at 203) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Phipps|Hon. Harriet Phipps]] # The [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Earl of Scarbrough]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Louisa Wolseley]] (Viscount Garnet Wolseley is at 171; Miss Frances Wolseley is at 542) # Miss Wolseley: [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Frances Wolseley]] (Viscount Wolseley is at 171; Lady Louisa Wolseley is at 541) # Lady Ottoline [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263) # Lady Minto: Mary Caroline Grey Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto | Countess Minto]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]]: David Alexander Edward Lindsay, Lord Balcarres # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Mary Lygon]] (with Charles Cust, at 152, attended the Duke and Duchess of York) # Mr. B. Bathurst: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst#Mr. B. Bathurst|Benjamin Bathurst]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |William Portal]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |Florence Portal]] # Lady Susan Mary Elizabeth ([[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]]) [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune | Jeune]] (Sir Francis Jeune is at 315) # Miss Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (accompanying Sir Francis Jeune, at 314, and Lady Jeune, at 550) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Arthur Sassoon]] (Louise [Mrs. Arthur] Sassoon is at 201) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Mabel Egerton]] (with her father, the Earl of Ellesmere, at 68) # [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Sir W. Hart Dyke]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]] # Beatrix Palmer, [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Lady Selborne]] (the Earl of Selborne is at 70) #Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh |Victor Duleep Singh]] #Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry | Countess of Coventry]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Anne Coventry]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Dorothy Coventry]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur|Sir George Arthur]] # Henry Pelham-Clinton,[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle | Duke of Newcastle]] (the Duchess is at 150) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]] # <!-- Unidentified still -->Mrs. Hay, attending with the [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]] #Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |Xavier Baudon de Mony]] #Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |de Courcel Baudon de Mony]] # Charles FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton | Baron Southampton]] (Hilda FitzRoy, Lady Southampton is at 402) # Captain Gerard [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308) # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Lilian Maud Spencer-Churchill]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Norah Beatrice Henriette Spencer-Churchill]] # François, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marquis de Jancourt]] # Victoria Lina, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marchioness de Jancourt]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky | Count Charles Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394) # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip Green]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip (Mabel) Green]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Montagliari|Marquis Paulac Montagliari]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Alfred Lyttelton]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] # Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Beresford]] (Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] is at 193) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Basil Blackwood]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Hall Walker]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Sophie Walker]] # Lord Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |George Charles Bingham]] # Lady Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |Violet Bingham]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mr. Almeric FitzRoy]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mrs. Almeric (Katherine) FitzRoy]] #Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Talbot]] (many Talbots attended; these are Chetwynd-Talbots) #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Talbot]] (attending with Colonel Talbot) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (Anne, Duchess of Buckingham is at 155) # Lady Gore-Langton: Lady Caroline Jemima Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos | Gore-Langton]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois |Ralph Blois]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lord Hillingdon]]: Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon # [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lady Hillingdon]]: Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles Mills, Baroness Hillingdon # Miss Mills: the [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]] # Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Countess of Enniskillen]] (Lowry, Earl of Enniskillen is at 208; Lady Florence Cole is at 239) # Sir M. FitzGerald: Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Maurice FitzGerald]] # Lady FitzGerald: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Amelia Lady, FitzGerald]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Watson|Meyer Watson]] (identification highly uncertain) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]]: Albertha Spencer-Churchill # John Blundell [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570) # Hon. Mr. Reginald Baliol [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]] # Hon. Mrs. Eleanor [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family |Alfred Rothschild]] #Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] (Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] is at 198) # Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Earl of Kintore]] (Sydney, Countess Kintore is at 607; Lady Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer is at 677) # Sydney, [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Countess Kintore]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Salmon|Mr. Arthur Salmon]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lord Cranborne]]: James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] (Lady Cranborne is at 196) # <!-- Identification uncertain. -->[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]] # Mr. H. Milner: [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]] # Mr. Eric [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407) #Captain G. Milner: Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]]) # [[Social Victorians/People/Bagot|Lord William Bagot]] # John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Marquis of Lorne]], as a Tudor (Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, is at 130) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll |Elspeth Campbell]] # Lord Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox | Gordon Lennox]] (Lady Blanche Gordon Lennox is at 333) # The [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland | Duke of Sutherland]] (the Duchess of Sutherland is at 32) # [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Colonel Alan Gardner]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Mrs. Alan Gardner]]: Mrs. Nora Gardner # [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|Edmond FitzMaurice]] (Lady C. FitzMaurice is at 364) # <!-- Still unidentified. -->The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Cecil Lambton]] # Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale | Hay]] (William Hay, Marquis of Tweeddale is at 399; Candida Hay, Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 398) # Miss Tufnell: Gian, [[Social Victorians/People/Mount Stephen|Lady Mount Stephen]] #Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano | de Alcalo Galiano]] # Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano |Consuelo de Alcalo Galiano]] # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce | Marquisa de Santurce]] # Mr. F. Murrieta: possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]] # The Hon. Mrs. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Edith Isabella Georgina [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] #The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Hon. Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] # Lady Florence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]] # Lord Terence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Emilie Farquhar]] (Sir Horace Farquhar, Bart., is at 380) # Geraldine ([[Social Victorians/People/Magniac |Sybil Aimée Geraldine) Magniac]] # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald | St. Oswald]] (Lady St. Oswald is at 284) # The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald |Maud Julia Winn]] (with Lord and Lady St. Oswald, her mother, at 284) # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester | Viscountess Coke]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Isobel Constance Mary Stanley]] # Lord Crichton: Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Viscount Crichton]] # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Beatrix Herbert]] (Beatrix Countess Pembroke is at 146; Sidney Herbert, Earl Pembroke is at 181) # Lt.-Col. John Dunville [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]] # Mrs. Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Miss Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (attending Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, at 159 and 144) # Mrs. Claud Cole-Hamilton: Lucy [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton |Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]] # Claud George [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton | Cole-Hamilton]] #General Ellis: Gen. Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|Arthur Edward Augustus Ellis]], in attendance on Prince Charles of Denmark (at 143) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Miss Alexandra Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]] # Frederick Oliver Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon#Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey|Earl de Grey]] (Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey is at 136) # James Albert Edward Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Anne Lambton]] #Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hedworth Lambton]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven |Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]] # Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Nellie Bass Baillie]], Hon. Mrs. Baillie (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (or Miss Jane Thornville) # [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lewis Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Sir William Harcourt is at 128) # [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]] # Mrs. Sneyd: [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527) # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell |Stephen Frederick Wombwell]] # The Hon. Mrs. Gwendoline [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther | Lowther]] # Col. [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Douglas Dawson]] # Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Louisa, Lady de Rothschild|Lady de Rothschild]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Alexander McDonnell]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore |Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer]] (Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore is at 607) # [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]] # Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]] # Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys | Lady Norreys]] # Major John Seymour [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family | Wynne-Finch]] # Marie (Agnes Blanche Marie) [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin | Hay-Drummond]] # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton |Edward Walter Hamilton]] # Daisy (Marguerite Hyde) [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk |Leiter]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Lukach |Joseph Harry Lukach]] # [[Social Victorians/People/William James | William Dodge James]] (Evelyn Forbes James is at 364) # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]] # <!-- 688 Still unidentified. -->Mrs. Habington (mentioned as part of Queen Elizabeth's court by the ''Gentlewoman''.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|32, Col. 3c}} There is no doubt about the spelling in the ''Gentlewoman'' article.) # <!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|P. A. Longhurst]] #<!-- Unidentified still. -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]] #Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]], M.P. #Mr. E. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|Crawley]] #Mr. W. R. Chaine: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine#Mr. W. R. Chaine|William Robert Chaine]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]] #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|William Erskine]] #<!-- Highly uncertain ID -->Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] #<!-- Still unidentified. -->[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Mr. S. Cavendish]], possibly Mr. R. Cavendish (at 107) #<!-- 719 -->A "brother officer" of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49). #<!-- 720 -->A second "brother officer" of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49). #<!-- unidentified still? -->Mr. Bourke (the Hon. A. Bourke is at 235) #<!-- Unidentified still? -->Mrs. Bourke (the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke is at 236) ===Attendants of the People Who Were Present=== A number of people present at the ball were not invited in their own right and were there as attendants. Listed in the descriptions of the people at the ball and their costumes are some people who were clearly there as attendants: # "Black attendants" followed the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession, preceding the Italian procession.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> # There were unnamed Imperial Trumpeters in the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession. They had to really be able to play the trumpet so perhaps were hired musicians? # Heralds led the Queen Elizabeth Procession, but they are not named, so they were probably not invited guests but servants or attendants of some kind? # According to the Leamington ''Spa Courier'', the Countess of Warwick's "four pages shared in the compliments."<ref>“Town Talk and Street Echoes.” ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970710/015/0005.</ref> According to the Guernsey ''Star'', Lady Warwick "was accompanied by four boys dressed in white satin, with three-cornered hats to match."<ref name=":1">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref> # The Marchioness of Tweeddale also had two pages: "The Marchioness of Tweeddale was Joséphine, wife of Napoleon, in white satin, wrought with gold and a deep rose-coloured train, trimmed with ermine, and borne by two pages in mauve velvet, embroidered with gold."<ref name=":1" /> # Princess Henry of Pless had black and white pages: "As the Queen of Sheba, Princess Henry of Pless was attended by five black pages and five white, in gorgeous dresses, who carried her train."<ref name=":1" /> In the large list of people who were present for the ball, above, attendants are listed with the people for whom they worked; typically royals had attendants with them. ====Attendants of Color==== Clearly, some of these attendants were black people (especially at 1 and 6). The vocabulary the newspapers used ranged from "Black" to "Negro" to the actual n-word (for American Minnie Paget?). The Aberdeen ''Journal'' of 4 August 1897 ran a story, "Black Boys for London Ladies," that refers to the black attendants at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball: :Titian’s pictures (says London correspondent) have made us familiar with black boys forming part of the train of certain great ladies. The Prince of Wales brought a Nubian boy home, and for a time he was in the Marlborough House and Sandringham households. The Duchess of Marlborough is very often accompanied by a black boy in Oriental scarlet and gold, who seems '''but live''' to obey her grace’s behests; for his dark, piercing eyes follow her every movement, giving him a weird look, which is increased by the curious incision in his cheeks. At the Devonshire House fancy ball the glory of the great Oriental procession was much increased by the Nubian boys, who carried palm-leaves over some of the queenly heads.<ref>"Black Boys for London Ladies." ''Aberdeen Journal'' Wednesday 4 August 1897: 6 [of 8], Col. 5C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000032/18970804/130/0006.</ref> We need to know more about these children. ==People Absent== The ''London Daily News'' and the ''Times'' reported as attending Lady Hindlip, who was not able to attend, according to the ''Morning Post'', suggesting that they may have gotten a list of people attending from something other than onsite reportage, perhaps from someone describing the costumes that had been made. Of the people who were not present but seem missing because their immediate family, for example, was present, some are women, the wives of the people named. So perhaps they did not court newspaper attention? Of the men who might have been there, logically, perhaps they did not dress in costume and thus did not receive mention? (We know some men attended the ball and were not in fancy dress.) # Samuel Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lord Hindlip]] and Georgina Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lady Hindlip]] were not present because Lord Hindlip was ill and died less than two weeks later. # Colonel Brabazon "unavoidably prevented" from attending.<ref>"The Queen's Sympathy." ''Morning Post'' Monday 05 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 5B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970705/070/0007.</ref> # Mrs. Hwfa Williams was reported in the Morning Post not to have attended because she was in mourning.<ref>“Arrangements for This Day.” ''Morning Post'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970702/038/0005.</ref> Owen's and Hwfa Williams' sister Edith Peers-Williams had died. Although General or Mr. Owen Williams is not listed as having attended, his wife Mrs. Nina Williams (at 457) was said to have been present, but really it seems most likely that none of them attended. # Fanny Ronalds was there, but Arthur Sullivan's name is not listed; was he there but not in an interesting costume? Or not present? # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]] was there (at 238, above), but her husband? or son?, Sir Humphrey Francis de Trafford, 3rd Baronet, is not listed. # Mrs. Henry White isn't listed as present, but Mr. Henry White is at 310, and Margaret "Daisy" Stuyvesant Rutherford White is now at 151. I believe she was present because both Whites were photographed in costume and that photograph is in the album at the NPG. # Even though Henry Maurice William Oppenheim and his daughter, Rosalinda Oppenheim were present, Mrs. Isabel Georgina Oppenheim (who does not appear to have been Rosalinda's mother) is not listed anywhere as being present. # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|F. Murrieta]] (at 708) was present according to ''The Gentlewoman'', but who was he? Her husband, José Murrieta y del Campo Downey, 1st Marques de Santurce, is not listed as having been present although he was still alive. Possibly the F. is a mistake on the part of The Gentlewoman, and it was Don José who was there? # Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|William Cansfield Gerard]], Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Gerard]]'s husband: she was present (at 256) and represented in the album, but he's not mentioned. Was he there? # The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), was present, but her husband, whose brother was Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale and who would be later in his own right, was not? # Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329) was present, but William Fellowes, Baron de Ramsey was not? # Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336) attended the ball. Where was Charles Canning, Lord Garvagh? Did he just not get mentioned? # Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey (at 207) attended the ball, but Francis Needham, Earl of Kilmorey did not? # Prince Leopold's wife, Helena, Duchess of Albany wasn't there? # Princess Beatrice didn't go? # [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lilias Bathurst]] is not listed has having attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, although her husband [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl of Bathurst]], her parents [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]] and her brother [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Oliver Borthwick]] were there. A child was not born to her in 1897 as far as I can tell, although we may not be able to know about a miscarriage. Perhaps she was present and not reported on. # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Louise Loder]] is not listed among the attendees at the ball; was she there and just not reported on? No child was born that year, but she was bearing children during this time. Gerald Loder is at 100. #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lady Mary Bertie Talbot]] at the ball? She is not mentioned. She isn't likely to be Mrs. Talbot because her father was an Earl? She would have been Lady Talbot? #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|James Charles Hope-Vere]] present at the ball and just not mentioned? Marie Hope-Vere was not mentioned in the press, so without the Album of portraits of people in their costumes in the National Portrait Gallery, we might not know about her. #Did [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Ned (Edward Arthur) Colebrooke]] attend the ball? Alexandra Paget Colebrooke (at 246) did. #Was [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Countess Arthur de Heeren]] at the ball and not reported on? #Mrs. Margaret Greville (298) was there; was Ronald Greville but not mentioned in reports? #The wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|M. Ephrussi]], whichever one attended, is not mentioned as having been present; perhaps she was there but not recognized or described? #"The little daughter of Sir Francis and Lady Knollys"<ref name=":42">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} attended, as did her aunt, Hon. Charlotte Knollys, but were her parents not there? Francis Knollys was the Prince of Wales's private secretary at this point, as well as holding a number of other courtier positions in the Household at the same time. #Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]] (at 691) was present; was his wife? #If the Lord Churchill (at 610) is [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill]], did his wife Lady Augusta Spencer-Churchill also attend? #Neither the [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Earl of Leicester]] nor [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscount Coke]] are listed as having attended the ball, but did they? #[[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] was present at the ball; where was Ralph de Tunstall Sneyd? #[[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Mary Graham Murray]] was present at the ball: where was Andrew Graham Murray? #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] was at the ball; was Eugénie Sellers, whom he married less than 6 months later? #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]]'s sister, Mettie Lady Rossmore, is not listed as having attended the ball; where was she? #Was Juliette Gordon Low, wife of Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Low]], present and just not mentioned? #Was Maria del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos Duke of Alba]], present but not mentioned? #[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]] (at 462) attended, but Evelyn, Earl of Cromer is not listed. He seems likely to have attended if she did? #Isabella, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Countess Howe]] (at 489) was present, but Richard, Earl Howe is not mentioned in any reports. Was he there? #Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Earl Carington]] was present, but his wife Cecilia, Countess Carington is not mentioned in any reports. Was she there? #If [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Mr. George Wyndham|Mr. George Wyndham]] (at 221) is the Right Hon. George Wyndham, who married Sibell Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Lumley]] Grosvenor, then was she at the ball? Her nephew Alfred Lumley, [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|10th Earl Scarbrough]] attended. #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546) was at the ball, so where was Agnes Poynter? She attended other social events at this level with him. #Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] was present at the ball, but Montagu Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lord Norreys]] was not? #If [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon#Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] was at the ball, was his wife, Kate (Catherine Ezekiel) Sassoon? #Gilbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Earl of Minto]] was still alive; was he at the ball? #Anne Antrobus Elliot, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#The Right Hon. Henry George Elliot|Henry George Elliot]] (at 279), was still alive at this time; did she attend the ball? #George, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|Earl of Coventry]] was still alive at this point, and his wife and two daughters attended the ball. Where was he? #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Seymour Fortescue]]'s wife Emily Ormsby-Gore Fortescue is not mentioned. Was she at the ball? #Was Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Ethel Sydney Keith-Falconer]] at the ball? Her parents and younger sister were, assuming the Album's information is correct. #Neither [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Rose, Lady Norreys]] (at 680) nor Montagu, Lord Norreys was mentioned in any press reports, but her portrait was in the commemorative album of portraits. Was he present and just not mentioned? == Notes and Questions == # According to the ''Western Gazette'', three men dressed as Lorenzaccio, whom Sarah Bernhardt was performing at the Adelphi, appeared at the ball.<ref name=":5">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings & Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels." ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.</ref>{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7C}} # Possibly another group of young women similarly dressed occurs here: "three young girls were noticeable as Reynolds's "Three Ladies Waldegrave"<ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes." ''Leister Chronicle'' 10 July 1897: 11 [of 12], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref>{{rp|11, 4a}} The 1780–81 Joshua Reynolds' ''The Ladies Walgrave'' shows 3 young women, probably in "Oriental cream satin," but no "coloured silk sashes" are apparent: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladies_Waldegrave#/media/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_The_Ladies_Waldegrave_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg. Cosway is not Reynolds, so unless one of the reports made a mistake, so these are not [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers daughters]] or the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Innes-Ker daughters]]. #Who was "Madame Rose" in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury'' story<ref name=":6">"For Wives and Daughters." ''Northampton Mercury'' Friday 25 June 1897: 8 [of 10], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000317/18970625/078/0008.</ref> on the ball? A [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] was present at the ball as one of the yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession, but she was a businesswoman and he must have been an oligarch or patrician. Madame Rose wrote a fashion column called "For Wives and Daughters" that was published in regional newspapers like the ''Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of Kent Mail, Hands and County Advertiser''; ''Northampton Mercury''; the ''Burnley Gazette''; and so on, as well as the story on the ball in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury''.<ref name=":6" /> (1893–1897). In 1905, the column is called "Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters," in similar papers as well as the ''Tottenham and Edmonton Herald''.<ref>"Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters." Tottenham and Edmonton Weekly ''Herald'' 07 June 1905 Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 6–7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001716/19050607/031/0004.</ref> A Madame Rose also advertised in the newspapers. For example, "Madame Rose, Court Dressmaker & Ladies' Taylor. Personally Superintends all orders and guarantees perfection in fit and elegance. Speciality in Evening Gowns. Mme. Rose, 30, Shaftesbury Avenue, Piccadilly, one door from Trocadore Restaurant, and 56, two doors from Wardocr-street [sic?]. Tel. 7341 Gerrard."<ref>"Madame Rose." ''The Referee'' 23 October 1904 Sunday: 10 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002310/19041023/094/0010.</ref> #The report from the ''Western Gazette'' says some women were dressed as abbesses<ref name=":5" />; who were they? #The ''Westminster Gazette'' says that "There were two or three Napoleons."<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Col. 1}} #Several women came dressed as Princess Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters: [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche (Algernon) Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333); [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420); [[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67); [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Clara Hay]] (at 153). #The Yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession are mostly not notable at this point in their lives though they were present at this event: Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Hon. D. (Dudley) Marjoribanks]], [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]], Mr. Rose. According to the ''Gentlewoman'' Mr. E. Villiers, Mr. Harold Brassey were heralds.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|32, Col. 3c}} #The "eight officers of the Imperial Guard attending Catherine of Russia" were the following: "[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lord Raincliffe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Lord Romilly]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|J. Forbes]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]], Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon. Gerald Ernest Francis Ward|Gerald Ward]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]]."<ref name=":42" />{{rp|36, Col. 3b}} #According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|8, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":42" />{{rp|40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were "[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]]."<ref name=":3">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6A–6, Col. 1B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|5, Col. 7a}} George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]] was 29; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25. ==References== {{reflist}} * [[Category:Lists]] 92sjad55wqq98ch5kfxfknw4j5af3e7 0 263444 2412671 2412392 2022-08-08T17:52:42Z Scogdill 1331941 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == Louise, Duchess of Devonshire was the subject of much comment and gossip in her life, arising in part from her prominence in society and in part from her conduct, which was not controlled by middle-class notions of "respectability." == Also Known As == *Louise, Duchess of Devonshire (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911) *Louisa, Duchess of Manchester *Luise Friederike August Gräfin von Alten *Louisa Montagu *Louise Cavendish *The Double Duchess == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === *[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] (beginning about 1852) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], Lord Hartington (later 8th Duke of Devonshire) *Daisy, Lady Warwick *Lady Mayoress, Mrs. Benjamin Samuel Faudel-Phillips, 2nd Baronet,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-25|title=Faudel-Phillips baronets|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faudel-Phillips_baronets&oldid=974879290|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4">"The Queen's Drawing Room" ''Morning Post'' 25 February 1897 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 5a–7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970225/047/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} *Mrs. J. E. Mellor, presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} === Enemies === * Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough (at least, in 1901)<ref name=":1">Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984.</ref>{{rp|pp. 31–32}} == Organizations == == Timeline == '''1852 July 22''', Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten and William Drogo Montagu married.<ref name=":2">"Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10947.htm#i109469|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1863, early, or late 1862''', Louise and Spencer Compton Cavendish began a relationship.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 26}} '''1873 December 10''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu (daughter) and William Douglas-Hamilton married. '''1876 May 22''', Consuelo Iznaga y Clement and George Victor Drogo Montagu (son) married in Grace Church, New York City.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-24|title=George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Montagu,_8th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=974659520|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester&oldid=969888488|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1876 August 10''', Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu (daughter) and Archibald Acheson married. '''1889 January 5''', Alice Maude Olivia Montagu (daughter) and Edward Stanley married. '''1890 March 22''', William Drogo Montagu (7th Duke) died.<ref name=":3">"William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10128.htm#i101274|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1890 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu (grandson) and Helena Zimmerman married secretly, in London.<ref>"Helena Zimmerman." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p34555.htm#i345545|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1892 August 16''', Louise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu and Spencer Compton Cavendish, her second husband, married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Louise Cavendish (#18 on the list of attendees) hosted her famous [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball| fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House in London. '''1897 July 20''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton and Robert Carnaby Foster married. '''1900 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu and Helena Zimmerman married.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-17|title=Helena, Countess of Kintore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Countess_of_Kintore&oldid=968067371|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1901 Spring''', Paris, Consuelo Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, describes a meeting with Louise Cavendish in the spring following Queen Victoria's death at the horse racetrack, Longchamps:<blockquote>A renowned character and virtually dictator of what was known as the fast set as opposed to the Victorian, Her Grace was a German aristocrat by birth. She had first been married to the impoverished Duke of Manchester, and when he died had improved her status by marriage to the rich Duke of Devonshire, who waged an undisputed influence in politics. Rumour had her beautiful, but when I knew her she was a raddled old woman, covering her wrinkles with paint and her pate with a brown wig. Her mouth was a red gash and from it, when she saw me, issued a stream of abuse. How could I, she complained, pointing to my white gloves, show so little respect to the memory of a great Queen? What a carefree world we must have lived in, that etiquette even in such small matters could assume so much importance?<ref>Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt. ''The Glitter and the Gold: The American Duchess — In Her Own Words''. New York: St. Martin's, 1953.</ref>{{rp|p. 115}}</blockquote> === Annual Events === Every year, as Duchess of Devonshire, Louise held a dance on the night after the Derby at Epsom Downs, which at this point was held on Wednesdays after Easter. == The Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire and Spencer Compton, 98th Duke of Devonshire hosted the famous [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Fancy-dress ball|fancy-dress ball]], which took place on Friday night. According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>Such an event required extensive planning and attention to detail. The housekeeper aided by two secretaries was in charge of organisation inside the house with precise instructions from the Duchess on menus and all arrangements.<ref name=":18" />(137)</blockquote> === The Devonshire House Staff at the Ball === The Dukes of Devonshire did not keep employment records of the staff working at their various properties. The Servants and Staff Database managed by Chatsworth House has a list of everyone ever named in any documents as a servant or staff member, and by 1891 census records included employment at places like the properties owned by the Duke of Devonshire.<ref name=":19" /> === Questions === # Who was housekeeper? Who were the secretaries? # Where did this info about the "precise instructions" come from? == The Duchess of Devonshire's Costume == [[File:Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.jpg|thumb|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|alt=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire in costume as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra]] At their fancy-dress ball, Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire sat at Table 1 during the first seating for supper, escorted in to the table by the Prince of Wales.<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c}} Her costume was designed by M. Comelli (Attillo Giuseppe Comelli, 1858–1925, artist and costumier for opera, ballet and theatre in London as well as Europe and the U.S.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZh2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=Attilio+Comelli&source=bl&ots=lFB0If7CwV&sig=ACfU3U1_Ost_lhmMvzMMs6NvuhK5SlRhJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKlsTw2sH3AhXYAp0JHVIxDWA4KBDoAXoECBAQAw#v=onepage&q=Attilio%20Comelli&f=false|title=Forgotten Designers Costume Designers of American Broadway Revues and Musicals From 1900-1930|last=Unruh|first=Delbert|date=2018-11-06|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|isbn=978-1-64082-758-5|language=en}} N.P.</ref>)<ref name=":5">“The Devonshire House Ball.” The ''Man of Ross'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001463/18970710/033/0002.</ref> <ref name=":8">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} <ref name=":9">"By One Who Was There." “The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref> and constructed by the House of Worth. Comelli seems to have designed [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess and Her Entourage|the costumes of her retinue as well]]. According to Russell Harris,<blockquote>For her costume, the Duchess commissioned Monsieur Comelli (1858-1925), a well-known designer of opera costumes for the London theatre and opera stage, and then had the design made up by Worth of Paris. ''Munsey’s Magazine'' noted “it is safe to say that the Queen of Palmyra never owned such a sumptuous costume in her lifetime.”<ref>Harris, Russell. {{Cite web|url=http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html|title=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire, née Countess von Alten of Hanover (1832-1911), as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|website=www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk|access-date=2022-05-05}} ''Narrated in Calm Prose: Photographs from the V&A's Lafayette Archive of Guests in Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's Diamond Jubilee Ball, July 1897''. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html.</ref></blockquote>Lafayette's portrait of "Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester)" in costume is photogravure #5 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia Queen of Palmyra," with a Long S in ''Duchess''.<ref>"Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra." Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball Album. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158357/Louise-Frederica-Augusta-Cavendish-ne-von-Alten-Duchess-of-Devonshire-formerly-Duchess-of-Manchester-as-Zenobia-Queen-of-Palmyra.</ref> Often, the V&A Lafayette Archive contains more than one portrait of a sitter for this ball, but the uncropped portrait (above right), which shows the unfinished end of the balustrade in front of the Duchess and the edge of the painted flat behind it, seems to have been the only portrait taken by Lafayette of the Duchess in costume. The copy owned by the National Portrait Gallery in London and the copy included in the album are cropped so that those unfinished edges do not show, but they appear to be from the same photograph. === Newspaper Descriptions of the Duchess's Costume === Newspaper articles about the Duchess's presence at the ball focused on her hosting, her costume, [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Jewelry|her jewelry]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Entourage|her entourage]], often in the same story. These almost exactly identical descriptions suggest [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]] or a shared primary source: * The London ''Evening Standard'', ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'' published almost identical descriptions, varying only by the occasional punctuation mark or short phrase ("supplied by Worth, of Paris"). The fullest version is this one: "The Duchess of Devonshire, as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, wore a magnificent costume, supplied by Worth, of Paris. The skirt of gold tissue was embroidered all over in a star-like design in emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels, outlined with gold, the corners where it opened in front being elaborately wrought in the same jewels and gold to represent peacocks' outspread tails. This opened to show an under-dress of cream crêpe de chine, delicately embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was attached to the shoulders by two slender points, and was fastened at the waist with a large diamond ornament. It was of green velvet of a lovely shade, and was superbly embroidered in Oriental designs, introducing the lotus flower in rubies, sapphires, amethysts, emeralds, and diamonds, in four borderings on contrasting grounds, separated with gold cord. The train was lined with turquoise satin. The bodice was composed of gold tissue to match the skirt, and the front was of crêpe de chine, hidden with a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Stomacher|stomacher]] of real diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and there was a jewelled belt."<ref name=":16">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref>{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} *"The Duchess of Devonshire was a dazzling vision, dressed as 'Zenobia,' in a glistening gold gauze gown, elaborately ornamented with suns and discs, wrought in purple and green gems outlined with gold, and having a large diamond as centre. The space between was fluted with fine silver spangles. This robe was open in front over an under dress of white crépe de chine, delicately worked in crystals, and at each side of the opening on the gold robe were large fan-shaped groups of peacock feathers, worked in multicoloured jewels. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsage|corsage]] was to correspond, and had a magnificent [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Girdle|girdle]] of jewels, the train of bright green velvet, hung like a fan, without folds, being fastened at each side of the shoulders by diamond brooches, and caught at the waist with a similar ornament. It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet, lotus flowers studded with tinted gems, and other devices in terra-cotta and electric blue velvet — all enriched with gold, diamond, and jewelled embroidery — and lined with pale blue satin. ... Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} * According to the article in ''The Graphic'' written by [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], though this caption to the Lafayette photograph may not be hers, the Duchess of Devonshire wore a "Skirt of gold tissue, embroidered all over with emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels outlined with gold. This opened to show an underdress of crème crêpe de chine, embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was green velvet, superbly embroidered in Oriental designs. The bodice was composed of gold tissue, and the front was of crêpe de chine hidden with a stomacher of diamonds, rubies, and emeralds."<ref name=":10">Greville, Violet, Lady. "Devonshire House Ball." The ''Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.</ref>{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} The photograph of the Duchess taken by Lafayette in her costume could not do justice to the colors of the costume, of course, because it is in black and white. Fortunately, this costume has survived and is held in Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth). Published photographs of it '''show X'''.<ref name=":18">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref> It has been worn by '''X, the xth duchess'''. Some accounts of her costume suggest that the reporter thought that all the jewels sewn onto the dress were actual precious or semiprecious stones, but the London ''Daily News'' says some of them were crystals.<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>The skirt of gold gauze, appliquéd with tinsel medallions and peacock plumes worked in bright foils, wire coils and spangled with sequins, was worn over an ivory satin underskirt wrought over with silver thread and diamonds. Attached to the shoulders was a long graduated train in the most vivid emerald-green velvet, appliquéd with velvet and gold work in an eastern design and studied with jewels.<ref name=":18" />(128)</blockquote> === Observations on the Duchess's Costume === * The exhibitions of the dress show a different fit than what is shown in the Lafayette photograph of Louise, 8th Duchess. The 1897 bodice appears to be loose over the stomacher. * Recent photographs of the costume show that it may have been altered or adjusted to make the waist more defined and the line looks more Elizabethan (the wide, square neckline; the A-line, the split skirt with the petticoat in the middle). * The dress seems to have been designed to flatter the 8th Duchess's statuesque figure, especially her waist: the belt falls down to the hips, the A-line; the way what we can see of the under-dress is narrow at the top and widens toward the bottom. * The drape of the skirt is straighter on the 8th Duchess as well as the Dowager Duchess than on the mannequins. * The sleeve treatment on the 1897 photograph is caught up at the shoulder. On the Dowager Duchess and the mannequins, the sleeves are released. * The 1897 reports use different terminology for the parts of the dress than we would now: skirt, under-dress, bodice, stomacher as opposed to skirt, underskirt. under dress, robe, and train, corsage, girdle. * The train: very Victorian * There appears to be silver sequins, which appear to have tarnished, which is why they are dark now. * There appears to be silver and gold thread in the embroidery. The gold thread has not tarnished, silver thread has. it would have been sparklier at the ball than what we can see now. * The newspaper accounts of the Duchess's costume do not agree on several particulars, including the color of the train and its lining. * The reporter's description of the Duchess's costume in the London ''Daily News'' is confusing: it says the train is "bright green velvet" and "It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet." Embroidery is not "carried out" in velvet. Heliotrope is not green, it's pinkish purple. Furthermore, heliotrope appears to have been a new word for a color, introduced perhaps in 1882 in Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Colour, New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Heliotrope: Page 131 Plate 54 Colour Sample C10 ("Heliotrope," Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope_(color)#cite_note-2<nowiki/>). The ''OED'' lists 3 periodical sources for the 1880s, The ''World'' (1882), ''Truth'' (1886), and the ''Daily News'' (1887) ("heliotrope" 1.d. Retrieved 6 August 2022). The ''Daily News'' describes it well: "that peculiar mauve known as heliotrope." === The Historical Zenobia === Zenobia (240 – c. 274) was queen of the Syrian Palmyrene Empire, ruling as regent for her son after her husband's assassination.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-05-03|title=Zenobia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&oldid=1086005949|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia.</ref> She was the subject of much art in the 19th century, including literature, opera, sculpture, and paintings. Middle-eastern traveller Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839) discussed Zenobia in her memoirs, published in 1847.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-07|title=Lady Hester Stanhope|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Hester_Stanhope&oldid=1075838273|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope.</ref> == The Duchess's Jewelry == The Duchess was known for her jewelry, and as she aged and after her marriage to the 8th Duke in 1892, the jewelry she wore only increased in scale and notability. It is not surprising that her jewelry would make up copy for the newspapers. Gossipy newspaper reports before the ball '''reported''' on the jewelry associated with the costumes being developed. For example, according to the Edinburgh ''Evening News'' on 21 June 1897, less than two weeks before the party, "The ball being a fancy dress one, men as well as women will be able in certain characters to wear jewels. The Duchess of Devonshire, who is to appear as Zenobia, is getting her jewels reset after the antique style."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” Edinburgh ''Evening News'' 21 June 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18970621/079/0004.</ref> While almost all descriptions of her mention her jewels because they were so much a topic of conversation and because they were sewn onto the costume itself, these emphasize her jewelry and most are very similar to each other: * "The Duchess was attired with great Oriental magnificence as Zenobia. Her dress was a tissue of silver, embroidered with gold and jewels, an overmantle of cloth of gold embroidered in the same manner hung from the shoulders, and she wore a bandeau of gold studded with gems, and surrounded by hanging chains of pearls over her elaborate headdress; strings and ropes of jewels and pearls were worn round the neck, and hung down almost to the knees."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. </ref>{{rp|p. 32, Cols. 1c–2a}} <ref name=":17">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref>{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} * "A wonderfully beautiful dress was that which was worn by the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. It was of golden tissue, sewn with silver paillettes, and jewelled with diamonds and other precious stones. In front there were silk embroideries, in many vivid shades of colour, and here the golden draperies opened to show a petticoat of white crêpe de chine, embroidered with pearls and gold. The short train was of brilliant green velvet, exquisitely embroidered. One of the Duchess of Devonshire’s beautiful diamond and emerald tiaras had been taken to pieces to form a stomacher, the effect of which was dazzling in its brilliancy. Long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels were worn with this beautiful dress."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 2b}} * In the article about the ball in the ''Graphic'', [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] says, "The Ducal hostess herself elected to appear as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, with lavish magnificence, and wearing a corruscation of jewels which must have eclipsed the state of even the all-subduing majesty the Duchess impersonated."<ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 16, Col. 1a}} *The Duchess was dressed "as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, her dress a marvel of soft tissues and exquisite ornament, and her tiara a still greater marvel of the jeweller's art."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 2a}} <ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes." Supplement. The ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 11 [of 12], Cols. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000173/18970710/141/0011.</ref>{{rp|p. 11, 4a}} As with the colors, Lafayette's photograph of the Duchess in costume does not show the jewels very clearly. We cannot see the stomacher or the "long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels" or the pearls that "hung down almost to the knees" (although, of course, any newspaper account can be wrong because reporters were not present at the ball). === Zenobia's Crown<ref name=":10" /> === The crown that the Duchess wore as Zenobia is difficult to see clearly in the Lafayette photograph (above right). It was lavish, "encrusted" with jewels and featuring pearls: * London ''Daily News'' says, "The crown worn with this was high, and of filigree gold, surmounted with two horns, each tipped with a large diamond. It was encrusted with large diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and long chains of pearls fell under the chin and about the head — one magnificent pear-shaped pearl resting on the forehead."<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) * These descriptions are all identical except for the addition or subtraction of an occasional comma: The London ''Evening Standard'' says, "A gold crown encrusted with emeralds, diamonds, and rubies, with a diamond drop at each curved end, and two upstanding white ostrich feathers in the centre, and round the front were festoons of pearls, with a large pear-shaped pearl in the centre falling on the forehead."<ref name=":16" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} <ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} * The Guernsey ''Star'' says, "Her Grace wore a bandeau of gold round her head, studded with diamonds, turquoise, and emeralds, and surrounded by hanging chains of superb pearls."<ref name=":17" />{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} === Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith === The Duchess's pearls, which were an important feature of her costume, occasioned a great deal of direct commentary in the newspaper accounts. The Duchess's jewelry occasioned a great deal of reportage in the articles about the ball. '''It was reported that she had her jewels restrung to be used in the costume. stomacher and review of jewelry in more general articles''' An invoice and receipt in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) is from a concern whose preprinted stationery has a crown in the upper-left corner, suggesting that they had a royal warrant, and no name other than Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith. This document offers a unique view into the evolution of one necklace, at least, over the years. It lists what are apparently three restringing of some pearls of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. The three restringings appear to be dated: The first necklace is a "Pearl Necklet in original 4 rows." The invoice is dated 20 October 1892 (but the stationery was printed to assume the invoice would be used in the 1880s, so the 9 is written over the second 8, and the 2 has been added).<ref name=":14">Invoice and receipt. Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant & Silversmith. Date of itemized invoices for restringing pearls: 20 October 1892, 1 March 1897, 1909. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number FIS/4/1/2.</ref>(p. 1) The necklet she brought in to be restrung contained a "Total [of] Total 224 large pearls": # 1st [row] 51 large pearls # 2nd 53 large pearls # 3rd 57 large pearls # 4th 63 large pearls The second necklace is a "Necklet as re-strung on October 15th 1892, with addition of small pearls supplied, now consists of 5 rows, containing" a total of "224 large pearls & 227 small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 1): # 1st 41 large pearls & 40 small # 2nd 42 large pearls & 42 small # 3rd 44 large pearls & 45 small # 4th 47 large pearls & 48 small # 5th 50 large pearls & 51 small The third necklace is a "Pearl Necklet as again re-strung with additional pearls supplied 1 March 1897, now consisting of 5 Rows containing" a total of "262 Large Pearls & 267 Small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 2): # 1st Row 45 Large Pearls & 44 Small # 2nd Row 48 large Pearls & 49 Small # 3rd Row 51 Large Pearls & 52 Small # 4th Row 56 Large Pearls & 65 small Possibly these pearls may have been restrung in 1909 into a coronet, but the handwriting is not clear enough to read.<ref name=":14" />(p. 2) If the Duchess wore one of these stringings of her pearls for the ball, then it must have been the second necklet, strung in 1892, a 5-strand necklace. None of the newspaper accounts refer to a 5-strand pearl necklace, although her pearls are often mentioned. == The Duchess's Entourage == Besides the Duke of Devonshire, the retinue of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, included her grandson, [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drago Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester]], dressed as a Georgian courtier. Four newspapers say that the Duchess's entourage included three groups, all in costume: children, trumpeters and fan-bearers. The ''Westminster Gazette'' and the ''Man of Ross'' '''do not address''' the number of members of the groups. According to two sources, probably in error, the London ''Daily News''<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) and the Belfast ''News-Letter,''<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} these groups each had four members. The London ''Daily News'' is likely the source (though not the only one) for the Belfast ''News-Letter'', which took part in [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]], like so many other newspapers of the 19th century. ['''check this: which one was published earlier in the day, and on which day?'''] These four sources describe the Duchess's retinue and how the people in it were dressed: *"The Duchess of Devonshire was dazzingly [sic] magnificent as 'Zenobia,' arrayed in the glistening fabrics and massive jewels in which artists have delighted to depict the Warrior Queen, the costume in this case being specially designed by the clever French artist, M. Comelli, who was also responsible for the splendid attire of the Queen's suite. This was composed of four children in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls; four trumpeters in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel; and four fan-bearers attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold — a gloriously magnificent pageant."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} *"Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} *"The duchess was dressed as Zenobia, in gold cloth, gorgeously embroidered in gold, brilliants, and coloured stones, and opening over an under dress of white crêpe de Chine, worked finely in brilliants. The train of light green velvet was lined with blue, and sumptuously embroidered in jewels and gold, the colouring being particularly artistic. With this dress were worn splendid jewels, and a large horn crown, encrusted with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The duchess was attended by a suite of children, trumpeters, and fan-bearers, all picturesquely attired in Assyian [sic] costumes — the whole group being specially designed by M. Comelli."<ref name=":5" /> *"The host was dressed as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet, satin, and fur; and the Duchess made the most gorgeous of Zenobias, in a gown of gold gauze, and a green velvet train — both a mass of exquisite oriental embroidery. The crown and hanging ropes of pearls, the jewelled girdle, and the train of children, fan-bearers, and trumpeters — all in Babylonish garb — as designed by M. Comelli, made a gloriously imposing and picturesque group."<ref name=":9" /> === Details of the Costumes in the Entourage === The Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) has "receipts" or invoices that functioned as receipts for several commercial concerns that were involved in making costumes or accessories for costumes for this ball. They are the following: * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#B. Burnet & Co.|B. Burnet & Co.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller|Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Liberty & Co., Ltd.|Liberty & Co., Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Lafayette, Ltd.|Lafayette, Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith|Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith]] This list of commercial concerns almost certainly cannot be the complete list of all concerns that contributed to the costumes. These are the only receipts or invoices about expenses for the ball, however, that the Chatsworth Archive contains; similar documents were likely not even kept or were destroyed with other papers not retained at some point in time. The business concerns listed above were specialized and likely used for different elements of the costumes. As a theatrical designer, Comelli would have depended on the suppliers he knew and arranged with them for the construction of these costumes. The Chatsworth Archive calls these documents ''receipts'', which indeed they are because they were returned to Devonshire House as receipts for payment. From our perspective, though, they are invoices that contain specifics about what was used to make the costumes. The analysis of these invoices has led to an understanding of what the people who attended the Duchess in her entourage wore and a clearer sense, perhaps, of how many people walked in that entourage. This analysis is based on the items listed on the invoices and their pricing, most of which is included in the section for each invoice, below. While the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says that each group contained four members,<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} the invoices and receipts suggest that the newspaper, the single source for this information, was wrong about the number of people in each group. It is theoretically possible, of course, that suppliers other than the ones in the Chatsworth Archive made some of these costumes and that other invoices and receipts must have existed at that time. But the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|Comelli memo, below]], seems definitive: he designed and seems to have overseen the construction of the costumes, which numbered six rather than twelve. '''[Collier discussion?]''' Besides providing welcome detail about the costumes of the people in the Duchess's entourage, which is available nowhere else, these invoices also raise at least as many questions as they answer. ==== M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli ==== Attillo Giuseppe Comelli was a designer for opera, ballet and theatre in Europe, the UK and North America.<ref name=":13" /> The receipt in the Chatsworth Archive was sent from Covent Garden. The invoice lists £4 for "Making six costumes," 3''s'' for "Extras" and 12s for "Cab fares for men paid by the request of M. Comelli."<ref>M. Comelli, Covent Garden, to Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 13 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Three other names are on this invoice and receipt: * L. L[?] Collier [?], written under and perhaps as part of the direction to the Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. Strong ("Forwarded to Mr Strong. [sic] by the instructions of M. Comelli," written in the same hand as wrote the majority of the memo) * Floyd [?] Collier [??] ("Received with Thanks," presumably thanking for the payment, in a different hand) ==== B. Burnet & Co. ==== An invoice and receipt from B. Burnet & Co., held in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire, has specific information about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories purchased for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":11">B. Burnet & Co. to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 2 and 6 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Besides itemizing some costume or accessory elements that seem clearly to be for the groups, the invoice also lists items not easy to associate with particular costumes, like the following: * 12 yards of White silk fringe 8in deep<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 12 1/2 yards of "wht cloth"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 9 yards of "[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Selesia|Selesia]]"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 2 yards of Canvas<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 4 Tan Wool Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 2 Tan Boys Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} At this time, we are not sure which costumes these elements were used for. Possibly the white silk fringe and the white cloth would have been used to construct the robes for the children and trumpeters in the entourage. The number of tights suggests that the six costumes on this invoice all included tights. With other elements of the trumpeters' costumes, the Burnet invoice also lists "6 prs Assyrian Buskins." Probably, to a late Victorian, buskins would have been "defensive leggings"<ref>Demmin, Auguste. An illustrated History of Arms and Armour: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. George Bell, 1894. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=ArRCAAAAYAAJ: 106.</ref> laced together and covering the lower leg and often feet of a soldier. To a clothing and military historian, buskins (or greaves) were worn by people in a number of cultures over millennia and varied widely in style and construction. Buskins appear in Assyrian art held at the time by the British Museum. Listing six pairs of buskins suggests that every costume in the Duchess's entrourage included buskins, possibly worn over the tan tights. The Burnet invoice lists "4 Broad Belts," which may have held "4 Skins Fleshers."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} (A skin flesher is a kind of knife used to separate the skin from the meat in animals.) If each group included only two members, then perhaps the belts and fleshers were worn not only by the trumpeters but also by the fan-bearers. The Millward invoice (specifics in the section on the Millward invoice below) lists "8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts'" with a drawing of an upright rectangle with a circle in the middle, which might have been a jewel. Double lines around the rectangle suggest that the plaques were not flat or the metal was not thin. The drawing does not give any ideas about how the plaques were attached to the belts, if they were. It is impossible to tell if the plaques were attached to the "4 Broad Belts" (likely for the trumpeters and fan-bearers), but unless they were quite tiny, "8 Doz 'Plaques'" would be far too many for the belts of only the two children. A different hand, probably "[L.??] L. Collier," wrote the following sentence at the end of the invoice and receipt, above the postmark:<blockquote>All the above named articles were used for the six [?] dresses made for the Devonshire Ball.<ref name=":11" />(back right)</blockquote>This same hand, signing what is possibly "Floyd Collier," also signed the postmark of the Comelli invoice and receipt. On the Burnet document, this writer, possibly an assistant or employee of the Duchess of Devonshire, says that "six dresses" were made (if in fact, that word is ''six''). (No "Collier" is listed among the staff or servants of the Duke of Devonshire at the end of the 19th century.<ref name=":19">"Servants A-H." ''Historic Servants and Staff. Servants and Staff Database''. Retrieved 18 July 2022 https://www.chatsworth.org/media/11528/servants-a-h.pdf.</ref> The invoice appears to itemize materials used for six costumes: two children, two trumpeters and two fan-bearers. ==== Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller ==== An invoice and request for payment from Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, held in the Archives of Chatsworth House, has more specifics about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":12">Memorandum. Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 1 July 1897; date of request for payment(?) 27 August 1897. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> This invoice lists the following, which could have been used in any of the costumes for the entourage: * 8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts [discussed with the belts in the section on the Burnet invoice, above] * 4 Large Armlets * 4 Bracelets * 8 Armlets<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} Because Millward was a Theatrical Jeweller, it seems likely that most (if not all) of the items listed on the invoice were made of metal and the jewels mentioned were artificial, made of glass or paste. Other items on the invoice seem to belong to the costumes of the trumpeters, which the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says included helmets: * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre pieces The Millward invoice shows tiny line drawings next to the words ''2 Helmets'' and ''2 Centre pieces''. These drawings suggest that the Centre pieces were attached to the helmets rather than being anything that would have been put on a table as decoration. Other items seem to belong to the costumes of the fan-bearers: * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers The "Pearl & Gold Headdresses" were likely the "jewelled diadems" mentioned in the Belfast ''News-Letter''. The "Fan properties with Feathers" are likely to have been the "long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold" mentioned in the newspaper report.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} At the end of the Millward invoice, a "reduction as agreed with M [Mr?] Commelli [sic]" of £1 10''s'' is subtracted from a total of £22 3''s''. No reason for this reduction is given.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} ==== Liberty & Co., Ltd. ==== One invoice and receipt from the Chatsworth Archive, dated 12 July, to the Duchess of Devonshire, lists "13 yds S&W Satin[?]," 7 yards of blue and 6 of purple.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Liberty & Co. Ltd. To Her Grace, The Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 July [1897]. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Because the fabric is satin and from Liberty, it is possible that it was not used in the costumes of the people in the entourage but perhaps for the costume of the Duchess herself??? ==== Lafayette, Ltd. ==== The invoice and receipt from Lafayette, Ltd., the photographer that set up a temporary studio in the garden to take portraits of people at the ball in their costumes, may not be related to the ball at all.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Lafayette, Ltd. To His Grace The Duke of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 April 1897; addressed to the Duke, 18 February 1898; receipt and thanks for payment, 7 April 1898. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Three dates are written on the preprinted stationery: # 18/2/98 (18 February 1898), under the direction to "His Grace The Duke of Devonshire" # 4/12/97 (4 December 1897), next to the single item on the invoice for which a charge is listed: "6 [??] £1.10.0" # 7/4/98 (7 April 1898), in a different hand, with "Recd by cheque 7/4/98 Lafayette Ltd pp[?] [??] thanks" At the bottom of the page, in the hand that wrote all of the invoice except the receipt and thanks, is "With Lafayette Ltds Compliments." ==== Details for the Children in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four children were "in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for "White Cloth Dresses":<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 2, back left of invoice}} * "2 Terra Gown draperies with Stars 200 in all" * "2 Cloth fronts embroidered with Square Medallions down centre" * "2 do do [ditto ditto, that is, cloth fronts] embroidered double border down front each side and collar" * "4 Sleeves embroidered Small Medallions" The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 6 yards of "Terra" Silk Fringe, which perhaps was used to trim the "terra draperies," or shawls, made from 3 1/4 yards of "Light Terra Satinette" worn by the children? ==== Details for the Trumpeters in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four trumpeters were "in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} The trumpeters appear to have been dressed as soldiers or military men. According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the trumpeters' costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} * 7 '''units (yards?)''' of purple silk [probably used for shawls?] * "2 skirt fronts with border alround [sic]" * "2 sets of Leather Cuarasses [sic] Embroidered front & back" * "4 Sleeves embroidered loop stitch" The Millward invoice lists * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre Pieces [probably for helmets rather than table decorations] ==== Details for the Fan-bearers in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four fan-bearers were "attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the fan bearers's costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|pp. 1–2, front and left-back of invoice}} * "Embroidering 2 Crimson draperies with Stars 334 in all" * "2 Top [?] fronts embroidered & round necks" * "4 Sleeves embroidered long stitch"The Millward invoice lists * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 12 yards of "Red Silk Fringe," which perhaps was used to trim the "crimson shawls" or "Crimson draperies," which may have been made from the 5 yards of "Red Satinette." Again, this list suggests two rather than four costumes. == Demographics == *Nationality: born in Hanover, in what is now Germany<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire&oldid=969824214|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== As Duchess of Manchester ==== *Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire *Manchester House, London ==== As Duchess of Devonshire ==== *Devonshire House, London (mid-April until mid-July, for the Season) *Compton Place, Eastbourne (mid-July until 12 August<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire (12 August until the middle of September<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Chatsworth, Derbyshire (middle of September until early Spring<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Lismore Castle, County Waterford (early Spring until the middle of April<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) == Family == *Louisa (or Luise) Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu Cavendish (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> *William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (15 October 1823 – 22 March 1890)<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-07|title=William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Montagu,_7th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=977197445|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #George Victor Drogo Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892) #Mary Louise [Louisa?] Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton Forster (27 December 1854 – 10 February 1934) #Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu Acheson (c. 1856 – 3 March 1944) #Charles William Augustus Montagu (23 November 1860 – 10 November 1939) #Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley (15 August 1862 – 23 July 1957) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908) == Notes and Questions == #As Duchess of Manchester Luise was not invited to the wedding between Bertie and Alix, Victoria's punishment for Luise's having gotten the Duke of Derby to promise her the position of Mistress of the Robes (and then exacting that promise).<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973.</ref>{{rp|pp. 47–48}} #"As a young woman she was extremely beautiful; Princess Catherine Radziwill saw her at a reception given by the Empress of Germany and recalls on being introduced to her 'how she struck me as the loveliest creature I had ever set eyes upon. Indeed I have only met three women in my whole existence who could be compared to her.'"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 21}} == Footnotes == {{reflist}} tuluz3e1ectvnqwailu5edtfgn9b6ka 2412688 2412671 2022-08-08T22:20:41Z Scogdill 1331941 /* The Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == Louise, Duchess of Devonshire was the subject of much comment and gossip in her life, arising in part from her prominence in society and in part from her conduct, which was not controlled by middle-class notions of "respectability." == Also Known As == *Louise, Duchess of Devonshire (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911) *Louisa, Duchess of Manchester *Luise Friederike August Gräfin von Alten *Louisa Montagu *Louise Cavendish *The Double Duchess == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === *[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] (beginning about 1852) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], Lord Hartington (later 8th Duke of Devonshire) *Daisy, Lady Warwick *Lady Mayoress, Mrs. Benjamin Samuel Faudel-Phillips, 2nd Baronet,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-25|title=Faudel-Phillips baronets|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faudel-Phillips_baronets&oldid=974879290|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4">"The Queen's Drawing Room" ''Morning Post'' 25 February 1897 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 5a–7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970225/047/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} *Mrs. J. E. Mellor, presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} === Enemies === * Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough (at least, in 1901)<ref name=":1">Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984.</ref>{{rp|pp. 31–32}} == Organizations == == Timeline == '''1852 July 22''', Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten and William Drogo Montagu married.<ref name=":2">"Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10947.htm#i109469|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1863, early, or late 1862''', Louise and Spencer Compton Cavendish began a relationship.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 26}} '''1873 December 10''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu (daughter) and William Douglas-Hamilton married. '''1876 May 22''', Consuelo Iznaga y Clement and George Victor Drogo Montagu (son) married in Grace Church, New York City.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-24|title=George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Montagu,_8th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=974659520|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester&oldid=969888488|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1876 August 10''', Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu (daughter) and Archibald Acheson married. '''1889 January 5''', Alice Maude Olivia Montagu (daughter) and Edward Stanley married. '''1890 March 22''', William Drogo Montagu (7th Duke) died.<ref name=":3">"William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10128.htm#i101274|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1890 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu (grandson) and Helena Zimmerman married secretly, in London.<ref>"Helena Zimmerman." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p34555.htm#i345545|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1892 August 16''', Louise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu and Spencer Compton Cavendish, her second husband, married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Louise Cavendish (#18 on the list of attendees) hosted her famous [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball| fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House in London. '''1897 July 20''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton and Robert Carnaby Foster married. '''1900 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu and Helena Zimmerman married.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-17|title=Helena, Countess of Kintore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Countess_of_Kintore&oldid=968067371|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1901 Spring''', Paris, Consuelo Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, describes a meeting with Louise Cavendish in the spring following Queen Victoria's death at the horse racetrack, Longchamps:<blockquote>A renowned character and virtually dictator of what was known as the fast set as opposed to the Victorian, Her Grace was a German aristocrat by birth. She had first been married to the impoverished Duke of Manchester, and when he died had improved her status by marriage to the rich Duke of Devonshire, who waged an undisputed influence in politics. Rumour had her beautiful, but when I knew her she was a raddled old woman, covering her wrinkles with paint and her pate with a brown wig. Her mouth was a red gash and from it, when she saw me, issued a stream of abuse. How could I, she complained, pointing to my white gloves, show so little respect to the memory of a great Queen? What a carefree world we must have lived in, that etiquette even in such small matters could assume so much importance?<ref>Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt. ''The Glitter and the Gold: The American Duchess — In Her Own Words''. New York: St. Martin's, 1953.</ref>{{rp|p. 115}}</blockquote> === Annual Events === Every year, as Duchess of Devonshire, Louise held a dance on the night after the Derby at Epsom Downs, which at this point was held on Wednesdays after Easter. == The Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire and Spencer Compton, 98th Duke of Devonshire hosted the famous [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Fancy-dress ball|fancy-dress ball]], which took place on Friday night. According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>Such an event required extensive planning and attention to detail. The housekeeper aided by two secretaries was in charge of organisation inside the house with precise instructions from the Duchess on menus and all arrangements.<ref name=":18" />(137)</blockquote> === The Devonshire House Staff at the Ball === The Dukes of Devonshire did not keep employment records of the staff working at their various properties. The Servants and Staff Database managed by Chatsworth House has a list of everyone ever named in any documents as a servant or staff member, and by 1891 census records included employment at places like the properties owned by the Duke of Devonshire.<ref name=":19" /> === Questions === # Who was housekeeper? Who were the secretaries? # Where did this info about the "precise instructions" come from? == The Duchess of Devonshire's Costume == [[File:Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.jpg|thumb|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|alt=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire in costume as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra]] At their fancy-dress ball, Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire sat at Table 1 during the first seating for supper, escorted in to the table by the Prince of Wales.<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c}} Her costume was designed by M. Comelli (Attillo Giuseppe Comelli, 1858–1925, artist and costumier for opera, ballet and theatre in London as well as Europe and the U.S.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZh2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=Attilio+Comelli&source=bl&ots=lFB0If7CwV&sig=ACfU3U1_Ost_lhmMvzMMs6NvuhK5SlRhJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKlsTw2sH3AhXYAp0JHVIxDWA4KBDoAXoECBAQAw#v=onepage&q=Attilio%20Comelli&f=false|title=Forgotten Designers Costume Designers of American Broadway Revues and Musicals From 1900-1930|last=Unruh|first=Delbert|date=2018-11-06|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|isbn=978-1-64082-758-5|language=en}} N.P.</ref>)<ref name=":5">“The Devonshire House Ball.” The ''Man of Ross'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001463/18970710/033/0002.</ref> <ref name=":8">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} <ref name=":9">"By One Who Was There." “The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref> and constructed by the House of Worth. Comelli seems to have designed [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess and Her Entourage|the costumes of her retinue as well]]. According to Russell Harris,<blockquote>For her costume, the Duchess commissioned Monsieur Comelli (1858-1925), a well-known designer of opera costumes for the London theatre and opera stage, and then had the design made up by Worth of Paris. ''Munsey’s Magazine'' noted “it is safe to say that the Queen of Palmyra never owned such a sumptuous costume in her lifetime.”<ref>Harris, Russell. {{Cite web|url=http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html|title=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire, née Countess von Alten of Hanover (1832-1911), as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|website=www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk|access-date=2022-05-05}} ''Narrated in Calm Prose: Photographs from the V&A's Lafayette Archive of Guests in Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's Diamond Jubilee Ball, July 1897''. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html.</ref></blockquote>Lafayette's portrait of "Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester)" in costume is photogravure #5 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia Queen of Palmyra," with a Long S in ''Duchess''.<ref>"Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra." Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball Album. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158357/Louise-Frederica-Augusta-Cavendish-ne-von-Alten-Duchess-of-Devonshire-formerly-Duchess-of-Manchester-as-Zenobia-Queen-of-Palmyra.</ref> Often, the V&A Lafayette Archive contains more than one portrait of a sitter for this ball, but the uncropped portrait (above right), which shows the unfinished end of the balustrade in front of the Duchess and the edge of the painted flat behind it, seems to have been the only portrait taken by Lafayette of the Duchess in costume. The copy owned by the National Portrait Gallery in London and the copy included in the album are cropped so that those unfinished edges do not show, but they appear to be from the same photograph. === Newspaper Descriptions of the Duchess's Costume === Newspaper articles about the Duchess's presence at the ball focused on her hosting, her costume, [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Jewelry|her jewelry]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Entourage|her entourage]], often in the same story. These almost exactly identical descriptions suggest [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]] or a shared primary source: * The London ''Evening Standard'', ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'' published almost identical descriptions, varying only by the occasional punctuation mark or short phrase ("supplied by Worth, of Paris"). The fullest version is this one: "The Duchess of Devonshire, as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, wore a magnificent costume, supplied by Worth, of Paris. The skirt of gold tissue was embroidered all over in a star-like design in emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels, outlined with gold, the corners where it opened in front being elaborately wrought in the same jewels and gold to represent peacocks' outspread tails. This opened to show an under-dress of cream crêpe de chine, delicately embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was attached to the shoulders by two slender points, and was fastened at the waist with a large diamond ornament. It was of green velvet of a lovely shade, and was superbly embroidered in Oriental designs, introducing the lotus flower in rubies, sapphires, amethysts, emeralds, and diamonds, in four borderings on contrasting grounds, separated with gold cord. The train was lined with turquoise satin. The bodice was composed of gold tissue to match the skirt, and the front was of crêpe de chine, hidden with a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Stomacher|stomacher]] of real diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and there was a jewelled belt."<ref name=":16">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref>{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} *"The Duchess of Devonshire was a dazzling vision, dressed as 'Zenobia,' in a glistening gold gauze gown, elaborately ornamented with suns and discs, wrought in purple and green gems outlined with gold, and having a large diamond as centre. The space between was fluted with fine silver spangles. This robe was open in front over an under dress of white crépe de chine, delicately worked in crystals, and at each side of the opening on the gold robe were large fan-shaped groups of peacock feathers, worked in multicoloured jewels. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsage|corsage]] was to correspond, and had a magnificent [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Girdle|girdle]] of jewels, the train of bright green velvet, hung like a fan, without folds, being fastened at each side of the shoulders by diamond brooches, and caught at the waist with a similar ornament. It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet, lotus flowers studded with tinted gems, and other devices in terra-cotta and electric blue velvet — all enriched with gold, diamond, and jewelled embroidery — and lined with pale blue satin. ... Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} * According to the article in ''The Graphic'' written by [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], though this caption to the Lafayette photograph may not be hers, the Duchess of Devonshire wore a "Skirt of gold tissue, embroidered all over with emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels outlined with gold. This opened to show an underdress of crème crêpe de chine, embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was green velvet, superbly embroidered in Oriental designs. The bodice was composed of gold tissue, and the front was of crêpe de chine hidden with a stomacher of diamonds, rubies, and emeralds."<ref name=":10">Greville, Violet, Lady. "Devonshire House Ball." The ''Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.</ref>{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} Because it is in black and white, the photograph of the Duchess taken by Lafayette in her costume (above right) can tell us almost nothing about the colors of the costume. Also, because of the Duchess's three-quarter front pose in that photograph, which limits us to a single view of one two-dimensional image, it is difficult to see how the fabric draped, how tight the bodice was, what the stomacher looked like, what pearls she is wearing and exactly what is going on with her headdress: is her hair down or up? Do the horns go toward the back at all or do they stick straight out to the sides from the apex that rises from the jewel-encrusted band? Are there three white plumes? Fortunately, this costume has survived and is held in Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth). Published photographs of it '''show X'''.<ref name=":18">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref> It has been worn by '''X, the xth duchess'''. Some accounts of her costume suggest that the reporter thought that all the jewels sewn onto the dress were actual precious or semiprecious stones, but the London ''Daily News'' says some of them were crystals.<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>The skirt of gold gauze, appliquéd with tinsel medallions and peacock plumes worked in bright foils, wire coils and spangled with sequins, was worn over an ivory satin underskirt wrought over with silver thread and diamonds. Attached to the shoulders was a long graduated train in the most vivid emerald-green velvet, appliquéd with velvet and gold work in an eastern design and studied with jewels.<ref name=":18" />(128)</blockquote> === Observations on the Duchess's Costume === * The exhibitions of the dress show a different fit than what is shown in the Lafayette photograph of Louise, 8th Duchess. The 1897 bodice appears to be loose over the stomacher. * Recent photographs of the costume show that it may have been altered or adjusted to make the waist more defined and the line looks more Elizabethan (the wide, square neckline; the A-line, the split skirt with the petticoat in the middle). * The dress seems to have been designed to flatter the 8th Duchess's statuesque figure, especially her waist: the belt falls down to the hips, the A-line; the way what we can see of the under-dress is narrow at the top and widens toward the bottom. * The drape of the skirt is straighter on the 8th Duchess as well as the Dowager Duchess than on the mannequins. * The sleeve treatment on the 1897 photograph is caught up at the shoulder. On the Dowager Duchess and the mannequins, the sleeves are released. * The 1897 reports use different terminology for the parts of the dress than we would now: skirt, under-dress, bodice, stomacher as opposed to skirt, underskirt. under dress, robe, and train, corsage, girdle. * The train: very Victorian * There appears to be silver sequins, which appear to have tarnished, which is why they are dark now. * There appears to be silver and gold thread in the embroidery. The gold thread has not tarnished, silver thread has. it would have been sparklier at the ball than what we can see now. * The newspaper accounts of the Duchess's costume do not agree on several particulars, including the color of the train and its lining. * The reporter's description of the Duchess's costume in the London ''Daily News'' is confusing: it says the train is "bright green velvet" and "It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet." Embroidery is not "carried out" in velvet. Heliotrope is not green, it's pinkish purple. Furthermore, heliotrope appears to have been a new word for a color, introduced perhaps in 1882 in Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Colour, New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Heliotrope: Page 131 Plate 54 Colour Sample C10 ("Heliotrope," Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope_(color)#cite_note-2<nowiki/>). The ''OED'' lists 3 periodical sources for the 1880s, The ''World'' (1882), ''Truth'' (1886), and the ''Daily News'' (1887) ("heliotrope" 1.d. Retrieved 6 August 2022). The ''Daily News'' describes it well: "that peculiar mauve known as heliotrope." === The Historical Zenobia === Zenobia (240 – c. 274) was queen of the Syrian Palmyrene Empire, ruling as regent for her son after her husband's assassination.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-05-03|title=Zenobia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&oldid=1086005949|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia.</ref> She was the subject of much art in the 19th century, including literature, opera, sculpture, and paintings. Middle-eastern traveller Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839) discussed Zenobia in her memoirs, published in 1847.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-07|title=Lady Hester Stanhope|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Hester_Stanhope&oldid=1075838273|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope.</ref> == The Duchess's Jewelry == The Duchess was known for her jewelry, and as she aged and after her marriage to the 8th Duke in 1892, the jewelry she wore only increased in scale and notability. It is not surprising that her jewelry would make up copy for the newspapers. Gossipy newspaper reports before the ball '''reported''' on the jewelry associated with the costumes being developed. For example, according to the Edinburgh ''Evening News'' on 21 June 1897, less than two weeks before the party, "The ball being a fancy dress one, men as well as women will be able in certain characters to wear jewels. The Duchess of Devonshire, who is to appear as Zenobia, is getting her jewels reset after the antique style."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” Edinburgh ''Evening News'' 21 June 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18970621/079/0004.</ref> While almost all descriptions of her mention her jewels because they were so much a topic of conversation and because they were sewn onto the costume itself, these emphasize her jewelry and most are very similar to each other: * "The Duchess was attired with great Oriental magnificence as Zenobia. Her dress was a tissue of silver, embroidered with gold and jewels, an overmantle of cloth of gold embroidered in the same manner hung from the shoulders, and she wore a bandeau of gold studded with gems, and surrounded by hanging chains of pearls over her elaborate headdress; strings and ropes of jewels and pearls were worn round the neck, and hung down almost to the knees."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. </ref>{{rp|p. 32, Cols. 1c–2a}} <ref name=":17">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref>{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} * "A wonderfully beautiful dress was that which was worn by the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. It was of golden tissue, sewn with silver paillettes, and jewelled with diamonds and other precious stones. In front there were silk embroideries, in many vivid shades of colour, and here the golden draperies opened to show a petticoat of white crêpe de chine, embroidered with pearls and gold. The short train was of brilliant green velvet, exquisitely embroidered. One of the Duchess of Devonshire’s beautiful diamond and emerald tiaras had been taken to pieces to form a stomacher, the effect of which was dazzling in its brilliancy. Long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels were worn with this beautiful dress."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 2b}} * In the article about the ball in the ''Graphic'', [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] says, "The Ducal hostess herself elected to appear as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, with lavish magnificence, and wearing a corruscation of jewels which must have eclipsed the state of even the all-subduing majesty the Duchess impersonated."<ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 16, Col. 1a}} *The Duchess was dressed "as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, her dress a marvel of soft tissues and exquisite ornament, and her tiara a still greater marvel of the jeweller's art."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 2a}} <ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes." Supplement. The ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 11 [of 12], Cols. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000173/18970710/141/0011.</ref>{{rp|p. 11, 4a}} As with the colors, Lafayette's photograph of the Duchess in costume does not show the jewels very clearly. We cannot see the stomacher or the "long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels" or the pearls that "hung down almost to the knees" (although, of course, any newspaper account can be wrong because reporters were not present at the ball). === Zenobia's Crown<ref name=":10" /> === The crown that the Duchess wore as Zenobia is difficult to see clearly in the Lafayette photograph (above right). It was lavish, "encrusted" with jewels and featuring pearls: * London ''Daily News'' says, "The crown worn with this was high, and of filigree gold, surmounted with two horns, each tipped with a large diamond. It was encrusted with large diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and long chains of pearls fell under the chin and about the head — one magnificent pear-shaped pearl resting on the forehead."<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) * These descriptions are all identical except for the addition or subtraction of an occasional comma: The London ''Evening Standard'' says, "A gold crown encrusted with emeralds, diamonds, and rubies, with a diamond drop at each curved end, and two upstanding white ostrich feathers in the centre, and round the front were festoons of pearls, with a large pear-shaped pearl in the centre falling on the forehead."<ref name=":16" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} <ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} * The Guernsey ''Star'' says, "Her Grace wore a bandeau of gold round her head, studded with diamonds, turquoise, and emeralds, and surrounded by hanging chains of superb pearls."<ref name=":17" />{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} === Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith === The Duchess's pearls, which were an important feature of her costume, occasioned a great deal of direct commentary in the newspaper accounts. The Duchess's jewelry occasioned a great deal of reportage in the articles about the ball. '''It was reported that she had her jewels restrung to be used in the costume. stomacher and review of jewelry in more general articles''' An invoice and receipt in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) is from a concern whose preprinted stationery has a crown in the upper-left corner, suggesting that they had a royal warrant, and no name other than Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith. This document offers a unique view into the evolution of one necklace, at least, over the years. It lists what are apparently three restringing of some pearls of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. The three restringings appear to be dated: The first necklace is a "Pearl Necklet in original 4 rows." The invoice is dated 20 October 1892 (but the stationery was printed to assume the invoice would be used in the 1880s, so the 9 is written over the second 8, and the 2 has been added).<ref name=":14">Invoice and receipt. Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant & Silversmith. Date of itemized invoices for restringing pearls: 20 October 1892, 1 March 1897, 1909. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number FIS/4/1/2.</ref>(p. 1) The necklet she brought in to be restrung contained a "Total [of] Total 224 large pearls": # 1st [row] 51 large pearls # 2nd 53 large pearls # 3rd 57 large pearls # 4th 63 large pearls The second necklace is a "Necklet as re-strung on October 15th 1892, with addition of small pearls supplied, now consists of 5 rows, containing" a total of "224 large pearls & 227 small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 1): # 1st 41 large pearls & 40 small # 2nd 42 large pearls & 42 small # 3rd 44 large pearls & 45 small # 4th 47 large pearls & 48 small # 5th 50 large pearls & 51 small The third necklace is a "Pearl Necklet as again re-strung with additional pearls supplied 1 March 1897, now consisting of 5 Rows containing" a total of "262 Large Pearls & 267 Small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 2): # 1st Row 45 Large Pearls & 44 Small # 2nd Row 48 large Pearls & 49 Small # 3rd Row 51 Large Pearls & 52 Small # 4th Row 56 Large Pearls & 65 small Possibly these pearls may have been restrung in 1909 into a coronet, but the handwriting is not clear enough to read.<ref name=":14" />(p. 2) If the Duchess wore one of these stringings of her pearls for the ball, then it must have been the second necklet, strung in 1892, a 5-strand necklace. None of the newspaper accounts refer to a 5-strand pearl necklace, although her pearls are often mentioned. == The Duchess's Entourage == Besides the Duke of Devonshire, the retinue of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, included her grandson, [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drago Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester]], dressed as a Georgian courtier. Four newspapers say that the Duchess's entourage included three groups, all in costume: children, trumpeters and fan-bearers. The ''Westminster Gazette'' and the ''Man of Ross'' '''do not address''' the number of members of the groups. According to two sources, probably in error, the London ''Daily News''<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) and the Belfast ''News-Letter,''<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} these groups each had four members. The London ''Daily News'' is likely the source (though not the only one) for the Belfast ''News-Letter'', which took part in [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]], like so many other newspapers of the 19th century. ['''check this: which one was published earlier in the day, and on which day?'''] These four sources describe the Duchess's retinue and how the people in it were dressed: *"The Duchess of Devonshire was dazzingly [sic] magnificent as 'Zenobia,' arrayed in the glistening fabrics and massive jewels in which artists have delighted to depict the Warrior Queen, the costume in this case being specially designed by the clever French artist, M. Comelli, who was also responsible for the splendid attire of the Queen's suite. This was composed of four children in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls; four trumpeters in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel; and four fan-bearers attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold — a gloriously magnificent pageant."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} *"Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} *"The duchess was dressed as Zenobia, in gold cloth, gorgeously embroidered in gold, brilliants, and coloured stones, and opening over an under dress of white crêpe de Chine, worked finely in brilliants. The train of light green velvet was lined with blue, and sumptuously embroidered in jewels and gold, the colouring being particularly artistic. With this dress were worn splendid jewels, and a large horn crown, encrusted with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The duchess was attended by a suite of children, trumpeters, and fan-bearers, all picturesquely attired in Assyian [sic] costumes — the whole group being specially designed by M. Comelli."<ref name=":5" /> *"The host was dressed as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet, satin, and fur; and the Duchess made the most gorgeous of Zenobias, in a gown of gold gauze, and a green velvet train — both a mass of exquisite oriental embroidery. The crown and hanging ropes of pearls, the jewelled girdle, and the train of children, fan-bearers, and trumpeters — all in Babylonish garb — as designed by M. Comelli, made a gloriously imposing and picturesque group."<ref name=":9" /> === Details of the Costumes in the Entourage === The Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) has "receipts" or invoices that functioned as receipts for several commercial concerns that were involved in making costumes or accessories for costumes for this ball. They are the following: * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#B. Burnet & Co.|B. Burnet & Co.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller|Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Liberty & Co., Ltd.|Liberty & Co., Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Lafayette, Ltd.|Lafayette, Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith|Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith]] This list of commercial concerns almost certainly cannot be the complete list of all concerns that contributed to the costumes. These are the only receipts or invoices about expenses for the ball, however, that the Chatsworth Archive contains; similar documents were likely not even kept or were destroyed with other papers not retained at some point in time. The business concerns listed above were specialized and likely used for different elements of the costumes. As a theatrical designer, Comelli would have depended on the suppliers he knew and arranged with them for the construction of these costumes. The Chatsworth Archive calls these documents ''receipts'', which indeed they are because they were returned to Devonshire House as receipts for payment. From our perspective, though, they are invoices that contain specifics about what was used to make the costumes. The analysis of these invoices has led to an understanding of what the people who attended the Duchess in her entourage wore and a clearer sense, perhaps, of how many people walked in that entourage. This analysis is based on the items listed on the invoices and their pricing, most of which is included in the section for each invoice, below. While the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says that each group contained four members,<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} the invoices and receipts suggest that the newspaper, the single source for this information, was wrong about the number of people in each group. It is theoretically possible, of course, that suppliers other than the ones in the Chatsworth Archive made some of these costumes and that other invoices and receipts must have existed at that time. But the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|Comelli memo, below]], seems definitive: he designed and seems to have overseen the construction of the costumes, which numbered six rather than twelve. '''[Collier discussion?]''' Besides providing welcome detail about the costumes of the people in the Duchess's entourage, which is available nowhere else, these invoices also raise at least as many questions as they answer. ==== M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli ==== Attillo Giuseppe Comelli was a designer for opera, ballet and theatre in Europe, the UK and North America.<ref name=":13" /> The receipt in the Chatsworth Archive was sent from Covent Garden. The invoice lists £4 for "Making six costumes," 3''s'' for "Extras" and 12s for "Cab fares for men paid by the request of M. Comelli."<ref>M. Comelli, Covent Garden, to Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 13 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Three other names are on this invoice and receipt: * L. L[?] Collier [?], written under and perhaps as part of the direction to the Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. Strong ("Forwarded to Mr Strong. [sic] by the instructions of M. Comelli," written in the same hand as wrote the majority of the memo) * Floyd [?] Collier [??] ("Received with Thanks," presumably thanking for the payment, in a different hand) ==== B. Burnet & Co. ==== An invoice and receipt from B. Burnet & Co., held in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire, has specific information about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories purchased for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":11">B. Burnet & Co. to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 2 and 6 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Besides itemizing some costume or accessory elements that seem clearly to be for the groups, the invoice also lists items not easy to associate with particular costumes, like the following: * 12 yards of White silk fringe 8in deep<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 12 1/2 yards of "wht cloth"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 9 yards of "[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Selesia|Selesia]]"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 2 yards of Canvas<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 4 Tan Wool Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 2 Tan Boys Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} At this time, we are not sure which costumes these elements were used for. Possibly the white silk fringe and the white cloth would have been used to construct the robes for the children and trumpeters in the entourage. The number of tights suggests that the six costumes on this invoice all included tights. With other elements of the trumpeters' costumes, the Burnet invoice also lists "6 prs Assyrian Buskins." Probably, to a late Victorian, buskins would have been "defensive leggings"<ref>Demmin, Auguste. An illustrated History of Arms and Armour: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. George Bell, 1894. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=ArRCAAAAYAAJ: 106.</ref> laced together and covering the lower leg and often feet of a soldier. To a clothing and military historian, buskins (or greaves) were worn by people in a number of cultures over millennia and varied widely in style and construction. Buskins appear in Assyrian art held at the time by the British Museum. Listing six pairs of buskins suggests that every costume in the Duchess's entrourage included buskins, possibly worn over the tan tights. The Burnet invoice lists "4 Broad Belts," which may have held "4 Skins Fleshers."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} (A skin flesher is a kind of knife used to separate the skin from the meat in animals.) If each group included only two members, then perhaps the belts and fleshers were worn not only by the trumpeters but also by the fan-bearers. The Millward invoice (specifics in the section on the Millward invoice below) lists "8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts'" with a drawing of an upright rectangle with a circle in the middle, which might have been a jewel. Double lines around the rectangle suggest that the plaques were not flat or the metal was not thin. The drawing does not give any ideas about how the plaques were attached to the belts, if they were. It is impossible to tell if the plaques were attached to the "4 Broad Belts" (likely for the trumpeters and fan-bearers), but unless they were quite tiny, "8 Doz 'Plaques'" would be far too many for the belts of only the two children. A different hand, probably "[L.??] L. Collier," wrote the following sentence at the end of the invoice and receipt, above the postmark:<blockquote>All the above named articles were used for the six [?] dresses made for the Devonshire Ball.<ref name=":11" />(back right)</blockquote>This same hand, signing what is possibly "Floyd Collier," also signed the postmark of the Comelli invoice and receipt. On the Burnet document, this writer, possibly an assistant or employee of the Duchess of Devonshire, says that "six dresses" were made (if in fact, that word is ''six''). (No "Collier" is listed among the staff or servants of the Duke of Devonshire at the end of the 19th century.<ref name=":19">"Servants A-H." ''Historic Servants and Staff. Servants and Staff Database''. Retrieved 18 July 2022 https://www.chatsworth.org/media/11528/servants-a-h.pdf.</ref> The invoice appears to itemize materials used for six costumes: two children, two trumpeters and two fan-bearers. ==== Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller ==== An invoice and request for payment from Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, held in the Archives of Chatsworth House, has more specifics about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":12">Memorandum. Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 1 July 1897; date of request for payment(?) 27 August 1897. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> This invoice lists the following, which could have been used in any of the costumes for the entourage: * 8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts [discussed with the belts in the section on the Burnet invoice, above] * 4 Large Armlets * 4 Bracelets * 8 Armlets<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} Because Millward was a Theatrical Jeweller, it seems likely that most (if not all) of the items listed on the invoice were made of metal and the jewels mentioned were artificial, made of glass or paste. Other items on the invoice seem to belong to the costumes of the trumpeters, which the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says included helmets: * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre pieces The Millward invoice shows tiny line drawings next to the words ''2 Helmets'' and ''2 Centre pieces''. These drawings suggest that the Centre pieces were attached to the helmets rather than being anything that would have been put on a table as decoration. Other items seem to belong to the costumes of the fan-bearers: * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers The "Pearl & Gold Headdresses" were likely the "jewelled diadems" mentioned in the Belfast ''News-Letter''. The "Fan properties with Feathers" are likely to have been the "long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold" mentioned in the newspaper report.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} At the end of the Millward invoice, a "reduction as agreed with M [Mr?] Commelli [sic]" of £1 10''s'' is subtracted from a total of £22 3''s''. No reason for this reduction is given.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} ==== Liberty & Co., Ltd. ==== One invoice and receipt from the Chatsworth Archive, dated 12 July, to the Duchess of Devonshire, lists "13 yds S&W Satin[?]," 7 yards of blue and 6 of purple.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Liberty & Co. Ltd. To Her Grace, The Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 July [1897]. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Because the fabric is satin and from Liberty, it is possible that it was not used in the costumes of the people in the entourage but perhaps for the costume of the Duchess herself??? ==== Lafayette, Ltd. ==== The invoice and receipt from Lafayette, Ltd., the photographer that set up a temporary studio in the garden to take portraits of people at the ball in their costumes, may not be related to the ball at all.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Lafayette, Ltd. To His Grace The Duke of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 April 1897; addressed to the Duke, 18 February 1898; receipt and thanks for payment, 7 April 1898. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Three dates are written on the preprinted stationery: # 18/2/98 (18 February 1898), under the direction to "His Grace The Duke of Devonshire" # 4/12/97 (4 December 1897), next to the single item on the invoice for which a charge is listed: "6 [??] £1.10.0" # 7/4/98 (7 April 1898), in a different hand, with "Recd by cheque 7/4/98 Lafayette Ltd pp[?] [??] thanks" At the bottom of the page, in the hand that wrote all of the invoice except the receipt and thanks, is "With Lafayette Ltds Compliments." ==== Details for the Children in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four children were "in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for "White Cloth Dresses":<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 2, back left of invoice}} * "2 Terra Gown draperies with Stars 200 in all" * "2 Cloth fronts embroidered with Square Medallions down centre" * "2 do do [ditto ditto, that is, cloth fronts] embroidered double border down front each side and collar" * "4 Sleeves embroidered Small Medallions" The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 6 yards of "Terra" Silk Fringe, which perhaps was used to trim the "terra draperies," or shawls, made from 3 1/4 yards of "Light Terra Satinette" worn by the children? ==== Details for the Trumpeters in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four trumpeters were "in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} The trumpeters appear to have been dressed as soldiers or military men. According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the trumpeters' costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} * 7 '''units (yards?)''' of purple silk [probably used for shawls?] * "2 skirt fronts with border alround [sic]" * "2 sets of Leather Cuarasses [sic] Embroidered front & back" * "4 Sleeves embroidered loop stitch" The Millward invoice lists * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre Pieces [probably for helmets rather than table decorations] ==== Details for the Fan-bearers in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four fan-bearers were "attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the fan bearers's costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|pp. 1–2, front and left-back of invoice}} * "Embroidering 2 Crimson draperies with Stars 334 in all" * "2 Top [?] fronts embroidered & round necks" * "4 Sleeves embroidered long stitch"The Millward invoice lists * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 12 yards of "Red Silk Fringe," which perhaps was used to trim the "crimson shawls" or "Crimson draperies," which may have been made from the 5 yards of "Red Satinette." Again, this list suggests two rather than four costumes. == Demographics == *Nationality: born in Hanover, in what is now Germany<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire&oldid=969824214|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== As Duchess of Manchester ==== *Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire *Manchester House, London ==== As Duchess of Devonshire ==== *Devonshire House, London (mid-April until mid-July, for the Season) *Compton Place, Eastbourne (mid-July until 12 August<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire (12 August until the middle of September<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Chatsworth, Derbyshire (middle of September until early Spring<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Lismore Castle, County Waterford (early Spring until the middle of April<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) == Family == *Louisa (or Luise) Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu Cavendish (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> *William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (15 October 1823 – 22 March 1890)<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-07|title=William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Montagu,_7th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=977197445|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #George Victor Drogo Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892) #Mary Louise [Louisa?] Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton Forster (27 December 1854 – 10 February 1934) #Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu Acheson (c. 1856 – 3 March 1944) #Charles William Augustus Montagu (23 November 1860 – 10 November 1939) #Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley (15 August 1862 – 23 July 1957) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908) == Notes and Questions == #As Duchess of Manchester Luise was not invited to the wedding between Bertie and Alix, Victoria's punishment for Luise's having gotten the Duke of Derby to promise her the position of Mistress of the Robes (and then exacting that promise).<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973.</ref>{{rp|pp. 47–48}} #"As a young woman she was extremely beautiful; Princess Catherine Radziwill saw her at a reception given by the Empress of Germany and recalls on being introduced to her 'how she struck me as the loveliest creature I had ever set eyes upon. Indeed I have only met three women in my whole existence who could be compared to her.'"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 21}} == Footnotes == {{reflist}} s7gxs69hhln0pi5gqdw5p2y3zn309z4 0 267591 2412608 2412531 2022-08-08T12:34:18Z D.H 52339 /* {{anchor|Cox}} Cox (1881/82) – Weierstrass coordinates */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{../Lorentz transformation (header)}} ==Lorentz transformation via hyperbolic functions== ===Translation in the hyperbolic plane=== The case of a Lorentz transformation without spatial rotation is called a [[w:Lorentz boost]]. The simplest case can be given, for instance, by setting ''n=1'' in the [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#math_1a|E:most general Lorentz transformation '''(1a)''']]: {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime2}+x_{1}^{\prime2}\\ \hline \begin{align}x_{0}^{\prime} & =x_{0}g_{00}+x_{1}g_{01}\\ x_{1}^{\prime} & =x_{0}g_{10}+x_{1}g_{11}\\ \\ x_{0} & =x_{0}^{\prime}g_{00}-x_{1}^{\prime}g_{10}\\ x_{1} & =-x_{0}^{\prime}g_{01}+x_{1}^{\prime}g_{11} \end{align} \left|\begin{align}g_{01}^{2}-g_{00}^{2} & =-1\\ g_{11}^{2}-g_{10}^{2} & =1\\ g_{01}g_{11}-g_{00}g_{10} & =0\\ g_{10}^{2}-g_{00}^{2} & =-1\\ g_{11}^{2}-g_{01}^{2} & =1\\ g_{10}g_{11}-g_{00}g_{01} & =0 \end{align} \rightarrow\begin{align}g_{00}^{2} & =g_{11}^{2}\\ g_{01}^{2} & =g_{10}^{2} \end{align} \right. \end{matrix}</math> or in matrix notation <math>\left.\begin{align}\mathbf{x}' & =\begin{bmatrix}g_{00} & g_{01}\\ g_{10} & g_{11} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\mathbf{x}\\ \mathbf{x} & =\begin{bmatrix}g_{00} & -g_{10}\\ -g_{01} & g_{11} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\mathbf{x}' \end{align} \quad\right|\quad\det\begin{bmatrix}g_{00} & g_{01}\\ g_{10} & g_{11} \end{bmatrix}=1</math>|{{equationRef|3a}}}} which resembles precisely the relations of [[w:hyperbolic function]]s in terms of [[w:hyperbolic angle]] <math>\eta</math>. Thus a Lorentz boost or [[w:hyperbolic rotation]] (being the same as a rotation around an imaginary angle <math>i\eta=\phi</math> in [[../Lorentz transformation (imaginary)#math_2b|E:'''(2b)''']] or a [[w:Translation (geometry)|translation]] in the hyperbolic plane in terms of the hyperboloid model) is given by {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime2}+x_{1}^{\prime2}\\ \hline g_{00}=g_{11}=\cosh\eta,\ g_{01}=g_{10}=-\sinh\eta\\ \hline \left.\begin{align} & \quad\quad(A) & & \quad\quad(B) & & \quad\quad(C)\\ x_{0}^{\prime} & =x_{0}\cosh\eta-x_{1}\sinh\eta & & =\frac{x_{0}-x_{1}\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & & =\frac{x_{0}-x_{1}v}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\\ x_{1}^{\prime} & =-x_{0}\sinh\eta+x_{1}\cosh\eta & & =\frac{x_{1}-x_{0}\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & & =\frac{x_{1}-x_{0}v}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\\ \\ x_{0} & =x_{0}^{\prime}\cosh\eta+x_{1}^{\prime}\sinh\eta & & =\frac{x_{0}^{\prime}+x_{1}^{\prime}\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & & =\frac{x_{0}^{\prime}+x_{1}^{\prime}v}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\\ x_{1} & =x_{0}^{\prime}\sinh\eta+x_{1}^{\prime}\cosh\eta & & =\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{0}^{\prime}\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & & =\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{0}^{\prime}v}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}} \end{align} \right|{\scriptstyle \begin{align}\sinh^{2}\eta-\cosh^{2}\eta & =-1 & (a)\\ \cosh^{2}\eta-\sinh^{2}\eta & =1 & (b)\\ \frac{\sinh\eta}{\cosh\eta} & =\tanh\eta=v & (c)\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & =\cosh\eta & (d)\\ \frac{\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}} & =\sinh\eta & (e)\\ \frac{\tanh q\pm\tanh\eta}{1\pm\tanh q\tanh\eta} & =\tanh\left(q\pm\eta\right) & (f) \end{align} } \end{matrix}</math> or in matrix notation <math>\left.\begin{align}\mathbf{x}' & =\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & -\sinh\eta\\ -\sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix}\cdot\mathbf{x}\\ \mathbf{x} & =\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & \sinh\eta\\ \sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix}\cdot\mathbf{x}' \end{align} \quad\right|\quad\det\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & -\sinh\eta\\ -\sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix}=1</math>|{{equationRef|3b}}}} Hyperbolic identities (a,b) on the right of ({{equationNote|3b}}) were given by [[#Riccati|Riccati (1757)]], all identities (a,b,c,d,e,f) by [[#Lambert|Lambert (1768–1770)]]. Lorentz transformations ({{equationNote|3b}}-A) were given by [[#Laisant|Laisant (1874)]], [[#Cox|Cox (1882)]], [[#Lindemann|Lindemann (1890/91)]], [[#Gerard|Gérard (1892)]], [[#Killing2|Killing (1893, 1897/98)]], [[#Whitehead|Whitehead (1897/98)]], [[#Woods2|Woods (1903/05)]], [[#Elliott|Elliott (1903)]] and [[#Liebmann|Liebmann (1904/05)]] in terms of Weierstrass coordinates of the [[w:hyperboloid model]], while transformations similar to ({{equationNote|3b}}-C) have been used by [[#Lipschitz1|Lipschitz (1885/86)]]. In special relativity, hyperbolic functions were used by [[#Frank|Frank (1909)]] and [[#Varicak|Varićak (1910)]]. Rapidity can be composed of arbitrary many rapidities <math>\eta_{1},\eta_{2}\dots</math> as per the [[w:Hyperbolic functions#Sums of arguments|w:angle sum laws of hyperbolic sines and cosines]], so that one hyperbolic rotation can represent the sum of many other hyperbolic rotations, analogous to the relation between [[w:List of trigonometric identities#Angle sum and difference identities|w:angle sum laws of circular trigonometry]] and spatial rotations. Alternatively, the hyperbolic angle sum laws ''themselves'' can be interpreted as Lorentz boosts, as demonstrated by using the parameterization of the [[w:unit hyperbola]]: {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime2}+x_{1}^{\prime2}=1\\ \hline \left[\eta=\eta_{2}-\eta_{1}\right]\\ \begin{align}x_{0}^{\prime} & =\sinh\eta_{1}=\sinh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right)=\sinh\eta_{2}\cosh\eta-\cosh\eta_{2}\sinh\eta & & =x_{0}\cosh\eta-x_{1}\sinh\eta\\ x_{1}^{\prime} & =\cosh\eta_{1}=\cosh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right)=-\sinh\eta_{2}\sinh\eta+\cosh\eta_{2}\cosh\eta & & =-x_{0}\sinh\eta+x_{1}\cosh\eta\\ \\ x_{0} & =\sinh\eta_{2}=\sinh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right)=\sinh\eta_{1}\cosh\eta+\cosh\eta_{1}\sinh\eta & & =x_{0}^{\prime}\cosh\eta+x_{1}^{\prime}\sinh\eta\\ x_{1} & =\cosh\eta_{2}=\cosh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right)=\sinh\eta_{1}\sinh\eta+\cosh\eta_{1}\cosh\eta & & =x_{0}^{\prime}\sinh\eta+x_{1}^{\prime}\cosh\eta \end{align} \end{matrix}</math> or in matrix notation <math>{\scriptstyle \begin{align}\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}^{\prime} & x_{0}^{\prime}\\ x_{0}^{\prime} & x_{1}^{\prime} \end{bmatrix} & =\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta_{1} & \sinh\eta_{1}\\ \sinh\eta_{1} & \cosh\eta_{1} \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right) & \sinh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right)\\ \sinh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right) & \cosh\left(\eta_{2}-\eta\right) \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta_{2} & \sinh\eta_{2}\\ \sinh\eta_{2} & \cosh\eta_{2} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & -\sinh\eta\\ -\sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix} & & =\begin{bmatrix}x_{1} & x_{0}\\ x_{0} & x_{1} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & -\sinh\eta\\ -\sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix}\\ \begin{bmatrix}x_{1} & x_{0}\\ x_{0} & x_{1} \end{bmatrix} & =\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta_{2} & \sinh\eta_{2}\\ \sinh\eta_{2} & \cosh\eta_{2} \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right) & \sinh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right)\\ \sinh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right) & \cosh\left(\eta_{1}+\eta\right) \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta_{1} & \sinh\eta_{1}\\ \sinh\eta_{1} & \cosh\eta_{1} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & \sinh\eta\\ \sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix} & & =\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}^{\prime} & x_{0}^{\prime}\\ x_{0}^{\prime} & x_{1}^{\prime} \end{bmatrix}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & \sinh\eta\\ \sinh\eta & \cosh\eta \end{bmatrix} \end{align} }</math>|{{equationRef|3c}}}} Hyperbolic angle sum laws were given by [[#Riccati|Riccati (1757)]] and [[#Lambert|Lambert (1768–1770)]], while matrix representations were given by [[#Glaisher|Glaisher (1878)]] and [[#Gunther2|Günther (1880/81)]]. Using the idendity <math>\cosh\eta+\sinh\eta=e^{\eta}</math>, Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) assumes a simple form by using [[w:squeeze mapping]]s in analogy to Euler's formula in [[../Lorentz transformation (imaginary)#math_2c|E:'''(2c)''']]:<ref name=rind>Rindler (1969), p. 45</ref> {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime2}+x_{1}^{\prime2}\\ \hline \begin{matrix}\begin{aligned}x_{1}^{\prime}-x_{0}^{\prime} & =k\left(x_{1}-x_{0}\right)\\ x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{0}^{\prime} & =\frac{1}{k}\left(x_{1}+x_{0}\right) \end{aligned} & \Rightarrow & \begin{aligned}x_{1}^{\prime}-x_{0}^{\prime} & =e^{\eta}\left(x_{1}-x_{0}\right)\\ x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{0}^{\prime} & =e^{-\eta}\left(x_{1}+x_{0}\right) \end{aligned} \end{matrix}\\ \hline k=e^{\eta}=\cosh\eta+\sinh\eta=\sqrt{\frac{1+\tanh\eta}{1-\tanh\eta}}=\sqrt{\frac{1+v}{1-v}} \end{matrix}</math>|{{equationRef|3d}}}} Lorentz transformations ({{equationNote|3d}}) for arbitrary ''k'' were given by many authors (see [[../Lorentz transformation (squeeze)|E:Lorentz transformations via squeeze mappings]]), while the exponential form was explicitly used by [[#Lindemann|Lindemann (1890/91)]], [[#Elliott|Elliott (1903)]], [[#Herglotz1|Herglotz (1909)]]. ===Hyperbolic law of cosines=== In line with equation [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#math_1b|E:'''(1b)''']] one can use coordinates <math>[u_{1},\ u_{2}]=\left[\tfrac{x_{1}}{x_{0}},\ \tfrac{x_{2}}{x_{0}}\right]</math> inside the [[w:unit circle]] <math>u_{1}^{2}+u_{2}^{2}=1</math>, thus the corresponding Lorentz transformations ({{equationNote|3b}}) obtain the form: {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{align} & \quad\quad(A) & & \quad\quad(B) & & \quad\quad(C)\\ u_{1}^{\prime} & =\frac{-\sinh\eta+u_{1}\cosh\eta}{\cosh\eta-u_{1}\sinh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{1}-\tanh\eta}{1-u_{1}\tanh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{1}-v}{1-u_{1}v}\\ u_{2}^{\prime} & =\frac{u_{2}}{\cosh\eta-u_{1}\sinh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{2}\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}}{1-u_{1}\tanh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{2}\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1-u_{1}v}\\ \\ u_{1} & =\frac{\sinh\eta+u_{1}^{\prime}\cosh\eta}{\cosh\eta+u_{1}^{\prime}\sinh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{1}^{\prime}+\tanh\eta}{1+u_{1}^{\prime}\tanh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{1}^{\prime}+v}{1+u_{1}^{\prime}v}\\ u_{2} & =\frac{u_{2}^{\prime}}{\cosh\eta+u_{1}^{\prime}\sinh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{2}^{\prime}\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}}{1+u_{1}^{\prime}\tanh\eta} & & =\frac{u_{2}^{\prime}\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1+u_{1}^{\prime}v} \end{align} </math>|{{equationRef|3e}}}} Transformations (A) were given by [[#Escherich|Escherich (1874)]] and [[#Killing2|Killing (1898)]], and transformations (C) by [[#Beltrami|Beltrami (1868)]] and [[#Schur|Schur (1885/86, 1900/02)]] in terms of [[w:Beltrami–Klein model|Beltrami coordinates]]<ref>Rosenfeld (1988), p. 231</ref> of hyperbolic geometry. By using the scalar product of <math>\left[u_{1},u_{2}\right]</math>, the resulting Lorentz transformation can be seen as equivalent to the [[w:hyperbolic law of cosines]]:<ref name=pau>Pauli (1921), p. 561</ref><ref group=R name=var>Varićak (1912), p. 108</ref><ref name=barr>Barrett (2006), chapter 4, section 2</ref> {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix} & \begin{matrix}u^{2}=u_{1}^{2}+u_{2}^{2}\\ u'^{2}=u_{1}^{\prime2}+u_{2}^{\prime2} \end{matrix}\left|\begin{matrix}u_{1}=u\cos\alpha\\ u_{2}=u\sin\alpha\\ \\ u_{1}^{\prime}=u'\cos\alpha'\\ u_{2}^{\prime}=u'\sin\alpha' \end{matrix}\right|\begin{align}u\cos\alpha & =\frac{u'\cos\alpha'+v}{1+vu'\cos\alpha'}, & u'\cos\alpha' & =\frac{u\cos\alpha-v}{1-vu\cos\alpha}\\ u\sin\alpha & =\frac{u'\sin\alpha'\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1+vu'\cos\alpha'}, & u'\sin\alpha' & =\frac{u\sin\alpha\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1-vu\cos\alpha}\\ \tan\alpha & =\frac{u'\sin\alpha'\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{u'\cos\alpha'+v}, & \tan\alpha' & =\frac{u\sin\alpha\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{u\cos\alpha-v} \end{align} \\ \Rightarrow & u=\frac{\sqrt{v^{2}+u^{\prime2}+2vu'\cos\alpha'-\left(vu'\sin\alpha'\right){}^{2}}}{1+vu'\cos\alpha'},\quad u'=\frac{\sqrt{-v^{2}-u^{2}+2vu\cos\alpha+\left(vu\sin\alpha\right){}^{2}}}{1-vu\cos\alpha}\\ \Rightarrow & \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-u^{\prime2}}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-u^{2}}}-\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\frac{u}{\sqrt{1-u^{2}}}\cos\alpha & (b)\\ \Rightarrow & \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\xi}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\zeta}}-\frac{\tanh\eta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\eta}}\frac{\tanh\zeta}{\sqrt{1-\tanh^{2}\zeta}}\cos\alpha\\ \Rightarrow & \cosh\xi=\cosh\eta\cosh\zeta-\sinh\eta\sinh\zeta\cos\alpha & (a) \end{matrix}</math>|{{equationRef|3f}}}} The hyperbolic law of cosines (a) was given by [[#Taurinus|Taurinus (1826) and Lobachevsky (1829/30)]] and others, while variant (b) was given by [[#Schur|Schur (1900/02)]]. By further setting ''u=u′'' it follows: {{NumBlk|:|<math>\begin{matrix}\cos\alpha=\frac{\cos\alpha'+v}{1+v\cos\alpha'},\ \sin\alpha=\frac{\sin\alpha'\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1+v\cos\alpha'},\ \tan\alpha=\frac{\sin\alpha'\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{\cos\alpha'+v},\ \tan\frac{\alpha}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{1-v}{1+v}}\tan\frac{\alpha'}{2}\\ \cos\alpha'=\frac{\cos\alpha-v}{1-v\cos\alpha},\ \sin\alpha'=\frac{\sin\alpha\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1-v\cos\alpha},\ \tan\alpha'=\frac{\sin\alpha\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{\cos\alpha-v},\ \tan\frac{\alpha'}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{1+v}{1-v}}\tan\frac{\alpha}{2} \end{matrix}</math>|{{equationRef|3g}}}} Formulas (3b) resemble the equations of an [[w:ellipse]] of [[w:Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] ''v/c'', [[w:eccentric anomaly]] α' and [[w:true anomaly]] α, first geometrically formulated by [[#Euler|Kepler (1609)]] and explicitly written down by [[#Euler|Euler (1735, 1748), Lagrange (1770)]] and many others in relation to planetary motions. They were also used by [[../Lorentz transformation (conformal)#Darboux|E:Darboux (1873)]] as a sphere transformation. In special relativity, these formulas describes the aberration of light, see [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#Velocity addition and aberration|E:velocity addition and aberration]]. ==Historical notation== ==={{anchor|Euler}} Euler (1735) – True and eccentric anomaly=== [[w:Johannes Kepler]] (1609) geometrically formulated [[w:Kepler's equation]] and the relations between the [[w:mean anomaly]], [[w:true anomaly]], and [[w:eccentric anomaly]].<ref group=M>Kepler (1609), chapter 60. The editors of Kepler's collected papers remark (p. 482), that Kepler's relations correspond to <math>{\scriptstyle \alpha=\beta+e\sin\beta}</math> and <math>{\scriptstyle \cos\nu=\frac{e+\cos\beta}{1+e\cos\beta}}</math> and <math>{\scriptstyle \cos\beta=\frac{\cos\nu-e}{1-e\cos\nu}}</math></ref><ref>Volk (1976), p. 366</ref> The relation between the true anomaly ''z'' and the eccentric anomaly ''P'' was algebraically expressed by [[w:Leonhard Euler]] (1735/40) as follows:<ref group=M>Euler (1735/40), § 19</ref> :<math>\cos z=\frac{\cos P+v}{1+v\cos P},\ \cos P=\frac{\cos z-v}{1-v\cos z},\ \int P=\frac{\int z\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{1-v\cos z}</math> and in 1748:<ref group=M>Euler (1748a), section VIII</ref> :<math>\cos z=\frac{n+\cos y}{1+n\cos y},\ \sin z=\frac{\sin y\sqrt{1-n^{2}}}{1+n\cos y},\ \tan z=\frac{\sin y\sqrt{1-n^{2}}}{n+\cos y}</math> while [[w:Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] (1770/71) expressed them as follows<ref group=M>Lagrange (1770/71), section I</ref> :<math>\sin u=\frac{m\sin x}{1+n\cos x},\ \cos u=\frac{n+\cos x}{1+n\cos x},\ \operatorname{tang}\frac{1}{2}u=\frac{m}{1+n}\operatorname{tang}\frac{1}{2}x,\ \left(m^{2}=1-n^{2}\right)</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black"> These relations resemble formulas ({{equationNote|3g}}), while ({{equationNote|3f}}) follows by setting <math>[\cos z,\sin z]=\left[u_{x},u_{y}\right]</math> in Euler's formulas or <math>[\cos u,\sin u]=\left[u_{x},u_{y}\right]</math> in Lagrange's formulas.</p> ==={{anchor|Riccati}} Riccati (1757) – hyperbolic addition=== [[w:Vincenzo Riccati]] introduced hyperbolic functions in 1757,<ref group=M>Riccati (1757), p. 71</ref><ref group=M>Günther (1880/81), pp. 7–13</ref> in particular he formulated the angle sum laws for hyperbolic sine and cosine: :<math>\begin{matrix}\mathrm{Ch}(\varphi+\pi)=\frac{\mathrm{Ch}\varphi\mathrm{Ch}\pi+\mathrm{Sh}\varphi\mathrm{Sh}\pi}{r}\\ \mathrm{Sh}(\varphi+\pi)=\frac{\mathrm{Ch}\varphi\mathrm{Sh}\pi+\mathrm{Ch}\pi\mathrm{Sh}\varphi}{r}\\ \left[\mathrm{Ch}^{2}-\mathrm{Sh}^{2}=rr\right] \end{matrix}</math> He furthermore showed that <math>\mathrm{Ch}(\varphi-\pi)</math> and <math>\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi-\pi)</math> follow by setting <math>\mathrm{Ch}(\pi)\Rightarrow\mathrm{Ch}(-\pi)</math> and <math>\mathrm{Sh}(\pi)\Rightarrow\mathrm{Sh}(-\pi)</math> in the above formulas. <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">The angle sum laws for hyperbolic sine and cosine can be interpreted as hyperbolic rotations of points on a hyperbola, as in Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3c}}). (In modern publications, Riccati's additional factor ''r'' is set to unity.)</p> ==={{anchor|Lambert}} Lambert (1768–1770) – hyperbolic addition=== While [[#Riccati|Riccati (1757)]] discussed the hyperbolic sine and cosine, [[w:Johann Heinrich Lambert]] (read 1767, published 1768) introduced the expression ''tang φ'' or abbreviated ''tφ'' as the [[w:tangens hyperbolicus]] <math>{\scriptstyle \frac{e^{u}-e^{-u}}{e^{u}+e^{-u}}}</math> of a variable ''u'', or in modern notation ''tφ=tanh(u)'':<ref group=M>Lambert (1761/68), pp. 309–318</ref><ref>Barnett (2004), pp. 22–23</ref> :<math>\left.\begin{align}\xi\xi-1 & =\eta\eta & (a)\\ 1+\eta\eta & =\xi\xi & (b)\\ \frac{\eta}{\xi} & =tang\ \phi=t\phi & (c)\\ \xi & =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t\phi^{2}}} & (d)\\ \eta & =\frac{t\phi}{\sqrt{1-t\phi^{2}}} & (e)\\ t\phi'' & =\frac{t\phi+t\phi'}{1+t\phi\cdot t\phi'} & (f)\\ t\phi' & =\frac{t\phi''-t\phi}{1-t\phi\cdot t\phi''} & (g) \end{align} \right|\begin{align}2u & =\log\frac{1+t\phi}{1-t\phi}\\ \xi & =\frac{e^{u}+e^{-u}}{2}\\ \eta & =\frac{e^{u}-e^{-u}}{2}\\ t\phi & =\frac{e^{u}-e^{-u}}{e^{u}+e^{-u}}\\ e^{u} & =\xi+\eta\\ e^{-u} & =\xi-\eta \end{align}</math> In (1770) he rewrote the addition law for the hyperbolic tangens (f) or (g) as:<ref group=M>Lambert (1770), p. 335</ref> :<math>\begin{align}t(y+z) & =(ty+tz):(1+ty\cdot tz) & (f)\\ t(y-z) & =(ty-tz):(1-ty\cdot tz) & (g) \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">The hyperbolic relations (a,b,c,d,e,f) are equivalent to the hyperbolic relations on the right of ({{equationNote|3b}}). Relations (f,g) can also be found in ({{equationNote|3e}}). By setting ''tφ=v/c'', formula (c) becomes the relative velocity between two frames, (d) the [[w:Lorentz factor]], (e) the [[w:proper velocity]], (f) or (g) becomes the Lorentz transformation of velocity (or relativistic [[w:velocity addition formula]]) for collinear velocities in [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4a|E:'''(4a)''']] and [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4d|E:'''(4d)''']].</p> Lambert also formulated the addition laws for the hyperbolic cosine and sine (Lambert's "cos" and "sin" actually mean "cosh" and "sinh"): :<math>\begin{align}\sin(y+z) & =\sin y\cos z+\cos y\sin z\\ \sin(y-z) & =\sin y\cos z-\cos y\sin z\\ \cos(y+z) & =\cos y\cos z+\sin y\sin z\\ \cos(y-z) & =\cos y\cos z-\sin y\sin z \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">The angle sum laws for hyperbolic sine and cosine can be interpreted as hyperbolic rotations of points on a hyperbola, as in Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3c}}).</p> ==={{Anchor|Taurinus}} Taurinus (1826) – Hyperbolic law of cosines=== After the addition theorem for the tangens hyperbolicus was given by [[#Lambert|Lambert (1768)]], [[w:hyperbolic geometry]] was used by [[w:Franz Taurinus]] (1826), and later by [[w:Nikolai Lobachevsky]] (1829/30) and others, to formulate the [[w:hyperbolic law of cosines]]:<ref group=M>Taurinus (1826), p. 66; see also p. 272 in the translation by Engel and Stäckel (1899)</ref><ref>Bonola (1912), p. 79</ref><ref>Gray (1979), p. 242</ref> :<math>A=\operatorname{arccos}\frac{\cos\left(\alpha\sqrt{-1}\right)-\cos\left(\beta\sqrt{-1}\right)\cos\left(\gamma\sqrt{-1}\right)}{\sin\left(\beta\sqrt{-1}\right)\sin\left(\gamma\sqrt{-1}\right)}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">When solved for <math>\cos\left(\alpha\sqrt{-1}\right)</math> it corresponds to the Lorentz transformation in Beltrami coordinates ({{equationNote|3f}}), and by defining the rapidities <math>{\scriptstyle \left(\left[\frac{U}{c},\ \frac{v}{c},\ \frac{u}{c}\right]=\left[\tanh\alpha,\ \tanh\beta,\ \tanh\gamma\right]\right)}</math> it corresponds to the relativistic velocity addition formula [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4e|E:'''(4e)''']].</p> ==={{anchor|Beltrami}} Beltrami (1868) – Beltrami coordinates=== [[w:Eugenio Beltrami]] (1868a) introduced coordinates of the [[w:Beltrami–Klein model]] of hyperbolic geometry, and formulated the corresponding transformations in terms of homographies:<ref group=M>Beltrami (1868a), pp. 287-288; Note I; Note II</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}ds^{2}=R^{2}\frac{\left(a^{2}+v^{2}\right)du^{2}-2uv\,du\,dv+\left(a^{2}+v^{2}\right)dv^{2}}{\left(a^{2}+u^{2}+v^{2}\right)^{2}}\\ u^{2}+v^{2}=a^{2}\\ \hline u''=\frac{aa_{0}\left(u'-r_{0}\right)}{a^{2}-r_{0}u'},\ v''=\frac{a_{0}w_{0}v'}{a^{2}-r_{0}u'},\\ \left(r_{0}=\sqrt{u_{0}^{2}+v_{0}^{2}},\ w_{0}=\sqrt{a^{2}-r_{0}^{2}}\right)\\ \hline ds^{2}=R^{2}\frac{\left(a^{2}-v^{2}\right)du^{2}+2uv\,du\,dv+\left(a^{2}-v^{2}\right)dv^{2}}{\left(a^{2}-u^{2}-v^{2}\right)^{2}}\\ (R=R\sqrt{-1},\ a=a\sqrt{-1}) \end{matrix}</math> (where the disk radius ''a'' and the [[w:radius of curvature]] ''R'' are real in spherical geometry, in hyperbolic geometry they are imaginary), and for arbitrary dimensions in (1868b)<ref group=M>Beltrami (1868b), pp. 232, 240–241, 253–254</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}ds=R\frac{\sqrt{dx^{2}+dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}+\cdots+dx_{n}^{2}}}{x}\\ x^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots+x_{n}^{2}=a^{2}\\ \hline y_{1}=\frac{ab\left(x_{1}-a_{1}\right)}{a^{2}-a_{1}x_{1}}\ \text{or}\ x_{1}=\frac{a\left(ay_{1}+a_{1}b\right)}{ab+a_{1}y_{1}},\ x_{r}=\pm\frac{ay_{r}\sqrt{a^{2}-a_{1}^{2}}}{ab+a_{1}y_{1}}\ (r=2,3,\dots,n)\\ \hline ds=R\frac{\sqrt{dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}+\cdots+dx_{n}^{2}-dx^{2}}}{x}\\ x^{2}=a^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots+x_{n}^{2}\\ \left(R=R\sqrt{-1},\ x=x\sqrt{-1},\ a=a\sqrt{-1}\right) \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">Setting ''a=a₀'' Beltrami's (1868a) formulas become formulas ({{equationNote|3e}}), or in his (1868b) formulas one sets ''a=b'' for arbitrary dimensions.</p> === {{anchor|Laisant2}} Laisant (1874) – Equipollences=== In his French translation of [[w:Giusto Bellavitis]]' principal work on [[w:Equipollence (geometry)|w:equipollences]], [[w:Charles-Ange Laisant]] (1874) added a chapter related to hyperbolas. The equipollence OM and its tangent MT of a hyperbola is defined by Laisant as<ref group=M>Laisant (1874b), pp. 134–135</ref> :(1) <math>\begin{matrix} & \mathrm{OM}\bumpeq x\mathrm{OA}+y\mathrm{OB}\\ & \mathrm{MT}\bumpeq y\mathrm{OA}+x\mathrm{OB}\\ & \left[x^{2}-y^{2}=1;\ x=\cosh t,\ y=\sinh t\right]\\ \Rightarrow & \mathrm{OM}\bumpeq\cosh t\cdot\mathrm{OA}+\sinh t\cdot\mathrm{OB} \end{matrix}</math> Here, OA and OB are [[w:Conjugate diameters|conjugate semi-diameters]] of a hyperbola with OB being imaginary, both of which he related to two other conjugated semi-diameters OC and OD by the following transformation: :<math>\begin{matrix}\begin{align}\mathrm{OC} & \bumpeq c\mathrm{OA}+d\mathrm{OB} & \qquad & & \mathrm{OA} & \bumpeq c\mathrm{OC}-d\mathrm{OD}\\ \mathrm{OD} & \bumpeq d\mathrm{OA}+c\mathrm{OB} & & & \mathrm{OB} & \bumpeq-d\mathrm{OC}+c\mathrm{OD} \end{align} \\ \left[c^{2}-d^{2}=1\right] \end{matrix}</math> producing the invariant relation :<math>(\mathrm{OC})^{2}-(\mathrm{OD})^{2}\bumpeq(\mathrm{OA})^{2}-(\mathrm{OB})^{2}</math>. Substituting into (1), he showed that OM retains its form :<math>\begin{matrix}\mathrm{OM}\bumpeq(cx-dy)\mathrm{OC}+(cy-dx)\mathrm{OD}\\ \left[(cx-dy)^{2}-(cy-dx)^{2}=1\right] \end{matrix}</math> He also defined velocity and acceleration by differentiation of (1). <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">These relations are equivalent to several Lorentz boosts or hyperbolic rotations producing the invariant Lorentz interval in line with ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Escherich}} Escherich (1874) – Beltrami coordinates=== [[w:Gustav von Escherich]] (1874) discussed the plane of constant negative curvature<ref>Sommerville (1911), p. 297</ref> based on the [[w:Beltrami–Klein model]] of hyperbolic geometry by [[#Beltrami|Beltrami (1868)]]. Similar to [[w:Christoph Gudermann]] (1830)<ref name=guder group=M>Gudermann (1830), §1–3, §18–19</ref> who introduced axial coordinates ''x''=tan(a) and ''y''=tan(b) in sphere geometry in order to perform coordinate transformations in the case of rotation and translation, Escherich used hyperbolic functions ''x''=tanh(a/k) and ''y''=tanh(b/k)<ref group=M>Escherich (1874), p. 508</ref> in order to give the corresponding coordinate transformations for the hyperbolic plane, which for the case of translation have the form:<ref group=M name=escher>Escherich (1874), p. 510</ref> :<math>x=\frac{\sinh\frac{a}{k}+x'\cosh\frac{a}{k}}{\cosh\frac{a}{k}+x'\sinh\frac{a}{k}}</math> and <math>y=\frac{y'}{\cosh\frac{a}{k}+x'\sinh\frac{a}{k}}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz transformation ({{equationNote|3e}}), also equivalent to the relativistic velocity addition [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4d|E:'''(4d)''']] by setting <math>\tfrac{a}{k}=\operatorname{atanh}\tfrac{v}{c}</math> and multiplying ''[x,y,x′,y′]'' by 1/''c'', and equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) by setting <math>\scriptstyle (x,\ y,\ x',\ y')=\left(\frac{x_{1}}{x_{0}},\ \frac{x_{2}}{x_{0}},\ \frac{x_{1}^{\prime}}{x_{0}^{\prime}},\ \frac{x_{2}^{\prime}}{x_{0}^{\prime}}\right)</math>. This is the relation between the [[w:Beltrami–Klein model|Beltrami coordinates]] in terms of Gudermann-Escherich coordinates, and the Weierstrass coordinates of the [[w:hyperboloid model]] introduced by [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#Killing1|E:Killing (1878–1893)]], [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#Poincare|E:Poincaré (1881)]], and [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#Cox|E:Cox (1881)]]. Both coordinate systems were compared by Cox (1881).<ref group=M>Cox (1881), p. 186</ref></p> ==={{anchor|Glaisher}} Glaisher (1878) – hyperbolic addition=== It was shown by [[w:James Whitbread Lee Glaisher]] (1878) that the hyperbolic addition laws can be expressed by matrix multiplication:<ref group=M>Glaisher (1878), p. 30</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\begin{vmatrix}\cosh x, & \sinh x\\ \sinh x, & \cosh x \end{vmatrix}=1,\ \begin{vmatrix}\cosh y, & \sinh y\\ \sinh y, & \cosh y \end{vmatrix}=1\\ \text{by multiplication:}\\ \Rightarrow\begin{vmatrix}c_{1}c_{2}+s_{1}s_{2}, & s_{1}c_{2}+c_{1}s_{2}\\ c_{1}s_{2}+s_{1}c_{2}, & s_{1}s_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} \end{vmatrix}=1\\ \text{where}\ \left[c_{1},c_{2},c_{3},c_{4}\right]=\left[\cosh x,\cosh y,\sinh x,\sinh y\right] \\ \Rightarrow\begin{vmatrix}\cosh(x+y), & \sinh(x+y)\\ \sinh(x+y), & \cosh(x+y) \end{vmatrix}=1 \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">In this matrix representation, the analogy between the hyperbolic angle sum laws and the Lorentz boost becomes obvious: In particular, the matrix <math>\scriptstyle\begin{vmatrix}\cosh y, & \sinh y\\ \sinh y, & \cosh y\end{vmatrix}</math> producing the hyperbolic addition is analogous to matrix <math>\scriptstyle\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & \sinh\eta\\ \sinh\eta & \cosh\eta\end{bmatrix}</math> producing Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) and ({{equationNote|3c}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Gunther1}} Günther (1880/81) – hyperbolic addition === Following [[#Glaisher|Glaisher (1878)]], [[w:Siegmund Günther]] (1880/81) expressed the hyperbolic addition laws by matrix multiplication:<ref group=M>Günther (1880/81), p. 405</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\begin{vmatrix}\mathfrak{Cos}\,x, & \mathfrak{Sin}\,x\\ \mathfrak{Sin}\,x, & \mathfrak{Cos}\,x \end{vmatrix}\cdot\begin{vmatrix}\mathfrak{Cos}\,y, & \mathfrak{Sin}\,y\\ \mathfrak{Sin}\,y, & \mathfrak{Cos}\,y \end{vmatrix}\\ =\begin{vmatrix}\mathfrak{Cos}\,x\,\mathfrak{Cos}\,y+\mathfrak{Sin}\,x\,\mathfrak{Sin}\,y, & \mathfrak{Cos}\,x\,\mathfrak{Sin}\,y+\mathfrak{Sin}\,x\,\mathfrak{Cos}\,y\\ \mathfrak{Sin}\,x\,\mathfrak{Cos}\,y+\mathfrak{Cos}\,x\,\mathfrak{Sin}\,y, & \mathfrak{Sin}\,x\,\mathfrak{Sin}\,y+\mathfrak{Cos}\,x\,\mathfrak{Cos}\,y \end{vmatrix}\\ =\begin{vmatrix}\mathfrak{Cos}\,(x+y), & \mathfrak{Sin}\,(x+y)\\ \mathfrak{Sin}\,(x+y), & \mathfrak{Cos}\,(x+y) \end{vmatrix}=1 \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">In this matrix representation, the analogy between the hyperbolic angle sum laws and the Lorentz boost becomes obvious: In particular, the matrix <math>\scriptstyle\begin{vmatrix}\mathfrak{Cos}\,y, & \mathfrak{Sin}\,y\\ \mathfrak{Sin}\,y, & \mathfrak{Cos}\,y \end{vmatrix}</math> producing the hyperbolic addition is analogous to matrix <math>\scriptstyle\begin{bmatrix}\cosh\eta & \sinh\eta\\ \sinh\eta & \cosh\eta\end{bmatrix}</math> producing Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) and ({{equationNote|3c}}).</p> === {{anchor|Cox}} Cox (1881/82) – Weierstrass coordinates === [[w:Homersham Cox (mathematician)|Homersham Cox]] (1881/82) defined the case of translation in the hyperbolic plane with the ''y''-axis remaining unchanged:<ref group=M name=cox>Cox (1881/82), p. 194</ref> :<math>\begin{align}X & =x\cosh p-z\sinh p\\ Z & =-x\sinh p+z\cosh p \\ \\ x & =X\cosh p+Z\sinh p\\ z & =X\sinh p+Z\cosh p \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Lipschitz1}} Lipschitz (1885/86) === [[w:Rudolf Lipschitz]] (1885/86) formulated transformations leaving invariant the sum of squares <math>x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}\dots+x_{n}^{2}=y_{1}^{2}+y_{2}^{2}+\dots+y_{n}^{2}</math>, which he rewrote as <math>x_{1}^{2}-y_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}-y_{2}^{2}+\dots+x_{n}^{2}-y_{n}^{2}=0</math>. This led to the problem of finding transformations leaving invariant the pairs <math>x_{a}^{2}-y_{a}^{2}</math> (''a''=1...n) for which he gave the following solution:<ref group=M>Lipschitz (1886), pp. 90–92</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}x_{a}^{2}-y_{a}^{2}=\mathfrak{x}_{a}^{2}-\mathfrak{y}_{a}^{2}\\ \hline \begin{align}x_{a}-y_{a} & =\left(\mathfrak{x}_{a}-\mathfrak{y}_{a}\right)r_{a}\\ x_{a}+y_{a} & =\left(\mathfrak{x}_{a}+\mathfrak{y}_{a}\right)\frac{1}{r_{a}} \end{align} \quad(a)\\ \hline \begin{matrix}\begin{align}2\mathfrak{x}_{a} & =\left(r_{a}+\frac{1}{r_{a}}\right)x_{a}+\left(r_{a}-\frac{1}{r_{a}}\right)y_{a}\\ 2\mathfrak{y}_{a} & =\left(r_{a}-\frac{1}{r_{a}}\right)x_{a}+\left(r_{a}+\frac{1}{r_{a}}\right)y_{a} \end{align} \quad(b)\end{matrix}\\ \hline \left\{ \begin{matrix}r_{a}=\frac{\sqrt{s_{a}+1}}{\sqrt{s_{a}-1}}\\ s_{a}>1 \end{matrix}\right\}\Rightarrow\begin{align}\mathfrak{x}_{a} & =\frac{s_{a}x_{a}+y_{a}}{\sqrt{s_{a}-1}\sqrt{s_{a}+1}}\\ \mathfrak{y}_{a} & =\frac{x_{a}+s_{a}y_{a}}{\sqrt{s_{a}-1}\sqrt{s_{a}+1}} \end{align} \quad(c) \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">Equation (a) is identical to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3d}}), while (c) is similar, though not identical, to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}-C). The difference stems from his definition<br><math>\qquad\left\{ \begin{matrix}r_{a}=\frac{\sqrt{s_{a}+1}}{\sqrt{s_{a}-1}}\\ s_{a}>1 \end{matrix}\right\}</math><br>whereas in accordance to expression <math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1+v}{1-v}}</math> with <math>v<1</math> in ({{equationNote|3d}}) he should have stated <br><math>\qquad\left\{ \begin{matrix}r_{a}=\frac{\sqrt{1+s_{a}}}{\sqrt{1-s_{a}}}\\ s_{a}<1 \end{matrix}\right\}</math>.<br>Using the latter choice, equations (c) would assume a form equivalent to ({{equationNote|3b}}):<br><math>\qquad\begin{align}\mathfrak{x}_{a} & =\frac{x_{a}+s_{a}y_{a}}{\sqrt{1-s_{a}}\sqrt{1+s_{a}}}\\ \mathfrak{y}_{a} & =\frac{s_{a}x_{a}+y_{a}}{\sqrt{1-s_{a}}\sqrt{1+s_{a}}}\end{align}</math></p> ==={{Anchor|Schur}} Schur (1885/86, 1900/02) – Beltrami coordinates=== [[w:Friedrich Schur]] (1885/86) discussed spaces of constant Riemann curvature, and by following [[#Beltrami|Beltrami (1868)]] he used the transformation<ref group=M>Schur (1885/86), p. 167</ref> :<math>x_{1}=R^{2}\frac{y_{1}+a_{1}}{R^{2}+a_{1}y_{1}},\ x_{2}=R\sqrt{R^{2}-a_{1}^{2}}\frac{y_{2}}{R^{2}+a_{1}y_{1}},\dots,\ x_{n}=R\sqrt{R^{2}-a_{1}^{2}}\frac{y_{n}}{R^{2}+a_{1}y_{1}}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz transformation ({{equationNote|3e}}) and therefore also equivalent to the relativistic velocity addition [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4d|E:'''(4d)''']] in arbitrary dimensions by setting ''R=c'' as the speed of light and ''a₁=v'' as relative velocity.</p> In (1900/02) he derived basic formulas of non-Eucliden geometry, including the case of translation for which he obtained the transformation similar to his previous one:<ref group=M>Schur (1900/02), p. 290; (1909), p. 83</ref> :<math>x'=\frac{x-a}{1-\mathfrak{k}ax},\quad y'=\frac{y\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}a^{2}}}{1-\mathfrak{k}ax}</math> where <math>\mathfrak{k}</math> can have values >0, <0 or ∞. <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz transformation ({{equationNote|3e}}) and therefore also equivalent to the relativistic velocity addition [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4d|E:'''(4d)''']] by setting ''a=v'' and <math>\mathfrak{k}=\tfrac{1}{c^{2}}</math>.</p> He also defined the triangle<ref group=M>Schur (1900/02), p. 291; (1909), p. 83</ref> :<math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}c^{2}}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}a^{2}}}\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}b^{2}}}-\frac{a}{\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}a^{2}}}\cdot\frac{b}{\sqrt{1-\mathfrak{k}b^{2}}}\cos\gamma</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to the hyperbolic law of cosines and the relativistic velocity addition ({{equationNote|3f}}, b) or [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4e|E:'''(4e)''']] by setting <math>[\mathfrak{k},\ c,\ a,\ b]=\left[\tfrac{1}{c^{2}},\ \sqrt{u_{x}^{\prime2}+u_{y}^{\prime2}},\ v,\ \sqrt{u_{x}^{2}+u_{y}^{2}}\right]</math>.</p> ==={{anchor|Lindemann}} Lindemann (1890–91) – Weierstrass coordinates and Cayley absolute=== [[w:Ferdinand von Lindemann]] discussed hyperbolic geometry in terms of the [[w:Cayley–Klein metric]] in his (1890/91) edition of the lectures on geometry of [[w:Alfred Clebsch]]. Citing [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#Killing|E:Killing (1885)]] and [[../Lorentz transformation (general)#Poincare|Poincaré (1887)]] in relation to the hyperboloid model in terms of Weierstrass coordinates for the hyperbolic plane and space, he set<ref group=M>Lindemann & Clebsch (1890/91), pp. 477–478, 524</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\Omega_{xx}=x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}-4k^{2}x_{3}^{2}=-4k^{2}\ \text{and}\ ds^{2}=dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}-4k^{2}dx_{3}^{2}\\ \Omega_{xx}=x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}-4k^{2}x_{4}^{2}=-4k^{2}\ \text{and}\ ds^{2}=dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}+dx_{3}^{2}-4k^{2}dx_{4}^{2} \end{matrix}</math> and used the following transformation<ref group=M>Lindemann & Clebsch (1890/91), pp. 361–362</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}X_{1}X_{4}+X_{2}X_{3}=0\\ X_{1}X_{4}+X_{2}X_{3}=\Xi_{1}\Xi_{4}+\Xi_{2}\Xi_{3}\\ \hline \begin{align}X_{1} & =\left(\lambda+\lambda_{1}\right)U_{4} & \Xi_{1} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{1}\right)U_{4} & X_{1} & =\frac{\lambda+\lambda_{1}}{\lambda-\lambda_{1}}\Xi_{1}\\ X_{2} & =\left(\lambda+\lambda_{3}\right)U_{4} & \Xi_{2} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{3}\right)U_{4} & X_{2} & =\frac{\lambda+\lambda_{3}}{\lambda-\lambda_{3}}\Xi_{2}\\ X_{3} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{3}\right)U_{2} & \Xi_{3} & =\left(\lambda+\lambda_{3}\right)U_{2} & X_{3} & =\frac{\lambda-\lambda_{3}}{\lambda+\lambda_{3}}\Xi_{3}\\ X_{4} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{1}\right)U_{1} & \Xi_{4} & =\left(\lambda+\lambda_{1}\right)U_{1} & X_{4} & =\frac{\lambda-\lambda_{1}}{\lambda+\lambda_{1}}\Xi_{4} \end{align} \end{matrix}</math> into which he put<ref group=M name=linde>Lindemann & Clebsch (1890/91), p. 496</ref> :<math>\begin{align}X_{1} & =x_{1}+2kx_{4}, & X_{2} & =x_{2}+ix_{3}, & \lambda+\lambda_{1} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{1}\right)e^{a},\\ X_{4} & =x_{1}-2kx_{4}, & X_{3} & =x_{2}-ix_{3}, & \lambda+\lambda_{3} & =\left(\lambda-\lambda_{3}\right)e^{\alpha i}, \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3d}}) with <math>e^{\alpha i}=1</math> and ''2k=1'' .</p> From that, he obtained the following Cayley absolute and the corresponding most general motion in hyperbolic space comprising ordinary rotations (''a''=0) or translations (α=0):<ref group=M name=linde /> :<math>\begin{matrix}x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}-4k^{2}x_{4}^{2}=0\\ \hline \begin{align}x_{2} & =\xi_{2}\cos\alpha+\xi_{3}\sin\alpha, & x_{1} & =\xi_{1}\cos\frac{a}{i}+2ki\xi_{4}\sin\frac{a}{i},\\ x_{3} & =-\xi_{2}\sin\alpha+\xi_{3}\cos\alpha, & 2kx_{4} & =i\xi_{1}\sin\frac{a}{i}+2k\xi_{4}\cos\frac{a}{i}. \end{align} \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) with α=0 and ''2k=1''.</p> ==={{anchor|Gerard}} Gérard (1892) – Weierstrass coordinates=== [[w:Louis Gérard]] (1892) – in a thesis examined by Poincaré – discussed Weierstrass coordinates (without using that name) in the plane and gave the case of translation as follows:<ref group=M name=gerard>Gérard (1892), pp. 40–41</ref> :<math>\begin{align}X & =Z_{0}X'+X_{0}Z'\\ Y & =Y'\\ Z & =X_{0}X'+Z_{0}Z' \end{align} \ \text{with}\ \begin{align}X_{0} & =\operatorname{sh}OO'\\ Z_{0} & =\operatorname{ch}OO' \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Killing2}} Killing (1893,97) – Weierstrass coordinates=== [[w:Wilhelm Killing]] (1878–1880) gave case of translation in the form<ref group=M name=killtra>Killing (1893), p. 331</ref> :<math>y_{0}=x_{0}\operatorname{Ch}a+x_{1}\operatorname{Sh}a,\quad y_{1}=x_{0}\operatorname{Sh}a+x_{1}\operatorname{Ch}a,\quad y_{2}=x_{2}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> In 1898, Killing wrote that relation in a form similar to [[#Escherich|Escherich (1874)]], and derived the corresponding Lorentz transformation for the two cases were ''v'' is unchanged or ''u'' is unchanged:<ref group=M name=kill98>Killing (1898), p. 133</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\xi'=\frac{\xi\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\mu}{l}+l\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\mu}{l}}{\frac{\xi}{l}\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\mu}{l}+\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\mu}{l}},\ \eta'=\frac{\eta}{\frac{\xi}{l}\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\mu}{l}+\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\mu}{l}}\\ \hline \frac{u}{p}=\xi,\ \frac{v}{p}=\eta\\ \hline p'=p\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\mu}{l}+\frac{u}{l}\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\mu}{l},\quad u'=pl\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\mu}{l}+u\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\mu}{l},\quad v'=v\\ \text{or}\\ p'=p\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\nu}{l}+\frac{v}{l}\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\nu}{l},\quad u'=u,\quad v'=pl\operatorname{Sh}\frac{\nu}{l}+v\operatorname{Ch}\frac{\nu}{l} \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">The upper transformation system is equivalent to Lorentz transformation ({{equationNote|3e}}) and the velocity addition [[../Lorentz transformation (velocity)#math_4d|E:'''(4d)''']] with ''l=c'' and <math>\mu=c\operatorname{atanh}\tfrac{v}{c}</math>, the system below is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Whitehead}} Whitehead (1897/98) – Universal algebra=== [[w:Alfred North Whitehead]] (1898) discussed the kinematics of hyperbolic space as part of his study of [[w:universal algebra]], and obtained the following transformation:<ref group=M name=white>Whitehead (1898), pp. 459–460</ref> :<math>\begin{align}x' & =\left(\eta\cosh\frac{\delta}{\gamma}+\eta_{1}\sinh\frac{\delta}{\gamma}\right)e+\left(\eta\sinh\frac{\delta}{\gamma}+\eta_{1}\cosh\frac{\delta}{\gamma}\right)e_{1}\\ & \qquad+\left(\eta_{2}\cos\alpha+\eta_{3}\sin\alpha\right)e_{2}+\left(\eta_{3}\cos\alpha-\eta_{2}\sin\alpha\right)e_{3} \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) with α=0.</p> ==={{anchor|Elliott}} Elliott (1903) – Invariant theory === [[w:Edwin Bailey Elliott]] (1903) discussed a special cyclical subgroup of ternary linear transformations for which the (unit) determinant of transformation is resoluble into three ordinary algebraical factors, which he pointed out is in direct analogy to a subgroup formed by the following transformations:<ref group=M>Elliott (1903), p. 109</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}x=X\cosh\phi+Y\sinh\phi,\quad y=X\sinh\phi+Y\cosh\phi\\ \hline X+Y=e^{-\phi}(x+y),\quad X-Y=e^{\phi}(x-y) \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) and ({{equationNote|3d}}). The mentioned subgroup corresponds to the one-parameter subgroup generated by Lorentz boosts.</p> ==={{anchor|Woods2}} Woods (1903) – Weierstrass coordinates === [[w:Frederick S. Woods]] (1903, published 1905) gave the case of translation in hyperbolic space:<ref group=M>Woods (1903/05), p. 55</ref> :<math>x_{1}^{\prime}=x_{1}\cos kl+x_{0}\frac{\sin kl}{k},\quad x_{2}^{\prime}=x_{2},\quad x_{2}^{\prime}=x_{3},\quad x_{0}^{\prime}=-x_{1}k\sin kl+x_{0}\cos kl</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) with ''k''²=-1.</p> and the loxodromic substitution for hyperbolic space:<ref group=M>Woods (1903/05), p. 72</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\begin{align}x_{1}^{\prime} & =x_{1}\cosh\alpha-x_{0}\sinh\alpha\\ x_{2}^{\prime} & =x_{2}\cos\beta-x_{3}\sin\beta\\ x_{3}^{\prime} & =x_{2}\sin\beta+x_{3}\cos\beta\\ x_{0}^{\prime} & =-x_{1}\sinh\alpha+x_{0}\cosh\alpha \end{align} \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}) with β=0.</p> ==={{anchor|Liebmann}} Liebmann (1904–05) – Weierstrass coordinates=== [[w:Heinrich Liebmann]] (1904/05) – citing Killing (1885), Gérard (1892), Hausdorff (1899) – gave the case of translation in the hyperbolic plane:<ref group=M name=lieb>Liebmann (1904/05), p. 174</ref> :<math>x_{1}^{\prime}=x'\operatorname{ch}a+p'\operatorname{sh}a,\quad y_{1}^{\prime}=y',\quad p_{1}^{\prime}=x'\operatorname{sh}a+p'\operatorname{ch}a</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Frank}} Frank (1909) – Special relativity=== In special relativity, hyperbolic functions were used by [[w:Philipp Frank]] (1909), who derived the Lorentz transformation using ''ψ'' as rapidity:<ref group=R>Frank (1909), pp. 423-425</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}x'=x\varphi(a)\,{\rm ch}\,\psi+t\varphi(a)\,{\rm sh}\,\psi\\ t'=-x\varphi(a)\,{\rm sh}\,\psi+t\varphi(a)\,{\rm ch}\,\psi\\ \hline {\rm th}\,\psi=-a,\ {\rm sh}\,\psi=\frac{a}{\sqrt{1-a^{2}}},\ {\rm ch}\,\psi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-a^{2}}},\ \varphi(a)=1\\ \hline x'=\frac{x-at}{\sqrt{1-a^{2}}},\ y'=y,\ z'=z,\ t'=\frac{-ax+t}{\sqrt{1-a^{2}}} \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> === {{anchor|Herglotz1}} Herglotz (1909/10) – Special relativity=== In special relativity, [[w:Gustav Herglotz]] (1909/10) classified the one-parameter Lorentz transformations as loxodromic, hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic, with the hyperbolic case being:<ref group=R>Herglotz (1909/10), pp. 404-408</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}Z=Z'e^{\vartheta}\\ \begin{aligned}x & =x', & t-z & =(t'-z')e^{\vartheta}\\ y & =y', & t+z & =(t'+z')e^{-\vartheta} \end{aligned} \end{matrix}</math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3d}}).</p> ==={{anchor|Varicak}} Varićak (1910) – Special relativity=== In special relativity, hyperbolic functions were used by [[w:Vladimir Varićak]] in several papers starting from 1910, who represented the equations of special relativity on the basis of [[w:hyperbolic geometry]] in terms of Weierstrass coordinates. For instance, by setting ''l=ct'' and ''v/c=tanh(u)'' with ''u'' as rapidity he wrote the Lorentz transformation in agreement with ({{equationNote|4b}}):<ref group=R name=var1>Varićak (1910), p. 93</ref> :<math>\begin{align}l' & =-x\operatorname{sh}u+l\operatorname{ch}u,\\ x' & =x\operatorname{ch}u-l\operatorname{sh}u,\\ y' & =y,\quad z'=z,\\ \operatorname{ch}u & =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)^{2}}} \end{align} </math> <p style="background-color:Beige;border:1px solid black">This is equivalent to Lorentz boost ({{equationNote|3b}}).</p> He showed the relation of rapidity to the [[w:Gudermannian function]] and the [[w:angle of parallelism]]:<ref group=R name=var1 /> :<math>\frac{v}{c}=\operatorname{th}u=\operatorname{tg}\psi=\sin\operatorname{gd}(u)=\cos\Pi(u)</math> He also related the velocity addition to the [[w:hyperbolic law of cosines]]:<ref group=R>Varićak (1910), p. 94</ref> :<math>\begin{matrix}\operatorname{ch}{u}=\operatorname{ch}{u_{1}}\operatorname ch{u_{2}}+\operatorname{sh}{u_{1}}\operatorname{sh}{u_{2}}\cos\alpha\\ \operatorname{ch}{u_{i}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{v_{i}}{c}\right)^{2}}},\ \operatorname{sh}{u_{i}}=\frac{v_{i}}{\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{v_{i}}{c}\right)^{2}}}\\ v=\sqrt{v_{1}^{2}+v_{2}^{2}-\left(\frac{v_{1}v_{2}}{c}\right)^{2}}\ \left(a=\frac{\pi}{2}\right) \end{matrix}</math> ==References== ===Historical mathematical sources=== {{reflist|3|group=M}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|bel68sag}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|bel68fond}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|cox81hom}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|cox82hom}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|eli03}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|esch74}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|eul35}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|eul48a}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|ger92}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|glai78}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|gud30}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|guen80}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|kep09}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|kil93}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|kil97}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lag70}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lais74b}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lam67}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lam70}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lieb04}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lind90}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|lip86}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|ric57}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|schu85}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|schu00}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|schu09}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|tau26}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|whit98}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|woo01}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/mathsource|woo03}} ===Historical relativity sources=== {{reflist|3|group=R}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/relsource|frank09a}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/relsource|herg10}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/relsource|var10}} *{{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/relsource|var12}} ===Secondary sources=== {{reflist|3}} {{#section:History of Topics in Special Relativity/secsource|L3}} [[Category:Special Relativity]] [[Category:History of Physics]] f2fjimdt1xdx6yrfynuzrzsej2p7ekc 0 269289 2412683 2412337 2022-08-08T20:07:06Z Maneesh 2723004 added Future Directions wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | first1 = Maxim G | last1 = Masiutin | orcid1 = 0000-0002-8129-4500 | correspondence1 = maxim@masiutin.com | first2 = Maneesh K | last2 = Yadav | orcid2 = 0000-0002-4584-7606 | submitted = 4/22/2022 | contributors = | et_al = <!-- * The Wikipedia source page was https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_backdoor_pathway * No other people except the authors of the present article have contributed to the source page until this article was forked from that page on October 22, 2020 * When I added the "w1" attribute to the "Article info" box, the "et al." appears. The "et_al = false" attribute does not seem to work. There should be no "et al.". I have not found any way to remove the "et al." rather than removing the "w1" attribute. * Only when I remove both the "w1" attribute here and the link to Wikipedia entry in the Wikidate item, the "et al." disappears. | et_al = false | w1 = Androgen backdoor pathway --> | correspondence = | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | license = | abstract = The term "backdoor pathway" is sometimes used to specify different androgen steroidogenic pathways that avoid testosterone as an intermediate product. Although the term was initially defined as a metabolic route by which the 5α-reduction of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone ultimately leads to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, several other routes towards potent androgens have been discovered, which are also described as backdoor pathways. Some of the routes lead to 11-oxygenated androgens that are clinically relevant agonists of the androgen receptor. This review aims to provide a clear, comprehensive description that includes all currently known metabolic routes. Patient comprehension and the clinical diagnosis of relevant conditions such as hyperandrogenism can be impaired by the lack of clear and consistent knowledge of alternative androgen pathways; the authors hope this review will accurately disseminate such knowledge to facilitate the beneficial treatment of such patients. | keywords = testosterone, 11-oxygenated androgen, 11-oxyandrogen, 11-ketotestosterone, hyperandrogenism }} ==Introduction== The classical view of androgen steroidogenesis involves the combination of adrenal and gonadal pathways that convert cholesterol to the androgen testosterone (T), which in turn converts to the potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Broadly, androgens are understood to exert their primary effects through binding to cytosolic Androgen Receptor (AR) which is translocated to the nucleus upon androgen binding and ultimately results in the transcriptional regulation of a number of genes via Androgen Responsive Elements.<ref name="pmid12089231">{{Cite journal|last=Gelmann|first=Edward P.|year=2022|title=Molecular Biology of the Androgen Receptor|url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2002.10.018|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|language=en|volume=20|issue=13|pages=3001–3015|doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.10.018|pmid=12089231 |issn=0732-183X}}</ref> In 2003, a metabolic route to DHT that did not proceed through T was discovered in the tammar wallaby.<ref name="pmid12538619">{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Jean D.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|last3=Leihy|first3=Michael W.|last4=Guryev|first4=Oleg L.|last5=Estabrook|first5=Ronald W.|last6=Osborn|first6=Susan M.|last7=Shaw|first7=Geoffrey|last8=Renfree|first8=Marilyn B.|title=5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol is formed in tammar wallaby pouch young testes by a pathway involving 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,17alpha-diol-20-one as a key intermediate|journal=Endocrinology|year=2003 |volume=144|issue=2|pages=575–80|doi=10.1210/en.2002-220721|pmid=12538619|s2cid=84765868}}</ref> Shortly after this study, it was hypothesized that human steroidogenic enzymes are capable of catalyzing this pathway<ref name="pmid15519890">{{cite journal|last1=Auchus|first1=Richard J.|year=2004|title=The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone|journal=Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM|volume=15|issue=9|pages=432–8|doi=10.1016/j.tem.2004.09.004|pmid=15519890|s2cid=10631647}}</ref> and the potential clinical relevance in conditions involving androgen biosynthesis was proposed. Since then, steroidogenic androgen pathways to potent 11-oxygenated androgens have also been discovered and proposed as clinically relevant.<ref name="pmid27519632">{{cite journal |title=A new dawn for androgens: Novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=441 |pages=76–85 |year=2017 |pmid=27519632 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014|last1=Pretorius |first1=Elzette |last2=Arlt |first2=Wiebke |last3=Storbeck |first3=Karl-Heinz |s2cid=4079662 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/30346231/Pretorius_et_al_manuscript.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid32203405">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxygenated androgens in health and disease |journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=284–296 |year=2020 |pmid=32203405 |pmc=7881526 |doi=10.1038/s41574-020-0336-x|last1=Turcu |first1=Adina F. |last2=Rege |first2=Juilee |last3=Auchus |first3=Richard J. |last4=Rainey |first4=William E. }}</ref><ref name="pmid33539964">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Lise|last2=du Toit|first2=Therina|last3=Swart|first3=Amanda C.|title=Back where it belongs: 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione compels the re-assessment of C11-oxy androgens in steroidogenesis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539964|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|year=2021 |volume=525|pages=111189|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2021.111189|issn=1872-8057|pmid=33539964|s2cid=231776716 }}</ref> The discovery of these "alternative androgen pathways" can confound the search for clinical information when androgen steroidogenesis is relevant. Studies across different androgen pathways have also, confusingly, used different names for the same metabolic intermediates. In addition, pathways in studies sometimes differ in the precise initial/terminal molecules and the inclusion/exclusion of such points can hinder queries in electronic pathway databases. Alternative androgen pathways are now known to be responsible for the production of biologically active androgens in humans, and there is growing evidence that they play a role in clinical conditions associated with hyperandrogenism. While naming inconsistencies are notoriously common when it comes to biomolecules,<ref name="pmid30736318">{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Nhung|last2=van Heck|first2=Ruben G. A.|last3=van Dam|first3=Jesse C. J.|last4=Schaap|first4=Peter J.|last5=Saccenti|first5=Edoardo|last6=Suarez-Diez|first6=Maria|year=2019|title=Consistency, Inconsistency, and Ambiguity of Metabolite Names in Biochemical Databases Used for Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling|journal=Metabolites|volume=9|issue=2|page=28|doi=10.3390/metabo9020028|issn=2218-1989|pmc=6409771|pmid=30736318|doi-access=free}}</ref> understanding androgen steroidogenesis at the level of detail presented in this paper and establishing consensus names and pathway specifications would facilitate access to information towards diagnosis and patient comprehension. ==History== === Backdoor Pathways to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone === In 1987, Eckstein et al. incubated rat testicular microsomes in presence of radiolabeled steroids and demonstrated that 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol can be produced in immature rat testes from progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione (A4) but preferentially from 17-OHP.<ref name="pmid3828389">{{cite journal|last1=Eckstein|first1=B.|last2=Borut|first2=A.|last3=Cohen|first3=S.|title=Metabolic pathways for androstanediol formation in immature rat testis microsomes|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |year=1987 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3828389|volume=924|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1016/0304-4165(87)90063-8|issn=0006-3002|pmid=3828389}}</ref> While "androstanediol" was used to denote both 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, we use "3α-diol" to abbreviate 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in this paper as it is a common convention and emphasizes it as the 3α-reduced derivative of DHT. Tammar wallaby pouch young do not show sexually dimorphic circulating levels of T and DHT during prostate development, which led Shaw et al. to hypothesize in 2000 that another pathway was responsible for AR activation in this species.<ref name="pmid11035809" /> While 3α-diol has a reduced AR binding affinity relative to DHT by 5 orders of magnitude and is generally described as AR inactive, it was known 3α-diol can be oxidized back to DHT via the action of a number of dehydrogenases.<ref name="pmid11514561">{{cite journal|last1=Nahoum|first1=Virginie|last2=Gangloff|first2=Anne|last3=Legrand|first3=Pierre|last4=Zhu|first4=Dao-Wei|last5=Cantin|first5=Line|last6=Zhorov|first6=Boris S.|last7=Luu-The|first7=Van|last8=Labrie|first8=Fernand|last9=Breton|first9=Rock|year=2001|title=Structure of the human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 in complex with testosterone and NADP at 1.25-A resolution|journal=J Biol Chem|volume=276|issue=45|pages=42091–8|doi=10.1074/jbc.M105610200|pmid=11514561|doi-access=free|last10=Lin|first10=Sheng-Xiang}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923939">{{cite journal|last1=Dozmorov|first1=Mikhail G.|last2=Yang|first2=Qing|last3=Matwalli|first3=Adam|last4=Hurst|first4=Robert E.|last5=Culkin|first5=Daniel J.|last6=Kropp|first6=Bradley P.|last7=Lin|first7=Hsueh-Kung|year=2007|title=5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol selectively activates the canonical PI3K/AKT pathway: a bioinformatics-based evidence for androgen-activated cytoplasmic signaling|journal=Genomic Med|volume=1|issue=3–4|pages=139–46|doi=10.1007/s11568-008-9018-9|pmc=2269037|pmid=18923939}}</ref><ref name="Nishiyama2011">{{cite journal|last1=Nishiyama|first1=Tsutomu|last2=Ishizaki|first2=Fumio|last3=Takizawa|first3=Itsuhiro|last4=Yamana|first4=Kazutoshi|last5=Hara|first5=Noboru|last6=Takahashi|first6=Kota|year=2011|title=5α-Androstane-3α 17β-diol Will Be a Potential Precursor of the Most Active Androgen 5α-Dihydrotestosterone in Prostate Cancer|journal=Journal of Urology|volume=185|issue=4S|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.378}}</ref><ref name="pmid9183566">{{Cite journal|last=Penning|first=Trevor M.|year=1997|title=Molecular Endocrinology of Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases| url=https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/18/3/281/2530742|journal=Endocrine Reviews|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=281–305|doi=10.1210/edrv.18.3.0302|pmid=9183566 |s2cid=29607473 |issn=0163-769X}}</ref> Shaw et al. showed that prostate formation in these wallaby is caused by circulating 3α-diol (generated in the testes) and led to their prediction that 3α-diol acts in target tissues via conversion to DHT.<ref name="pmid11035809">{{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=G.|last2=Renfree|first2=M. B.|last3=Leihy|first3=M. W.|last4=Shackleton|first4=C. H.|last5=Roitman|first5=E.|last6=Wilson|first6=J. D.|year=2000|title=Prostate formation in a marsupial is mediated by the testicular androgen 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=97|issue=22|pages=12256–12259|bibcode=2000PNAS...9712256S|doi=10.1073/pnas.220412297|issn=0027-8424|pmc=17328|pmid=11035809|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2003, Wilson et al. incubated the testes of tammar wallaby pouch young with radiolabeled progesterone to show that 5α reductase expression in this tissue enabled a novel pathway from 17-OHP to 3α-diol without T as an intermediate:<ref name="pmid12538619" />{{unbulleted list|<small>17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) → 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (17-OH-DHP) → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol)</small>}}The authors hypothesized that a high level of 5α-reductase in the virilizing wallaby testes causes most C₁₉ steroids to be 5α-reduced to become ready DHT precursors. In 2004, Mahendroo et al. demonstrated that an overlapping novel pathway is operating in mouse testes, generalizing what had been demonstrated in tammar wallaby:<ref name="pmid15249131">{{cite journal|last1=Mahendroo|first1=Mala|last2=Wilson|first2=Jean D.|last3=Richardson|first3=James A.|last4=Auchus|first4=Richard J.|year=2004|title=Steroid 5alpha-reductase 1 promotes 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol synthesis in immature mouse testes by two pathways|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249131|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=222|issue=1–2|pages=113–120|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2004.04.009|issn=0303-7207|pmid=15249131|s2cid=54297812}}</ref>{{unbulleted list|<small>progesterone (P4) → 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) → 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (AlloP5)→ 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol)</small>}}The term "backdoor pathway" was coined by Auchus in 2004<ref name="pmid15519890" /> where it was defined as a route to DHT that: (1) bypasses conventional intermediates A4 and T; (2) involves 5α-reduction of the 21-carbon precursors (pregnanes) to 19-carbon products (androstanes) and (3) involves the 3α-oxidation of 3α-diol to DHT. This alternative pathway seems to explain how potent androgens are produced under certain normal and pathological conditions in humans when the canonical androgen biosynthetic pathway cannot fully explain the observed consequences. The pathway was described as:{{unbulleted list|<small>17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) → 17-OH-DHP (5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione) → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) → 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</small>}}The clinical relevance of these results was demonstrated in 2012 for the first time when Kamrath et al. attributed the urinary metabolites to the androgen backdoor pathway from 17-OHP to DHT in patients with steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency.<ref name="pmid22170725" /> === 5α-Dione Pathway === In 2011, Chang et al. demonstrated that an alternative pathway to DHT was dominant and possibly essential in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by presenting evidence from cell culture and xenograft models:<ref name="pmid21795608">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=K.-H.|last2=Li|first2=R.|last3=Papari-Zareei|first3=M.|last4=Watumull|first4=L.|last5=Zhao|first5=Y. D.|last6=Auchus|first6=R. J.|last7=Sharifi|first7=N.|year=2011|title=Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=33|pages=13728–13733|bibcode=2011PNAS..10813728C|doi=10.1073/pnas.1107898108|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3158152|pmid=21795608|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{unbulleted list|<small>androstenedione (A4) → androstanedione (5α-dione) → 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</small>}}While this pathway was described as the "5α-dione pathway" in a 2012 review,<ref name="pmid22064602">{{cite journal |title=The 5α-androstanedione pathway to dihydrotestosterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer |journal=J Investig Med |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=504–7 |year=2012 |pmid=22064602 |pmc=3262939 |doi=10.2310/JIM.0b013e31823874a4 |last1=Sharifi |first1=Nima }}</ref> the existence of such a pathway in the prostate was hypothesized in a 2008 review by Luu-The et al.<ref name="pmid18471780">{{cite journal|last1=Luu-The|first1=Van|last2=Bélanger|first2=Alain|last3=Labrie|first3=Fernand|year=2008|title=Androgen biosynthetic pathways in the human prostate|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=22|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.01.008|issn=1521-690X|pmid=18471780}}</ref> A modern outlook of the synthesis of the backdoor pathways to DHT and the 5α-dione pathway is shown in Figure 2. === 11-Oxygenated Androgen Pathways === 11-Oxygenated androgens are the products of another alternative androgen pathway found in humans. While the 11-oxygenated C₁₉ steroids 11OHA4 and 11KA4 were known since the 1950s to be products of the human adrenal, with negligible androgenic activity, but their role as substrates to potent androgens had been overlooked in humans though they were known to be the main androgens in teleost fishes.<ref name="pmid30959151">{{cite journal |title=Circulating 11-oxygenated androgens across species |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=190 |pages=242–249 |year=2019 |pmid=30959151 |pmc=6733521 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.005|last1=Rege |first1=Juilee |last2=Garber |first2=Scott |last3=Conley |first3=Alan J. |last4=Elsey |first4=Ruth M. |last5=Turcu |first5=Adina F. |last6=Auchus |first6=Richard J. |last7=Rainey |first7=William E. }}</ref><ref name="pmid27519632" /><ref name="pmid34171490" /><ref name="pmid23386646">{{cite journal|last1=Rege|first1=Juilee|last2=Nakamura|first2=Yasuhiro|last3=Satoh|first3=Fumitoshi|last4=Morimoto|first4=Ryo|last5=Kennedy|first5=Michael R.|last6=Layman|first6=Lawrence C.|last7=Honma|first7=Seijiro|last8=Sasano|first8=Hironobu|last9=Rainey|first9=William E.|year=2013|title=Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of human adrenal vein 19-carbon steroids before and after ACTH stimulation|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1182–8|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-2912|pmc=3590473|pmid=23386646}}</ref> Rege et al. in 2013 measured 11-oxygenated androgens in healthy women and showed the 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KT) and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) activation of human AR.<ref name="pmid23386646" /> In 2013, Storbeck et al. demonstrated the existence of 11-oxygenated androgen pathways in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell culture.<ref name="pmid23856005">{{cite journal|title=11β-Hydroxydihydrotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone, novel C19 steroids with androgenic activity: a putative role in castration resistant prostate cancer? |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=377 |issue=1–2 |pages=135–46 |pmid=23856005 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.006 |s2cid=11740484 |last1=Storbeck |first1=Karl-Heinz |last2=Bloem |first2=Liezl M. |last3=Africander |first3=Donita |last4=Schloms |first4=Lindie |last5=Swart |first5=Pieter |last6=Swart |first6=Amanda C. |year=2013 }}</ref> The authors indicated that A4 is converted 1β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) which can ultimately be converted into 11KT and 11KDHT as shown in Figure 4. The authors found that 11KT activity is comparable to that of T, and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT) activity is comparable to that of DHT, while the activities of 11OHT and 5α-dihydro-11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHDHT) were observed to be about half of T and DHT, respectively. However, androgen activity in that study was only assessed at a single concentration of 1 nM.<ref name="pmid23856005" /> To confirm androgen activity of 11KT and 11KDHT, a study by Pretorius et al. performing full dose responses showed in 2016 that 11KT and 11KDHT both bind and activate the human AR with affinities, potencies, and efficacies that are similar to that of T and DHT, respectively.<ref name="pmid27442248">{{cite journal|last1=Pretorius|first1=Elzette|last2=Africander|first2=Donita J.|last3=Vlok|first3=Maré|last4=Perkins|first4=Meghan S.|last5=Quanson|first5=Jonathan|last6=Storbeck|first6=Karl-Heinz|year=2016|title=11-Ketotestosterone and 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: Potent Androgens Which Can No Longer Be Ignored|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=7|pages=e0159867|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159867|pmc=4956299|pmid=27442248|doi-access=free}}</ref> These findings were later confirmed in 2021<ref name="pmid34990809">{{cite journal|last1=Handelsman|first1=David J.|last2=Cooper|first2=Elliot R.|last3=Heather|first3=Alison K.|year=2022|title=Bioactivity of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens in yeast and mammalian host cells|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=218|issue=|pages=106049|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106049|pmid=34990809|s2cid=245635429}}</ref> and 2022.<ref name="pmid35046557">{{cite journal|last1=Snaterse|first1=Gido|last2=Mies|first2=Rosinda|last3=Van Weerden|first3=Wytske M.|last4=French|first4=Pim J.|last5=Jonker|first5=Johan W.|last6=Houtsmuller|first6=Adriaan B.|last7=Van Royen|first7=Martin E.|last8=Visser|first8=Jenny A.|last9=Hofland|first9=Johannes|year=2022|title=Androgen receptor mutations modulate activation by 11-oxygenated androgens and glucocorticoids|url=https://pure.eur.nl/ws/files/48975803/s41391_022_00491_z.pdf|journal=Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis|doi=10.1038/s41391-022-00491-z|pmid=35046557|s2cid=246040148}}</ref> Bloem et al. in 2015<ref name="pmid25869556">{{cite journal|last1=Bloem|first1=Liezl M.|last2=Storbeck|first2=Karl-Heinz|last3=Swart|first3=Pieter|last4=du Toit|first4=Therina|last5=Schloms|first5=Lindie|last6=Swart|first6=Amanda C.|year=2015|title=Advances in the analytical methodologies: Profiling steroids in familiar pathways-challenging dogmas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869556|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=153|pages=80–92|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.009|issn=1879-1220|pmid=25869556|s2cid=31332668}}</ref> demonstrated that androgen pathways towards those 11-keto and 11β-hydroxy androgens can bypass A4 and T to produce 11KDHT in pathways similar to a backdoor pathway to DHT. This similarity led to the description of pathways from P4 and 17OHP to 11-oxyandrogens as "backdoor" pathways,<ref name="pmid25869556" /> which was further characterized in subsequent studies as contributing to active and biologically relevant androgens.<ref name="pmid28774496">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Lise|last2=Gent|first2=Rachelle|last3=Van Rooyen|first3=Desmaré|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2017|title=Adrenal C11-oxy C21 steroids contribute to the C11-oxy C19 steroid pool via the backdoor pathway in the biosynthesis and metabolism of 21-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisone|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076017302091|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=174|pages=86–95|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.034|pmid=28774496|s2cid=24071400}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277707">{{cite journal|last1=van Rooyen|first1=Desmaré|last2=Gent|first2=Rachelle|last3=Barnard|first3=Lise|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2018|title=The in vitro metabolism of 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone to 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in the backdoor pathway|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=178|pages=203–212|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.014|pmid=29277707|s2cid=3700135}}</ref><ref name="pmid32007561">{{cite journal|last1=Van Rooyen|first1=Desmaré|last2=Yadav|first2=Rahul|last3=Scott|first3=Emily E.|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2020|title=CYP17A1 exhibits 17αhydroxylase/17,20-lyase activity towards 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone metabolites in the C11-oxy backdoor pathway|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=199|pages=105614|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105614|pmid=32007561|s2cid=210955834}}</ref> A diagram of 11-oxygenated androgen steroidogenesis is shown in Figure 4. ==Definition== We suggest the term "alternative androgen pathway" to refer to any pathway that produces potent androgens without a T intermediate. This subsumes all three groups of androgen pathways described in the previous section. A new term that describes the three groups pathways (as well as future discoveries) will allow a single entry point into scientific information when alternatives to canonical<ref name="NBK557634">{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557634/|title=Biochemistry, Dihydrotestosterone|publisher=StatPearls|year=2022}}</ref><ref name="pmid30763313">{{cite journal|last1=O'Shaughnessy|first1=Peter J.|last2=Antignac|first2=Jean Philippe|last3=Le Bizec|first3=Bruno|last4=Morvan|first4=Marie-Line|last5=Svechnikov|first5=Konstantin|last6=Söder|first6=Olle|last7=Savchuk|first7=Iuliia|last8=Monteiro|first8=Ana|last9=Soffientini|first9=Ugo|year=2019|title=Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=e3000002|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000002|pmc=6375548|pmid=30763313|last10=Johnston|first10=Zoe C.|last11=Bellingham|first11=Michelle|last12=Hough|first12=Denise|last13=Walker|first13=Natasha|last14=Filis|first14=Panagiotis|last15=Fowler|first15=Paul A.|editor-last1=Rawlins|editor-first1=Emma}}</ref><ref name="pmid31900912" /> androgen pathway must be considered. ==Nomenclature and Background== Complex naming rules for organic chemistry lead to the use of incorrect steroid names in studies. The presence of incorrect names impairs the ability to query information about androgen pathways. Since we were able to find many examples of incorrect names for molecules referred to in this paper in Google Scholar searches<ref name="google-pregnan17diol" /><ref name="google-pregnane17ol" />, we have added this expository section on steroid nomenclature to facilitate the use of correct names. Almost all biologically relevant steroids can be presented as a derivative of a parent hydrocarbon structure. These parent structures have specific names, such as pregnane, androstane, etc. The derivatives carry various functional groups called suffixes or prefixes after the respective numbers indicating their position in the steroid nucleus.<ref name="pmid2606099-parent-elisions" /> The widely-used steroid names such as progesterone, testosterone or cortisol can also be used as base names to derive new names, however, by adding prefixes only rather than suffixes, e.g., the steroid 17α-hydroxyprogesterone has a hydroxy group (-OH) at position 17 of the steroid nucleus comparing to progesterone. The letters α and β<ref name="pmid2606099-rs">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |year=1989 |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=431 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099|quote-page=431|chapter=3S-1.4|quote=3S-1.4. Orientation of projection formulae When the rings of a steroid are denoted as projections onto the plane of the paper, the formula is normally to be oriented as in 2a. An atom or group attached to a ring depicted as in the orientation 2a is termed α (alpha) if it lies below the plane of the paper or β (beta) if it lies above the plane of the paper. }}</ref> denote absolute stereochemistry at chiral centers (a specific nomenclature distinct from the R/S convention<ref name="norc-rs">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-91|pages=868|quote-page=868|quote=P-91.2.1.1 Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) stereodescriptors Some stereodescriptors described in the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority system, called ‘CIP stereodescriptors’, are recommended to specify the configuration of organic compounds, as described and exemplified in this Chapter and applied in Chapters P-1 through P-8, and in the nomenclature of natural products in Chapter P-10. The following stereodescriptors are used as preferred stereodescriptors (see P-92.1.2): (a) ‘R’ and ‘S’, to designate the absolute configuration of tetracoordinate (quadriligant) chirality centers;}}</ref> of organic chemistry). In steroids drawn from the standard perspective used in this paper, α-bonds are depicted on figures as dashed wedges and β-bonds as wedges. The molecule "11-deoxycortisol" is an example of a derived name that uses cortisol as a parent structure without an oxygen atom (hence "deoxy") attached to position 11 (as a part of a hydroxy group).<ref name="norc-deoxy">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-13.8.1.1|pages=66|quote-page=66|quote=P-13.8.1.1 The prefix ‘de’ (not ‘des’), followed by the name of a group or atom (other than hydrogen), denotes removal (or loss) of that group and addition of the necessary hydrogen atoms, i.e., exchange of that group with hydrogen atoms. As an exception, ‘deoxy’, when applied to hydroxy compounds, denotes the removal of an oxygen atom from an –OH group with the reconnection of the hydrogen atom. ‘Deoxy’ is extensively used as a subtractive prefix in carbohydrate nomenclature (see P-102.5.3).}}</ref> The numbering of positions of carbon atoms in the steroid nucleus is set in a template found in the Nomenclature of Steroids<ref name="pmid2606099-numbering">{{cite journal|year=1989|title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989|journal=Eur J Biochem|volume=186|issue=3|pages=430|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x|pmid=2606099|quote=3S-1.l. Numbering and ring letters Steroids are numbered and rings are lettered as in formula 1|quote-page=430}}</ref> that is used regardless of whether an atom is present in the steroid in question. Although the nomenclature defines more than 30 positions, we need just positions up to 21 for the steroids described here (see Figure 1). [[File:steroid-numbering-to-21-opt.svg|thumb|Numbering of carbon atoms up to position 21 (positions 18 and 19 are omitted) in a hypothetical steroid nucleus, as defined by the Nomenclature of Steroids]] Unsaturation (presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in the steroid nucleus) is indicated by changing -ane to -ene.<ref name="pmid2606099-unsaturation">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099 |quote-page=436-437|quote=3S-2.5 Unsaturation Unsaturation is indicated by changing -ane to -ene, -adiene, -yne etc., or -an- to -en-, -adien-, -yn- etc. Examples: Androst-5-ene, not 5-androstene 5α-Cholest-6-ene 5β-Cholesta-7,9(11)-diene 5α-Cholest-6-en-3β-ol Notes 1) It is now recommended that the locant of a double bond is always adjacent to the syllable designating the unsaturation. [...] 3) The use of Δ (Greek capital delta) character is not recommended to designate unsaturation in individual names. It may be used, however, in generic terms, like ‘Δ⁵-steroids’}}</ref> This change was traditionally done in the parent name, adding a prefix to denote the position, with or without Δ (Greek capital delta), for example, 4-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione (also Δ⁴-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione) or 4-androstene-3,11,17-trione (also Δ⁴-androstene-3,11,17-trione). However, the Nomenclature of Steroids recommends the locant of a double bond to be always adjacent to the syllable designating the unsaturation, therefore, having it as a suffix rather than a prefix, and without the use of the Δ character, i.e. pregn-4-ene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione or androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione. The double bond is designated by the lower-numbered carbon atom, i.e. "Δ⁴-" or "4-ene" means the double bond between positions 4 and 5. Saturation of double bonds (replacing a double bond between two carbon atoms with a single bond so that each of these atoms can attach one additional hydrogen atom) of a parent steroid can be done by adding "dihydro-" prefix,<ref name="norc">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-3|quote=P-31.2.2 General methodology ‘Hydro’ and ‘dehydro’ prefixes are associated with hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, respectively, of a double bond; thus, multiplying prefixes of even values, as ‘di’, ‘tetra’, etc. are used to indicate the saturation of double bond(s), for example ‘dihydro’, ‘tetrahydro’; or creation of double (or triple) bonds, as ‘didehydro’, etc. In names, they are placed immediately at the front of the name of the parent hydride and in front of any nondetachable prefixes. Indicated hydrogen atoms have priority over ‘hydro‘ prefixes for low locants. If indicated hydrogen atoms are present in a name, the ‘hydro‘ prefixes precede them.}}</ref> i.e. saturation of a double bond between positions 4 and 5 of testosterone with two hydrogen atoms may yield 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone or 4,5β-dihydrotestosterone. Generally, when there is no ambiguity, one number of a hydrogen position from a steroid with a saturated bond may be omitted, leaving only the position of the second hydrogen atom, e.g., 5α-dihydrotestosterone or 5β-dihydrotestosterone. Some steroids are traditionally grouped as Δ⁵-steroids (with a double bond between carbons 5 and 6 junctions (Figure 1)) and some as Δ⁴ steroids (with a double bond between carbons 4 and 5), respectively.<ref name="pmid21051590">{{cite journal |title=The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders |journal=Endocr Rev |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=81–151 |pmid=21051590 |pmc=3365799 |doi=10.1210/er.2010-0013|last1=Miller |first1=Walter L. |last2=Auchus |first2=Richard J.|year=2011 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2606099-unsaturation"/> Canonical androgen synthesis is generally described as having a Δ⁵ pathway (from cholesterol to pregnenolone (P5) to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17OHP5) to DHEA to androstenediol (A5)) and of the Δ⁴ pathway (from P4 to 17-OHP to A4 to T). The abbreviations like "P4" and "A4" are used for convenience to designate them as Δ⁴-steroids, while "P5" and "A5" - as Δ⁵-steroids, respectively. The suffix -ol denotes a hydroxy group, while the suffix -one denotes an oxo group. When two or three identical groups are attached to the base structure at different positions, the suffix is ​​indicated as -diol or -triol for hydroxy, and -dione or -trione for oxo groups, respectively. For example, 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one has a hydrogen atom at the 5α position (hence the "5α-" prefix), two hydroxy groups (-OH) at the 3α and 17α positions (hence "3α,17α-diol" suffix) and an oxo group (=O) at the position 20 (hence the "20-one" suffix). However, erroneous use of suffixes can be found, e.g., "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione"<ref name="google-pregnan17diol">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%225%CE%B1-pregnan-17%CE%B1-diol-3%2C11%2C20-trione%22| title=Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione" that is an incorrect name| year=2022}}</ref> [''sic''] — since it has just one hydroxy group (at 17α) rather than two, then the suffix should be -ol, rather than -diol, so that the correct name to be "5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione". According to the rule set in the Nomenclature of Steroids, the terminal "e" in the parent structure name should be elided before the vowel (the presence or absence of a number does not affect such elision).<ref name="pmid2606099-parent-elisions">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=441 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099|quote-page=441|quote=3S-4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3S-4.0. General Nearly all biologically important steroids are derivatives of the parent hydrocarbons (cf. Table 1) carrying various functional groups. [...] Suffixes are added to the name of the saturated or unsaturated parent system (see 33-2.5), the terminal e of -ane, -ene, -yne, -adiene etc. being elided before a vowel (presence or absence of numerals has no effect on such elisions).}}</ref> This means, for instance, that if the suffix immediately appended to the parent structure name begins with a vowel, the trailing "e" is removed from that name. An example of such removal is "5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione", where the last "e" of "pregnane" is dropped due to the vowel ("o") at the beginning of the suffix -ol. Some authors incorrectly use this rule, eliding the terminal "e" where it should be kept, or vice versa.<ref name="google-pregnane17ol">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%225%CE%B1-pregnane-17%CE%B1-ol-3%2C20-dione%22| title=Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnane-17α-ol-3,20-dione" that is an incorrect name| year=2022}}</ref> In the term "11-oxygenated" applied to a steroid, "oxygenated" refers to the presence of the oxygen atom in a group; this term is consistently used within the chemistry of the steroids<ref name="chemster">{{cite journal|last1=Makin|first1=H.L.J.|last2=Trafford|first2=D.J.H.|year=1972|title=The chemistry of the steroids|journal=Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=1|issue=2|pages=333–360|doi=10.1016/S0300-595X(72)80024-0}}</ref> since as early as 1950s.<ref name="pmid13167092">{{cite journal|last1=Bongiovanni|first1=A. M.|last2=Clayton|first2=G. W.|year=1954|title=Simplified method for estimation of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids in urine of individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia|url=|journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med|volume=85|issue=3|pages=428–9|doi=10.3181/00379727-85-20905|pmid=13167092|s2cid=8408420}}</ref><ref name="pmid23386646" /> Some studies use the term "11-oxyandrogens"<ref name="11oxyhs">{{cite journal|last1=Slaunwhite|first1=W.Roy|last2=Neely|first2=Lavalle|last3=Sandberg|first3=Avery A.|year=1964|title=The metabolism of 11-Oxyandrogens in human subjects|journal=Steroids|volume=3|issue=4|pages=391–416|doi=10.1016/0039-128X(64)90003-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277706">{{cite journal|last1=Kamrath|first1=Clemens|last2=Wettstaedt|first2=Lisa|last3=Boettcher|first3=Claudia|last4=Hartmann|first4=Michaela F.|last5=Wudy|first5=Stefan A.|year=2018|title=Androgen excess is due to elevated 11-oxygenated androgens in treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=178|pages=221–228|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.016|issn=0960-0760|pmid=29277706|s2cid=3709499}}</ref><ref name="pmid35611324" /> potentially as an abbreviation for 11-oxygenated androgens, to emphasize that they all have an oxygen atom attached to carbon at position 11.<ref name="pmid32203405" /> However, in chemical nomenclature, the prefix "oxy" refers to an ether, i.e., a compound with an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups (-O-), therefore, using the part "oxy" for a steroid may be misleading. The oxo group (=O) bound to a carbon atom forms a larger, ketone group (R₂C=O), hence the prefix "11-keto" used in the medical literature to denote an oxo group bound to carbon at position 11. However, the 1989 recommendations of the Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature discourage the application of the prefix "keto" for steroid names, and favor the prefix "oxo" (e.g., 11-oxo steroids rather than 11-keto steroids), because keto denotes "R₂C=O", while only "=O" is attached in steroids to the carbon at a particular position. Therefore, the same carbon atom should not be specified twice.<ref name="pmid2606099-keto">{{cite journal|year=1989|title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989|journal=Eur J Biochem|volume=186|issue=3|pages=429–58|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x|pmid=2606099|quote=The prefix oxo- should also be used in connection with generic terms, e.g., 17-oxo steroids. The term ‘17-keto steroids’, often used in the medical literature, is incorrect because C-17 is specified twice, as the term keto denotes C=O|quote-page=430}}</ref> == Biochemistry == A more detailed description of each alternative androgen pathway described in the History section is provided below. Protein names are abbreviated by the standard gene names that they are encoded by (e.g., 5α-reductases type 1 is abbreviated by SRD5A1). Full enzyme names can be found in the Abbreviations section. === Backdoor Pathways to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone === While 5α-reduction is the last transformation in canonical androgen steroidogenesis, it is the first step in the backdoor pathways to 5α-dihydrotestosterone that acts on either 17-OHP or P4 which are ultimately converted to DHT.[[File:Androgen backdoor pathway.svg|thumb|left|The androgen backdoor pathways from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone or progesterone towards 5α-dihydrotestosterone roundabout testosterone and androstenedione (red arrows), as well as the "5α-dione" pathway that starts with 5α-reduction of androstenedione, embedded within canonical steroidogenesis (black arrows). Genes corresponding to the enzymes for catalysis are shown in boxed text with the associated arrow. Some additional proteins that are required for specific transformations (such as Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), Cytochromes b₅, Cytochrome P450 reductase (POR)) are not shown for clarity.]] ====17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Pathway ==== [[File:Androgen backdoor pathway from 17-OHP to DHT.svg|thumb|right|The steroids involved in the metabolic pathway from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone with roundabout of testosterone. The red circle indicates the change in molecular structure compared to the precursor.]] The first step of this pathway is the 5α-reduction of 17-OHP to 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (17-OH-DHP, since it is also known as 17α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone). The reaction is catalyzed by SRD5A1,<ref name="pmid23073980">{{cite journal|last1=Fukami|first1=Maki|last2=Homma|first2=Keiko|last3=Hasegawa|first3=Tomonobu|last4=Ogata|first4=Tsutomu|year=2013|title=Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: implications for normal and abnormal human sex development|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=242|issue=4|pages=320–9|doi=10.1002/dvdy.23892|pmid=23073980|s2cid=44702659}}</ref><ref name="pmid31611378">{{cite journal|last1=Reisch|first1=Nicole|last2=Taylor|first2=Angela E.|last3=Nogueira|first3=Edson F.|last4=Asby|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Dhir|first5=Vivek|last6=Berry|first6=Andrew|last7=Krone|first7=Nils|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Shackleton|first9=Cedric H. L.|title=Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|year=2019 |volume=116|issue=44|pages=22294–22299|doi=10.1073/pnas.1906623116|issn=1091-6490|pmc=6825302|pmid=31611378|doi-access=free }}</ref> though some authors suggest SRD5A2 may also catalyze this reaction in some contexts. 17-OH-DHP is then converted to 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) via 3α-reduction by a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme (AKR1C2 and AKR1C4)<ref name="pmid30763313" /><ref name="pmid21802064">{{cite journal|last1=Flück|first1=Christa E.|last2=Meyer-Böni|first2=Monika|last3=Pandey|first3=Amit V.|last4=Kempná|first4=Petra|last5=Miller|first5=Walter L.|last6=Schoenle|first6=Eugen J.|last7=Biason-Lauber|first7=Anna|year=2011|title=Why boys will be boys: two pathways of fetal testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for male sexual differentiation|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=89|issue=2|pages=201–218|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.009|issn=1537-6605|pmc=3155178|pmid=21802064}}</ref> or 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (HSD17B6), that also has 3α-reduction activity.<ref name="pmid9188497">{{cite journal |title=Expression cloning and characterization of oxidative 17beta- and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from rat and human prostate |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=272 |issue=25 |pages=15959–66 |pmid=9188497 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.25.15959|doi-access=free |last1=Biswas |first1=Michael G. |last2=Russell |first2=David W. |year=1997 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22114194">{{cite journal|title=Estrogen receptor β and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6, a growth regulatory pathway that is lost in prostate cancer |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=108 |issue=50 |pages=20090–4 |pmid=22114194 |pmc=3250130 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117772108|doi-access=free |last1=Muthusamy |first1=Selvaraj |last2=Andersson |first2=Stefan |last3=Kim |first3=Hyun-Jin |last4=Butler |first4=Ryan |last5=Waage |first5=Linda |last6=Bergerheim |first6=Ulf |last7=Gustafsson |first7=Jan-Åke |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10820090M }}</ref> 5α-Pdiol is also known as 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone or 17-OH-allopregnanolone. 5α-Pdiol is then converted to 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) by 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 which cleaves a side-chain (C17-C20 bond) from the steroid nucleus, converting a C₂₁ steroid (a pregnane) to C₁₉ steroid (an androstane or androgen). AST, in its turn, is 17β-reduced to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 or type 5 (HSD17B3 and AKR1C3).<ref name="pmid31900912" /> The final step is 3α-oxidation of 3α-diol in target tissues to DHT by an enzyme that has 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity, such as AKR1C2,<ref name="pmid12604227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rizner TL, Lin HK, Penning TM |title=Role of human type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C2) in androgen metabolism of prostate cancer cells |journal=Chem Biol Interact |volume=143-144 |issue= |pages=401–9 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12604227 |doi=10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00179-5}}</ref> HSD17B6, HSD17B10, RDH16, RDH5, and DHRS9.<ref name="pmid31611378"/> This oxidation is not required in the canonical pathway. The pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|17-OHP → 17-OH-DHP → 5α-Pdiol → AST → 3α-diol → DHT}} ====Progesterone Pathway==== The pathway from P4 to DHT is similar to that described above from 17-OHP to DHT, but the initial substrate for 5α-reductase here is P4 rather than 17-OHP. In male fetuses, placental P4 acts as a substrate during the biosynthesis of backdoor androgens, which occur in multiple tissues. Enzymes related to this backdoor pathway in the human male fetus are mainly expressed in non-gonadal tissues, and the steroids involved in this pathway are also primarily present in non-gonadal tissues.<ref name="pmid30763313"/> The first step in this pathway is 5α-reduction of P4 towards 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) by SRD5A1. 5α-DHP is then converted to 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (AlloP5) via 3α-reduction by a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme (AKR1C2/AKR1C4). AlloP5 is then converted to 5α-Pdiol by the 17α-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1. This metabolic pathway proceeds analogously to DHT as the 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Pathway. The pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|P4 → 5α-DHP → AlloP5 → 5α-Pdiol → AST → 3α-diol → DHT}} === 5α-Dione Pathway === 5α-reduction is also the initial transformation of the 5α-dione pathway where A4 is converted to androstanedione (5α-dione) by SRDA51 and then directly to DHT by either HSD17B3 or AKR1C3. While this pathway is unlikely to be biological relevance in healthy humans, it has been found operating in castration-resistant prostate cancer.<ref name="pmid21795608"/> The 5α-dione can also transformed into AST, which can then either converted back to 5α-dione or be transformed into DHT along the common part of the backdoor pathways to DHT (i.e., via 3α-diol).<ref name="pmid18923939"/><ref name="Nishiyama2011"/><ref name="pmid9183566"/> This pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|A4 → 5α-dione → DHT<ref name="pmid21795608"/>}} === 11-Oxygenated Androgen Pathways === [[File:Routes to 11-oxyandrogens.svg|thumb|Routes to 11-oxygenated androgens in humans|thumb|left|Abbreviated routes to 11-oxygenated androgens with transformations annotated with gene names of corresponding enzymes. Certain CYP17A1 mediated reactions that transform 11-oxygenated androgens classes (grey box) are omitted for clarity. Δ⁵ compounds that are transformed to Δ⁴ compounds are also omitted for clarity.]] Routes to 11-oxygenated androgens<ref name="pmid27442248" /><ref name="pmid32203405" /><ref name="pmid30825506">{{cite journal|last1=Gent|first1=R.|last2=Du Toit|first2=T.|last3=Bloem|first3=L. M.|last4=Swart|first4=A. C.|year=2019|title=The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms: pivotal catalytic activities yield potent C11-oxy C19 steroids with HSD11B2 favouring 11-ketotestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketoprogesterone biosynthesis|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=189|issue=|pages=116–126|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.013|pmid=30825506|s2cid=73490363}}</ref><ref name="pmid25869556" /> (Figure 4) also fall under our definition of alternative androgen pathways. These routes begin with four Δ⁴ steroid entry points (P4, 17OHP, A4 and T) and can then enter a lattice-like organization of possible transformations between 19-carbon steroid products. Wether or not a steroid is subject to a given transformation path depends on health status and the expression of a given enzyme in the tissue where that steroid is synthesized or transported to. All the steroid products in this lattice have a hydroxy group (-OH) or an oxo group (=O) covalently bound to the carbon atom at position 11 (see Figure 1). Only four 11-oxygenated steroids are known to be androgenic: 11OHT, 11OHDHT, 11KT and 11KDHT with activities that are correspondingly comparable to T and DHT. The relative importance of the androgens depends on activity, circulating levels and stability. It may be that 11KT is the main androgen in women since it circulates at similar level to T but 11KT levels may not decline with age as T does (though some evidence suggests that they do<ref name="pmid31390028">{{cite journal|last1=Skiba|first1=Marina A.|last2=Bell|first2=Robin J.|last3=Islam|first3=Rakibul M.|last4=Handelsman|first4=David J.|last5=Desai|first5=Reena|last6=Davis|first6=Susan R.|year=2019|title=Androgens During the Reproductive Years: What Is Normal for Women?|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=104|issue=11|pages=5382–5392|doi=10.1210/jc.2019-01357|pmid=31390028|s2cid=199467054}}</ref>). While KDHT is equipotent to DHT, circulating levels of KDHT are lower than DHT and SRD5A1 mediated transformation of KT to KDHT does not seem be significant. The other steroid products 11OHA4 and 11KA4 have been established as not having any androgen activity, but remain important molecules in this context since they act as androgen precursors. The complex lattice structure see in Figure 4 can be understood broadly as the four Δ⁴ steroid entry points that can undergo a common sequence of three transformations: 1. 11β-hydroxylation by CYP11B1/2.<ref name="pmid23685396" /><ref name="Haru1980">{{cite journal|last1=Haru|first1=Shibusawa|last2=Yumiko|first2=Sano|last3=Shoichi|first3=Okinaga|last4=Kiyoshi|first4=Arai|year=1980|title=Studies on 11β-hydroxylase of the human fetal adrenal gland|journal=Journal of Steroid Biochemistry|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=13|issue=8|pages=881–887|doi=10.1016/0022-4731(80)90161-2|issn=0022-4731|pmid=6970302}}</ref><ref name="pmid22101210">{{cite journal|last1=Schloms|first1=Lindie|last2=Storbeck|first2=Karl-Heinz|last3=Swart|first3=Pieter|last4=Gelderblom|first4=Wentzel C.A.|last5=Swart|first5=Amanda C.|year=2012|title=The influence of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and dihydrochalcones on adrenal steroidogenesis: quantification of steroid intermediates and end products in H295R cells|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=128|issue=3–5|pages=128–38|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.11.003|pmid=22101210|s2cid=26099234}}</ref> 2. 5α-reduction by SRD5A1/2 3. Reversible 3α-reduction/oxidation of the ketone/alcohol These steroids correspond to the "11OH" column in Figure 4. This sequence is replicated in the parallel column of "11K" steroids, in which are a result of 11β-reduction/oxidation of the ketone/alcohol (HSD11B1 catalyzes both oxidation and reduction while HSD11B2 only catalyzes the oxidation).<ref name="pmid23856005" /> There are additional transformations in the lattice that cross the derivatives of the entry points. AKR1C3 catalyzes (reversibly in some cases) 17β-reduction of the ketone/alcohol to transform between steroids that can be derived from T and A4. Steroids that can be derived from P4 can also be transformed to those that can be derived from 17OHP via CYP17A1 17α-hydroxylase activity. Some members of the 17OHP derived steroids can be transformed to A4 derived members via CYP17A1 17,20 lyase activity. The next sections describe what are understood to be the primary routes to androgens amongst the many possible routes visible in Figure 4. ==== C₁₉ Steroid Entry Points ==== A4 that is synthesized in the adrenal where it can undergo 11β-hydroxylation to yield 11OHA4, an important circulating androgen precursor, which is further transformed to 11KA4 and then KT (primarily outside the adrenal in peripheral tissue): {{unbulleted list|A4 → 11OHA4 → 11KA4 → 11KT}} This route is regarded as the primary 11-oxygenated androgen pathway in healthy humans. It is thought that the T entry point also operates in normal human physiology, but much less that A4: {{unbulleted list|T → 11OHT → 11OHA4 → 11KA4 → 11KT}}{{unbulleted list|T → 11OHT → 11KT}} The diminished role of these pathways is supported by that fact that the adrenal significantly more produces 11OHA4 than OHT<ref name="pmid23386646" /><ref name="pmid29936123">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Monique|last2=Quanson|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Mostaghel|first3=Elahe|last4=Pretorius|first4=Elzette|last5=Snoep|first5=Jacky L.|last6=Storbeck|first6=Karl-Heinz|year=2018|title=11-Oxygenated androgen precursors are the preferred substrates for aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): Implications for castration resistant prostate cancer|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=183|issue=|pages=192–201|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.013|pmc=6283102|pmid=29936123}}</ref> . ==== C₂₁ Steroid Entry Points ==== Currently there is no good evidence for 11-oxygenated androgens from the C₂₁ steroid entry points (P4, 17OHP) operating in healthy humans. These entry points are relevant in the clinical context as discussed in the next section. ==Clinical Significance == === 11-Oxygenated Androgens === Measurements of the levels of circulating 11KT, in a 2021 study, Schiffer et al. identified 11KT biosynthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in blood samples), which produced eight times the amount of 11KT compared to T. The lag time before isolation of cellular components from whole blood increased serum 11KT concentrations in a time-dependent manner, with a significant increase observed from two hours after blood collection. These results emphasize that care should be taken when performing lab tests—to avoid falsely elevated 11KT levels.<ref name="pmid33444228">{{cite journal|last1=Schiffer|first1=Lina|last2=Bossey|first2=Alicia|last3=Kempegowda|first3=Punith|last4=Taylor|first4=Angela E.|last5=Akerman|first5=Ildem|last6=Scheel-Toellner|first6=Dagmar|last7=Storbeck|first7=Karl-Heinz|last8=Arlt|first8=Wiebke|year=2021|title=Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preferentially activate 11-oxygenated androgens|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=184|issue=3|pages=353–363|doi=10.1530/EJE-20-1077|issn=1479-683X|pmc=7923147|pmid=33444228}}</ref> Unlike T and A4, 11-oxygenated androgens are not known to be aromatized to estrogens in the human body''.''<ref name="pmid32862221">{{cite journal |last1=Nagasaki |first1=Keisuke |last2=Takase |first2=Kaoru |last3=Numakura |first3=Chikahiko |last4=Homma |first4=Keiko |last5=Hasegawa |first5=Tomonobu |last6=Fukami |first6=Maki |title=Foetal virilisation caused by overproduction of non-aromatisable 11-oxy C19 steroids in maternal adrenal tumour |journal=Human Reproduction |year=2020 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2609–2612 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deaa221 |pmid=32862221 }}</ref><ref name="pmid33340399">{{cite journal|title = 11-Oxygenated Estrogens Are a Novel Class of Human Estrogens but Do not Contribute to the Circulating Estrogen Pool | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 162 | issue = 3 | pmid = 33340399 | pmc = 7814299 | doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa231 | last1 = Barnard | first1 = Lise | last2 = Schiffer | first2 = Lina | last3 = Louw Du-Toit | first3 = Renate | last4 = Tamblyn | first4 = Jennifer A. | last5 = Chen | first5 = Shiuan | last6 = Africander | first6 = Donita | last7 = Arlt | first7 = Wiebke | last8 = Foster | first8 = Paul A. | last9 = Storbeck | first9 = Karl-Heinz |year = 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid22170725">{{cite journal|last1=Kamrath|first1=Clemens|last2=Hochberg|first2=Ze'ev|last3=Hartmann|first3=Michaela F.|last4=Remer|first4=Thomas|last5=Wudy|first5=Stefan A.|title=Increased activation of the alternative "backdoor" pathway in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: evidence from urinary steroid hormone analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22170725|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|year=2012 |volume=97|issue=3|pages=E367–375|doi=10.1210/jc.2011-1997|issn=1945-7197|pmid=22170725|s2cid=3162065 }}</ref> The inability of aromatase to convert the 11-oxygenated androgens to estrogens may contribute to the 11-oxygenated androgens circulating at higher levels than other androgens in women, except perhaps DHEA.<ref name="pmid15994348">{{cite journal | title = Direct agonist/antagonist functions of dehydroepiandrosterone | journal = Endocrinology | year = 2005 | volume = 146 | issue = 11 | pages = 4568–76 | pmid = 15994348 | doi = 10.1210/en.2005-0368 | doi-access = free | last1 = Chen | first1 = Fang | last2 = Knecht | first2 = Kristin | last3 = Birzin | first3 = Elizabeth | last4 = Fisher | first4 = John | last5 = Wilkinson | first5 = Hilary | last6 = Mojena | first6 = Marina | last7 = Moreno | first7 = Consuelo Tudela | last8 = Schmidt | first8 = Azriel | last9 = Harada | first9 = Shun-Ichi | last10 = Freedman | first10 = Leonard P. | last11 = Reszka | first11 = Alfred A. }}</ref><ref name="pmid16159155">{{cite journal |title = Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 105 | issue = 9 | pages = 3352–70 | pmid = 16159155 | pmc = 2096617 | doi = 10.1021/cr020456u | last1 = Gao | first1 = Wenqing | last2 = Bohl | first2 = Casey E. | last3 = Dalton | first3 = James T. | year = 2005 }}</ref> In a 2021 study, However, it is possible that 11-oxygenated estrogens may be produced in some conditions such as feminizing adrenal carcinoma.<ref name="MAHESH196351">{{cite journal|title = Isolation of estrone and 11β-hydroxy estrone from a feminizing adrenal carcinoma | journal = Steroids | volume = 1 | number = 1 | pages = 51–61 |year = 1963 |issn = 0039-128X| doi = 10.1016/S0039-128X(63)80157-9 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039128X63801579 |first1=Virendra |last1=Mahesh |first2=Walter |last2=Herrmann}}</ref> DHT, an androgen that can also be produced in a backdoor pathway, is also a non-aromatizable androgen.<ref name="pmid2943941">{{cite journal |title=Stimulation of aromatase activity by dihydrotestosterone in human skin fibroblasts |journal=J Steroid Biochem |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=165–9 |year=1986 |pmid=2943941 |doi=10.1016/0022-4731(86)90296-7 |last1=Chabab |first1=Aziz |last2=Sultan |first2=Charles |last3=Fenart |first3=Odile |last4=Descomps |first4=Bernard }}</ref><ref name="pmid10332569">{{cite journal |title=Dihydrotestosterone: a rationale for its use as a non-aromatizable androgen replacement therapeutic agent |journal=Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=501–6 |year=1998 |pmid=10332569 |doi=10.1016/s0950-351x(98)80267-x |last1=Swerdloff |first1=Ronald S. |last2=Wang |first2=Christina }}</ref> Most conditions highlighted in the following sections have had demonstrations of potential roles for 11-oxygenated androgens. === Hyperandrogenism === Alternative androgen pathways are not always considered in the clinical evaluation of patients with hyperandrogenism, i.e., androgen excess.<ref name="pmid32610579">{{cite journal|last1=Sumińska|first1=Marta|last2=Bogusz-Górna|first2=Klaudia|last3=Wegner|first3=Dominika|last4=Fichna|first4=Marta|year=2020|title=Non-Classic Disorder of Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Clinical Dilemmas in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Combined with Backdoor Androgen Pathway. Mini-Review and Case Report|journal=Int J Mol Sci|volume=21|issue=13|page=4622|doi=10.3390/ijms21134622|pmc=7369945|pmid=32610579|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hyperandrogenism may lead to symptoms like acne, hirsutism, alopecia, premature adrenarche, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, polycystic ovaries and infertility.<ref name="pmid16772149">{{cite journal|last1=Yildiz|first1=Bulent O.|year=2006|title=Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: clinical criteria|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=20|issue=2|pages=167–176|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2006.02.004|issn=1521-690X|pmid=16772149}}</ref><ref name="pmid24184282">{{cite journal|last1=Peigné|first1=Maëliss|last2=Villers-Capelle|first2=Anne|last3=Robin|first3=Geoffroy|last4=Dewailly|first4=Didier|year=2013|title=Hyperandrogénie féminine|journal=Presse Medicale (Paris, France)|language=fr|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=42|issue=11|pages=1487–1499|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2013.07.016|issn=0755-4982|pmid=24184282|s2cid=28921380}}</ref> Not considering alternative androgen pathways in clinical hyperandrogenism investigations may obfuscate the condition.<ref name="pmid32610579" /> Despite the prevailing dogma that T and DHT are the primary human androgens, this paradigm applies only to healthy men.<ref name="pmid28234803">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2017|title=Clinical significance of 11-oxygenated androgens|journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes|volume=24|issue=3|pages=252–259|doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000334|pmc=5819755|pmid=28234803}}</ref> Although T has been traditionally used as a biomarker of androgen excess,<ref name="pmid32912651">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yabo|last2=Ouyang|first2=Nengyong|last3=Ye|first3=Yang|last4=Hu|first4=Qin|last5=Du|first5=Tao|last6=Di|first6=Na|last7=Xu|first7=Wenming|last8=Azziz|first8=Ricardo|last9=Yang|first9=Dongzi|year=2020|title=The predictive value of total testosterone alone for clinical hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome|journal=Reprod Biomed Online|volume=41|issue=4|pages=734–742|doi=10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.07.013|pmid=32912651|s2cid=221625488|last10=Zhao|first10=Xiaomiao}}</ref> it correlates poorly with clinical findings of androgen excess.<ref name="pmid28234803" /> If the levels of T appear to be normal, ignoring the alternative androgen pathways may lead to diagnostic errors since hyperandrogenism may be caused by potent androgens such as DHT produced by a backdoor pathway and 11-oxygenated androgens also produced from 21-carbon steroid (pregnane) precursors in a backdoor pathway.<ref name="pmid33415088">{{cite journal|last1=Balsamo|first1=Antonio|last2=Baronio|first2=Federico|last3=Ortolano|first3=Rita|last4=Menabo|first4=Soara|last5=Baldazzi|first5=Lilia|last6=Di Natale|first6=Valeria|last7=Vissani|first7=Sofia|last8=Cassio|first8=Alessandra|year=2020|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias Presenting in the Newborn and Young Infant|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|page=593315|doi=10.3389/fped.2020.593315|issn=2296-2360|pmc=7783414|pmid=33415088|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277706" /> It had been suggested that 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and its urinary metabolites could have clinical applications used as a biomarkers of adrenal origin of androgen excess in women. Increased adrenal 11OHA4 production was characterized, using changes in A4:11OHA4 and 11β-hydroxyandrosterone:11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone ratios, in cushing syndrome, hirsutism, CAH and PCOS.<ref name="pmid1623996">{{cite journal|last1=Carmina|first1=E.|last2=Stanczyk|first2=F. Z.|last3=Chang|first3=L.|last4=Miles|first4=R. A.|last5=Lobo|first5=R. A.|year=1992|title=The ratio of androstenedione:11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione is an important marker of adrenal androgen excess in women|journal=Fertil Steril|volume=58|issue=1|pages=148–52|doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55152-8|pmid=1623996}}</ref><ref name="pmid14417423">{{cite journal|last1=Lipsett|first1=Mortimer B.|last2=Riter|first2=Barbara|year=1960|title=Urinary ketosteroids and pregnanetriol in hirsutism|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=20|issue=2|pages=180–6|doi=10.1210/jcem-20-2-180|pmid=14417423}}</ref><ref name="pmid33340399" /><ref name="pmid3129451">{{cite journal|last1=Polson|first1=D. W.|last2=Reed|first2=M. J.|last3=Franks|first3=S.|last4=Scanlon|first4=M. J.|last5=James|first5=V. H. T.|year=1988|title=Serum 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione as an indicator of the source of excess androgen production in women with polycystic ovaries|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=66|issue=5|pages=946–50|doi=10.1210/jcem-66-5-946|pmid=3129451}}</ref> These ratios have still not been established as a standard clinical as a diagnostic tool. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a well known disease of hyperandrogenism, but the contributions of the backdoor pathway to DHT remain under appreciated. CAH refers to a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol biosynthesis<ref name="pmid28576284">{{cite journal|date=November 2017|title=Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10108|pages=2194–2210|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31431-9|pmid=28576284|vauthors=El-Maouche D, Arlt W, Merke DP}}</ref> caused by a deficiency in any of the enzymes required to produce cortisol in the adrenal.<ref name="pmid12930931">{{cite journal|date=August 2003|title=Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=349|issue=8|pages=776–88|doi=10.1056/NEJMra021561|pmid=12930931|vauthors=Speiser PW, White PC}}</ref><ref name="pmid30272171">{{cite journal|year=2018|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=103|issue=11|pages=4043–4088|doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01865|pmc=6456929|pmid=30272171}}</ref> This deficiency leads to an excessive accumulation of steroid precursors that are converted to androgens. In a 2016 study, Turcu et al.<ref name="pmid26865584">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Nanba|first2=Aya T.|last3=Chomic|first3=Robert|last4=Upadhyay|first4=Sunil K.|last5=Giordano|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Shields|first6=James J.|last7=Merke|first7=Deborah P.|last8=Rainey|first8=William E.|last9=Auchus|first9=Richard J.|year=2016|title=Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroids are the dominant androgens in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=174|issue=5|pages=601–9|doi=10.1530/EJE-15-1181|pmc=4874183|pmid=26865584}}</ref> showed that in classic CAH due to CYP21A2 deficiency both conventional and 11-oxygenated androgens were elevated 3-4 fold in CAH patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy compared to healthy controls. The levels of 11-oxygenated androgens correlated positively with conventional androgens in women but negatively in men. The levels of 11KT were 4 times higher compared to that of T in women with the condition.<ref name="pmid26865584" /> In CAH due to 21-hydroxylase<ref name="pmid22170725" /> (CYP17A1) or cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency,<ref name="pmid31611378" /><ref name="pmid35793998" /> the associated elevated 17-OHP levels result in flux through the backdoor pathway to DHT that begins with 5α-reduction. This pathway may be activated regardless of age and sex.<ref name="pmid26038201">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2015|title=Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.002|issn=0889-8529|pmc=4506691703046|pmid=26038201}}</ref> Fetal excess of 17-OHP in CAH may contribute to DHT synthesis and lead to external genital virilization in newborn girls with CAH.<ref name="pmid31611378" /> P4 levels may also be elevated in CAH,<ref name="pmid25850025">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=A. F.|last2=Rege|first2=J.|last3=Chomic|first3=R.|last4=Liu|first4=J.|last5=Nishimoto|first5=H. K.|last6=Else|first6=T.|last7=Moraitis|first7=A. G.|last8=Palapattu|first8=G. S.|last9=Rainey|first9=W. E.|year=2015|title=Profiles of 21-Carbon Steroids in 21-hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=100|issue=6|pages=2283–2290|doi=10.1210/jc.2015-1023|pmc=4454804|pmid=25850025|last10=Auchus|first10=R. J.}}</ref><ref name="pmid31505456">{{cite journal|date=November 2019|title=Influence of hormones on the immunotolerogenic molecule HLA-G: a cross-sectional study in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=181|issue=5|pages=481–488|doi=10.1530/EJE-19-0379|pmid=31505456|vauthors=Nguyen LS, Rouas-Freiss N, Funck-Brentano C, Leban M, Carosella ED, Touraine P, Varnous S, Bachelot A, Salem JE}}</ref> leading to androgen excess via the backdoor pathway from P4 to DHT.<ref name="pmid28188961">{{cite journal|date=May 2017|title=High serum progesterone associated with infertility in a woman with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=J Obstet Gynaecol Res|volume=43|issue=5|pages=946–950|doi=10.1111/jog.13288|pmid=28188961|vauthors=Kawarai Y, Ishikawa H, Segawa T, Teramoto S, Tanaka T, Shozu M}}</ref> 17-OHP and P4 may also serve as substrates to 11-oxygenated androgens in CAH.<ref name="pmid28472487">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F|last2=Mallappa|first2=Ashwini|last3=Elman|first3=Meredith S|last4=Avila|first4=Nilo A|last5=Marko|first5=Jamie|last6=Rao|first6=Hamsini|last7=Tsodikov|first7=Alexander|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J|last9=Merke|first9=Deborah P|year=2017|title=11-Oxygenated Androgens Are Biomarkers of Adrenal Volume and Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=102|issue=8|pages=2701–2710|doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3989|pmc=5546849|pmid=28472487}}</ref><ref name="pmid26865584" /><ref name="pmid29718004">{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Perrin C.|year=2018|title=Update on diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency|journal=Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity|volume=25|issue=3|pages=178–184|doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000402|pmid=29718004|s2cid=26072848}}</ref><ref name="pmid34867794">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Mallappa|first2=Ashwini|last3=Nella|first3=Aikaterini A.|last4=Chen|first4=Xuan|last5=Zhao|first5=Lili|last6=Nanba|first6=Aya T.|last7=Byrd|first7=James Brian|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Merke|first9=Deborah P.|year=2021|title=24-Hour Profiles of 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids and Δ5-Steroid Sulfates during Oral and Continuous Subcutaneous Glucocorticoids in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)|volume=12|issue=|pages=751191|doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.751191|pmc=8636728|pmid=34867794|doi-access=free}}</ref> In males with CAH, 11-oxygenated androgens may lead to development of testicular adrenal rest tumors.<ref name="pmid25850025" /><ref name="pmid28472487" /><ref name="pmid34390337">{{cite journal|last1=Schröder|first1=Mariska A M.|last2=Turcu|first2=Adina F.|last3=o'Day|first3=Patrick|last4=Van Herwaarden|first4=Antonius E.|last5=Span|first5=Paul N.|last6=Auchus|first6=Richard J.|last7=Sweep|first7=Fred C G J.|last8=Claahsen-Van Der Grinten|first8=Hedi L.|year=2022|title=Production of 11-Oxygenated Androgens by Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=107|issue=1|pages=e272–e280|doi=10.1210/clinem/dgab598|pmc=8684463|pmid=34390337}}</ref> === Disorders of Sex Development === Both canonical and the backdoor androgen pathway to DHT are required for normal human male genital development.<ref name="pmid30943210">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Walter L.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2019|title=The "backdoor pathway" of androgen synthesis in human male sexual development|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=e3000198|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000198|pmc=6464227|pmid=30943210}}</ref><ref name="pmid35793998">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hyun Gyung|last2=Kim|first2=Chan Jong|year=2022|title=Classic and backdoor pathways of androgen biosynthesis in human sexual development|journal=Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab|volume=27|issue=2|pages=83–89|doi=10.6065/apem.2244124.062|pmid=35793998|s2cid=250155674}}</ref> Deficiencies in the backdoor pathway to DHT from 17-OHP or from P4<ref name="pmid21802064"/><ref name="pmid23073980">{{cite journal|last1=Fukami|first1=Maki|last2=Homma|first2=Keiko|last3=Hasegawa|first3=Tomonobu|last4=Ogata|first4=Tsutomu|year=2013|title=Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: implications for normal and abnormal human sex development|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=242|issue=4|pages=320–9|doi=10.1002/dvdy.23892|pmid=23073980|s2cid=44702659}}</ref> lead to underverilization of the male fetus,<ref name="pmid24793988">{{cite journal |title=Steroidogenesis of the testis -- new genes and pathways |journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=40–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24793988 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2014.03.002 |last1=Flück |first1=Christa E. |last2=Pandey |first2=Amit V. }}</ref><ref name="pmid8636249">{{cite journal |title=Prismatic cases: 17,20-desmolase (17,20-lyase) deficiency |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=457–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8636249 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636249 |url=|last1=Zachmann |first1=M. }}</ref> as placental P4 is a precursor to DHT in the backdoor pathway.<ref name="pmid30763313"/> In 2011 Flück et al. described a case of five 46,XY (male) patients from two families with DSD, caused by mutations in AKR1C2 and/or AKR1C4, an enzyme required for a backdoor pathway to DHT, but not the canonical pathway of androgen biosynthesis. In these patients, mutations in the AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 were excluded, and disorders in the canonical pathway of androgen biosynthesis have also been excluded, however, they had genital ambiguity. The 46,XX (female) relatives of affected patients, having the same mutations, were phenotypically normal and fertile. Although both AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 are needed for DHT synthesis in a backdoor pathway (Figure 2), the study found that mutations in AKR1C2 only were sufficient for disruption.<ref name="pmid21802064"/> However, these AKR1C2/AKR1C4 variants leading to DSD are rare and have been only so far reported in just those two families.<ref name="pmid34711511">{{cite journal |title=Rare forms of genetic steroidogenic defects affecting the gonads and adrenals |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=101593 |year=2022 |pmid=34711511 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2021.101593}}</ref> Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency syndrome due to variants in CYP17A1, cytochrome b₅, and POR may also disrupt a backdoor pathway to DHT, as the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 is required for both canonical and backdoor androgen pathways (Figure 2). This rare deficiency can lead to DSD in both sexes with affected girls are asymptomatic until puberty, when they show amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid34711511"/> 11-oxygenated androgens may play important roles in DSDs.<ref name="pmid34171490">{{cite journal |title=Turning the spotlight on the C11-oxy androgens in human fetal development |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=212 |issue= |pages=105946 |pmid=34171490 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105946|last1=Du Toit |first1=Therina |last2=Swart |first2=Amanda C. |year=2021 |s2cid=235603586 }}</ref><ref name="pmid34987475">{{cite journal|title=Disorders of Sex Development of Adrenal Origin |journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) |volume=12 |issue= |pages=770782 |pmid=34987475 |pmc=8720965 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.770782 |doi-access=free |last1=Finkielstain |first1=Gabriela P. |last2=Vieites |first2=Ana |last3=Bergadá |first3=Ignacio |last4=Rey |first4=Rodolfo A. |year=2021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid31611378">{{cite journal|last1=Reisch|first1=Nicole|last2=Taylor|first2=Angela E.|last3=Nogueira|first3=Edson F.|last4=Asby|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Dhir|first5=Vivek|last6=Berry|first6=Andrew|last7=Krone|first7=Nils|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Shackleton|first9=Cedric H. L.|title=Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|year=2019 |volume=116|issue=44|pages=22294–22299|doi=10.1073/pnas.1906623116|issn=1091-6490|pmc=6825302|pmid=31611378|doi-access=free }}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgen fetal biosynthesis may coincide with the key stages of production of cortisol — at weeks 8–9, 13–24, and from 31 and onwards. In these stages, impaired CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 activity lead to increased ACTH due to cortisol deficiency and the accumulation of precursors that serve as substrates for CYP11B1 in pathways to 11-oxygenated androgens, which cause abnormal female fetal development.<ref name="pmid34171490"/> === Polycystic Ovary Syndrome === In PCOS, DHT may be produced in the backdoor androgen pathway from upregulation of SRD5A1 activity.<ref name="pmid27471004">{{cite journal |title=Genes and proteins of the alternative steroid backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone synthesis are expressed in the human ovary and seem enhanced in the polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=441 |issue= |pages=116–123 |pmid=27471004 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.029|last1=Marti |first1=Nesa |last2=Galván |first2=José A. |last3=Pandey |first3=Amit V. |last4=Trippel |first4=Mafalda |last5=Tapia |first5=Coya |last6=Müller |first6=Michel |last7=Perren |first7=Aurel |last8=Flück |first8=Christa E. |year=2017 |s2cid=22185557 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1968168">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=P. M.|last2=Shackleton|first2=C. H.|last3=Beastall|first3=G. H.|last4=Edwards|first4=C. R.|title=5 alpha-reductase activity in polycystic ovary syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1968168|journal=Lancet (London, England)|year=1990 |volume=335|issue=8687|pages=431–433|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(90)90664-q|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1968168|s2cid=54422650 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19567518">{{cite journal|title=Increased 5 alpha-reductase activity and adrenocortical drive in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=3558–66 |pmid=19567518 |doi=10.1210/jc.2009-0837 |last1=Vassiliadi |first1=Dimitra A. |last2=Barber |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Hughes |first3=Beverly A. |last4=McCarthy |first4=Mark I. |last5=Wass |first5=John A. H. |last6=Franks |first6=Stephen |last7=Nightingale |first7=Peter |last8=Tomlinson |first8=Jeremy W. |last9=Arlt |first9=Wiebke |last10=Stewart |first10=Paul M. |year=2009 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32247282">{{cite journal | last1=Swart | first1=Amanda C. | last2=du Toit | first2=Therina | last3=Gourgari | first3=Evgenia | last4=Kidd | first4=Martin | last5=Keil | first5=Meg | last6=Faucz | first6=Fabio R. | last7=Stratakis | first7=Constantine A. | title=Steroid hormone analysis of adolescents and young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and adrenocortical dysfunction using UPC2-MS/MS | journal=Pediatric Research | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=89 | issue=1 | year=2021 | issn=0031-3998 | pmid=32247282 | pmc=7541460 | doi=10.1038/s41390-020-0870-1 | pages=118–126}}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgens may also play an important role in PCOS.<ref name="pmid35611324">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxyandrogens in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |journal=J Endocr Soc |year=2022 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=bvac037|pmid=35611324 |pmc=9123281 |doi=10.1210/jendso/bvac037|last1=Taylor |first1=Anya E. |last2=Ware |first2=Meredith A. |last3=Breslow |first3=Emily |last4=Pyle |first4=Laura |last5=Severn |first5=Cameron |last6=Nadeau |first6=Kristen J. |last7=Chan |first7=Christine L. |last8=Kelsey |first8=Megan M. |last9=Cree-Green |first9=Melanie }}</ref><ref name="pmid32637065">{{cite journal |title=Implicating androgen excess in propagating metabolic disease in polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab |volume=11 |issue= |pages=2042018820934319 |pmid=32637065 |pmc=7315669 |doi=10.1177/2042018820934319|last1=Kempegowda |first1=Punith |last2=Melson |first2=Eka |last3=Manolopoulos |first3=Konstantinos N. |last4=Arlt |first4=Wiebke |last5=o'Reilly |first5=Michael W. |year=2020 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27901631">{{cite journal|title=11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Are the Predominant Androgens in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=840–848 |pmid=27901631 |pmc=5460696 |doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3285 |last1=o'Reilly |first1=Michael W. |last2=Kempegowda |first2=Punith |last3=Jenkinson |first3=Carl |last4=Taylor |first4=Angela E. |last5=Quanson |first5=Jonathan L. |last6=Storbeck |first6=Karl-Heinz |last7=Arlt |first7=Wiebke |year=2017 }}</ref> In a 2017 study, O'Reilly et al. revealed that 11-oxygenated androgens are the predominant androgens in women with PCOS, while in healthy control subjects, classic androgens constitute the majority of the circulating androgen pool; nevertheless, the levels of 11KT exceeded those of T in both groups, specifically, 3.4 fold in the PCOS group. Recent investigations have reported circulating levels of 11KA4, 11KT and 11OHT levels in PCOS as well as 11-oxygenated pregnanes. Serum 11OHT and 11KT levels have been show to be elevated in PCOS and correlate with body mass index.<ref name="pmid30012903">{{cite journal |title=11-oxygenated C19 steroids as circulating androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Endocr J |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=979–990 |pmid=30012903 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0212|last1=Yoshida |first1=Tomoko |last2=Matsuzaki |first2=Toshiya |last3=Miyado |first3=Mami |last4=Saito |first4=Kazuki |last5=Iwasa |first5=Takeshi |last6=Matsubara |first6=Yoichi |last7=Ogata |first7=Tsutomu |last8=Irahara |first8=Minoru |last9=Fukami |first9=Maki |year=2018 }}</ref> Significantly elevated 11KT levels have been detected in the daughters of PCOS mothers and in obese girls while 11OHA4, 11KA4 and 11OHT levels were comparable.<ref name="pmid32797203">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Do Not Distinguish the Hyperandrogenic Phenotype of PCOS Daughters from Girls with Obesity |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=105 |issue=11 |pages= e3903–e3909 |pmid=32797203 |pmc=7500474 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa532|last1=Torchen |first1=Laura C. |last2=Sisk |first2=Ryan |last3=Legro |first3=Richard S. |last4=Turcu |first4=Adina F. |last5=Auchus |first5=Richard J. |last6=Dunaif |first6=Andrea |year=2020 }}</ref> 11KT has also been shown to be elevated together with decreased 11KA4 levels in PCOS patients with micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. In addition 11OHAST, 11OHEt, DHP4 and 11KDHP4 levels were elevated and 11OHP4, 21dF and 11KDHP4 were elevated in patients with inadequate dexamethasone responses.<ref name="pmid31450227">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Walter L.|year=2019|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Time to Replace 17OHP with 21-Deoxycortisol|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31450227|journal=Hormone Research in Paediatrics|volume=91|issue=6|pages=416–420|doi=10.1159/000501396|issn=1663-2826|pmid=31450227|s2cid=201733086}}</ref> Metformin treatment had no effect on 11-oxygenated androgens in PCOS adolescents in a 2022 study, despite lower levels of T after treatment.<ref name="pmid35611324" /> === Prostate Cancer === High levels of 11KT, 11KDHT and 11OHDHT have also been detected in prostate cancer tissue (~10–20 ng/g) and in circulation, 11KT (~200–350nM) and 11KDHT (~20nM) being the most abundant.<ref name="pmid28939401" /> There is some preliminary evidence that 11-oxygenated androgen pathway may play an important role at the stage of prostatic carcinogenesis.<ref name="pmid34520388" /> Androgen deprivation is a therapeutic approach to prostrate cancer that can be implemented by castration to eliminate gonadal T, but metastatic tumors may then develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although castration results in 90-95% reduction of serum T, DHT in the prostate is only decreased by 50%, supporting the notion that the prostrate expresses necessary enzymes to produce DHT without testicular T.<ref /> The 5α-dione pathway was discovered in the context of CPRC (see History), and is known to mitigate the effects of androgen depravation therapy. 11-Oxygenated androgens contribute significantly to the androgen pool<ref name="pmid23856005" /><ref name="pmid31900912" /> and play a previously overlooked role in the reactivation of androgen signaling in the CRPC patient.<ref name="pmid34520388">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ventura-Bahena A, Hernández-Pérez JG, Torres-Sánchez L, Sierra-Santoyo A, Escobar-Wilches DC, Escamilla-Núñez C, Gómez R, Rodríguez-Covarrubias F, López-González ML, Figueroa M |title=Urinary androgens excretion patterns and prostate cancer in Mexican men |journal=Endocr Relat Cancer |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=745–756 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34520388 |doi=10.1530/ERC-21-0160 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28939401">{{cite journal |title=Inefficient UGT-conjugation of adrenal 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione metabolites highlights C11-oxy C19 steroids as the predominant androgens in prostate cancer |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=461 |issue= |pages=265–276 |pmid=28939401 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.026|last1=Du Toit |first1=Therina |last2=Swart |first2=Amanda C. |year=2018 |s2cid=6335125 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30825506" /><ref name="pmid23856005" /><ref name="pmid31900912">{{cite journal | title = Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity | journal = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | volume = 1210 | pages = 239–277 | pmid = 31900912 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11 | isbn = 978-3-030-32655-5 | s2cid = 209748543 | last1 = Storbeck | first1 = Karl-Heinz | last2 = Mostaghel | first2 = Elahe A. | year = 2019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23685396">{{cite journal|title=11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, the product of androstenedione metabolism in the adrenal, is metabolized in LNCaP cells by 5α-reductase yielding 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=138 |issue= |pages=132–42 |pmid=23685396 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.010 |s2cid=3404940 |last1=Swart |first1=Amanda C. |last2=Schloms |first2=Lindie |last3=Storbeck |first3=Karl-Heinz |last4=Bloem |first4=Liezl M. |last5=Toit |first5=Therina du |last6=Quanson |first6=Jonathan L. |last7=Rainey |first7=William E. |last8=Swart |first8=Pieter |year=2013 }}</ref> Serum 11KT levels are higher than any other androgen in 97% of CRPC patients, accounting for 60% of the total active androgen pool, and are not affected by castration.<ref name="pmid33974560">{{cite journal|title=11-Ketotestosterone is the predominant active androgen in prostate cancer patients after castration |journal=JCI Insight |volume=6 |issue=11 |pmid=33974560 |pmc=8262344 |doi=10.1172/jci.insight.148507 |last1=Snaterse |first1=G. |last2=Van Dessel |first2=L. F. |last3=Van Riet |first3=J. |last4=Taylor |first4=A. E. |last5=Van Der Vlugt-Daane |first5=M. |last6=Hamberg |first6=P. |last7=De Wit |first7=R. |last8=Visser |first8=J. A. |last9=Arlt |first9=W. |last10=Lolkema |first10=M. P. |last11=Hofland |first11=J. |year=2021 }}</ref> === Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome === Androgens play a vital role in the development, growth and maintenance of the prostate.<ref name="pmid18471780" /> Therefore, the role of androgens should be seriously considered not only in CRPC, but other prostate-related conditions such as BPH<ref name="pmid18471780"/> and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).<ref name="pmid18308097">{{cite journal|title=Adrenocortical hormone abnormalities in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome |journal=Urology |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=261–6 |pmid=18308097 |pmc=2390769 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.025 |last1=Dimitrakov |first1=Jordan |last2=Joffe |first2=Hylton V. |last3=Soldin |first3=Steven J. |last4=Bolus |first4=Roger |last5=Buffington |first5=C.A. Tony |last6=Nickel |first6=J. Curtis |year=2008 }}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgen pathways have been observed in BPH cell models (11OHP4 and 11KP4, a C₂₁ steroid, to 11KDHT), BPH patient tissue biopsy and in their serum.<ref name="pmid31626910">{{cite journal|title = The 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione pathway and C11-oxy C21 backdoor pathway are active in benign prostatic hyperplasia yielding 11keto-testosterone and 11keto-progesterone | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 196 | pages = 105497 | pmid = 31626910 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105497 | s2cid = 204734045 | url = | last1 = Du Toit | first1 = Therina | last2 = Swart | first2 = Amanda C. |year = 2020 }}</ref> == Future Directions == Relative steroid serum levels in CP/CPPS have suggested that CYP21A2 deficiency may play a role in the disease<ref name="pmid18308097" /> and that non-classic CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency may be a comorbidity. Given the potential roles that alternative androgen pathways play in the previously described disease areas, it seems that CP/CPPS would seem to be a good candidate to investigate the same way. We are not aware of any work looking at the roles of alternative androgen pathways in CP/CPPS. ==PubChem CIDs== In order to unambiguously define all the steroids mentioned in the present review, their respective PubChem IDs are listed below. PubChem is a database of molecules, maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the United States National Institutes of Health. The IDs given below are intended to eliminate ambiguity caused by the use of different synonyms for the same metabolic intermediate by different authors when describing the androgen backdoor pathways. 11dF: 440707; 11K-5αdione: 11185733; 11KA4: 223997; 11KAST: 102029; 11KDHP4: 968899; 11KDHT: 11197479; 11KP4: 94166; 11KPdiol: 92264183; 11KPdione: 99568471; 11KT: 104796; 11OH-3αdiol: 349754907; 11OH-5αdione: 59087027; 11OHA4: 94141; 11OHAST: 10286365; 11OHDHP4: 11267580; 11OHDHT: 10018051; 11OHEt: 101849; 11OHP4: 101788; 11OHPdiol: 99601857; 11OHPdione: 99572627; 11OHT: 114920; 17OHP5: 3032570; 17-OHP: 6238; 17-OH-DHP: 11889565; 21dE: 102178; 21dF: 92827; 3,11diOH-DHP4: 10125849; 3α-diol: 15818; 3β-diol: 242332; 5α-DHP: 92810; 5α-dione: 222865; 5α-Pdiol: 111243; A4: 6128; A5: 10634; A5-S: 13847309; ALF: 104845; AlloP5: 92786; AST: 5879; DHEA: 5881; DHEA-S: 12594; DHT: 10635; DOC: 6166; P4: 5994; P5: 8955; T: 6013. == Abbreviations == === Steroids === * '''11dF''' 11-deoxycortisol (also known as Reichstein's substance S) * '''11K-3αdiol''' 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol-11-one * '''11K-5αdione''' 5α-androstane-3,11,17-trione (also known as 11-ketoandrostanedione or 11-keto-5α-androstanedione) * '''11KA4''' 11-ketoandrostenedione (also known as 4-androstene-3,11,17-trione or androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione or adrenosterone or Reichstein's substance G) * '''11KAST''' 5α-androstan-3α-ol-11,17-dione (also known as 11-ketoandrosterone) * '''11KDHP4''' 5α-pregnane-3,11,20-trione (also known as 11-ketodihydroprogesterone or allopregnanetrione) * '''11KDHT''' 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (also known as "5α-dihydro-11-keto testosterone" or 5α-dihydro-11-keto-testosterone) * '''11KP4''' 4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione (also known as pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione or 11-ketoprogesterone) * '''11KPdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-11,20-dione * '''11KPdione''' 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione * '''11KT''' 11-ketotestosterone (also known as 4-androsten-17β-ol-3,11-dione) * '''11OH-3αdiol''' 5α-androstane-3α,11β,17β-triol * '''11OH-5αdione''' 5α-androstan-11β-ol-3,17-dione (also known as 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione) * '''11OHA4''' 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (also known as 4-androsten-11β-ol-3,17-dione or androst-4-en-11β-ol-3,17-dione) * '''11OHAST''' 5α-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one (also known as 11β-hydroxyandrosterone) * '''11OHDHP4''' 5α-pregnan-11β-ol-3,20-dione (also known as 11β-hydroxydihydroprogesterone) * '''11OHDHT''' 11β-hydroxydihydrotestosterone (also known as 5α-dihydro-11β-hydroxytestosterone or 5α-androstane-11β,17β-diol-3-one or 11β,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one) * '''11OHEt''' 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (also known as 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one) * '''11OHP4''' 4-pregnen-11β-ol-3,20-dione (also known as pregn-4-en-11β-ol-3,20-dione or 21-deoxycorticosterone or 11β-hydroxyprogesterone) * '''11OHPdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,11β,17α-triol-20-one * '''11OHPdione''' 5α-pregnane-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione * '''11OHT''' 11β-hydroxytestosterone * '''17OHP5''' 17α-hydroxypregnenolone * '''17-OH-DHP''' 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (also known as 17α-hydroxydihydroprogesterone) * '''17-OHP''' 17α-hydroxyprogesterone * '''21dE''' 4-pregnen-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione (also known as pregn-4-en-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione or 21-deoxycortisone) * '''21dF''' 4-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione (also known as 11β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone or pregn-4-ene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione or 21-deoxycortisol or 21-desoxyhydrocortisone) * '''3,11diOH-DHP4''' 5α-pregnane-3α,11β-diol-20-one (also known as 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) * '''3α-diol''' 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (also known by abbreviation "5α-Adiol" or "5α-adiol"), also known as 3α-androstanediol * '''3β-diol''' 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (also known as 3β-androstanediol) * '''5α-DHP''' 5α-dihydroprogesterone * '''5α-dione''' androstanedione (also known as 5α-androstane-3,17-dione) * '''5α-Pdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (also known as 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone) * '''A4''' androstenedione (also known as 4-androstene-3,17-dione or androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) * '''A5''' androstenediol (also known as 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol or androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol) * '''A5-S''' androstenediol sulfate * '''ALF''' 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20-dione (also known, when used as a medication, as alfaxalone or alphaxalone) * '''AlloP5''' 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (also known as allopregnanolone) * '''AST''' 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (also known androsterone) * '''DHEA''' dehydroepiandrosterone (also known as 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one or androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one) * '''DHEA-S''' dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate * '''DHT''' 5α-dihydrotestosterone (also known as 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one) * '''DOC''' 11-deoxycorticosterone (also known as Reichstein's substance Q) * '''P4''' progesterone * '''P5''' pregnenolone * '''T''' testosterone === Enzymes (Abbreviated by their Gene Names) === * '''AKR1C2''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3) * '''AKR1C3''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2; also known as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (HSD17B5)) * '''AKR1C4''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1) * '''CYP11A1''' cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (also known by abbreviation "P450scc") * '''CYP11B1''' steroid 11β-hydroxylase * '''CYP11B2''' aldosterone synthase * '''CYP17A1''' steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (also known as cytochrome P450c17) * '''CYP21A2''' steroid 21α-hydroxylase (also known as 21-hydroxylase, or cytochrome P450c21) * '''DHRS9''' dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9 * '''HSD11B1''' 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 * '''HSD11B2''' 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 * '''HSD17B3''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 * '''HSD17B6''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (also known as retinol dehydrogenase-like hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, RL-HSD) * '''HSD17B10''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 * '''POR''' cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase * '''RDH16''' retinol dehydrogenase 16 (also known as RODH4) * '''RDH5''' retinol dehydrogenase 5 * '''SRD5A1''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 1 * '''SRD5A2''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 2 * '''SRD5A3''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 3 === Conditions === * '''BPH''' benign prostatic hyperplasia * '''CAH''' congenital adrenal hyperplasia * '''CP/CPPS''' chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome * '''CRPC''' castration-resistant prostate cancer * '''DSD''' disorder of sex development * '''PCOS''' polycystic ovary syndrome === Other === * '''ACTH''' adrenocorticotropic hormone * '''STAR''' steroidogenic acute regulatory protein == Additional Information == === Competing Interests === The authors have no competing interest. === Funding === The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and publication of this article. === Notes on The Use of Abbreviations === The authors sometimes used "full name – abbreviation" pairs repeatedly throughout the article for easier following. === Referencing Convention === {{ordered list |When particular results or conclusions of particular research or review are discussed, it is mentioned by the year when it was published and the last name of the first author with "et al.". The year may not necessarily be mentioned close to the name. |To back up a particular claim which is an exact claim (such as which enzyme catalyzes a particular reaction), the supporting article is cited in the text as a number in square brackets from the numbered list of references, without mentioning the year and the name. The same technique is applied to support a generalization (e.g., "the prevailing dogma", "not always considered", "canonical androgen steroidogenesis") — in such case, there is a reference to one or more supporting reviews without explicitly mentioning these reviews in the text. |When multiple studies that confirm the same finding (or that are on a similar topic) are cited, they are also cited as described in p.2., i.e., giving reference numbers in square brackets and without mentioning the year and the name.}} == References == {{reflist|35em}} anev3aka7ai3e24ju409onwlo0ioxwd 2412696 2412683 2022-08-09T00:03:05Z Maneesh 2723004 /* Nomenclature and Background */ solid vs. dashed wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | first1 = Maxim G | last1 = Masiutin | orcid1 = 0000-0002-8129-4500 | correspondence1 = maxim@masiutin.com | first2 = Maneesh K | last2 = Yadav | orcid2 = 0000-0002-4584-7606 | submitted = 4/22/2022 | contributors = | et_al = <!-- * The Wikipedia source page was https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_backdoor_pathway * No other people except the authors of the present article have contributed to the source page until this article was forked from that page on October 22, 2020 * When I added the "w1" attribute to the "Article info" box, the "et al." appears. The "et_al = false" attribute does not seem to work. There should be no "et al.". I have not found any way to remove the "et al." rather than removing the "w1" attribute. * Only when I remove both the "w1" attribute here and the link to Wikipedia entry in the Wikidate item, the "et al." disappears. | et_al = false | w1 = Androgen backdoor pathway --> | correspondence = | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | license = | abstract = The term "backdoor pathway" is sometimes used to specify different androgen steroidogenic pathways that avoid testosterone as an intermediate product. Although the term was initially defined as a metabolic route by which the 5α-reduction of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone ultimately leads to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, several other routes towards potent androgens have been discovered, which are also described as backdoor pathways. Some of the routes lead to 11-oxygenated androgens that are clinically relevant agonists of the androgen receptor. This review aims to provide a clear, comprehensive description that includes all currently known metabolic routes. Patient comprehension and the clinical diagnosis of relevant conditions such as hyperandrogenism can be impaired by the lack of clear and consistent knowledge of alternative androgen pathways; the authors hope this review will accurately disseminate such knowledge to facilitate the beneficial treatment of such patients. | keywords = testosterone, 11-oxygenated androgen, 11-oxyandrogen, 11-ketotestosterone, hyperandrogenism }} ==Introduction== The classical view of androgen steroidogenesis involves the combination of adrenal and gonadal pathways that convert cholesterol to the androgen testosterone (T), which in turn converts to the potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Broadly, androgens are understood to exert their primary effects through binding to cytosolic Androgen Receptor (AR) which is translocated to the nucleus upon androgen binding and ultimately results in the transcriptional regulation of a number of genes via Androgen Responsive Elements.<ref name="pmid12089231">{{Cite journal|last=Gelmann|first=Edward P.|year=2022|title=Molecular Biology of the Androgen Receptor|url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2002.10.018|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|language=en|volume=20|issue=13|pages=3001–3015|doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.10.018|pmid=12089231 |issn=0732-183X}}</ref> In 2003, a metabolic route to DHT that did not proceed through T was discovered in the tammar wallaby.<ref name="pmid12538619">{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Jean D.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|last3=Leihy|first3=Michael W.|last4=Guryev|first4=Oleg L.|last5=Estabrook|first5=Ronald W.|last6=Osborn|first6=Susan M.|last7=Shaw|first7=Geoffrey|last8=Renfree|first8=Marilyn B.|title=5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol is formed in tammar wallaby pouch young testes by a pathway involving 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,17alpha-diol-20-one as a key intermediate|journal=Endocrinology|year=2003 |volume=144|issue=2|pages=575–80|doi=10.1210/en.2002-220721|pmid=12538619|s2cid=84765868}}</ref> Shortly after this study, it was hypothesized that human steroidogenic enzymes are capable of catalyzing this pathway<ref name="pmid15519890">{{cite journal|last1=Auchus|first1=Richard J.|year=2004|title=The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone|journal=Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM|volume=15|issue=9|pages=432–8|doi=10.1016/j.tem.2004.09.004|pmid=15519890|s2cid=10631647}}</ref> and the potential clinical relevance in conditions involving androgen biosynthesis was proposed. Since then, steroidogenic androgen pathways to potent 11-oxygenated androgens have also been discovered and proposed as clinically relevant.<ref name="pmid27519632">{{cite journal |title=A new dawn for androgens: Novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=441 |pages=76–85 |year=2017 |pmid=27519632 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014|last1=Pretorius |first1=Elzette |last2=Arlt |first2=Wiebke |last3=Storbeck |first3=Karl-Heinz |s2cid=4079662 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/30346231/Pretorius_et_al_manuscript.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid32203405">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxygenated androgens in health and disease |journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=284–296 |year=2020 |pmid=32203405 |pmc=7881526 |doi=10.1038/s41574-020-0336-x|last1=Turcu |first1=Adina F. |last2=Rege |first2=Juilee |last3=Auchus |first3=Richard J. |last4=Rainey |first4=William E. }}</ref><ref name="pmid33539964">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Lise|last2=du Toit|first2=Therina|last3=Swart|first3=Amanda C.|title=Back where it belongs: 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione compels the re-assessment of C11-oxy androgens in steroidogenesis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539964|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|year=2021 |volume=525|pages=111189|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2021.111189|issn=1872-8057|pmid=33539964|s2cid=231776716 }}</ref> The discovery of these "alternative androgen pathways" can confound the search for clinical information when androgen steroidogenesis is relevant. Studies across different androgen pathways have also, confusingly, used different names for the same metabolic intermediates. In addition, pathways in studies sometimes differ in the precise initial/terminal molecules and the inclusion/exclusion of such points can hinder queries in electronic pathway databases. Alternative androgen pathways are now known to be responsible for the production of biologically active androgens in humans, and there is growing evidence that they play a role in clinical conditions associated with hyperandrogenism. While naming inconsistencies are notoriously common when it comes to biomolecules,<ref name="pmid30736318">{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Nhung|last2=van Heck|first2=Ruben G. A.|last3=van Dam|first3=Jesse C. J.|last4=Schaap|first4=Peter J.|last5=Saccenti|first5=Edoardo|last6=Suarez-Diez|first6=Maria|year=2019|title=Consistency, Inconsistency, and Ambiguity of Metabolite Names in Biochemical Databases Used for Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling|journal=Metabolites|volume=9|issue=2|page=28|doi=10.3390/metabo9020028|issn=2218-1989|pmc=6409771|pmid=30736318|doi-access=free}}</ref> understanding androgen steroidogenesis at the level of detail presented in this paper and establishing consensus names and pathway specifications would facilitate access to information towards diagnosis and patient comprehension. ==History== === Backdoor Pathways to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone === In 1987, Eckstein et al. incubated rat testicular microsomes in presence of radiolabeled steroids and demonstrated that 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol can be produced in immature rat testes from progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione (A4) but preferentially from 17-OHP.<ref name="pmid3828389">{{cite journal|last1=Eckstein|first1=B.|last2=Borut|first2=A.|last3=Cohen|first3=S.|title=Metabolic pathways for androstanediol formation in immature rat testis microsomes|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |year=1987 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3828389|volume=924|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1016/0304-4165(87)90063-8|issn=0006-3002|pmid=3828389}}</ref> While "androstanediol" was used to denote both 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, we use "3α-diol" to abbreviate 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in this paper as it is a common convention and emphasizes it as the 3α-reduced derivative of DHT. Tammar wallaby pouch young do not show sexually dimorphic circulating levels of T and DHT during prostate development, which led Shaw et al. to hypothesize in 2000 that another pathway was responsible for AR activation in this species.<ref name="pmid11035809" /> While 3α-diol has a reduced AR binding affinity relative to DHT by 5 orders of magnitude and is generally described as AR inactive, it was known 3α-diol can be oxidized back to DHT via the action of a number of dehydrogenases.<ref name="pmid11514561">{{cite journal|last1=Nahoum|first1=Virginie|last2=Gangloff|first2=Anne|last3=Legrand|first3=Pierre|last4=Zhu|first4=Dao-Wei|last5=Cantin|first5=Line|last6=Zhorov|first6=Boris S.|last7=Luu-The|first7=Van|last8=Labrie|first8=Fernand|last9=Breton|first9=Rock|year=2001|title=Structure of the human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 in complex with testosterone and NADP at 1.25-A resolution|journal=J Biol Chem|volume=276|issue=45|pages=42091–8|doi=10.1074/jbc.M105610200|pmid=11514561|doi-access=free|last10=Lin|first10=Sheng-Xiang}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923939">{{cite journal|last1=Dozmorov|first1=Mikhail G.|last2=Yang|first2=Qing|last3=Matwalli|first3=Adam|last4=Hurst|first4=Robert E.|last5=Culkin|first5=Daniel J.|last6=Kropp|first6=Bradley P.|last7=Lin|first7=Hsueh-Kung|year=2007|title=5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol selectively activates the canonical PI3K/AKT pathway: a bioinformatics-based evidence for androgen-activated cytoplasmic signaling|journal=Genomic Med|volume=1|issue=3–4|pages=139–46|doi=10.1007/s11568-008-9018-9|pmc=2269037|pmid=18923939}}</ref><ref name="Nishiyama2011">{{cite journal|last1=Nishiyama|first1=Tsutomu|last2=Ishizaki|first2=Fumio|last3=Takizawa|first3=Itsuhiro|last4=Yamana|first4=Kazutoshi|last5=Hara|first5=Noboru|last6=Takahashi|first6=Kota|year=2011|title=5α-Androstane-3α 17β-diol Will Be a Potential Precursor of the Most Active Androgen 5α-Dihydrotestosterone in Prostate Cancer|journal=Journal of Urology|volume=185|issue=4S|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.378}}</ref><ref name="pmid9183566">{{Cite journal|last=Penning|first=Trevor M.|year=1997|title=Molecular Endocrinology of Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases| url=https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/18/3/281/2530742|journal=Endocrine Reviews|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=281–305|doi=10.1210/edrv.18.3.0302|pmid=9183566 |s2cid=29607473 |issn=0163-769X}}</ref> Shaw et al. showed that prostate formation in these wallaby is caused by circulating 3α-diol (generated in the testes) and led to their prediction that 3α-diol acts in target tissues via conversion to DHT.<ref name="pmid11035809">{{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=G.|last2=Renfree|first2=M. B.|last3=Leihy|first3=M. W.|last4=Shackleton|first4=C. H.|last5=Roitman|first5=E.|last6=Wilson|first6=J. D.|year=2000|title=Prostate formation in a marsupial is mediated by the testicular androgen 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=97|issue=22|pages=12256–12259|bibcode=2000PNAS...9712256S|doi=10.1073/pnas.220412297|issn=0027-8424|pmc=17328|pmid=11035809|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2003, Wilson et al. incubated the testes of tammar wallaby pouch young with radiolabeled progesterone to show that 5α reductase expression in this tissue enabled a novel pathway from 17-OHP to 3α-diol without T as an intermediate:<ref name="pmid12538619" />{{unbulleted list|<small>17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) → 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (17-OH-DHP) → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol)</small>}}The authors hypothesized that a high level of 5α-reductase in the virilizing wallaby testes causes most C₁₉ steroids to be 5α-reduced to become ready DHT precursors. In 2004, Mahendroo et al. demonstrated that an overlapping novel pathway is operating in mouse testes, generalizing what had been demonstrated in tammar wallaby:<ref name="pmid15249131">{{cite journal|last1=Mahendroo|first1=Mala|last2=Wilson|first2=Jean D.|last3=Richardson|first3=James A.|last4=Auchus|first4=Richard J.|year=2004|title=Steroid 5alpha-reductase 1 promotes 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol synthesis in immature mouse testes by two pathways|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249131|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=222|issue=1–2|pages=113–120|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2004.04.009|issn=0303-7207|pmid=15249131|s2cid=54297812}}</ref>{{unbulleted list|<small>progesterone (P4) → 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) → 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (AlloP5)→ 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol)</small>}}The term "backdoor pathway" was coined by Auchus in 2004<ref name="pmid15519890" /> where it was defined as a route to DHT that: (1) bypasses conventional intermediates A4 and T; (2) involves 5α-reduction of the 21-carbon precursors (pregnanes) to 19-carbon products (androstanes) and (3) involves the 3α-oxidation of 3α-diol to DHT. This alternative pathway seems to explain how potent androgens are produced under certain normal and pathological conditions in humans when the canonical androgen biosynthetic pathway cannot fully explain the observed consequences. The pathway was described as:{{unbulleted list|<small>17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) → 17-OH-DHP (5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione) → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) → 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) → 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</small>}}The clinical relevance of these results was demonstrated in 2012 for the first time when Kamrath et al. attributed the urinary metabolites to the androgen backdoor pathway from 17-OHP to DHT in patients with steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency.<ref name="pmid22170725" /> === 5α-Dione Pathway === In 2011, Chang et al. demonstrated that an alternative pathway to DHT was dominant and possibly essential in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by presenting evidence from cell culture and xenograft models:<ref name="pmid21795608">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=K.-H.|last2=Li|first2=R.|last3=Papari-Zareei|first3=M.|last4=Watumull|first4=L.|last5=Zhao|first5=Y. D.|last6=Auchus|first6=R. J.|last7=Sharifi|first7=N.|year=2011|title=Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=33|pages=13728–13733|bibcode=2011PNAS..10813728C|doi=10.1073/pnas.1107898108|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3158152|pmid=21795608|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{unbulleted list|<small>androstenedione (A4) → androstanedione (5α-dione) → 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</small>}}While this pathway was described as the "5α-dione pathway" in a 2012 review,<ref name="pmid22064602">{{cite journal |title=The 5α-androstanedione pathway to dihydrotestosterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer |journal=J Investig Med |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=504–7 |year=2012 |pmid=22064602 |pmc=3262939 |doi=10.2310/JIM.0b013e31823874a4 |last1=Sharifi |first1=Nima }}</ref> the existence of such a pathway in the prostate was hypothesized in a 2008 review by Luu-The et al.<ref name="pmid18471780">{{cite journal|last1=Luu-The|first1=Van|last2=Bélanger|first2=Alain|last3=Labrie|first3=Fernand|year=2008|title=Androgen biosynthetic pathways in the human prostate|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=22|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.01.008|issn=1521-690X|pmid=18471780}}</ref> A modern outlook of the synthesis of the backdoor pathways to DHT and the 5α-dione pathway is shown in Figure 2. === 11-Oxygenated Androgen Pathways === 11-Oxygenated androgens are the products of another alternative androgen pathway found in humans. While the 11-oxygenated C₁₉ steroids 11OHA4 and 11KA4 were known since the 1950s to be products of the human adrenal, with negligible androgenic activity, but their role as substrates to potent androgens had been overlooked in humans though they were known to be the main androgens in teleost fishes.<ref name="pmid30959151">{{cite journal |title=Circulating 11-oxygenated androgens across species |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=190 |pages=242–249 |year=2019 |pmid=30959151 |pmc=6733521 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.005|last1=Rege |first1=Juilee |last2=Garber |first2=Scott |last3=Conley |first3=Alan J. |last4=Elsey |first4=Ruth M. |last5=Turcu |first5=Adina F. |last6=Auchus |first6=Richard J. |last7=Rainey |first7=William E. }}</ref><ref name="pmid27519632" /><ref name="pmid34171490" /><ref name="pmid23386646">{{cite journal|last1=Rege|first1=Juilee|last2=Nakamura|first2=Yasuhiro|last3=Satoh|first3=Fumitoshi|last4=Morimoto|first4=Ryo|last5=Kennedy|first5=Michael R.|last6=Layman|first6=Lawrence C.|last7=Honma|first7=Seijiro|last8=Sasano|first8=Hironobu|last9=Rainey|first9=William E.|year=2013|title=Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of human adrenal vein 19-carbon steroids before and after ACTH stimulation|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1182–8|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-2912|pmc=3590473|pmid=23386646}}</ref> Rege et al. in 2013 measured 11-oxygenated androgens in healthy women and showed the 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KT) and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) activation of human AR.<ref name="pmid23386646" /> In 2013, Storbeck et al. demonstrated the existence of 11-oxygenated androgen pathways in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell culture.<ref name="pmid23856005">{{cite journal|title=11β-Hydroxydihydrotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone, novel C19 steroids with androgenic activity: a putative role in castration resistant prostate cancer? |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=377 |issue=1–2 |pages=135–46 |pmid=23856005 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.006 |s2cid=11740484 |last1=Storbeck |first1=Karl-Heinz |last2=Bloem |first2=Liezl M. |last3=Africander |first3=Donita |last4=Schloms |first4=Lindie |last5=Swart |first5=Pieter |last6=Swart |first6=Amanda C. |year=2013 }}</ref> The authors indicated that A4 is converted 1β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) which can ultimately be converted into 11KT and 11KDHT as shown in Figure 4. The authors found that 11KT activity is comparable to that of T, and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT) activity is comparable to that of DHT, while the activities of 11OHT and 5α-dihydro-11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHDHT) were observed to be about half of T and DHT, respectively. However, androgen activity in that study was only assessed at a single concentration of 1 nM.<ref name="pmid23856005" /> To confirm androgen activity of 11KT and 11KDHT, a study by Pretorius et al. performing full dose responses showed in 2016 that 11KT and 11KDHT both bind and activate the human AR with affinities, potencies, and efficacies that are similar to that of T and DHT, respectively.<ref name="pmid27442248">{{cite journal|last1=Pretorius|first1=Elzette|last2=Africander|first2=Donita J.|last3=Vlok|first3=Maré|last4=Perkins|first4=Meghan S.|last5=Quanson|first5=Jonathan|last6=Storbeck|first6=Karl-Heinz|year=2016|title=11-Ketotestosterone and 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: Potent Androgens Which Can No Longer Be Ignored|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=7|pages=e0159867|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159867|pmc=4956299|pmid=27442248|doi-access=free}}</ref> These findings were later confirmed in 2021<ref name="pmid34990809">{{cite journal|last1=Handelsman|first1=David J.|last2=Cooper|first2=Elliot R.|last3=Heather|first3=Alison K.|year=2022|title=Bioactivity of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens in yeast and mammalian host cells|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=218|issue=|pages=106049|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106049|pmid=34990809|s2cid=245635429}}</ref> and 2022.<ref name="pmid35046557">{{cite journal|last1=Snaterse|first1=Gido|last2=Mies|first2=Rosinda|last3=Van Weerden|first3=Wytske M.|last4=French|first4=Pim J.|last5=Jonker|first5=Johan W.|last6=Houtsmuller|first6=Adriaan B.|last7=Van Royen|first7=Martin E.|last8=Visser|first8=Jenny A.|last9=Hofland|first9=Johannes|year=2022|title=Androgen receptor mutations modulate activation by 11-oxygenated androgens and glucocorticoids|url=https://pure.eur.nl/ws/files/48975803/s41391_022_00491_z.pdf|journal=Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis|doi=10.1038/s41391-022-00491-z|pmid=35046557|s2cid=246040148}}</ref> Bloem et al. in 2015<ref name="pmid25869556">{{cite journal|last1=Bloem|first1=Liezl M.|last2=Storbeck|first2=Karl-Heinz|last3=Swart|first3=Pieter|last4=du Toit|first4=Therina|last5=Schloms|first5=Lindie|last6=Swart|first6=Amanda C.|year=2015|title=Advances in the analytical methodologies: Profiling steroids in familiar pathways-challenging dogmas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869556|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=153|pages=80–92|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.009|issn=1879-1220|pmid=25869556|s2cid=31332668}}</ref> demonstrated that androgen pathways towards those 11-keto and 11β-hydroxy androgens can bypass A4 and T to produce 11KDHT in pathways similar to a backdoor pathway to DHT. This similarity led to the description of pathways from P4 and 17OHP to 11-oxyandrogens as "backdoor" pathways,<ref name="pmid25869556" /> which was further characterized in subsequent studies as contributing to active and biologically relevant androgens.<ref name="pmid28774496">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Lise|last2=Gent|first2=Rachelle|last3=Van Rooyen|first3=Desmaré|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2017|title=Adrenal C11-oxy C21 steroids contribute to the C11-oxy C19 steroid pool via the backdoor pathway in the biosynthesis and metabolism of 21-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisone|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076017302091|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=174|pages=86–95|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.034|pmid=28774496|s2cid=24071400}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277707">{{cite journal|last1=van Rooyen|first1=Desmaré|last2=Gent|first2=Rachelle|last3=Barnard|first3=Lise|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2018|title=The in vitro metabolism of 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone to 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in the backdoor pathway|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=178|pages=203–212|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.014|pmid=29277707|s2cid=3700135}}</ref><ref name="pmid32007561">{{cite journal|last1=Van Rooyen|first1=Desmaré|last2=Yadav|first2=Rahul|last3=Scott|first3=Emily E.|last4=Swart|first4=Amanda C.|year=2020|title=CYP17A1 exhibits 17αhydroxylase/17,20-lyase activity towards 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone metabolites in the C11-oxy backdoor pathway|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=199|pages=105614|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105614|pmid=32007561|s2cid=210955834}}</ref> A diagram of 11-oxygenated androgen steroidogenesis is shown in Figure 4. ==Definition== We suggest the term "alternative androgen pathway" to refer to any pathway that produces potent androgens without a T intermediate. This subsumes all three groups of androgen pathways described in the previous section. A new term that describes the three groups pathways (as well as future discoveries) will allow a single entry point into scientific information when alternatives to canonical<ref name="NBK557634">{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557634/|title=Biochemistry, Dihydrotestosterone|publisher=StatPearls|year=2022}}</ref><ref name="pmid30763313">{{cite journal|last1=O'Shaughnessy|first1=Peter J.|last2=Antignac|first2=Jean Philippe|last3=Le Bizec|first3=Bruno|last4=Morvan|first4=Marie-Line|last5=Svechnikov|first5=Konstantin|last6=Söder|first6=Olle|last7=Savchuk|first7=Iuliia|last8=Monteiro|first8=Ana|last9=Soffientini|first9=Ugo|year=2019|title=Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=e3000002|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000002|pmc=6375548|pmid=30763313|last10=Johnston|first10=Zoe C.|last11=Bellingham|first11=Michelle|last12=Hough|first12=Denise|last13=Walker|first13=Natasha|last14=Filis|first14=Panagiotis|last15=Fowler|first15=Paul A.|editor-last1=Rawlins|editor-first1=Emma}}</ref><ref name="pmid31900912" /> androgen pathway must be considered. ==Nomenclature and Background== Complex naming rules for organic chemistry lead to the use of incorrect steroid names in studies. The presence of incorrect names impairs the ability to query information about androgen pathways. Since we were able to find many examples of incorrect names for molecules referred to in this paper in Google Scholar searches<ref name="google-pregnan17diol" /><ref name="google-pregnane17ol" />, we have added this expository section on steroid nomenclature to facilitate the use of correct names. Almost all biologically relevant steroids can be presented as a derivative of a parent hydrocarbon structure. These parent structures have specific names, such as pregnane, androstane, etc. The derivatives carry various functional groups called suffixes or prefixes after the respective numbers indicating their position in the steroid nucleus.<ref name="pmid2606099-parent-elisions" /> The widely-used steroid names such as progesterone, testosterone or cortisol can also be used as base names to derive new names, however, by adding prefixes only rather than suffixes, e.g., the steroid 17α-hydroxyprogesterone has a hydroxy group (-OH) at position 17 of the steroid nucleus comparing to progesterone. The letters α and β<ref name="pmid2606099-rs">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |year=1989 |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=431 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099|quote-page=431|chapter=3S-1.4|quote=3S-1.4. Orientation of projection formulae When the rings of a steroid are denoted as projections onto the plane of the paper, the formula is normally to be oriented as in 2a. An atom or group attached to a ring depicted as in the orientation 2a is termed α (alpha) if it lies below the plane of the paper or β (beta) if it lies above the plane of the paper. }}</ref> denote absolute stereochemistry at chiral centers (a specific nomenclature distinct from the R/S convention<ref name="norc-rs">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-91|pages=868|quote-page=868|quote=P-91.2.1.1 Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) stereodescriptors Some stereodescriptors described in the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority system, called ‘CIP stereodescriptors’, are recommended to specify the configuration of organic compounds, as described and exemplified in this Chapter and applied in Chapters P-1 through P-8, and in the nomenclature of natural products in Chapter P-10. The following stereodescriptors are used as preferred stereodescriptors (see P-92.1.2): (a) ‘R’ and ‘S’, to designate the absolute configuration of tetracoordinate (quadriligant) chirality centers;}}</ref> of organic chemistry). In steroids drawn from the standard perspective used in this paper, α-bonds are depicted on figures as dashed wedges and β-bonds as solid wedges. The molecule "11-deoxycortisol" is an example of a derived name that uses cortisol as a parent structure without an oxygen atom (hence "deoxy") attached to position 11 (as a part of a hydroxy group).<ref name="norc-deoxy">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-13.8.1.1|pages=66|quote-page=66|quote=P-13.8.1.1 The prefix ‘de’ (not ‘des’), followed by the name of a group or atom (other than hydrogen), denotes removal (or loss) of that group and addition of the necessary hydrogen atoms, i.e., exchange of that group with hydrogen atoms. As an exception, ‘deoxy’, when applied to hydroxy compounds, denotes the removal of an oxygen atom from an –OH group with the reconnection of the hydrogen atom. ‘Deoxy’ is extensively used as a subtractive prefix in carbohydrate nomenclature (see P-102.5.3).}}</ref> The numbering of positions of carbon atoms in the steroid nucleus is set in a template found in the Nomenclature of Steroids<ref name="pmid2606099-numbering">{{cite journal|year=1989|title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989|journal=Eur J Biochem|volume=186|issue=3|pages=430|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x|pmid=2606099|quote=3S-1.l. Numbering and ring letters Steroids are numbered and rings are lettered as in formula 1|quote-page=430}}</ref> that is used regardless of whether an atom is present in the steroid in question. Although the nomenclature defines more than 30 positions, we need just positions up to 21 for the steroids described here (see Figure 1). [[File:steroid-numbering-to-21-opt.svg|thumb|Numbering of carbon atoms up to position 21 (positions 18 and 19 are omitted) in a hypothetical steroid nucleus, as defined by the Nomenclature of Steroids]] Unsaturation (presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in the steroid nucleus) is indicated by changing -ane to -ene.<ref name="pmid2606099-unsaturation">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099 |quote-page=436-437|quote=3S-2.5 Unsaturation Unsaturation is indicated by changing -ane to -ene, -adiene, -yne etc., or -an- to -en-, -adien-, -yn- etc. Examples: Androst-5-ene, not 5-androstene 5α-Cholest-6-ene 5β-Cholesta-7,9(11)-diene 5α-Cholest-6-en-3β-ol Notes 1) It is now recommended that the locant of a double bond is always adjacent to the syllable designating the unsaturation. [...] 3) The use of Δ (Greek capital delta) character is not recommended to designate unsaturation in individual names. It may be used, however, in generic terms, like ‘Δ⁵-steroids’}}</ref> This change was traditionally done in the parent name, adding a prefix to denote the position, with or without Δ (Greek capital delta), for example, 4-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione (also Δ⁴-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione) or 4-androstene-3,11,17-trione (also Δ⁴-androstene-3,11,17-trione). However, the Nomenclature of Steroids recommends the locant of a double bond to be always adjacent to the syllable designating the unsaturation, therefore, having it as a suffix rather than a prefix, and without the use of the Δ character, i.e. pregn-4-ene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione or androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione. The double bond is designated by the lower-numbered carbon atom, i.e. "Δ⁴-" or "4-ene" means the double bond between positions 4 and 5. Saturation of double bonds (replacing a double bond between two carbon atoms with a single bond so that each of these atoms can attach one additional hydrogen atom) of a parent steroid can be done by adding "dihydro-" prefix,<ref name="norc">{{cite book|first1=Henri|last1=Favre|first2=Warren|last2=Powell|title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013|publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85404-182-4|doi=10.1039/9781849733069|chapter=P-3|quote=P-31.2.2 General methodology ‘Hydro’ and ‘dehydro’ prefixes are associated with hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, respectively, of a double bond; thus, multiplying prefixes of even values, as ‘di’, ‘tetra’, etc. are used to indicate the saturation of double bond(s), for example ‘dihydro’, ‘tetrahydro’; or creation of double (or triple) bonds, as ‘didehydro’, etc. In names, they are placed immediately at the front of the name of the parent hydride and in front of any nondetachable prefixes. Indicated hydrogen atoms have priority over ‘hydro‘ prefixes for low locants. If indicated hydrogen atoms are present in a name, the ‘hydro‘ prefixes precede them.}}</ref> i.e. saturation of a double bond between positions 4 and 5 of testosterone with two hydrogen atoms may yield 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone or 4,5β-dihydrotestosterone. Generally, when there is no ambiguity, one number of a hydrogen position from a steroid with a saturated bond may be omitted, leaving only the position of the second hydrogen atom, e.g., 5α-dihydrotestosterone or 5β-dihydrotestosterone. Some steroids are traditionally grouped as Δ⁵-steroids (with a double bond between carbons 5 and 6 junctions (Figure 1)) and some as Δ⁴ steroids (with a double bond between carbons 4 and 5), respectively.<ref name="pmid21051590">{{cite journal |title=The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders |journal=Endocr Rev |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=81–151 |pmid=21051590 |pmc=3365799 |doi=10.1210/er.2010-0013|last1=Miller |first1=Walter L. |last2=Auchus |first2=Richard J.|year=2011 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2606099-unsaturation"/> Canonical androgen synthesis is generally described as having a Δ⁵ pathway (from cholesterol to pregnenolone (P5) to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17OHP5) to DHEA to androstenediol (A5)) and of the Δ⁴ pathway (from P4 to 17-OHP to A4 to T). The abbreviations like "P4" and "A4" are used for convenience to designate them as Δ⁴-steroids, while "P5" and "A5" - as Δ⁵-steroids, respectively. The suffix -ol denotes a hydroxy group, while the suffix -one denotes an oxo group. When two or three identical groups are attached to the base structure at different positions, the suffix is ​​indicated as -diol or -triol for hydroxy, and -dione or -trione for oxo groups, respectively. For example, 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one has a hydrogen atom at the 5α position (hence the "5α-" prefix), two hydroxy groups (-OH) at the 3α and 17α positions (hence "3α,17α-diol" suffix) and an oxo group (=O) at the position 20 (hence the "20-one" suffix). However, erroneous use of suffixes can be found, e.g., "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione"<ref name="google-pregnan17diol">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%225%CE%B1-pregnan-17%CE%B1-diol-3%2C11%2C20-trione%22| title=Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione" that is an incorrect name| year=2022}}</ref> [''sic''] — since it has just one hydroxy group (at 17α) rather than two, then the suffix should be -ol, rather than -diol, so that the correct name to be "5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione". According to the rule set in the Nomenclature of Steroids, the terminal "e" in the parent structure name should be elided before the vowel (the presence or absence of a number does not affect such elision).<ref name="pmid2606099-parent-elisions">{{cite journal |title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 |journal=Eur J Biochem |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=441 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x |pmid=2606099|quote-page=441|quote=3S-4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3S-4.0. General Nearly all biologically important steroids are derivatives of the parent hydrocarbons (cf. Table 1) carrying various functional groups. [...] Suffixes are added to the name of the saturated or unsaturated parent system (see 33-2.5), the terminal e of -ane, -ene, -yne, -adiene etc. being elided before a vowel (presence or absence of numerals has no effect on such elisions).}}</ref> This means, for instance, that if the suffix immediately appended to the parent structure name begins with a vowel, the trailing "e" is removed from that name. An example of such removal is "5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione", where the last "e" of "pregnane" is dropped due to the vowel ("o") at the beginning of the suffix -ol. Some authors incorrectly use this rule, eliding the terminal "e" where it should be kept, or vice versa.<ref name="google-pregnane17ol">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%225%CE%B1-pregnane-17%CE%B1-ol-3%2C20-dione%22| title=Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnane-17α-ol-3,20-dione" that is an incorrect name| year=2022}}</ref> In the term "11-oxygenated" applied to a steroid, "oxygenated" refers to the presence of the oxygen atom in a group; this term is consistently used within the chemistry of the steroids<ref name="chemster">{{cite journal|last1=Makin|first1=H.L.J.|last2=Trafford|first2=D.J.H.|year=1972|title=The chemistry of the steroids|journal=Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=1|issue=2|pages=333–360|doi=10.1016/S0300-595X(72)80024-0}}</ref> since as early as 1950s.<ref name="pmid13167092">{{cite journal|last1=Bongiovanni|first1=A. M.|last2=Clayton|first2=G. W.|year=1954|title=Simplified method for estimation of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids in urine of individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia|url=|journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med|volume=85|issue=3|pages=428–9|doi=10.3181/00379727-85-20905|pmid=13167092|s2cid=8408420}}</ref><ref name="pmid23386646" /> Some studies use the term "11-oxyandrogens"<ref name="11oxyhs">{{cite journal|last1=Slaunwhite|first1=W.Roy|last2=Neely|first2=Lavalle|last3=Sandberg|first3=Avery A.|year=1964|title=The metabolism of 11-Oxyandrogens in human subjects|journal=Steroids|volume=3|issue=4|pages=391–416|doi=10.1016/0039-128X(64)90003-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277706">{{cite journal|last1=Kamrath|first1=Clemens|last2=Wettstaedt|first2=Lisa|last3=Boettcher|first3=Claudia|last4=Hartmann|first4=Michaela F.|last5=Wudy|first5=Stefan A.|year=2018|title=Androgen excess is due to elevated 11-oxygenated androgens in treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=178|pages=221–228|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.016|issn=0960-0760|pmid=29277706|s2cid=3709499}}</ref><ref name="pmid35611324" /> potentially as an abbreviation for 11-oxygenated androgens, to emphasize that they all have an oxygen atom attached to carbon at position 11.<ref name="pmid32203405" /> However, in chemical nomenclature, the prefix "oxy" refers to an ether, i.e., a compound with an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups (-O-), therefore, using the part "oxy" for a steroid may be misleading. The oxo group (=O) bound to a carbon atom forms a larger, ketone group (R₂C=O), hence the prefix "11-keto" used in the medical literature to denote an oxo group bound to carbon at position 11. However, the 1989 recommendations of the Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature discourage the application of the prefix "keto" for steroid names, and favor the prefix "oxo" (e.g., 11-oxo steroids rather than 11-keto steroids), because keto denotes "R₂C=O", while only "=O" is attached in steroids to the carbon at a particular position. Therefore, the same carbon atom should not be specified twice.<ref name="pmid2606099-keto">{{cite journal|year=1989|title=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989|journal=Eur J Biochem|volume=186|issue=3|pages=429–58|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x|pmid=2606099|quote=The prefix oxo- should also be used in connection with generic terms, e.g., 17-oxo steroids. The term ‘17-keto steroids’, often used in the medical literature, is incorrect because C-17 is specified twice, as the term keto denotes C=O|quote-page=430}}</ref> == Biochemistry == A more detailed description of each alternative androgen pathway described in the History section is provided below. Protein names are abbreviated by the standard gene names that they are encoded by (e.g., 5α-reductases type 1 is abbreviated by SRD5A1). Full enzyme names can be found in the Abbreviations section. === Backdoor Pathways to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone === While 5α-reduction is the last transformation in canonical androgen steroidogenesis, it is the first step in the backdoor pathways to 5α-dihydrotestosterone that acts on either 17-OHP or P4 which are ultimately converted to DHT.[[File:Androgen backdoor pathway.svg|thumb|left|The androgen backdoor pathways from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone or progesterone towards 5α-dihydrotestosterone roundabout testosterone and androstenedione (red arrows), as well as the "5α-dione" pathway that starts with 5α-reduction of androstenedione, embedded within canonical steroidogenesis (black arrows). Genes corresponding to the enzymes for catalysis are shown in boxed text with the associated arrow. Some additional proteins that are required for specific transformations (such as Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), Cytochromes b₅, Cytochrome P450 reductase (POR)) are not shown for clarity.]] ====17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Pathway ==== [[File:Androgen backdoor pathway from 17-OHP to DHT.svg|thumb|right|The steroids involved in the metabolic pathway from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone with roundabout of testosterone. The red circle indicates the change in molecular structure compared to the precursor.]] The first step of this pathway is the 5α-reduction of 17-OHP to 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (17-OH-DHP, since it is also known as 17α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone). The reaction is catalyzed by SRD5A1,<ref name="pmid23073980">{{cite journal|last1=Fukami|first1=Maki|last2=Homma|first2=Keiko|last3=Hasegawa|first3=Tomonobu|last4=Ogata|first4=Tsutomu|year=2013|title=Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: implications for normal and abnormal human sex development|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=242|issue=4|pages=320–9|doi=10.1002/dvdy.23892|pmid=23073980|s2cid=44702659}}</ref><ref name="pmid31611378">{{cite journal|last1=Reisch|first1=Nicole|last2=Taylor|first2=Angela E.|last3=Nogueira|first3=Edson F.|last4=Asby|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Dhir|first5=Vivek|last6=Berry|first6=Andrew|last7=Krone|first7=Nils|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Shackleton|first9=Cedric H. L.|title=Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|year=2019 |volume=116|issue=44|pages=22294–22299|doi=10.1073/pnas.1906623116|issn=1091-6490|pmc=6825302|pmid=31611378|doi-access=free }}</ref> though some authors suggest SRD5A2 may also catalyze this reaction in some contexts. 17-OH-DHP is then converted to 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (5α-Pdiol) via 3α-reduction by a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme (AKR1C2 and AKR1C4)<ref name="pmid30763313" /><ref name="pmid21802064">{{cite journal|last1=Flück|first1=Christa E.|last2=Meyer-Böni|first2=Monika|last3=Pandey|first3=Amit V.|last4=Kempná|first4=Petra|last5=Miller|first5=Walter L.|last6=Schoenle|first6=Eugen J.|last7=Biason-Lauber|first7=Anna|year=2011|title=Why boys will be boys: two pathways of fetal testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for male sexual differentiation|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=89|issue=2|pages=201–218|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.009|issn=1537-6605|pmc=3155178|pmid=21802064}}</ref> or 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (HSD17B6), that also has 3α-reduction activity.<ref name="pmid9188497">{{cite journal |title=Expression cloning and characterization of oxidative 17beta- and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from rat and human prostate |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=272 |issue=25 |pages=15959–66 |pmid=9188497 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.25.15959|doi-access=free |last1=Biswas |first1=Michael G. |last2=Russell |first2=David W. |year=1997 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22114194">{{cite journal|title=Estrogen receptor β and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6, a growth regulatory pathway that is lost in prostate cancer |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=108 |issue=50 |pages=20090–4 |pmid=22114194 |pmc=3250130 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117772108|doi-access=free |last1=Muthusamy |first1=Selvaraj |last2=Andersson |first2=Stefan |last3=Kim |first3=Hyun-Jin |last4=Butler |first4=Ryan |last5=Waage |first5=Linda |last6=Bergerheim |first6=Ulf |last7=Gustafsson |first7=Jan-Åke |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10820090M }}</ref> 5α-Pdiol is also known as 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone or 17-OH-allopregnanolone. 5α-Pdiol is then converted to 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (AST) by 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 which cleaves a side-chain (C17-C20 bond) from the steroid nucleus, converting a C₂₁ steroid (a pregnane) to C₁₉ steroid (an androstane or androgen). AST, in its turn, is 17β-reduced to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 or type 5 (HSD17B3 and AKR1C3).<ref name="pmid31900912" /> The final step is 3α-oxidation of 3α-diol in target tissues to DHT by an enzyme that has 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity, such as AKR1C2,<ref name="pmid12604227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rizner TL, Lin HK, Penning TM |title=Role of human type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C2) in androgen metabolism of prostate cancer cells |journal=Chem Biol Interact |volume=143-144 |issue= |pages=401–9 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12604227 |doi=10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00179-5}}</ref> HSD17B6, HSD17B10, RDH16, RDH5, and DHRS9.<ref name="pmid31611378"/> This oxidation is not required in the canonical pathway. The pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|17-OHP → 17-OH-DHP → 5α-Pdiol → AST → 3α-diol → DHT}} ====Progesterone Pathway==== The pathway from P4 to DHT is similar to that described above from 17-OHP to DHT, but the initial substrate for 5α-reductase here is P4 rather than 17-OHP. In male fetuses, placental P4 acts as a substrate during the biosynthesis of backdoor androgens, which occur in multiple tissues. Enzymes related to this backdoor pathway in the human male fetus are mainly expressed in non-gonadal tissues, and the steroids involved in this pathway are also primarily present in non-gonadal tissues.<ref name="pmid30763313"/> The first step in this pathway is 5α-reduction of P4 towards 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) by SRD5A1. 5α-DHP is then converted to 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (AlloP5) via 3α-reduction by a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme (AKR1C2/AKR1C4). AlloP5 is then converted to 5α-Pdiol by the 17α-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1. This metabolic pathway proceeds analogously to DHT as the 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Pathway. The pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|P4 → 5α-DHP → AlloP5 → 5α-Pdiol → AST → 3α-diol → DHT}} === 5α-Dione Pathway === 5α-reduction is also the initial transformation of the 5α-dione pathway where A4 is converted to androstanedione (5α-dione) by SRDA51 and then directly to DHT by either HSD17B3 or AKR1C3. While this pathway is unlikely to be biological relevance in healthy humans, it has been found operating in castration-resistant prostate cancer.<ref name="pmid21795608"/> The 5α-dione can also transformed into AST, which can then either converted back to 5α-dione or be transformed into DHT along the common part of the backdoor pathways to DHT (i.e., via 3α-diol).<ref name="pmid18923939"/><ref name="Nishiyama2011"/><ref name="pmid9183566"/> This pathway can be summarized as:{{unbulleted list|A4 → 5α-dione → DHT<ref name="pmid21795608"/>}} === 11-Oxygenated Androgen Pathways === [[File:Routes to 11-oxyandrogens.svg|thumb|Routes to 11-oxygenated androgens in humans|thumb|left|Abbreviated routes to 11-oxygenated androgens with transformations annotated with gene names of corresponding enzymes. Certain CYP17A1 mediated reactions that transform 11-oxygenated androgens classes (grey box) are omitted for clarity. Δ⁵ compounds that are transformed to Δ⁴ compounds are also omitted for clarity.]] Routes to 11-oxygenated androgens<ref name="pmid27442248" /><ref name="pmid32203405" /><ref name="pmid30825506">{{cite journal|last1=Gent|first1=R.|last2=Du Toit|first2=T.|last3=Bloem|first3=L. M.|last4=Swart|first4=A. C.|year=2019|title=The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms: pivotal catalytic activities yield potent C11-oxy C19 steroids with HSD11B2 favouring 11-ketotestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketoprogesterone biosynthesis|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=189|issue=|pages=116–126|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.013|pmid=30825506|s2cid=73490363}}</ref><ref name="pmid25869556" /> (Figure 4) also fall under our definition of alternative androgen pathways. These routes begin with four Δ⁴ steroid entry points (P4, 17OHP, A4 and T) and can then enter a lattice-like organization of possible transformations between 19-carbon steroid products. Wether or not a steroid is subject to a given transformation path depends on health status and the expression of a given enzyme in the tissue where that steroid is synthesized or transported to. All the steroid products in this lattice have a hydroxy group (-OH) or an oxo group (=O) covalently bound to the carbon atom at position 11 (see Figure 1). Only four 11-oxygenated steroids are known to be androgenic: 11OHT, 11OHDHT, 11KT and 11KDHT with activities that are correspondingly comparable to T and DHT. The relative importance of the androgens depends on activity, circulating levels and stability. It may be that 11KT is the main androgen in women since it circulates at similar level to T but 11KT levels may not decline with age as T does (though some evidence suggests that they do<ref name="pmid31390028">{{cite journal|last1=Skiba|first1=Marina A.|last2=Bell|first2=Robin J.|last3=Islam|first3=Rakibul M.|last4=Handelsman|first4=David J.|last5=Desai|first5=Reena|last6=Davis|first6=Susan R.|year=2019|title=Androgens During the Reproductive Years: What Is Normal for Women?|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=104|issue=11|pages=5382–5392|doi=10.1210/jc.2019-01357|pmid=31390028|s2cid=199467054}}</ref>). While KDHT is equipotent to DHT, circulating levels of KDHT are lower than DHT and SRD5A1 mediated transformation of KT to KDHT does not seem be significant. The other steroid products 11OHA4 and 11KA4 have been established as not having any androgen activity, but remain important molecules in this context since they act as androgen precursors. The complex lattice structure see in Figure 4 can be understood broadly as the four Δ⁴ steroid entry points that can undergo a common sequence of three transformations: 1. 11β-hydroxylation by CYP11B1/2.<ref name="pmid23685396" /><ref name="Haru1980">{{cite journal|last1=Haru|first1=Shibusawa|last2=Yumiko|first2=Sano|last3=Shoichi|first3=Okinaga|last4=Kiyoshi|first4=Arai|year=1980|title=Studies on 11β-hydroxylase of the human fetal adrenal gland|journal=Journal of Steroid Biochemistry|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=13|issue=8|pages=881–887|doi=10.1016/0022-4731(80)90161-2|issn=0022-4731|pmid=6970302}}</ref><ref name="pmid22101210">{{cite journal|last1=Schloms|first1=Lindie|last2=Storbeck|first2=Karl-Heinz|last3=Swart|first3=Pieter|last4=Gelderblom|first4=Wentzel C.A.|last5=Swart|first5=Amanda C.|year=2012|title=The influence of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and dihydrochalcones on adrenal steroidogenesis: quantification of steroid intermediates and end products in H295R cells|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=128|issue=3–5|pages=128–38|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.11.003|pmid=22101210|s2cid=26099234}}</ref> 2. 5α-reduction by SRD5A1/2 3. Reversible 3α-reduction/oxidation of the ketone/alcohol These steroids correspond to the "11OH" column in Figure 4. This sequence is replicated in the parallel column of "11K" steroids, in which are a result of 11β-reduction/oxidation of the ketone/alcohol (HSD11B1 catalyzes both oxidation and reduction while HSD11B2 only catalyzes the oxidation).<ref name="pmid23856005" /> There are additional transformations in the lattice that cross the derivatives of the entry points. AKR1C3 catalyzes (reversibly in some cases) 17β-reduction of the ketone/alcohol to transform between steroids that can be derived from T and A4. Steroids that can be derived from P4 can also be transformed to those that can be derived from 17OHP via CYP17A1 17α-hydroxylase activity. Some members of the 17OHP derived steroids can be transformed to A4 derived members via CYP17A1 17,20 lyase activity. The next sections describe what are understood to be the primary routes to androgens amongst the many possible routes visible in Figure 4. ==== C₁₉ Steroid Entry Points ==== A4 that is synthesized in the adrenal where it can undergo 11β-hydroxylation to yield 11OHA4, an important circulating androgen precursor, which is further transformed to 11KA4 and then KT (primarily outside the adrenal in peripheral tissue): {{unbulleted list|A4 → 11OHA4 → 11KA4 → 11KT}} This route is regarded as the primary 11-oxygenated androgen pathway in healthy humans. It is thought that the T entry point also operates in normal human physiology, but much less that A4: {{unbulleted list|T → 11OHT → 11OHA4 → 11KA4 → 11KT}}{{unbulleted list|T → 11OHT → 11KT}} The diminished role of these pathways is supported by that fact that the adrenal significantly more produces 11OHA4 than OHT<ref name="pmid23386646" /><ref name="pmid29936123">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Monique|last2=Quanson|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Mostaghel|first3=Elahe|last4=Pretorius|first4=Elzette|last5=Snoep|first5=Jacky L.|last6=Storbeck|first6=Karl-Heinz|year=2018|title=11-Oxygenated androgen precursors are the preferred substrates for aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): Implications for castration resistant prostate cancer|journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol|volume=183|issue=|pages=192–201|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.013|pmc=6283102|pmid=29936123}}</ref> . ==== C₂₁ Steroid Entry Points ==== Currently there is no good evidence for 11-oxygenated androgens from the C₂₁ steroid entry points (P4, 17OHP) operating in healthy humans. These entry points are relevant in the clinical context as discussed in the next section. ==Clinical Significance == === 11-Oxygenated Androgens === Measurements of the levels of circulating 11KT, in a 2021 study, Schiffer et al. identified 11KT biosynthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in blood samples), which produced eight times the amount of 11KT compared to T. The lag time before isolation of cellular components from whole blood increased serum 11KT concentrations in a time-dependent manner, with a significant increase observed from two hours after blood collection. These results emphasize that care should be taken when performing lab tests—to avoid falsely elevated 11KT levels.<ref name="pmid33444228">{{cite journal|last1=Schiffer|first1=Lina|last2=Bossey|first2=Alicia|last3=Kempegowda|first3=Punith|last4=Taylor|first4=Angela E.|last5=Akerman|first5=Ildem|last6=Scheel-Toellner|first6=Dagmar|last7=Storbeck|first7=Karl-Heinz|last8=Arlt|first8=Wiebke|year=2021|title=Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preferentially activate 11-oxygenated androgens|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=184|issue=3|pages=353–363|doi=10.1530/EJE-20-1077|issn=1479-683X|pmc=7923147|pmid=33444228}}</ref> Unlike T and A4, 11-oxygenated androgens are not known to be aromatized to estrogens in the human body''.''<ref name="pmid32862221">{{cite journal |last1=Nagasaki |first1=Keisuke |last2=Takase |first2=Kaoru |last3=Numakura |first3=Chikahiko |last4=Homma |first4=Keiko |last5=Hasegawa |first5=Tomonobu |last6=Fukami |first6=Maki |title=Foetal virilisation caused by overproduction of non-aromatisable 11-oxy C19 steroids in maternal adrenal tumour |journal=Human Reproduction |year=2020 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2609–2612 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deaa221 |pmid=32862221 }}</ref><ref name="pmid33340399">{{cite journal|title = 11-Oxygenated Estrogens Are a Novel Class of Human Estrogens but Do not Contribute to the Circulating Estrogen Pool | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 162 | issue = 3 | pmid = 33340399 | pmc = 7814299 | doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa231 | last1 = Barnard | first1 = Lise | last2 = Schiffer | first2 = Lina | last3 = Louw Du-Toit | first3 = Renate | last4 = Tamblyn | first4 = Jennifer A. | last5 = Chen | first5 = Shiuan | last6 = Africander | first6 = Donita | last7 = Arlt | first7 = Wiebke | last8 = Foster | first8 = Paul A. | last9 = Storbeck | first9 = Karl-Heinz |year = 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid22170725">{{cite journal|last1=Kamrath|first1=Clemens|last2=Hochberg|first2=Ze'ev|last3=Hartmann|first3=Michaela F.|last4=Remer|first4=Thomas|last5=Wudy|first5=Stefan A.|title=Increased activation of the alternative "backdoor" pathway in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: evidence from urinary steroid hormone analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22170725|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|year=2012 |volume=97|issue=3|pages=E367–375|doi=10.1210/jc.2011-1997|issn=1945-7197|pmid=22170725|s2cid=3162065 }}</ref> The inability of aromatase to convert the 11-oxygenated androgens to estrogens may contribute to the 11-oxygenated androgens circulating at higher levels than other androgens in women, except perhaps DHEA.<ref name="pmid15994348">{{cite journal | title = Direct agonist/antagonist functions of dehydroepiandrosterone | journal = Endocrinology | year = 2005 | volume = 146 | issue = 11 | pages = 4568–76 | pmid = 15994348 | doi = 10.1210/en.2005-0368 | doi-access = free | last1 = Chen | first1 = Fang | last2 = Knecht | first2 = Kristin | last3 = Birzin | first3 = Elizabeth | last4 = Fisher | first4 = John | last5 = Wilkinson | first5 = Hilary | last6 = Mojena | first6 = Marina | last7 = Moreno | first7 = Consuelo Tudela | last8 = Schmidt | first8 = Azriel | last9 = Harada | first9 = Shun-Ichi | last10 = Freedman | first10 = Leonard P. | last11 = Reszka | first11 = Alfred A. }}</ref><ref name="pmid16159155">{{cite journal |title = Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 105 | issue = 9 | pages = 3352–70 | pmid = 16159155 | pmc = 2096617 | doi = 10.1021/cr020456u | last1 = Gao | first1 = Wenqing | last2 = Bohl | first2 = Casey E. | last3 = Dalton | first3 = James T. | year = 2005 }}</ref> In a 2021 study, However, it is possible that 11-oxygenated estrogens may be produced in some conditions such as feminizing adrenal carcinoma.<ref name="MAHESH196351">{{cite journal|title = Isolation of estrone and 11β-hydroxy estrone from a feminizing adrenal carcinoma | journal = Steroids | volume = 1 | number = 1 | pages = 51–61 |year = 1963 |issn = 0039-128X| doi = 10.1016/S0039-128X(63)80157-9 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039128X63801579 |first1=Virendra |last1=Mahesh |first2=Walter |last2=Herrmann}}</ref> DHT, an androgen that can also be produced in a backdoor pathway, is also a non-aromatizable androgen.<ref name="pmid2943941">{{cite journal |title=Stimulation of aromatase activity by dihydrotestosterone in human skin fibroblasts |journal=J Steroid Biochem |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=165–9 |year=1986 |pmid=2943941 |doi=10.1016/0022-4731(86)90296-7 |last1=Chabab |first1=Aziz |last2=Sultan |first2=Charles |last3=Fenart |first3=Odile |last4=Descomps |first4=Bernard }}</ref><ref name="pmid10332569">{{cite journal |title=Dihydrotestosterone: a rationale for its use as a non-aromatizable androgen replacement therapeutic agent |journal=Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=501–6 |year=1998 |pmid=10332569 |doi=10.1016/s0950-351x(98)80267-x |last1=Swerdloff |first1=Ronald S. |last2=Wang |first2=Christina }}</ref> Most conditions highlighted in the following sections have had demonstrations of potential roles for 11-oxygenated androgens. === Hyperandrogenism === Alternative androgen pathways are not always considered in the clinical evaluation of patients with hyperandrogenism, i.e., androgen excess.<ref name="pmid32610579">{{cite journal|last1=Sumińska|first1=Marta|last2=Bogusz-Górna|first2=Klaudia|last3=Wegner|first3=Dominika|last4=Fichna|first4=Marta|year=2020|title=Non-Classic Disorder of Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Clinical Dilemmas in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Combined with Backdoor Androgen Pathway. Mini-Review and Case Report|journal=Int J Mol Sci|volume=21|issue=13|page=4622|doi=10.3390/ijms21134622|pmc=7369945|pmid=32610579|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hyperandrogenism may lead to symptoms like acne, hirsutism, alopecia, premature adrenarche, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, polycystic ovaries and infertility.<ref name="pmid16772149">{{cite journal|last1=Yildiz|first1=Bulent O.|year=2006|title=Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: clinical criteria|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=20|issue=2|pages=167–176|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2006.02.004|issn=1521-690X|pmid=16772149}}</ref><ref name="pmid24184282">{{cite journal|last1=Peigné|first1=Maëliss|last2=Villers-Capelle|first2=Anne|last3=Robin|first3=Geoffroy|last4=Dewailly|first4=Didier|year=2013|title=Hyperandrogénie féminine|journal=Presse Medicale (Paris, France)|language=fr|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=42|issue=11|pages=1487–1499|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2013.07.016|issn=0755-4982|pmid=24184282|s2cid=28921380}}</ref> Not considering alternative androgen pathways in clinical hyperandrogenism investigations may obfuscate the condition.<ref name="pmid32610579" /> Despite the prevailing dogma that T and DHT are the primary human androgens, this paradigm applies only to healthy men.<ref name="pmid28234803">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2017|title=Clinical significance of 11-oxygenated androgens|journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes|volume=24|issue=3|pages=252–259|doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000334|pmc=5819755|pmid=28234803}}</ref> Although T has been traditionally used as a biomarker of androgen excess,<ref name="pmid32912651">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yabo|last2=Ouyang|first2=Nengyong|last3=Ye|first3=Yang|last4=Hu|first4=Qin|last5=Du|first5=Tao|last6=Di|first6=Na|last7=Xu|first7=Wenming|last8=Azziz|first8=Ricardo|last9=Yang|first9=Dongzi|year=2020|title=The predictive value of total testosterone alone for clinical hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome|journal=Reprod Biomed Online|volume=41|issue=4|pages=734–742|doi=10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.07.013|pmid=32912651|s2cid=221625488|last10=Zhao|first10=Xiaomiao}}</ref> it correlates poorly with clinical findings of androgen excess.<ref name="pmid28234803" /> If the levels of T appear to be normal, ignoring the alternative androgen pathways may lead to diagnostic errors since hyperandrogenism may be caused by potent androgens such as DHT produced by a backdoor pathway and 11-oxygenated androgens also produced from 21-carbon steroid (pregnane) precursors in a backdoor pathway.<ref name="pmid33415088">{{cite journal|last1=Balsamo|first1=Antonio|last2=Baronio|first2=Federico|last3=Ortolano|first3=Rita|last4=Menabo|first4=Soara|last5=Baldazzi|first5=Lilia|last6=Di Natale|first6=Valeria|last7=Vissani|first7=Sofia|last8=Cassio|first8=Alessandra|year=2020|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias Presenting in the Newborn and Young Infant|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|page=593315|doi=10.3389/fped.2020.593315|issn=2296-2360|pmc=7783414|pmid=33415088|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid29277706" /> It had been suggested that 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and its urinary metabolites could have clinical applications used as a biomarkers of adrenal origin of androgen excess in women. Increased adrenal 11OHA4 production was characterized, using changes in A4:11OHA4 and 11β-hydroxyandrosterone:11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone ratios, in cushing syndrome, hirsutism, CAH and PCOS.<ref name="pmid1623996">{{cite journal|last1=Carmina|first1=E.|last2=Stanczyk|first2=F. Z.|last3=Chang|first3=L.|last4=Miles|first4=R. A.|last5=Lobo|first5=R. A.|year=1992|title=The ratio of androstenedione:11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione is an important marker of adrenal androgen excess in women|journal=Fertil Steril|volume=58|issue=1|pages=148–52|doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55152-8|pmid=1623996}}</ref><ref name="pmid14417423">{{cite journal|last1=Lipsett|first1=Mortimer B.|last2=Riter|first2=Barbara|year=1960|title=Urinary ketosteroids and pregnanetriol in hirsutism|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=20|issue=2|pages=180–6|doi=10.1210/jcem-20-2-180|pmid=14417423}}</ref><ref name="pmid33340399" /><ref name="pmid3129451">{{cite journal|last1=Polson|first1=D. W.|last2=Reed|first2=M. J.|last3=Franks|first3=S.|last4=Scanlon|first4=M. J.|last5=James|first5=V. H. T.|year=1988|title=Serum 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione as an indicator of the source of excess androgen production in women with polycystic ovaries|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=66|issue=5|pages=946–50|doi=10.1210/jcem-66-5-946|pmid=3129451}}</ref> These ratios have still not been established as a standard clinical as a diagnostic tool. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a well known disease of hyperandrogenism, but the contributions of the backdoor pathway to DHT remain under appreciated. CAH refers to a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol biosynthesis<ref name="pmid28576284">{{cite journal|date=November 2017|title=Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10108|pages=2194–2210|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31431-9|pmid=28576284|vauthors=El-Maouche D, Arlt W, Merke DP}}</ref> caused by a deficiency in any of the enzymes required to produce cortisol in the adrenal.<ref name="pmid12930931">{{cite journal|date=August 2003|title=Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=349|issue=8|pages=776–88|doi=10.1056/NEJMra021561|pmid=12930931|vauthors=Speiser PW, White PC}}</ref><ref name="pmid30272171">{{cite journal|year=2018|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=103|issue=11|pages=4043–4088|doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01865|pmc=6456929|pmid=30272171}}</ref> This deficiency leads to an excessive accumulation of steroid precursors that are converted to androgens. In a 2016 study, Turcu et al.<ref name="pmid26865584">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Nanba|first2=Aya T.|last3=Chomic|first3=Robert|last4=Upadhyay|first4=Sunil K.|last5=Giordano|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Shields|first6=James J.|last7=Merke|first7=Deborah P.|last8=Rainey|first8=William E.|last9=Auchus|first9=Richard J.|year=2016|title=Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroids are the dominant androgens in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=174|issue=5|pages=601–9|doi=10.1530/EJE-15-1181|pmc=4874183|pmid=26865584}}</ref> showed that in classic CAH due to CYP21A2 deficiency both conventional and 11-oxygenated androgens were elevated 3-4 fold in CAH patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy compared to healthy controls. The levels of 11-oxygenated androgens correlated positively with conventional androgens in women but negatively in men. The levels of 11KT were 4 times higher compared to that of T in women with the condition.<ref name="pmid26865584" /> In CAH due to 21-hydroxylase<ref name="pmid22170725" /> (CYP17A1) or cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency,<ref name="pmid31611378" /><ref name="pmid35793998" /> the associated elevated 17-OHP levels result in flux through the backdoor pathway to DHT that begins with 5α-reduction. This pathway may be activated regardless of age and sex.<ref name="pmid26038201">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2015|title=Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.002|issn=0889-8529|pmc=4506691703046|pmid=26038201}}</ref> Fetal excess of 17-OHP in CAH may contribute to DHT synthesis and lead to external genital virilization in newborn girls with CAH.<ref name="pmid31611378" /> P4 levels may also be elevated in CAH,<ref name="pmid25850025">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=A. F.|last2=Rege|first2=J.|last3=Chomic|first3=R.|last4=Liu|first4=J.|last5=Nishimoto|first5=H. K.|last6=Else|first6=T.|last7=Moraitis|first7=A. G.|last8=Palapattu|first8=G. S.|last9=Rainey|first9=W. E.|year=2015|title=Profiles of 21-Carbon Steroids in 21-hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=100|issue=6|pages=2283–2290|doi=10.1210/jc.2015-1023|pmc=4454804|pmid=25850025|last10=Auchus|first10=R. J.}}</ref><ref name="pmid31505456">{{cite journal|date=November 2019|title=Influence of hormones on the immunotolerogenic molecule HLA-G: a cross-sectional study in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=Eur J Endocrinol|volume=181|issue=5|pages=481–488|doi=10.1530/EJE-19-0379|pmid=31505456|vauthors=Nguyen LS, Rouas-Freiss N, Funck-Brentano C, Leban M, Carosella ED, Touraine P, Varnous S, Bachelot A, Salem JE}}</ref> leading to androgen excess via the backdoor pathway from P4 to DHT.<ref name="pmid28188961">{{cite journal|date=May 2017|title=High serum progesterone associated with infertility in a woman with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia|url=|journal=J Obstet Gynaecol Res|volume=43|issue=5|pages=946–950|doi=10.1111/jog.13288|pmid=28188961|vauthors=Kawarai Y, Ishikawa H, Segawa T, Teramoto S, Tanaka T, Shozu M}}</ref> 17-OHP and P4 may also serve as substrates to 11-oxygenated androgens in CAH.<ref name="pmid28472487">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F|last2=Mallappa|first2=Ashwini|last3=Elman|first3=Meredith S|last4=Avila|first4=Nilo A|last5=Marko|first5=Jamie|last6=Rao|first6=Hamsini|last7=Tsodikov|first7=Alexander|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J|last9=Merke|first9=Deborah P|year=2017|title=11-Oxygenated Androgens Are Biomarkers of Adrenal Volume and Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=102|issue=8|pages=2701–2710|doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3989|pmc=5546849|pmid=28472487}}</ref><ref name="pmid26865584" /><ref name="pmid29718004">{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Perrin C.|year=2018|title=Update on diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency|journal=Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity|volume=25|issue=3|pages=178–184|doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000402|pmid=29718004|s2cid=26072848}}</ref><ref name="pmid34867794">{{cite journal|last1=Turcu|first1=Adina F.|last2=Mallappa|first2=Ashwini|last3=Nella|first3=Aikaterini A.|last4=Chen|first4=Xuan|last5=Zhao|first5=Lili|last6=Nanba|first6=Aya T.|last7=Byrd|first7=James Brian|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Merke|first9=Deborah P.|year=2021|title=24-Hour Profiles of 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids and Δ5-Steroid Sulfates during Oral and Continuous Subcutaneous Glucocorticoids in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency|journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)|volume=12|issue=|pages=751191|doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.751191|pmc=8636728|pmid=34867794|doi-access=free}}</ref> In males with CAH, 11-oxygenated androgens may lead to development of testicular adrenal rest tumors.<ref name="pmid25850025" /><ref name="pmid28472487" /><ref name="pmid34390337">{{cite journal|last1=Schröder|first1=Mariska A M.|last2=Turcu|first2=Adina F.|last3=o'Day|first3=Patrick|last4=Van Herwaarden|first4=Antonius E.|last5=Span|first5=Paul N.|last6=Auchus|first6=Richard J.|last7=Sweep|first7=Fred C G J.|last8=Claahsen-Van Der Grinten|first8=Hedi L.|year=2022|title=Production of 11-Oxygenated Androgens by Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors|journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab|volume=107|issue=1|pages=e272–e280|doi=10.1210/clinem/dgab598|pmc=8684463|pmid=34390337}}</ref> === Disorders of Sex Development === Both canonical and the backdoor androgen pathway to DHT are required for normal human male genital development.<ref name="pmid30943210">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Walter L.|last2=Auchus|first2=Richard J.|year=2019|title=The "backdoor pathway" of androgen synthesis in human male sexual development|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=e3000198|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000198|pmc=6464227|pmid=30943210}}</ref><ref name="pmid35793998">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hyun Gyung|last2=Kim|first2=Chan Jong|year=2022|title=Classic and backdoor pathways of androgen biosynthesis in human sexual development|journal=Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab|volume=27|issue=2|pages=83–89|doi=10.6065/apem.2244124.062|pmid=35793998|s2cid=250155674}}</ref> Deficiencies in the backdoor pathway to DHT from 17-OHP or from P4<ref name="pmid21802064"/><ref name="pmid23073980">{{cite journal|last1=Fukami|first1=Maki|last2=Homma|first2=Keiko|last3=Hasegawa|first3=Tomonobu|last4=Ogata|first4=Tsutomu|year=2013|title=Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: implications for normal and abnormal human sex development|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=242|issue=4|pages=320–9|doi=10.1002/dvdy.23892|pmid=23073980|s2cid=44702659}}</ref> lead to underverilization of the male fetus,<ref name="pmid24793988">{{cite journal |title=Steroidogenesis of the testis -- new genes and pathways |journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=40–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24793988 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2014.03.002 |last1=Flück |first1=Christa E. |last2=Pandey |first2=Amit V. }}</ref><ref name="pmid8636249">{{cite journal |title=Prismatic cases: 17,20-desmolase (17,20-lyase) deficiency |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=457–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8636249 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636249 |url=|last1=Zachmann |first1=M. }}</ref> as placental P4 is a precursor to DHT in the backdoor pathway.<ref name="pmid30763313"/> In 2011 Flück et al. described a case of five 46,XY (male) patients from two families with DSD, caused by mutations in AKR1C2 and/or AKR1C4, an enzyme required for a backdoor pathway to DHT, but not the canonical pathway of androgen biosynthesis. In these patients, mutations in the AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 were excluded, and disorders in the canonical pathway of androgen biosynthesis have also been excluded, however, they had genital ambiguity. The 46,XX (female) relatives of affected patients, having the same mutations, were phenotypically normal and fertile. Although both AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 are needed for DHT synthesis in a backdoor pathway (Figure 2), the study found that mutations in AKR1C2 only were sufficient for disruption.<ref name="pmid21802064"/> However, these AKR1C2/AKR1C4 variants leading to DSD are rare and have been only so far reported in just those two families.<ref name="pmid34711511">{{cite journal |title=Rare forms of genetic steroidogenic defects affecting the gonads and adrenals |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=101593 |year=2022 |pmid=34711511 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2021.101593}}</ref> Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency syndrome due to variants in CYP17A1, cytochrome b₅, and POR may also disrupt a backdoor pathway to DHT, as the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 is required for both canonical and backdoor androgen pathways (Figure 2). This rare deficiency can lead to DSD in both sexes with affected girls are asymptomatic until puberty, when they show amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid34711511"/> 11-oxygenated androgens may play important roles in DSDs.<ref name="pmid34171490">{{cite journal |title=Turning the spotlight on the C11-oxy androgens in human fetal development |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=212 |issue= |pages=105946 |pmid=34171490 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105946|last1=Du Toit |first1=Therina |last2=Swart |first2=Amanda C. |year=2021 |s2cid=235603586 }}</ref><ref name="pmid34987475">{{cite journal|title=Disorders of Sex Development of Adrenal Origin |journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) |volume=12 |issue= |pages=770782 |pmid=34987475 |pmc=8720965 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.770782 |doi-access=free |last1=Finkielstain |first1=Gabriela P. |last2=Vieites |first2=Ana |last3=Bergadá |first3=Ignacio |last4=Rey |first4=Rodolfo A. |year=2021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid31611378">{{cite journal|last1=Reisch|first1=Nicole|last2=Taylor|first2=Angela E.|last3=Nogueira|first3=Edson F.|last4=Asby|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Dhir|first5=Vivek|last6=Berry|first6=Andrew|last7=Krone|first7=Nils|last8=Auchus|first8=Richard J.|last9=Shackleton|first9=Cedric H. L.|title=Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|year=2019 |volume=116|issue=44|pages=22294–22299|doi=10.1073/pnas.1906623116|issn=1091-6490|pmc=6825302|pmid=31611378|doi-access=free }}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgen fetal biosynthesis may coincide with the key stages of production of cortisol — at weeks 8–9, 13–24, and from 31 and onwards. In these stages, impaired CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 activity lead to increased ACTH due to cortisol deficiency and the accumulation of precursors that serve as substrates for CYP11B1 in pathways to 11-oxygenated androgens, which cause abnormal female fetal development.<ref name="pmid34171490"/> === Polycystic Ovary Syndrome === In PCOS, DHT may be produced in the backdoor androgen pathway from upregulation of SRD5A1 activity.<ref name="pmid27471004">{{cite journal |title=Genes and proteins of the alternative steroid backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone synthesis are expressed in the human ovary and seem enhanced in the polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=441 |issue= |pages=116–123 |pmid=27471004 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.029|last1=Marti |first1=Nesa |last2=Galván |first2=José A. |last3=Pandey |first3=Amit V. |last4=Trippel |first4=Mafalda |last5=Tapia |first5=Coya |last6=Müller |first6=Michel |last7=Perren |first7=Aurel |last8=Flück |first8=Christa E. |year=2017 |s2cid=22185557 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1968168">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=P. M.|last2=Shackleton|first2=C. H.|last3=Beastall|first3=G. H.|last4=Edwards|first4=C. R.|title=5 alpha-reductase activity in polycystic ovary syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1968168|journal=Lancet (London, England)|year=1990 |volume=335|issue=8687|pages=431–433|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(90)90664-q|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1968168|s2cid=54422650 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19567518">{{cite journal|title=Increased 5 alpha-reductase activity and adrenocortical drive in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=3558–66 |pmid=19567518 |doi=10.1210/jc.2009-0837 |last1=Vassiliadi |first1=Dimitra A. |last2=Barber |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Hughes |first3=Beverly A. |last4=McCarthy |first4=Mark I. |last5=Wass |first5=John A. H. |last6=Franks |first6=Stephen |last7=Nightingale |first7=Peter |last8=Tomlinson |first8=Jeremy W. |last9=Arlt |first9=Wiebke |last10=Stewart |first10=Paul M. |year=2009 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32247282">{{cite journal | last1=Swart | first1=Amanda C. | last2=du Toit | first2=Therina | last3=Gourgari | first3=Evgenia | last4=Kidd | first4=Martin | last5=Keil | first5=Meg | last6=Faucz | first6=Fabio R. | last7=Stratakis | first7=Constantine A. | title=Steroid hormone analysis of adolescents and young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and adrenocortical dysfunction using UPC2-MS/MS | journal=Pediatric Research | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=89 | issue=1 | year=2021 | issn=0031-3998 | pmid=32247282 | pmc=7541460 | doi=10.1038/s41390-020-0870-1 | pages=118–126}}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgens may also play an important role in PCOS.<ref name="pmid35611324">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxyandrogens in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |journal=J Endocr Soc |year=2022 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=bvac037|pmid=35611324 |pmc=9123281 |doi=10.1210/jendso/bvac037|last1=Taylor |first1=Anya E. |last2=Ware |first2=Meredith A. |last3=Breslow |first3=Emily |last4=Pyle |first4=Laura |last5=Severn |first5=Cameron |last6=Nadeau |first6=Kristen J. |last7=Chan |first7=Christine L. |last8=Kelsey |first8=Megan M. |last9=Cree-Green |first9=Melanie }}</ref><ref name="pmid32637065">{{cite journal |title=Implicating androgen excess in propagating metabolic disease in polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab |volume=11 |issue= |pages=2042018820934319 |pmid=32637065 |pmc=7315669 |doi=10.1177/2042018820934319|last1=Kempegowda |first1=Punith |last2=Melson |first2=Eka |last3=Manolopoulos |first3=Konstantinos N. |last4=Arlt |first4=Wiebke |last5=o'Reilly |first5=Michael W. |year=2020 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27901631">{{cite journal|title=11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Are the Predominant Androgens in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=840–848 |pmid=27901631 |pmc=5460696 |doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3285 |last1=o'Reilly |first1=Michael W. |last2=Kempegowda |first2=Punith |last3=Jenkinson |first3=Carl |last4=Taylor |first4=Angela E. |last5=Quanson |first5=Jonathan L. |last6=Storbeck |first6=Karl-Heinz |last7=Arlt |first7=Wiebke |year=2017 }}</ref> In a 2017 study, O'Reilly et al. revealed that 11-oxygenated androgens are the predominant androgens in women with PCOS, while in healthy control subjects, classic androgens constitute the majority of the circulating androgen pool; nevertheless, the levels of 11KT exceeded those of T in both groups, specifically, 3.4 fold in the PCOS group. Recent investigations have reported circulating levels of 11KA4, 11KT and 11OHT levels in PCOS as well as 11-oxygenated pregnanes. Serum 11OHT and 11KT levels have been show to be elevated in PCOS and correlate with body mass index.<ref name="pmid30012903">{{cite journal |title=11-oxygenated C19 steroids as circulating androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Endocr J |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=979–990 |pmid=30012903 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0212|last1=Yoshida |first1=Tomoko |last2=Matsuzaki |first2=Toshiya |last3=Miyado |first3=Mami |last4=Saito |first4=Kazuki |last5=Iwasa |first5=Takeshi |last6=Matsubara |first6=Yoichi |last7=Ogata |first7=Tsutomu |last8=Irahara |first8=Minoru |last9=Fukami |first9=Maki |year=2018 }}</ref> Significantly elevated 11KT levels have been detected in the daughters of PCOS mothers and in obese girls while 11OHA4, 11KA4 and 11OHT levels were comparable.<ref name="pmid32797203">{{cite journal |title=11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Do Not Distinguish the Hyperandrogenic Phenotype of PCOS Daughters from Girls with Obesity |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=105 |issue=11 |pages= e3903–e3909 |pmid=32797203 |pmc=7500474 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa532|last1=Torchen |first1=Laura C. |last2=Sisk |first2=Ryan |last3=Legro |first3=Richard S. |last4=Turcu |first4=Adina F. |last5=Auchus |first5=Richard J. |last6=Dunaif |first6=Andrea |year=2020 }}</ref> 11KT has also been shown to be elevated together with decreased 11KA4 levels in PCOS patients with micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. In addition 11OHAST, 11OHEt, DHP4 and 11KDHP4 levels were elevated and 11OHP4, 21dF and 11KDHP4 were elevated in patients with inadequate dexamethasone responses.<ref name="pmid31450227">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Walter L.|year=2019|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Time to Replace 17OHP with 21-Deoxycortisol|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31450227|journal=Hormone Research in Paediatrics|volume=91|issue=6|pages=416–420|doi=10.1159/000501396|issn=1663-2826|pmid=31450227|s2cid=201733086}}</ref> Metformin treatment had no effect on 11-oxygenated androgens in PCOS adolescents in a 2022 study, despite lower levels of T after treatment.<ref name="pmid35611324" /> === Prostate Cancer === High levels of 11KT, 11KDHT and 11OHDHT have also been detected in prostate cancer tissue (~10–20 ng/g) and in circulation, 11KT (~200–350nM) and 11KDHT (~20nM) being the most abundant.<ref name="pmid28939401" /> There is some preliminary evidence that 11-oxygenated androgen pathway may play an important role at the stage of prostatic carcinogenesis.<ref name="pmid34520388" /> Androgen deprivation is a therapeutic approach to prostrate cancer that can be implemented by castration to eliminate gonadal T, but metastatic tumors may then develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although castration results in 90-95% reduction of serum T, DHT in the prostate is only decreased by 50%, supporting the notion that the prostrate expresses necessary enzymes to produce DHT without testicular T.<ref /> The 5α-dione pathway was discovered in the context of CPRC (see History), and is known to mitigate the effects of androgen depravation therapy. 11-Oxygenated androgens contribute significantly to the androgen pool<ref name="pmid23856005" /><ref name="pmid31900912" /> and play a previously overlooked role in the reactivation of androgen signaling in the CRPC patient.<ref name="pmid34520388">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ventura-Bahena A, Hernández-Pérez JG, Torres-Sánchez L, Sierra-Santoyo A, Escobar-Wilches DC, Escamilla-Núñez C, Gómez R, Rodríguez-Covarrubias F, López-González ML, Figueroa M |title=Urinary androgens excretion patterns and prostate cancer in Mexican men |journal=Endocr Relat Cancer |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=745–756 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34520388 |doi=10.1530/ERC-21-0160 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28939401">{{cite journal |title=Inefficient UGT-conjugation of adrenal 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione metabolites highlights C11-oxy C19 steroids as the predominant androgens in prostate cancer |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |volume=461 |issue= |pages=265–276 |pmid=28939401 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.026|last1=Du Toit |first1=Therina |last2=Swart |first2=Amanda C. |year=2018 |s2cid=6335125 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30825506" /><ref name="pmid23856005" /><ref name="pmid31900912">{{cite journal | title = Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity | journal = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | volume = 1210 | pages = 239–277 | pmid = 31900912 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11 | isbn = 978-3-030-32655-5 | s2cid = 209748543 | last1 = Storbeck | first1 = Karl-Heinz | last2 = Mostaghel | first2 = Elahe A. | year = 2019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23685396">{{cite journal|title=11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, the product of androstenedione metabolism in the adrenal, is metabolized in LNCaP cells by 5α-reductase yielding 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=138 |issue= |pages=132–42 |pmid=23685396 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.010 |s2cid=3404940 |last1=Swart |first1=Amanda C. |last2=Schloms |first2=Lindie |last3=Storbeck |first3=Karl-Heinz |last4=Bloem |first4=Liezl M. |last5=Toit |first5=Therina du |last6=Quanson |first6=Jonathan L. |last7=Rainey |first7=William E. |last8=Swart |first8=Pieter |year=2013 }}</ref> Serum 11KT levels are higher than any other androgen in 97% of CRPC patients, accounting for 60% of the total active androgen pool, and are not affected by castration.<ref name="pmid33974560">{{cite journal|title=11-Ketotestosterone is the predominant active androgen in prostate cancer patients after castration |journal=JCI Insight |volume=6 |issue=11 |pmid=33974560 |pmc=8262344 |doi=10.1172/jci.insight.148507 |last1=Snaterse |first1=G. |last2=Van Dessel |first2=L. F. |last3=Van Riet |first3=J. |last4=Taylor |first4=A. E. |last5=Van Der Vlugt-Daane |first5=M. |last6=Hamberg |first6=P. |last7=De Wit |first7=R. |last8=Visser |first8=J. A. |last9=Arlt |first9=W. |last10=Lolkema |first10=M. P. |last11=Hofland |first11=J. |year=2021 }}</ref> === Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome === Androgens play a vital role in the development, growth and maintenance of the prostate.<ref name="pmid18471780" /> Therefore, the role of androgens should be seriously considered not only in CRPC, but other prostate-related conditions such as BPH<ref name="pmid18471780"/> and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).<ref name="pmid18308097">{{cite journal|title=Adrenocortical hormone abnormalities in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome |journal=Urology |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=261–6 |pmid=18308097 |pmc=2390769 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.025 |last1=Dimitrakov |first1=Jordan |last2=Joffe |first2=Hylton V. |last3=Soldin |first3=Steven J. |last4=Bolus |first4=Roger |last5=Buffington |first5=C.A. Tony |last6=Nickel |first6=J. Curtis |year=2008 }}</ref> 11-oxygenated androgen pathways have been observed in BPH cell models (11OHP4 and 11KP4, a C₂₁ steroid, to 11KDHT), BPH patient tissue biopsy and in their serum.<ref name="pmid31626910">{{cite journal|title = The 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione pathway and C11-oxy C21 backdoor pathway are active in benign prostatic hyperplasia yielding 11keto-testosterone and 11keto-progesterone | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 196 | pages = 105497 | pmid = 31626910 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105497 | s2cid = 204734045 | url = | last1 = Du Toit | first1 = Therina | last2 = Swart | first2 = Amanda C. |year = 2020 }}</ref> == Future Directions == Relative steroid serum levels in CP/CPPS have suggested that CYP21A2 deficiency may play a role in the disease<ref name="pmid18308097" /> and that non-classic CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency may be a comorbidity. Given the potential roles that alternative androgen pathways play in the previously described disease areas, it seems that CP/CPPS would seem to be a good candidate to investigate the same way. We are not aware of any work looking at the roles of alternative androgen pathways in CP/CPPS. ==PubChem CIDs== In order to unambiguously define all the steroids mentioned in the present review, their respective PubChem IDs are listed below. PubChem is a database of molecules, maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the United States National Institutes of Health. The IDs given below are intended to eliminate ambiguity caused by the use of different synonyms for the same metabolic intermediate by different authors when describing the androgen backdoor pathways. 11dF: 440707; 11K-5αdione: 11185733; 11KA4: 223997; 11KAST: 102029; 11KDHP4: 968899; 11KDHT: 11197479; 11KP4: 94166; 11KPdiol: 92264183; 11KPdione: 99568471; 11KT: 104796; 11OH-3αdiol: 349754907; 11OH-5αdione: 59087027; 11OHA4: 94141; 11OHAST: 10286365; 11OHDHP4: 11267580; 11OHDHT: 10018051; 11OHEt: 101849; 11OHP4: 101788; 11OHPdiol: 99601857; 11OHPdione: 99572627; 11OHT: 114920; 17OHP5: 3032570; 17-OHP: 6238; 17-OH-DHP: 11889565; 21dE: 102178; 21dF: 92827; 3,11diOH-DHP4: 10125849; 3α-diol: 15818; 3β-diol: 242332; 5α-DHP: 92810; 5α-dione: 222865; 5α-Pdiol: 111243; A4: 6128; A5: 10634; A5-S: 13847309; ALF: 104845; AlloP5: 92786; AST: 5879; DHEA: 5881; DHEA-S: 12594; DHT: 10635; DOC: 6166; P4: 5994; P5: 8955; T: 6013. == Abbreviations == === Steroids === * '''11dF''' 11-deoxycortisol (also known as Reichstein's substance S) * '''11K-3αdiol''' 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol-11-one * '''11K-5αdione''' 5α-androstane-3,11,17-trione (also known as 11-ketoandrostanedione or 11-keto-5α-androstanedione) * '''11KA4''' 11-ketoandrostenedione (also known as 4-androstene-3,11,17-trione or androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione or adrenosterone or Reichstein's substance G) * '''11KAST''' 5α-androstan-3α-ol-11,17-dione (also known as 11-ketoandrosterone) * '''11KDHP4''' 5α-pregnane-3,11,20-trione (also known as 11-ketodihydroprogesterone or allopregnanetrione) * '''11KDHT''' 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (also known as "5α-dihydro-11-keto testosterone" or 5α-dihydro-11-keto-testosterone) * '''11KP4''' 4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione (also known as pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione or 11-ketoprogesterone) * '''11KPdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-11,20-dione * '''11KPdione''' 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione * '''11KT''' 11-ketotestosterone (also known as 4-androsten-17β-ol-3,11-dione) * '''11OH-3αdiol''' 5α-androstane-3α,11β,17β-triol * '''11OH-5αdione''' 5α-androstan-11β-ol-3,17-dione (also known as 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione) * '''11OHA4''' 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (also known as 4-androsten-11β-ol-3,17-dione or androst-4-en-11β-ol-3,17-dione) * '''11OHAST''' 5α-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one (also known as 11β-hydroxyandrosterone) * '''11OHDHP4''' 5α-pregnan-11β-ol-3,20-dione (also known as 11β-hydroxydihydroprogesterone) * '''11OHDHT''' 11β-hydroxydihydrotestosterone (also known as 5α-dihydro-11β-hydroxytestosterone or 5α-androstane-11β,17β-diol-3-one or 11β,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one) * '''11OHEt''' 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (also known as 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one) * '''11OHP4''' 4-pregnen-11β-ol-3,20-dione (also known as pregn-4-en-11β-ol-3,20-dione or 21-deoxycorticosterone or 11β-hydroxyprogesterone) * '''11OHPdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,11β,17α-triol-20-one * '''11OHPdione''' 5α-pregnane-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione * '''11OHT''' 11β-hydroxytestosterone * '''17OHP5''' 17α-hydroxypregnenolone * '''17-OH-DHP''' 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (also known as 17α-hydroxydihydroprogesterone) * '''17-OHP''' 17α-hydroxyprogesterone * '''21dE''' 4-pregnen-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione (also known as pregn-4-en-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione or 21-deoxycortisone) * '''21dF''' 4-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione (also known as 11β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone or pregn-4-ene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione or 21-deoxycortisol or 21-desoxyhydrocortisone) * '''3,11diOH-DHP4''' 5α-pregnane-3α,11β-diol-20-one (also known as 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) * '''3α-diol''' 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (also known by abbreviation "5α-Adiol" or "5α-adiol"), also known as 3α-androstanediol * '''3β-diol''' 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (also known as 3β-androstanediol) * '''5α-DHP''' 5α-dihydroprogesterone * '''5α-dione''' androstanedione (also known as 5α-androstane-3,17-dione) * '''5α-Pdiol''' 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one (also known as 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone) * '''A4''' androstenedione (also known as 4-androstene-3,17-dione or androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) * '''A5''' androstenediol (also known as 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol or androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol) * '''A5-S''' androstenediol sulfate * '''ALF''' 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20-dione (also known, when used as a medication, as alfaxalone or alphaxalone) * '''AlloP5''' 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (also known as allopregnanolone) * '''AST''' 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one (also known androsterone) * '''DHEA''' dehydroepiandrosterone (also known as 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one or androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one) * '''DHEA-S''' dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate * '''DHT''' 5α-dihydrotestosterone (also known as 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one) * '''DOC''' 11-deoxycorticosterone (also known as Reichstein's substance Q) * '''P4''' progesterone * '''P5''' pregnenolone * '''T''' testosterone === Enzymes (Abbreviated by their Gene Names) === * '''AKR1C2''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3) * '''AKR1C3''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2; also known as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (HSD17B5)) * '''AKR1C4''' aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 (also known as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1) * '''CYP11A1''' cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (also known by abbreviation "P450scc") * '''CYP11B1''' steroid 11β-hydroxylase * '''CYP11B2''' aldosterone synthase * '''CYP17A1''' steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (also known as cytochrome P450c17) * '''CYP21A2''' steroid 21α-hydroxylase (also known as 21-hydroxylase, or cytochrome P450c21) * '''DHRS9''' dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9 * '''HSD11B1''' 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 * '''HSD11B2''' 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 * '''HSD17B3''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 * '''HSD17B6''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (also known as retinol dehydrogenase-like hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, RL-HSD) * '''HSD17B10''' 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 * '''POR''' cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase * '''RDH16''' retinol dehydrogenase 16 (also known as RODH4) * '''RDH5''' retinol dehydrogenase 5 * '''SRD5A1''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 1 * '''SRD5A2''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 2 * '''SRD5A3''' 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (also known as steroid 5α-reductase) type 3 === Conditions === * '''BPH''' benign prostatic hyperplasia * '''CAH''' congenital adrenal hyperplasia * '''CP/CPPS''' chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome * '''CRPC''' castration-resistant prostate cancer * '''DSD''' disorder of sex development * '''PCOS''' polycystic ovary syndrome === Other === * '''ACTH''' adrenocorticotropic hormone * '''STAR''' steroidogenic acute regulatory protein == Additional Information == === Competing Interests === The authors have no competing interest. === Funding === The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and publication of this article. === Notes on The Use of Abbreviations === The authors sometimes used "full name – abbreviation" pairs repeatedly throughout the article for easier following. === Referencing Convention === {{ordered list |When particular results or conclusions of particular research or review are discussed, it is mentioned by the year when it was published and the last name of the first author with "et al.". The year may not necessarily be mentioned close to the name. |To back up a particular claim which is an exact claim (such as which enzyme catalyzes a particular reaction), the supporting article is cited in the text as a number in square brackets from the numbered list of references, without mentioning the year and the name. The same technique is applied to support a generalization (e.g., "the prevailing dogma", "not always considered", "canonical androgen steroidogenesis") — in such case, there is a reference to one or more supporting reviews without explicitly mentioning these reviews in the text. |When multiple studies that confirm the same finding (or that are on a similar topic) are cited, they are also cited as described in p.2., i.e., giving reference numbers in square brackets and without mentioning the year and the name.}} == References == {{reflist|35em}} r4npuclu2umw464ozgrcgm7wmw8xlx8 0 269359 2412677 2412602 2022-08-08T19:24:59Z 213.57.87.142 wikitext text/x-wiki 2412678 2412677 2022-08-08T19:43:43Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/213.57.87.142|213.57.87.142]] ([[User_talk:213.57.87.142|talk]]) to last version by [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki Most of the statistical computations summarized in the Wikiversity article on "Forecasting nuclear proliferation" can be replicated by "knitting" the R Markdown code in this vignette in {{w|Rstudio}}. == Process == [[File:RStudio knit icon.png|thumb|RStudio RMarkdown knit icon]] # Open an instance of {{w|RStudio}}. If you don't already have it installed, you can go to [https://rstudio.cloud/ "RStudio Cloud"] and click "get started for free" (at least as of 2020-10-24).<ref>{{cite Q|Q100799903}}<!-- RStudio Cloud -->.</ref> Or you can download and install free and open-source versions of it and R on your local computer. R is available from [https://cloud.r-project.org/ The Comprehensive R Archive Network]. For RStudio, go to [https://rstudio.com/ its website] > Products (top center) > RStudio > "RStudio Desktop" > "Open Source Edition" > "Download RStudio Desktop". # Start RStudio. Then File > "New File" > "R Markdown..." > Title: "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" > "Default Output Format: PDF" > OK. ''[NOTE: The default "Default Output Format" is HTML. When this vignette was developed, the figure references would not work with HTML but would with PDF.]'' # Replace the default code in this new RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" with the text from the section below entitled, 'RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation"'. # Save as, e.g., "FcstgNucProlif.Rmd" (with a *.Rmd extension). # File > "New File" > "Text File". # Copy the text from the section below entitled "nuc-references.bib" into this new empty text file. # Save as "nuc-references.bib". # Click the "Knit" icon; see the companion image. Or read the text and run the code chunks one at a time manually. The latter makes it relatively easy to look at intermediate computations carefully and experiment with changing things in different ways. == Development of this vignette == This vignette evolved over time and was used to produce most of the figures in the main article on "[[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]]" as well as slides for companion presentations. Some were written as svg files. Others were png. These image files were developed in in different formats at different times for different purposes. == RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> --- title: "Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation" author: "Spencer Graves and Doug Samuelson" date: "2020-08-04" #output: bookdown::pdf_book #NOTE: As of 2020-08-05 I get: #! Package inputenc Error: Unicode character − (U+2212) #(inputenc) not set up for use with LaTeX. #Try other LaTeX engines instead (e.g., xelatex) if you #are using pdflatex. See #https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/latex-unicode.html # This recommends: #output: # pdf_document: # latex_engine: xelatex # 2020-09-30: # Etienne B. Racine <notifications@github.com> # suggested: output: bookdown::pdf_book: latex_engine: xelatex #output: bookdown::gitbook #NOTE: As of 2019-11 "Figure \@ref(fig:plot)" # does not work with # output: html_document bibliography: nuc-references.bib vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Forecasting nuclear proliferation} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Time to next new nuclear-weapon state} %\VignetteKeyword{nuclear-weapon states} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr} %\SweaveUTF8 \usepackage[utf8](inputenc) --- ```{r setup, include=FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) # Ecdat::nuclearWeaponStates include all # first test up to nukeDataCurrent: nukeDataCurrent <- as.Date('2020-08-04') library(lubridate) library(Ecdat) firstTstYr <- year(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) (firstYear <- firstTstYr[1]) nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) nNucSt1 <- (nNucStates-1) (Today <- today()) #currentYear <- year(Today) currentYear <- year(nukeDataCurrent) if((month(nukeDataCurrent)<7) || (difftime(nukeDataCurrent, tail(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, 1), units = 'days')<(366/2))) currentYear <- (year(nukeDataCurrent)-1) nYrs <- currentYear - firstYear save_svg <- !fda::CRAN() simStart <- (currentYear+1) simEnd <- (currentYear+nYrs) ``` # Abstract This article models the time between the first test of a nuclear weapon by one nation and the next over the `r nYrs` years of history since the first such test by the US available as this is being written.^[Obviously, this considers the data available as this is being written `r nukeDataCurrent`.] We use those results to forecast nuclear proliferation over the next `r nYrs` years. The maximum likelihood estimate of the time between "first tests" (`r nYrs` years divided by `r nNucSt1` "first tests") is `r round(nYrs/nNucSt1, 1)` years using the standard formula for censored estimation of a constant exponential distribution. However, a plot of the times between "first tests" of the `r nNucStates` nuclear powers as of `r nukeDataCurrent` suggests an inhomogeneous [renewal process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory) with the Poisson mean of the number of "first tests" each year by new nuclear-weapon states decreasing over time. This might be modeled using [`glm(..., family=poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm). Unfortunately, the standard estimate of a linear trend in log(Poisson mean) is not statistically significant. We therefore use Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), considering two related BMA mixtures. The median of Monte Carlo simulations for the constant-linear mixture forecasts an additional 7.2 new nuclear-weapon states by `r simEnd`, using a forecasting period to match the available history,^[assuming the data used are accurate.] within the anticipated lifespan of most babies born today. Adding quadratic, cubic and quartic terms to the mixture reduces the median number of new nuclear-weapon states by `r simEnd` to 5.4. Eighty percent percent prediction limits for the quartic mixture run from 0 to 15 new nuclear-weapon states. This suggests that the risk of a nuclear war leading to the extinction of civilization is _increasing_. Nuclear proliferation will likely continue until it becomes effectively impossible for anyone to make more nuclear weapons for a very long time. This could come from a nuclear war or a massive and unprecedented strengthening of international law that provides effective judicial recourse for grievances of the poor, weak and disfranchised. # Introduction A plot of times between "first tests" by the world's nuclear-weapon states as of `r nukeDataCurrent` suggests that the process of nuclear proliferation has slowed; see Figure \@ref(fig:plot). ```{r plot, fig.cap = paste("Time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} NucStates <- paste0( 'CN = China, FR = France, GB = UK, ', ' IL = Israel,\nIN = India, KP = North Korea, ', 'PK = Pakistan, RU = Russia') library(Ecdat) data(nuclearWeaponStates) ymax <- max( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest, na.rm=TRUE) ylim0 <- c(0, ymax) NPTdate = as.Date(c('1970-03-05', '1988-06-01')) plotNucStates <- function(type.='n', xlim., ylim., line_mtext=3:2, cex.=1, mtext.=TRUE, log.='', yNPT=NULL, ...){ ## ## Write a function to create this desired plot ## that is general enough to be customized ## to make other similar but different plots ## later. ## ## Obviously, during the process of writing ## this vignette, it requires revising this ## function later as the needs become clearer. ## ## The advantage of doing it this way is that ## it makes the code easier to read, because ## it's clearer what is the same and what is ## different between similar plots. ## # Start with an internal function # to add the 2-letter country codes. addCountries <- function(line_mtext=3:2, cex.=1, mtext.=TRUE){ # Add the country codes ("ctry") to a plot # showing the time between "first tests" # of nuclear-weapon states # ... to save copying code # and hopefully make the logic clearer xlab. <- paste(c( 'Note: The US is not on this plot,', 'because it had no predecessors.'), collapse='\n') if(mtext.){ mtext(xlab., 1, line_mtext[1], cex=cex.) mtext('years from the\nprevious "first test"', 2, line_mtext[2], cex=cex.) } with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(firstTest, yearsSinceLastFirstTest, ctry, xpd=TRUE, cex=cex.)) } # xlim and ylim? if(missing(xlim.)){ xlim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) } if(missing(ylim.))ylim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest[-1]) # If very wide log scale on y, # make the margins wider and move the label out: if((log.=='y') && (diff(log(ylim.))>5) ){ op <- par(mar=c(5, 6, 4, 2)+0.1) on.exit(par(op)) line_mtext[2] <- 4 } # plot(yearsSinceLastFirstTest~firstTest, nuclearWeaponStates, type=type., xlab='', ylab='', las=1, xlim=xlim., ylim=ylim., log=log., bty='n', ...) abline(v=NPTdate, lty='dashed', col='grey') if(is.null(yNPT)){ yNPT <- { if(log.=='y') sqrt(ylim.[1]*ylim.[2]) else mean(ylim.) } } text(NPTdate-.017*diff(xlim.), yNPT, c('NPT', 'INF'), col='grey', srt=90) addCountries(line_mtext=line_mtext, cex.=cex., mtext.=mtext.) } plotNucStates(type.='h', ylim.=ylim0) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_YrsBetw1stTsts.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4) plotNucStates(type.='h', ylim.=ylim0, mtext. = FALSE) dev.off() } ``` This plot also marks the effective dates of both the [Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) and the [Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty), (1970-03-05 and 1988-06-01, respectively), because of the suggestion that those treaties may have slowed the rate of nuclear proliferation. A visual analysis of this plot suggests that nuclear proliferation is continuing, and neither the NPT nor the INF treaty had a major impact on nuclear proliferation. The image is pretty bad: There were only 5 nuclear-weapon states when the NPT entered into force in 1970.^[@UN:1970. See also @Wikip:NPT.] When US President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) decried an ["Axis of evil"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil) in his State of the Union message, 2002-01-29,^[@Bush:2002; see also @Wikip:AxisOfEvil.] there were 8. As this is written `r nukeDataCurrent`, there are 9. _Current international policy on nuclear weapons seems to assume that nuclear proliferation has stopped. It clearly has not._ @Toon:2007 noted that in 2003 another 32 countries had sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they wished. Moreover, those 32 do _NOT_ include either Turkey nor Saudi Arabia. On 2019-09-04, Turkish President Erdogan said it was unacceptable for nuclear-armed states to forbid Turkey from acquiring its own nuclear weapons.^[@Toksabay:2019; @OConnor:2019.] Similarly, in 2006 *Forbes* reported that Saudi Arabia has "a secret underground city and dozens of underground silos for" Pakistani nuclear weapons and missiles.^[@Forbes:2006; see also @Wikip:SaudiNuc.] In 2018 the *Middle East Monitor* reported that "Israel 'is selling nuclear information' to Saudi Arabia".^[@MEM:SaudiNuc; see also @Wikip:SaudiNuc.] This is particularly disturbing, because of the substantial evidence that Saudi Arabia may have been and may still be the primary recruiter and funder of Islamic terrorism.^[@Benjamin:2016; see also @Wikiv:WinTerror.] This analysis suggests that the number of nuclear-weapon states will likely continue to grow until some dramatic break with the past makes further nuclear proliferation either effectively impossible or sufficiently undesirable. This vignette first reviews the data and history on this issue. We then model these data as a series of annual Poisson observations of the number of states conducting a first test of a nuclear weapon each year (1 in each of 8 years since 1945; 0 in the others). A relatively simple model for the inhomogeneity visible in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) is [Poisson regression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_regression) assuming that log(Poisson mean) is linear in the time since the first test of a nuclear weapon by the US on `r nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1]`. We estimate this using [`glm(..., family=poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm). This model is plausible to the extent that this trend might represent a growing international awareness of the threat represented by nuclear weapons including a hypothesized increasing reluctance of existing nuclear-weapon states to share their technology. The current process of ratifying the new [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons) supports the hypothesis of such a trend, while the lack of universal support for it and the trend visible in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) clearly indicate that nuclear proliferation is still likely to continue. We use this model to extend the `r nYrs` years of history of nuclear proliferation available as this is being written `r nukeDataCurrent` into predicting another `r nYrs` years into the future. # How did the existing nuclear-weapon states develop this capability? There are, of course, multiple issues in nuclear proliferation. A new nuclear-weapon state requires at least four distinct things to produce a nuclear weapon: motivation, money, knowledge, and material. The accompanying table summarizes the literature the present authors found that seems relevant to the questions at hand. Of course, definitive answers to these questions are still locked away as official secrets or have been lost to history. However, this analysis should be sufficient to support the general conclusions of this article. ```{r howHistMat, fig.cap="Motivation, money, knowledge and material for nuclear-weapon states"} howHist <- t(as.matrix(data.frame( US = c('US', 'Nazi threat', 'self', paste('own scientists + immigrants,', 'esp. fr. Germany and Italy, plus', 'collaboration w the UK & Canada'), 'Congo + self'), "USSR" = c("USSR\n(RU)", paste( 'Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombs +', 'western invasions during WW II,', 'after WW I, and before'), 'self', paste('own scientists + espionage', 'in the US & captured Germans'), 'self'), "UK" = c("UK\n(GB)", 'USSR', 'self', 'Manhattan Project', 'Canada'), "France" = c("France\n(FR)", 'USSR + Suez Crisis', rep('self', 3)), "China" = c("China\n(CN)", paste( '1st Taiwan Strait Crisis 1954–1955,', 'Korean Conflict, etc.'), 'self', 'USSR', 'self'), "India" = c("India\n(IN)", paste('loss of territory:', 'China-Himalayan border-1962'), 'self', 'students in UK, US', 'Canadian nuc reactor'), "Israel" = c("Israel\n(IL)", 'hostile neighbors', 'self', 'self + France', 'France + ???'), "Pakistan" =c("Pakistan\n(PK)", 'Loss of E. Pakistan in 1971', 'Saudis + self', 'US, maybe China?', 'self?'), "N.Korea" = c("N.Korea\n(KP)", 'threats fr. US', "self?", 'US via Pakistan?', 'self?'), stringsAsFactors=FALSE))) colnames(howHist) <- c('Nation', 'Motivation', 'Money', "Knowledge", "Material") library(knitr) library(kableExtra) emTot <- 41 em. <- c(nation=2.2, motive=10, money=2, knowledge=10, material=3.4) em <- paste0(emTot*em./sum(em.), 'em') kable(howHist, row.names=FALSE) %>% column_spec(1, width=em[1]) %>% column_spec(2, width=em[2]) %>% column_spec(3, width=em[3]) %>% column_spec(4, width=em[4]) %>% column_spec(5, width=em[5]) ``` ## Motivation Virtually any country that feels threatened would like to have some counterweight against aggression by a potential enemy. - The US funded the Manhattan project believing that Nazi Germany likely had a similar project. - Soviet leaders might have felt a need to defend themselves from nuclear coercion after having been invaded by Nazi Germany only a few years earlier, and having defeated [foreign invasions from the West and the East after world War I trying to put the Tsar back in power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War).^[@Fogelsong:1995. That doesn't count [numerous other invasions that are a sordid part of Russian history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia), which educated Russians throughout history would likely remember, even if their invaders may not.] - The United Kingdom and France felt nuclear threats from the Soviet Union.^[The UK and France would have had many reasons to fear the intentions of the USSR during the early period of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War): The first test of a nuclear weapon by the USSR came just over three months after the end of the 1948-49 [Berlin Blockade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade). Other aspects of Soviet repression in countries they occupied in Eastern Europe contributed to the failed [Hungarian Revolution of 1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956).] - France's concern about the Soviets increased [after the US refused to support them](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_note-16) during the [1956 Suez Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis): If the US would not support a British-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt, the US might not defend France against a possible Soviet invasion.^[@Fromkin:2006. See also @Wikip:FranceNuc] - China reportedly decided to initiate its nuclear weapons program during the [First Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Nuclear_weapons) of 1954-55,^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc; see also @Wikip:TaiwanStrait, @Halperin:1966, and @Wikip:Ellsberg.] following nuclear threats from the US regarding Korea.^[@Pierson:2017. See also @Wikip:Ellsberg.] - India lost territory to China in the [1962 Sino-Indian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War), which reportedly convinced India to abandon a policy of avoiding nuclear weapons.^[@Riedel:2012. See also @Wikip:IndiaNuc. India and China have continued to have conflicts. See, for example, the Wikipedia articles on [China-India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations) and the [2017 China-India border standoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff).] - Pakistan's nuclear weapons program began in 1972 in response to the loss of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in the 1971 [Bangladesh Liberation War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War).^[@Wikip:PakNuc. [India-Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations) have been marked by frequent conflict since the two nations were born with the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947. This history might help people understand the need that Pakistani leaders may have felt and still feel for nuclear parity with India, beyond the loss of half their population and 15 percent of their land area in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.] On November 29, 2016, Moeed Yusuf claimed that the threat of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan was the most serious foreign policy issue facing then-President-elect Trump.^[@Yusuf:2016] That may have been an overstatement, but the possibilities of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan should not be underestimated. [There have been lethal conflicts between India and Pakistan at least as recent as 2019.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts#Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs) If that conflict goes nuclear, it could produce a “nuclear autumn” during which a quarter of humanity not directly impacted by the nuclear war would starve to death, according to simulations by leading climatologists.^[@Toon:2007] - Israel has faced potentially hostile neighbors since its declaration of independence in 1948.^[@Wikip:ArabIsrael. Threats perceived by Israel continue, including the [Gaza border protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Gaza_border_protests) that have continued at least into 2020. One might therefore reasonably understand why Israel might feel a need for nuclear weapons and why others might believe that the 1979-09-22 [Vela incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident) was an Israeli nuclear test.] - North Korea first tested a nuclear weapon on 2006-10-09,^[@CRS:2016. The US Congressional Research Service in 2016 reported, “The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) [`PrepCom`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization)'s international monitoring system detected data indicating that North Korea had conducted a nuclear test on January 6, 2016. ... On October 9, 2006, North Korea declared that it had conducted an underground nuclear test.” For the present purposes, we use the October date declared by North Korea, not the January date reported by CTBTO. See also @Wikip:NKoreaNuc06.] less than five years after having been named as part of an ["Axis of evil"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil) by US President George W. Bush on 2002-01-29.^[@Bush:2002; see also @Wikip:AxisOfEvil.] Chomsky claimed that the relations between the US and North Korea have followed "a kind of tit-for-tat policy. You make a hostile gesture, and we'll respond with a crazy gesture of our own. You make an accommodating gesture, and we'll reciprocate in some way." He gave several examples including a 1994 agreement that halted North Korean nuclear-weapons development. "When George W. Bush came into office, North Korea had maybe one [untested] nuclear weapon and verifiably wasn't producing any more."^[@Chomsky:2017, pp. 131-134. Chomsky includes in this game of tit-for-tat the total destruction of North Korean infrastructure during the Korean War in the early 1950s, including huge dams that controlled the nation's water supply, destroying their crops, and raising the specter of mass starvation. @Kolko:1968 noted that German General [Syss-Inquart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart) ordered similar destruction of dikes in Holland in 1945, which condemned many Dutch civilians to death by starvation. For that crime Syss-Inquart became one of only 24 of the people convicted at the Nuremberg war crimes trial to have been sentenced to death. Chomsky noted that this is "not in our memory bank, but it's in theirs."] All this suggests that it will be difficult to reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation and nuclear war without somehow changing the nature of international relations so weaker countries have less to fear from the demands of stronger countries. ## Money To help us understand the differences in sizes of the different nuclear-weapon states, Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates) plots the populations and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of the current nuclear-weapon states.^[Data for different years, 2017-2020, depending on what was available from Wikipedia on 2020-02-05.] The following subsections provide analysis with references behind the summary in Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates). ```{r nucStates, fig.cap = "Gross Domestic Product and Population of Nuclear-Weapon States. (Country codes as with Figure 1 with GB, FR overplotted.)"} #op <- par(mar=c(5,5,4,2)+.1) plot(GDP_B/1000 ~ popM, nuclearWeaponStates, type='n', log='xy', las=1, xlab='', ylab='') title(ylab='nominal GDP (USD trillions)') title(xlab='population (millions)', line = 1.7) nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) i0 <- c(1:2, 4:(nNucStates-1)) with(nuclearWeaponStates, arrows( popM[i0], GDP_B[i0]/1000, popM[i0+1], GDP_B[i0+1]/1000, col='grey', lty='dotted')) cols <- c(US='blue', RU='red', GB='red', FR='blue', CN='red', IN='orange', IL='blue', PK='green', KP='red') with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(popM, GDP_B/1000, ctry, col=cols) ) leg <- with(nuclearWeaponStates, paste(ctry, '=', nation)) #with(nuclearWeaponStates, # legend('bottomright', legend=leg, # bty='n', text.col=cols)) #par(op) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_GDP_pop.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,4, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.7 plot(GDP_B/1000 ~ popM, nuclearWeaponStates, type='n', log='xy', las=1, xlab='', ylab='') nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) i0 <- c(1:2, 4:(nNucStates-1)) with(nuclearWeaponStates, arrows( popM[i0], GDP_B[i0]/1000, popM[i0+1], GDP_B[i0+1]/1000, col='grey', lty='dotted')) cols <- c(US='blue', RU='red', GB='red', FR='blue', CN='red', IN='orange', IL='blue', PK='green', KP='red') with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(popM, GDP_B/1000, ctry, col=cols) ) dev.off() } ``` It's no accident that most of the world's nuclear-weapon states are large countries with substantial populations and economies. That's not true of Israel with only roughly 9 million people nor North Korea with roughly 26 million people in 2018. France and the UK have only about 67 and 68 million people, but they are also among the world leaders in the size of their economies. Pakistan is a relatively poor country. It reportedly received financial assistance from Saudi Arabia for its nuclear program.^[@Riedel:2008.] Another reason for a possible decline in the rate of nuclear proliferation apparent in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) is the fact that among nuclear-weapon states, those with higher GDPs tended to acquire this capability earlier, as is evident in Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates). ## Knowledge In 1976, [John Aristotle Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aristotle_Phillips), an "underachieving" undergraduate at Princeton University, "designed a nuclear weapon using publicly available books and papers."^[@Spokane:1976. See also @Wikip:studentBomb.] Nuclear weapons experts disagreed on whether the design would have worked. Whether Phillips' design would have worked or not, it should be clear that the continuing progress in human understanding of [nuclear physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics) inevitably makes it easier for people interested in making such weapons to acquire the knowledge of how to do so. Before that, the nuclear age arguably began with the 1896 discovery of radioactivity by the French scientist Henri Becquerel. It was further developed by Pierre and Marie Curie in France, Ernest Rutherford in England, and others, especially in France, England and Germany.^[@Wikip:NucPhys] In 1933 after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Leo Szilard moved from Germany to England. The next year he patented the idea of a nuclear fission reactor. After World War II began, the famous [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) became a joint British-American project, which produced the very first test of a nuclear weapon.^[@Wikip:HistNucWeapons] After Soviet premier Joseph Stalin learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR (now Russia) increased the funding for their nuclear-weapons program. That program was helped by intelligence gathering about the German nuclear weapons project and the American Manhattan Project.^[@osti:espionage. See also @wikip:Soviet.] The UK's nuclear-weapons program was built in part on their wartime participation in the Manhattan Project, as noted above. France was among the leaders in nuclear research until World War II. They still had people with the expertise needed after the Suez Crisis convinced them they needed to build nuclear bombs, as noted above.^[See also @Wikip:HistNucWeapons] China got some help from the Soviet Union during the initial phases of their nuclear program.^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc.] The first country to get nuclear weapons after the Non-Proliferation Treaty was India. Their Atomic Energy Commission was founded in 1948, chaired by Homi J. Bhabha. He had published important research in nuclear physics while a graduate student in England in the 1930s, working with some of the leading nuclear physicists of that day.^[@Wikip:Bhabha; see also @Wikip:NucTimeline.] Meanwhile, Israel's nuclear weapons program initially included sending students abroad to study under leading physicists like Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago. It also included extensive collaboration with the French nuclear-weapons program.^[@Wikip:IsraelNuc.] Pakistan got [secret help from the US in the 1980s in violation of US law to secure Pakistani cooperation with US support for anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/new-documents-spotlight-reagan-era-tensions-over-pakistani-nuclear-program).[^Pak2] [Robert Gallucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gallucci) said that the nuclear weapons programs of North Korea, Iran and Libya would not have gotten off the ground without help the US secretly gave to the Pakistani nuclear weapons program in violation of US law; Gallucci is a leading scholar and expert on non-proliferation, who held senior positions in the Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Clinton administrations.[^KP] [Vikram Sood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Sood), a former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, echoed Galluci's claims, adding that Pakistan ''may'' have given nuclear-weapons technology to al Qaeda "just weeks prior to September 11, 2001."^[Sood:2008] It may not be wise to accept Sood's claim at face value, given the long-standing hostility between India and Pakistan. On the other hand, we should not dismiss the possibility that a terrorist organization might acquire nuclear weapons. Western sources have claimed that China also helped Pakistan's nuclear-weapons program, but China has denied those claims.^[@Wikip:PakNuc.] And now the US is helping Saudi Arabia obtain nuclear power, in spite of (a) the evidence that [the Saudi government including members of the Saudi royal family were involved at least as early as 1999 in preparations for the suicide mass murders of September 11, 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_28_pages),^[@Graham:2003. See also @Wikip:28pages.] and (b) their [on-going support for Al Qaeda in Yemen, reported as recently as 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen).^[See, for example, @Bazzi:2019 and @Wikip:SaudiYemen, more generally.] ## Material Reportedly the most difficult part of making nuclear weapons today is obtaining sufficient fissile material. @Toon:2007 said, "Thirteen countries operate plutonium and/or uranium enrichment facilities, including Iran", but Iran did not have sufficient fissile material in 2003 to make a nuclear weapon. Another 20 were estimated to have had sufficient stockpiles of fissile material acquired elsewhere to make nuclear weapons. They concluded that 32 (being 13 minus 1 plus 20) additional countries have sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they want.^[pp. 1975, 1977. The 32 countries they identified included 12 of the 13 that "operate plutonium and/or uranium enrichment facilities", excepting Iran as noted. The other 20 countries acquired stockpiles elsewhere. In addition to the 32 with sufficient fissile material to make a nuclear weapon, Egypt, Iraq and the former Yugoslavia were listed as having abandoned a nuclear-weapons program.] @Toon:2007 also said, "In 1992 the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguarded less than 1% of the world’s HEU [Highly Enriched Uranium] and only about 35% of the world inventory of Pu [Plutonium] ... . Today [in 2007] a similarly small fraction is safeguarded." HEU is obtained by separating $^{235}$U, which is only 0.72 percent of naturally occurring uranium.^[@GlobalSec:Uriso.] Weapons-grade uranium has at least 85 percent $^{235}$U.^[@Wikip:EnrichedU, section on "Highly enriched uranium (HEU)".] Thus, at least 0.85/0.0072 = 118 kg of naturally occurring uranium are required to obtain 1 kg that is weapons-grade, and @Toon:2007 estimated that 25 kg of HEU would be used on average for each $^{235}$U-based nuclear weapon. Plutonium, by contrast, is a byproduct of energy production in standard $^{238}$U nuclear reactors. Much of the uranium for the very first test of a nuclear weapon by the US came from the Congo,^[@Wikip:Manhattan.] but domestic sources provided most of the uranium for later US nuclear-weapons production.^[@Wikip:Ures.] The Soviet Union (USSR, now Russia) also seems to have had adequate domestic sources for its nuclear-weapons program, especially including Kazakhstan, which was part of the USSR until 1990; Kazakhstan has historically been the third largest source of uranium worldwide after Canada and the US.^[@Wikip:Ures.] The UK presumably got most of its uranium from Canada. The French nuclear-weapons program seems to have been built primarily on plutonium.^[@Wikip:FranceNuc. See also Table 2 in @Toon:2007, which claims that in 2003, France had enough fissile material for roughly 24,000 plutonium bombs and 1,350 $^{235}$U bombs.] This required them to first build standard $^{238}$U nuclear reactors to make the plutonium. Then they didn't need nearly as much uranium to sustain their program. China has reportedly had sufficient domestic reserves of uranium to support its own needs,^[@Wikip:Ures.] even exporting some to the USSR in the 1950s in exchange for other assistance with their nuclear defense program.^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc.] India's nuclear weapons program seems to have been entirely (or almost entirely) based on plutonium.^[@Wikip:IndiaNuc; see also @Toon:2007 and @Wikip:Ures.] Israel seems not to have had sufficient uranium deposits to meet its own needs. Instead, they purchased some from France until France ended their nuclear-weapons collaboration with Israel in the 1960s. To minimize the amount of uranium needed, nearly all Israeli nuclear weapons seem to be plutonium bombs.^[@Toon:2007.] It's not clear where Pakistan got most of its uranium: Its reserves in 2015 were estimated at zero, and its historical production to that point was relatively low.^[@Wikip:Ures.] By comparison with the first seven nuclear-weapon states, it's not clear where Pakistan might have gotten enough uranium to produce 83 plutonium bombs and 44 uranium bombs, as estimated by @Toon:2007^[Table 2, p. 1976.] As previously noted, the US helped the Pakistani nuclear-weapons program in the 1980s and accused China of providing similar assistance, a charge that China has repeatedly and vigorously denied. China has provided civilian nuclear reactors, which could help produce plutonium but not $^{235}$U.^[@Wikip:PakNuc.] According to the Federation of American Scientists, "North Korea maintains uranium mines with an estimated four million tons of exploitable high-quality uranium ore ... that ... contains approximately 0.8% extractable uranium."^[@Aftergood:2006; see also @Wikip:NKoreaNuc.] If that's accurate, processing all that would produce 4,000,000 times 0.008 = 32,000 tons of pure natural uranium, which should be enough to produce the weapons they have today. ## Conclusions regarding motivation, money, knowledge and material 1. There seems to be no shortage of motivations for other countries to acquire nuclear weapons. The leaders of the Soviet Union had personal memories of being invaded not only by Germany during World War II but also by the US and others after World War I. The UK had reason to fear the Soviets in their occupation of Eastern Europe. The French decided after Suez they couldn't trust the US to defend them. China had been forced to yield to nuclear threats before starting their nuclear program, as did India, Pakistan and North Korea. Israel has fought multiple wars since their independence in 1948. 2. The knowledge and material required to make such weapons in a relatively short order are also fairly widely available, even without the documented willingness of current nuclear powers to secretly help other countries acquire such weapons in some cases.[^quickNukes] 3. Unless there is some fundamental change in the structure of international relations, it seems unwise to assume that there will not be more nuclear-weapon states in the future, with the time to the next "first test" of a nuclear weapon following a probability distribution consistent with the previous times between "first tests" of nuclear weapons by the current nuclear-weapon states. # Distribution of the time between Poisson "first tests" Possibly the simplest model for something like the time between "first tests" in an application like this is to assume they come from one [exponential distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution) with 8 observed times between the 9 current nuclear-weapon states plus one [censored observation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)) of the time between the most recent one and a presumed next one. This simple theory tells us that the maximum likelihood estimate of the mean time between such "first tests" is the total time from the US "Trinity" test to the present, `r round(yrsSinceT <- as.numeric(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], units='days')/365.25), 1)` years, divided by the number of new nuclear-weapon states, `r (nNewNucSt <- nNucStates-1)`, not counting the first, which had no predecessors. Conclusion: Mean time between "first tests" = `r round(yrsSinceT / nNewNucSt, 1)` years.[^WikivTime] However, Figure \@ref(fig:plot) suggests that the time between "first tests" of succeeding nuclear-weapon states is increasing. The decreasing hazard suggested by this figure requires mathematics that are not as easy as the censored data estimation as just described. To understand the current data better, we redo Figure \@ref(fig:plot) with a log scale on the y axis in Figure \@ref(fig:ploty). ```{r ploty, fig.cap = paste("Semilog plot of time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates(log.='y') # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_logYrsBetw1stTsts.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.7 plotNucStates(mtext. = FALSE, log.='y', cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty) seem consistent with the following: - If the mean time between "first tests" is increasing over time, as suggested by Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty), then the distribution cannot be exponential, because that requires a constant [hazard rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_analysis#Hazard_function_and_cumulative_hazard_function). [For the exponential distribution, $$h(t) = (-d/dt \log S(t)) = \lambda$$, writing the exponential survival function as $S(t) = \exp(-\lambda t)$.] - Even though nuclear proliferation has been slowing since 1950, it could _accelerate_ in the future if more states began to perceive greater threats from other nations. - Fortunately we can simplify this modeling problem by using the famous duality between exponential time between events and a Poisson distribution for numbers of events in specific intervals of time. By modeling Poisson counts of "first tests" each year, we can use techniques for Poisson regression for models suggested by Figure \@ref(fig:ploty). The simplest such model might consider log(Poisson mean numbers of "first tests" each year) to be linear in the time since the first test of a nuclear weapon (code-named ["Trinity"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test))).^[@Rhodes:1986. See also @Wikip:Trinity.] However, the image in Figure \@ref(fig:ploty) suggests the line may not be straight. Easily tested alternatives to linearity could be second, third and fourth powers of the `timeSinceTrinity`.^[One might also consider a model with the log(Poisson mean) behaving like a ["Wiener process" (also called a "Brownian motion")](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process). This stochastic formulation would mean that the variance of the increments in log(hazard) between "first tests" is proportional to the elapsed time. See @Wolfram:Wiener and @Wikip:Wiener. The [`bssm` package](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/bssm/versions/0.1.7) provides a reasonable framework for modeling this. Its [`ng_bsm` function](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/bssm/versions/0.1.7/topics/ng_bsm) supports modeling a normal random walk in log(Poisson mean) of the number of "first tests" each year. In this article, we model the trend as deterministic and leave consideration of a [Gaussian random walk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk) and similar stochastic formulations for future work.] We use Poisson regression to model this as a series of the number of events each year.^[We could potentially use one observation each month, week or day. Such a change might give us slightly better answers while possibly increasing the compute time more than it's worth.] # Parameter estimation For modeling and parameter estimation, we use [`glm(firstTests ~ timeSinceTrinity, poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm) with: - `firstTests` = the number of "first tests" of a nuclear-weapon by a new nuclear-weapon state each year, and - `timeSinceTrinity` = number of years since 1945-07-16, when the first nuclear weapon was tested, code-named ["Trinity"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)). We use the [`lubridate` package](https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/) for dates. The first thing we want is the most recent date we can confidently use for the validity of the dataset we use, `Ecdat::nuclearWeaponStates`. This is in a `Date` variable `nukeDataCurrent` defined as `r nukeDataCurrent` in a `setup` section before the visible start of the narrative of this vignette. From this we get the year: ```{r year} (currentYear <- year(nukeDataCurrent)) ``` We include an observation for the current year only if it's more than 6 months since January 1 and since the last "first test". ```{r currentYear} if((month(nukeDataCurrent)<7) || (difftime(nukeDataCurrent, tail(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, 1), units = 'days')<(366/2))) currentYear <- (year(nuclearWeaponStates)-1) ``` Start after the year of the first test of a nuclear weapon. ```{r firstYear} firstTstYr <- year(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) (firstYear <- firstTstYr[1]) ``` We use this to create a vector of the number of `firstTest`s by year and put this in a `tibble` with `Year`. ```{r firstTests} (nYrs <- currentYear - firstYear) firstTests <- ts(rep(0, nYrs), firstYear+1) firstTstYrSinceFirst <- firstTstYr - firstYear firstTests[firstTstYrSinceFirst] <- 1 library(tibble) (FirstTsts <- tibble(Year=time(firstTests), nFirstTests=firstTests)) ``` We add `ctry` to this `tibble` for future reference. ```{r firstCtry} Ctry <- rep('', nYrs) Ctry[firstTstYrSinceFirst] <- nuclearWeaponStates$ctry[-1] FirstTests <- cbind(FirstTsts, ctry=Ctry) ``` We add `timeSinceTrinity`, which we will use in modeling. ```{r timeSince} FirstTests$timeSinceTrinity <- 1:nYrs ``` We then fit a model with log(Poisson mean number of first tests each year) linear in `timeSinceTrinity`. ```{r fit1} summary(fitProlif1 <- glm( firstTests ~ timeSinceTrinity, poisson, FirstTests)) ``` This says that the time trend visible in Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty) is not statistically significant. [George Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._P._Box) famously said that, ["All models are wrong, but some are useful."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_models_are_wrong)^[@BoxDraper:1987; @Wikip:ModelsWrong.] @Burnham:1998 and others claim that better predictions can generally be obtained using Bayesian Model Averaging.^[See also @Raftery:1995 and @Claeskens:2008.] In this case, we have two models: `log(Poisson mean)` being constant or linear in `timeSinceTrinity`. The [`bic.glm`](http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/R/library/BMA/html/bic.glm.html) function in the [`BMA`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BMA) package can estimate these two models and compute posterior probabilities. ```{r BMA} library(BMA) fitProlif <- bic.glm( FirstTests['timeSinceTrinity'], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson") summary(fitProlif) ``` It is standard in the BMA literature to assume a priori an approximate uniform distribution over all models considered with a penalty for estimating each additional parameter to correct for the tendency of the models to overfit the data. With these standard assumptions, this comparison of these two models estimates a `r round(100*fitProlif$postprob[2])` percent posterior probability for the model linear in `timeSinceTrinity`, leaving `r round(100*fitProlif$postprob[1])` percent probability for the model with a constant Poisson mean. Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf) adds these lines to Figure \@ref(fig:ploty).^[For Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf), we use the standard duality between the Poisson and exponential distributions. Of course, when the hazard rate is not constant, the distribution of the time to the next "first test" is not exponential. Modeling log(Poisson mean) gives us more flexibility than trying to use any of the standard generalizations of the exponential distribution.] ```{r plotyf, fig.cap = paste("BMA fit to time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4) predProlif <- with(fitProlif, outer(rep(1, nYrs+1), mle[, 1]) + outer(0:nYrs, mle[, 2])) lgnd <- paste0(c('constant', 'linear'), ' (', 100*round(fitProlif$postprob, 2), '%)') firstTest_nYrs <- as.Date(paste0( trunc(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTestYr[1])+0:nYrs, '-07-01') ) matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif), lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue')) legend('topleft', lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue'), lgnd, bty='n') ``` The lines in this figure seem higher than the mean of the points and a linear trend through the points. This bias might be explained by the difference between ordinary least squares and `glm` used in this case. It's well known that extrapolation is problematic. Bayesian Model Averaging offers on average more plausible predictions than using a single model. Before proceeding, let's consider a similar BMA fit with quadratic, cubic, and quartic terms.^[Predictions that do not rely on linear or polynomial extrapolation might be obtained from a Gaussian random walk model of the log(Poisson mean). The `bssm` package claims to be able to support that kind of model. However, we have so far been unable to get sensible answers from that software and have therefore omitted it from the present discussion. We doubt if it would change the overall conclusions, though some of the details would change.] Let's first try a model with linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic and quintic terms: ```{r fit2345} FirstTests$time2 <- (1:nYrs)^2 FirstTests$time3 <- (1:nYrs)^3 FirstTests$time4 <- (1:nYrs)^4 FirstTests$time5 <- (1:nYrs)^5 fitProlif5 <- try(bic.glm( FirstTests[4:8], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson")) ``` Evidently, `bic.glm` cannot estimate a quintic model. ```{r fit23} fitProlif4 <- bic.glm( FirstTests[4:7], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson") fitProlif4$postprob fitProlif4$mle ``` When quadratic, cubic, and quartic terms are considered, the `BMA:::bic.glm` algorithm keeps only the highest order term for each model: All the models retained have an intercept and a power of 1, 2, 3 or 4 of `timeSinceTrinity`. Moreover, their regression coefficients are all negative. This means that for each model in the Poisson mixture, the minimum of the mean time to the next "first test" occurs when `timeSinceTrinity` is zero. When a fifth order term is included, one of the models the algorithm tries to fit is computationally singular. Both these results make some sense, as there are only 8 years with one "first test"; all the others have zero "first tests", and no year had more than one. For `nYrs` = 74 and 75, only the highest order terms in each model (quadratic, cubic, quartic) were retained. Let's confirm that. ```{r highOrder} Order <- rep(0, 5) names(Order) <- c('const.', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic', 'quartic') if(nrow(fitProlif4$mle)!=5){ print(fitProlif4$mle) stop('fitProlif4 does not retain exactly ', '5 models, unlike with nYrs=74, 75...???') } for(pwr in 2:5){ ip <- which(fitProlif4$mle[, pwr] !=0) if(length(ip) != 1){ print(fitProlif4$mle) stop('power ', pwr, ' does not appear ', 'in exactly one model, ', 'unlike with nYrs=74, 75...???') } Order[pwr] <- (ip-1) } Order ``` We add the extra lines of `fitProlif4` to Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf) to get Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4). ```{r ploty4, fig.cap = paste("BMA quartic fit to time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates4 <- function(yNPT.=4, ...){ plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=yNPT., ...) predProlif4 <- matrix(NA, nYrs+1, 5) # timeSinceTrinity=0 predProlif4[1, ] <- fitProlif4$mle[,1] # constant model predProlif4[, 1] <- fitProlif4$mle[1,1] colnames(predProlif4) <- names(Order)[ 1+Order] # earlier code; obsolete #for(pwr in 1:4){ # predProlif4[, pwr+1] <- with(fitProlif4, # mle[pwr+1, 1] + ((0:nYrs)^pwr)* # fitProlif4$mle[pwr+1, pwr+1]) #} predProlif4[-1, 2:5] <- ( outer(rep(1, nYrs), fitProlif4$mle[-1, 1]) + as.matrix(FirstTests[4:7]) %*% t(fitProlif4$mle[-1, -1]) ) lgnd4 <- paste0(c('constant', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic', 'quartic'), ' (', 100*round(fitProlif4$postprob[1+Order], 4), '%)') matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif4[, Order+1]), lty=1:5, col=1:5) legend('topleft', lty=1:5, col=1:5, lgnd4, bty='n', cex=0.95) } plotNucStates4() if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_BMAyrsBetw1stTsts.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear xlim4 <- c(min(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest), max(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)+365) plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4, mtext. = FALSE, xlim.=xlim4) matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif), lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue')) legend('topleft', lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue'), lgnd, bty='n') # const+...+quartic plotNucStates4(mtext.=FALSE, xlim.=xlim4) # plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4, mtext. = FALSE) # matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif4), # lty=1:5, col=1:5) # legend('topleft', lty=1:5, col=1:5, lgnd4, # bty='n', cex=0.85) dev.off() } ``` Comparing predictions between `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` might help us understand better the limits of what we can learn from the available data. A visual analysis of Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4) makes one wonder if the quartic, cubic and quadratic fits are really almost as good as the linear, as suggested by minor differences in the posterior probabilities estimated by the `bic.glm` algorithm. However, the forecasts of nuclear proliferation will be dominated by the constant component of the BMA mixture; its posterior probability is `r 100*round(fitProlif$postprob[1], 2)` percent for the constant-linear mixture and `r 100*round(fitProlif4$postprob[1], 4)` percent for the quartic mixture. That means that the median line and all the lower quantiles of all simulated futures based on these models would be dominated by that constant term. Moreover, the quadratic, cubic and quartic lines in the right (quartic mixture) panel of Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4) do not look nearly as plausible, at least to the present author, as the constant and linear lines.^[Recall that the estimation methodology here is Poisson regression, not ordinary least squares.] That, in turn, suggests that the constant linear mixture may be more plausible than the quartic mixture We next use `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` to compute central 60 and 80 percent confidence limits plus 80 percent prediction, and (0.8, 0.8) tolerance limits for future nuclear proliferation, as discussed in the next three sections of this vignette.[^Confidence_Interval] # Confidence limits We start by computing `nSims` simulated Poisson mean numbers of "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states for each of the `nYrs` years used in `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` and another `nYrs` years beyond. These simulations will later be used to compute confidence limits for the model estimates of the Poisson mean and prediction and tolerance limits for the actual number of nuclear-weapon states. <!--I wanted to put "[^Confidence_Interval]" here. However, that duplicated a relatively large footnote rather than creating a second reference to the same large footnote; unacceptable.--> ```{r meanSims} nSims <- 5000 timeSncT <- 1:(2*nYrs) pastfut <- tibble(Year=firstYear+timeSncT, timeSinceTrinity=timeSncT, time2=timeSncT^2, time3=timeSncT^3, time4=timeSncT^4) library(Ecfun) simMeans <- simulate(fitProlif, nSims, seed=3, newdata=pastfut[2], type='response') dim(simMeans) # earlier simulations showed a curve # for the mean of simMeans4 that # that was quite extreme. # Check it by set.seed(1) here # and 2, 3, ... later simMeans4 <- simulate(fitProlif4, nSims, seed=1, newdata=pastfut[2:5], type='response') dim(simMeans4) ``` We invert these simulated Poisson means to get simulated exponential times, then summarize them in a format compatible with `yearsSinceLastFirstTest` in `nuclearWeaponStates`. ```{r expSum} sumSims <- function(x, Year=pastfut$Year){ ## ## return data.frame of Year with ## mean and (.1, .5, .9) quantiles of x ## Yr <- as.Date(paste0(Year, '-07-01')) xMean <- apply(x, 1, mean) xCI <- apply(x, 1, quantile, probs=c(.1, .2, .5, .8, .9)) # fix names rownames(xCI) <- c( 'L10', 'L20', 'median', 'U20', 'U10') xSum <- data.frame(Year=Yr, mean=xMean, data.frame(t(xCI))) xSum } sumExpMeans <- sumSims(1/simMeans) sumExpMeans4 <- sumSims(1/simMeans4) ``` These numbers are added to Figure \@ref(fig:ploty) to produce Figures \@ref(fig:plotfut) and \@ref(fig:plotfu4). ```{r plotfut, fig.cap = paste('Estimated mean time between "first tests," past and future.', NucStates)} plotNucStatesPred <- function(x, ...){ ## ## plotNucStates with future predictions ## summarized in x ## xlim. <- range(x$Year) ylim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest, head(x[-1], 1), tail(x[-1], 1), na.rm=TRUE) plotNucStates(xlim.=xlim., ylim.=ylim., log.='y', ...) with(x, lines(Year, mean)) with(x, lines(Year, median, lty='dashed', col='blue')) with(x, lines(Year, U10, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, L10, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, U20, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, L20, lty='dotted', col='red')) legend('topleft', c('60% and 80% confidence limits for the mean', 'mean', 'median'), col=c('red', 'black', 'blue'), lty=c('dotted', 'solid', 'dashed'), bty='n') abline(h=200, lty='dotted', col='grey') } plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg(paste0('NucWeaponStates_', 'FcstMeanTimeBetw1stTsts.svg')) op <- par(cex=1.4, cex.axis=1.3, mar=c(2,3, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.3 plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans, mtext. = FALSE, cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` The fairly flat shape of the median and lower 10 and 20 percent lines in Figure \@ref(fig:plotfut) seem consistent with a model that is a mixture of log-normal distributions with the dominant component having a mean that is constant over time and a probability of `r 100*round(fitProlif$postprob[1], 2)` percent. The substantial curvature of the solid line forecast looks hopeful, with a mean of simulated means being almost 200 years between successive "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states by the end of the forecasted period, `r year(tail(sumExpMeans$Year, 1))`. The fact that the mean of the simulations exceeds the upper confidence limit for `r year(tail(sumExpMeans$Year, 1))` seems odd but can be explained by noting that this is a mixture of log-normal distributions, and the mean of a log-normal exceeds its upper quantile $q$ whenever $\sigma > 2\Phi^{-1}(q)$, where $\Phi^{-1}(q)$ = quantile $q$ of the standard normal distribution, and $\sigma$ is the standard deviation of the logarithms.^[This follows, because quantile $q$ of a log-normal is $\exp[\mu+\sigma\Phi^{-1}(q)]$ and the mean is $\exp[\mu+\sigma^2/2]$, so the mean exceeds quantile $q$ whenever $\sigma\Phi^{-1}(q) < \sigma^2/2$, i.e., when $\Phi^{-1}(q) < \sigma/2$.] Note further that the distribution for each year in Figure \@ref(fig:plotfut) is a mixture of log-normal distributions, which means that their reciprocals, the mean numbers of "first tests" each year, will also be a mixture of log-normals with the same standard deviations on the log scale. This standard deviation is larger the farther we extrapolate into the future. ```{r plotfu4, fig.cap = paste('Estimated mean time between "first tests" considering up to a quartic model.', NucStates)} plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans4) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg(paste0('NucWeaponStates_', 'QuarticFcstMeanTimeBetw1stTsts.svg')) op <- par(cex=1.4, cex.axis=1.3, mar=c(1,2, 0,0)+.1) cex2 <- 1.3 plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans4, mtext. = FALSE, cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` The increase over time in the _mean_ time between "first tests" in Figures \@ref(fig:plotfut) and \@ref(fig:plotfu4) suggests a desirable decrease in the rate of nuclear proliferation. However, we are more concerned with the _shorter_ times between "first tests", and they seem all too probable, as we shall see when we simulate and `cumsum` them. To do that, we append these simulated predictions to a plot of the evolution of the number of nuclear-weapon states through the historical period.^[In these simulations, we assume a zero probability of a nuclear power giving up their nuclear weapons, even though [South Africa reportedly discontinued their nuclear weapons program in 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction), prior to its [first universal elections in 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa#End_of_apartheid). We could potentially add South Africa to `nuclearWeaponStates` with the same date as Israel, then model the distribution of the time to when a nuclear-weapon state gives up its nuclear weapons using an exponential distribution. For that, we have one observed time and eight such times that are censored. Standard theory in that case says that the maximum likelihood estimate of the mean time to relinquishing nuclear weapons assuming an exponential distribution is the sum of all the times, censored or observed, divided by the number of times observed, not including the censored times in the denominator. For purposes of illustration, we will assume that South Africa dismantled its nuclear weapons 1989-12-31, though a report of an inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency dated 1994-08-19 said they had dismantled six nuclear weapons and were still working to dismantle one more. Based on this, the mean lifetime of a nuclear-weapon state can be estimated at `r round(as.numeric(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, as.Date('1979-09-22'), units='weeks') + sum(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, units='weeks')))/52)` years. We could potentially add this to the current modeling effort, but it would not likely change the answers enough to justify the additional effort.] ```{r cumsum} str(cumMeans <- apply(simMeans[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum)) quantile(cumMeans[nYrs,]) str(cumCI <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))])) ``` These numbers are plotted in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum). ```{r plotcum_Fn} plotNNucStates <- function(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, fT_end=nukeDataCurrent, ...){ ## ## plot stairsteps for xpast and lines for xfuture ## with either 5 or 7 columns in xfuture ## if(is.null(xlim.)){ xlim. <- range(c(xpast$firstTest, tail(xfuture$Year, 1))) } nColsFut <- length(xfuture) if(is.null(ylim.))ylim. <- c(0, tail(xfuture[[nColsFut]], 1)) plot(xlim., ylim., type='n', xlab='', ylab='', las=1, bty='n') ## ## 1. plot xpast ## fT_sel <- (xpast$firstTest<=fT_end) nNucStend <- sum(fT_sel) fT_date <- c(xpast$firstTest[1], xpast$firstTest[fT_sel], fT_end) # fT_date <- c(xpast$firstTest[1], # xpast$firstTest, fT_end) lines(fT_date, c(0:nNucStend, nNucStend), type='s') abline(v=NPTdate, lty='dashed', col='grey') # abline(h=20) xlim20. <- c(xlim.[1]-7*365, xlim.[1]) lines(xlim20., rep(20, 2), lty='dashed', col='grey', xpd=NA) xlim20 <- c(as.Date('1980-01-01'), xlim.[2]) lines(xlim20, rep(20, 2), lty='dashed', col='grey') # text(NPTdate-.017*diff(xlim.), yNPT, c('NPT', 'INF'), col='grey', srt=90) ## ## 2. plot xfuture ## if(!is.null(xfuture)){ with(xfuture, lines(Year, mean), lwd=lwd.[1]) with(xfuture, lines(Year, median, lty='dashed', col='blue', lwd=lwd.[2])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, U10, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, L10, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, U20, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, L20, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) ncols <- 3 leg <- c(paste0('60% and 80%', 'confidence\nlimits for the mean'), 'mean', 'median') col. <- c('red', 'black', 'blue') # if('predU10' %in% names(xfuture)){ leg <- c(leg, '80% prediction limits') col. <- c(col., 'green') with(xfuture, lines(Year, predU10, lty='dashed', col='green', lwd=lwd.[4])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, predL10, lty='dashed', col='green', lwd=lwd.[4])) ncols <- 4 } if('tolU10' %in% names(xfuture)){ leg <- c(leg, '(0.8, 0.8) tolerance limits') col. <- c(col., 'purple') with(xfuture, lines(Year, tolU10, lty='dashed', col='purple', lwd=lwd.[5])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, tolL10, lty='dashed', col='purple', lwd=lwd.[5])) ncols <- ncols+1 } ## ## 3. legend ## lty. <- c('dotted', 'solid', rep('dashed', 3)) # lwd. <- c(rep(par('lwd'), 3), # rep(par('lwd')*2, 2) ) legend('topleft', leg[1:ncols], col=col.[1:ncols], lty=lty.[1:ncols], lwd=lwd., bty='n') } } ``` ```{r plotcum, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted mean"} plotNNucStates(cumCI) print(tail(cumCI, 1)) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.png') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } # For the 88th MORS Symposium, I want multiple subsets of this: # 1. Up to NPT in 1970 # 2. Up to INF in 1988 # 3. Up to "Axis of Evil" in 2002 # 4. Today in 2020 # 5. Poisson data: Model as a Poisson count # each year since 1945 # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% linear # 7. To 2094 with confidence limits if(save_svg){ # 1. NPT print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred11.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=NPTdate[1]) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 2. INF print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred12.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=NPTdate[2]) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 3. To "Axis of Evil" print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred13.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=as.Date('2002-01-29')) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 4. To the present print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred14.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 5. Poisson observations print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred15.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 5. Poisson observations with annotation print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred15a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% lin. print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred16.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% lin. w annotations print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred16a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') mixp <- round(100*fitProlif$postprob) mixpt <- paste(mixp, c('const.', 'lin.')) mixpt1 <- paste(mixpt, collapse='; ') mixpt1b <- paste('BMA: ', mixpt1) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, mixpt1b, 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 7. Full slide print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred17.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 7. Full slide print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred17a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') mixp <- round(100*fitProlif$postprob) mixpt <- paste(mixp, c('const.', 'lin.')) mixpt1 <- paste(mixpt, collapse='; ') mixpt1b <- paste('BMA: ', mixpt1) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, mixpt1b, 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } ``` The slopes of the mean and median lines are steeper than the recent history, but the statistical evidence does not support the naive interpretation of a slowing in nuclear proliferation that one might get from considering only the most recent data. We repeat this analysis with the quartic BMA mixture in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4). ```{r plotcum4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted mean, BMA quartic fit"} str(cumMeans4 <- apply(simMeans4[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum)) quantile(cumMeans4[nYrs,]) str(cumCI4 <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans4), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))])) plotNNucStates(cumCI4) print(tail(cumCI4, 1)) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumCI4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumCI4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` Comparing Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) shows that the higher order terms in the quartic BMA mixture widens the confidence limits, making the 10`th` percentile essentially flat with almost no additional nuclear proliferation, while the mean quickly escapes the upper limit. That sharply rising mean suggests that less than 10 percent of the simulations predict nuclear arms races that involve many nation states and many more non-state armed groups. These outcomes are not likely, but the probabilities of such outcomes seem too large to be dismissed without further consideration, especially when gambling with the future of civilization. We replicate the simulations summarized in `cumCI4` to see how stable the numbers are for the final year in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4); see Figure \@ref(fig:qq4). ```{r qq4, fig.cap = "Log-normal probability plot of mean numbers of nuclear-weapon states per the quartic mixture model in the last simulated year"} cumCI2 <- rbind(tail(cumCI, 1), tail(cumCI4, 1)) rownames(cumCI2) <- c('BMA2', 'BMA4') for(i in 2:10){ simMeans4b <- simulate(fitProlif4, nSims, seed=i, newdata=pastfut[2:5], type='response') cumMeans4b <- apply(simMeans4b[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum) cumCI4b <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans4b), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))]) cumCI2 <- rbind(cumCI2, tail(cumCI4b, 1)) rownames(cumCI2)[i+1] <- paste0( 'BMA4', letters[i]) } qqCI2 <- as.data.frame( qqnorm(cumCI2$mean[-1], datax=TRUE, log='x', ylab='simulated mean')) with(qqCI2[1, , drop=FALSE], points(x, y, pch=15)) with(qqCI2[1, , drop=FALSE], text(x, y, adj=c(0, 0.5), ' <- used in other figures')) cumCI2 ``` These replications establish that the simulated `mean` number of nuclear-weapon states in the last simulated year, `r year(tail(cumCI$Year, 1))`, in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4) is slightly conservative relative to the simulated replicates and is definitely _not_ an outlier. Beyond that, comparing Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) establishes that the median and lower limit are lower for the quartic BMA mixture while the upper limit is slightly higher, and the mean for the quartic BMA mixture is too large to be credible. Ignoring the simulations of uncontrolled nuclear arms races, the median lines in Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) predict between `r round(tail(cumCI, 1)$median, 1)` and `r round(tail(cumCI4, 1)$median, 1)` at the end of the current simulated period, `r year(tail(cumCI, 1)$Year)`, adding either `r round(tail(cumCI, 1)$median-nNucStates, 1)` and `r round(tail(cumCI4, 1)$median-nNucStates, 1)` (for the constant-linear and quartic mixtures, respectively) to the current `r nNucStates` nuclear-weapon states. Those _median_ numbers are a little less than double the number of nuclear-weapon states today. We extend this analysis by adding prediction intervals to these plots. # Prediction limits The simplest bounds on the future are [prediction intervals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval), which combine the statistical uncertainty in the estimates of mean numbers of nuclear-weapon states with the random variability in the outcomes. For this we use `rpois(., simMeanNucStByYr)` to simulate independent numbers of "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states (or non-state entities) for each of the next `r nYrs` years in the forecast period then `cumsum` those to get simulated trajectories. ```{r simNew} set.seed(9) rpois. <- function(n, lambda){ ## ## Some of the means are so large that ## rpois sometimes returns NAs. ## Avoid this by outputting numerics ## rather than integers in those cases. ## NOTE: This was discussed on ## r-devel@r-project.org 2020-01-19 and 20 ## with the tentative conclusion that ## a change such as documented here ## might be implemented in a future version ## of R. If that happens, this ## function will no longer be needed. ## n2 <- max(n, length(lambda)) n. <- rep_len(n, n2) lam <- rep_len(lambda, n2) # If Poisson mean = 0.9*.Machine$integer.max, # an observation would have to be over # 4600 standard deviations above the mean # to generate an error. big <- (lam>0.9*.Machine$integer.max) out <- rep(NA, n2) out[big] <- round(rnorm(sum(big), lam[big], sqrt(lam[big]))) out[!big] <- rpois(sum(!big), lam[!big]) out } cumsumPred <- function(x, ...){ ## ## cumsum of rpois predictions based on x ## # simPred <- data.frame(lapply( x[-(1:nYrs),], rpois., n=nYrs)) cumPred <- data.frame(lapply( simPred, cumsum)) cumPred } cumPred <- cumsumPred(simMeans) cumsumC.PI <- function(cumsumPred, cumsumCI, ...){ cumPI <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumsumPred), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))]) prd. <- which(names(cumPI) %in% c('L10', 'L20', 'U20', 'U10')) names(cumPI)[prd.] <- paste0('pred', c('L10', 'L20', 'U20', 'U10')) # checks dYr <- difftime(cumsumCI$Year, cumPI$Year, 'days') if(any(as.numeric(dYr)>0)) stop('Years do not match') rd.mean <- ((cumsumCI$mean-cumPI$mean) / (cumsumCI$mean+cumPI$mean) ) if(any(rd.mean>0.01)) stop('means do not match') # cbind cumC.PI <- cbind(cumsumCI, cumPI[prd.]) cumC.PI } cumC.PI <- cumsumC.PI(cumPred, cumCI) ``` We add this to the image in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum) to create Figure \@ref(fig:plotPred). ```{r plotPred, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted"} plotNNucStates(xfuture=cumC.PI) ``` We do the same for the quartic BMA model in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4) to produce Figure \@ref(fig:plotPred4). In both Figures \@ref(fig:plotPred) and \@ref(fig:plotPred4) the most likely scenarios, especially the median line and the space between the 60 percent confidence limits, predict a continuation of nuclear proliferation. It's difficult to imagine how that could continue without also substantively increasing the risk of nuclear war and therefore also of the extinction of civilization. ```{r plotPred4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted per quartic BMA model"} cumPred4 <- cumsumPred(simMeans4) cumC.PI4 <- cumsumC.PI(cumPred4, cumCI4) plotNNucStates(xfuture=cumC.PI4) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPredInt.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumC.PI4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumC.PI4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumC.PI, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumC.PI4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` We can also summarize the simulations in `cumPred` to estimate the probabilities of having 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 new nuclear weapon states for each year in the prediction period between `r simStart` and `r simEnd` in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif). This is another way of evaluating the sensibility of pretending there will be no further nuclear proliferation: Not likely. ```{r prolif, fig.cap = "Probabilities of the time to the next 5 new nuclear-weapon states using the constant-linear mixture model"} plotProbs <- function(x, label_year=2050, cex.txt = 1, ...){ # adj.=matrix(c(.53, -.4, .55, 1.15), 2, byrow=TRUE), ...){ ## ## Probability distribution of the next 1:5 ## new nuclear-weapon states ## ## from x = cumPred, a data.frame ## maxNewNucSt <- 5 probs <- function(x, n=maxNewNucSt){ p <- colMeans(outer(x, 0:(n-1), '>')) p } probProlif. <- apply(as.matrix(x), 1, probs) probProlif <- ts(t(probProlif.), currentYear+1) colnames(probProlif) <- 1:maxNewNucSt ylims <- probProlif.[c(1, maxNewNucSt), c(1, nYrs)] midLine <- round(mean(ylims[c(1, 4)]), 2) futYrs <- time(probProlif) plot(range(futYrs), range(probProlif), type='n', xlab='', las=1, ylab='', ...) # matplot(time(probProlif), probProlif, # type='l', xlab='', las=1, ylab='', ...) for(iNNS in 1:maxNewNucSt){ lines(as.numeric(futYrs), probProlif[, iNNS], lty=iNNS, col=iNNS) } abline(h=midLine, lty='dotted', ...) # midTime <- rep(NA, maxNewNucSt) for(i in 1:maxNewNucSt){ it <- min(which(probProlif[,i]>=midLine)) # cat(time(probProlif)[it], '') midTime[i] <- time(probProlif)[it] text(midTime[i], midLine, paste0(midTime[i], '\n', i), cex=cex.txt) } text(currentYear+0.95*nYrs, midLine, paste0('p =\n', midLine), cex=cex.txt) # lab3l_year abline(v=label_year, lty='dotted') iyr <- which(time(probProlif) == label_year) label_p <- probProlif[iyr, ] lines(time(probProlif)[c(1, iyr)], rep(label_p[1], 2), lty='dotted', ...) text(time(probProlif)[1+iyr/4], label_p[1], paste0('p =\n', round(label_p[1], 2)), cex=cex.txt) # list(midLine=midLine, midTime=midTime, probProlif=probProlif, label_year=c(label_year=label_year, label_prob=label_p)) } probProlif <- plotProbs(cumPred) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs.svg', # height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs1.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.8, cex.axis=1.8, lwd=3, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1) # const+linear cex.txt <- 1.6 ylim. <- c(0, tail( probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1)) plotProbs(cumPred, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) dev.off() } tail(probProlif$probProlif, 1) ``` Figure \@ref(fig:prolif) says there is a `r round(100*tail(probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1))` percent chance of another nuclear-weapon state by `r tail(time(probProlif$probProlif), 1)` with a `r 100*probProlif$midLine` percent chance of at least 1 by `r probProlif$midTime[1]`. We replicate Figure \@ref(fig:prolif) for the quartic BMA model in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif4). ```{r prolif4, fig.cap = "Probabilities of the time to the next 5 new nuclear-weapon states using the quartic BMA model"} probProlif4 <- plotProbs(cumPred4) tail(probProlif4$probProlif, 1) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear cex.txt <- 0.7 ylim. <- c(0, tail( probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1)) plotProbs(cumPred, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) plotProbs(cumPred4, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) dev.off() } ``` The quartic BMA model summarized in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif4) is more optimistic than the constant-linear BMA model summarized in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif): The estimated probability of one more nuclear-weapon state by 2050 drops from `r round(window(probProlif$probProlif, 2050, 2050)[,1], 2)` for the constant-linear mixture to `r round(window(probProlif4$probProlif, 2050, 2050)[,1], 2)` for the quartic BMA model. The conclusions from both models include the following: &nbsp; \begin{center} \textbf{The current structure of international relations} \textbf{seems to threaten the extinction of civilization} \end{center} To better quantify the uncertainty in modeling, we can also construct tolerance intervals for the time to the next new nuclear-weapon state. # Tolerance limits We want to add tolerance limits to Figures \@ref(fig:plotPred) and \@ref(fig:plotPred4) in addition to the prediction limits. [A (p, 1-$\alpha$) tolerance interval provides limits within which at least a proportion (p) of the population falls with a given level of confidence (1−$\alpha$).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_interval) We compute this as follows: 1. Find the L10 and U90, the central 80 percent confidence limits for the Poisson means for individual years summarized in Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4). 2. Simulate Poisson distributed random variables about each of those limits for each individual year in the future. 3. Then we `cumsum` those simulations. 4. Select TL10 and TU90 to include at least 80 percent of `cumsum`med Poisson simulations about each of L10 and U90 individually. We do this as follows: 4.1. Set the initial value for `TU90` as the 80th percentile of the distributions of the simulated trajectories around `U90`. Similarly set the initial value for `TL10` as the 20`th` percentile of the distributions of the simulated trajectories around `L10`. 4.2. Compute the coverage probabilities of (TL10`, `TU90`) of the simulations around `L10` and `U90`, respectively. If both those coverage probabilities exceed 80 percent, quit. 4.3. Else, compute the coverage probabilities of (`max(0, TL10-1), TU90`) and (`TL10, TU90+1`) under both `L10` and `U90`, respectively. If both of those coverage probabilities exceed 80 percent, quit with the smallest of the two. If only one exceeds 80 percent, quit with that one. If neither exceeds 80 percent, replace (`TL10, TU90`) with the max of the two [or with (TL10, TU90+) if they are both the same] and repeat this analysis. ```{r simTol} cumsumTol <- function(x=cumCI, ...){ ## ## cumsum of rpois predictions based on x ## # simTolU. <- rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$U10)) simTolU <- matrix(rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$U10)), nYrs) simTolL <- matrix(rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$L10)), nYrs) # cumTolU <- apply(simTolU, 2, cumsum) cumTolL <- apply(simTolL, 2, cumsum) # cumTolU10 <- apply(cumTolU, 1, quantile, probs=0.8) cumTolL10 <- apply(cumTolL, 1, quantile, probs=0.2) # check coverage for each year # with both limits in case too many # upper sims are below cumTolL10 and # too many lower sims are above # cumTolU10 In <- ((cumTolL10 <= cumTolL) & (cumTolU <= cumTolU10)) pIn <- apply(In, 1, mean) pOut <- (pIn < 0.8) while(any(pOut)){ stop('Problem in tolSim: ', 'pIn < 0.8; need algorithm to fix;', ' not debugged, because it', ' seems not to have actually', ' happened.\n') # The following not debugged: cumTolU10.1 <- (cumTolU10[pOut]+1) cumTolL10.1 <- pmax(0, cumTolL10[pOut]-1) # Need In.1 and In.9 In.1 <- ((cumTolL10.1 <= cumTolL[pOut, drop=FALSE]) & (cumTolU[pOut,, drop=FALSE] <= cumTolU10[pOut])) In.9 <- ((cumTolL10[pOut] <= cumTolL[pOut, drop=FALSE]) & (cumTolU[pOut,, drop=FALSE] <= cumTolU10.1)) pIn.1 <- apply(In.1, 1, mean) pIn.9 <- apply(In.9, 1, mean) pO.1 <- (pIn.1 < 0.8) pO.9 <- (pIn.9 < 0.8) # If both pIn.1 and pIn.9 >=0.8, # pick the smallest # else if one is, use that, # else iterate # ... the following is not correct, # partly because neither cumTolL10 # nor cumTolU10 have been changed pOut[pOut] <- pO } # x$tolL10 <- (nNucStates + c(0, cumTolL10)) x$tolU10 <- (nNucStates + c(0, cumTolU10)) # as.data.frame(x) } cumTol <- cumsumTol(cumC.PI) ``` The results for the constant-linear mixture appear in Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol). ```{r plotTol, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states with prediction and tolerance limits"} plotNNucStates(cumTol) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg',height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt1.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 1)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # ylimTol1 <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) # lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), ylim.=ylimTol1) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg',height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt1a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 1)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # ylimTol1 <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) # lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), ylim.=ylimTol1) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, 'BMA: 79% const.; 21% lin.', 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } ``` The upper limit line in Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol) is higher than that in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum). It gives us a bit more humility regarding the value of current knowledge. However, the difference is not enough to substantively alter our conclusions, namely that nuclear proliferation is likely and should not be ignored. Do we get the same considering the quartic BMA model? See Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol4). ```{r plotTol4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states with prediction and tolerance limits per quartic BMA model"} cumTol4 <- cumsumTol(cumC.PI4) plotNNucStates(cumTol4) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumTol4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumTol4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumTol4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` Indeed, the conclusion from Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol4) is the same as before: Nuclear proliferation is likely to continue until something makes it impossible for anyone to make more nuclear weapons for a very long time. <!--This might happen either as a result of (a) a nuclear war leading to the destruction of civilization or (b) a major and unprecedented political movement that strengthens international law to the point that the poor, weak, and disfranchised have effective judicial redress for grievances.--> # Discussion A growing number of leading figures have said that as long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is only a matter of time before there is a nuclear war. Concerns like this have been expressed by two former US Secretaries of Defense ([Robert McNamara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara)^[@McNamara:2003] and [William Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry)), two former US Secretaries of State ([Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger) and [George Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz)), former US Senator [Sam Nunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nunn),^[@Shultz:2019] and others with, for example, the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative). [Daniel Ellsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg) has said that a nuclear war will most likely generate a nuclear winter that lasts several years during which 98 percent of humanity will starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner.^[@Ellsberg:2017b] Banerjee and Duflo, two of the three who won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, have noted that neither economic nor political stability are assured for any country, including the United States, China and India. In particular, they predict that economic growth will almost certainly slow substantially in the latter two, leaving many poor people in desperate economic straits.^[@Banerjee:2019. Various journalists and academic researchers have expressed concern about increases in ethic violence in various countries and whether electoral transitions of power will continue, even in the US. See, e.g., @Klaas:2019] Internal problems in the US, China, India or any other nuclear-weapon state could push political leaders to pursue increasingly risky foreign adventures, like Argentina did in 1982,^[@Wikip:Faulklands] possibly leading to a war that could produce nuclear Armageddon.[^WikivTime2] The evidence compiled in the present work only seems to increase the urgency of limiting the threat of nuclear war and nuclear proliferation in particular. In the 20 years following the first test of a nuclear weapon on `r nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1]` by the US, four more nations acquired such weapons. In the 50 years since the Non-Proliferation Treaty took effect in 1970, another four acquired them.^[This uses a commonly accepted list of existing nuclear-weapon states and when they each first tested a nuclear weapon. The sources for this are contained in the help file for the [`nuclearWeaponStates`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/Ecdat/versions/0.3-7/topics/nuclearWeaponStates) dataset in the [Ecfun](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/Ecdat/versions/0.3-7) package for R.] Our analysis of the available data considering only the dates of these first tests suggests that nuclear proliferation may have been slowing throughout this period. However, that apparent trend was not statistically significant in the model we fit. Bayesian Model Averages (BMA) is known to generally produce better predictions than single model fits. Accordingly, we've estimated confidence, prediction, and tolerance limits for the number of new nuclear-weapon states `r nYrs` years into the future based on two BMA models with mixtures of either a constant with a linear model or a constant with terms up to quartic in the time since the very first test of a nuclear weapon. We can expect that some non-nuclear nations and terrorist groups would eagerly pursue nuclear weapons if such seemed feasible unless some unprecedented change in international law provided them with effective nonviolent recourse to perceived threats. Moreover, these weapons will likely become more available with the passage of time unless (a) a nuclear war destroys everyone's ability to make more such weapons for a long time, or (b) an international movement has far more success than similar previous efforts in giving the poor, weak and disfranchised effective nonviolent means for pursuing a redress of grievances. # Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Val Nereo for suggestions that seem to have improved this article. As usual, the authors retain responsibility for any remaining errors and poorly presented observations. # References [^quickNukes]: In addition to the 32 currently non-nuclear-weapon states with "sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they wished", per @Toon:2007, the inspector general of the US Department of Energy concluded in 2009 (in its most recent public accounting) that enough highly enriched uranium was missing from US inventories to make at least five nuclear bombs comparable to those that destroyed substantial portions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Substantially more weapons-grade material may be missing in other countries, especially Russia (@Malone:2018). [^WikivTime]: For precursors to the current study that involve censored estimation of time to a nuclear war, see @Wikiv:extinct and @Wikiv:Armageddon. [^WikivTime2]: The risks of a nuclear Armageddon are documented in a series of simulations published in refereed academic journals, each more detailed and more disconcerting than the previous. All assume that many firestorms will be produced, because (a) the areas targeted will likely be much more susceptible to firestorms than the underground or isolated sites used to test nuclear weapons, and (b) many of the weapons used will have yields substantially greater than those employed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For a discussion of that literature, see @Wikiv:extinct and @Wikiv:Armageddon. [^KP]: @Levy:2007 say that Gallucci was a special adviser on WMDs to US Presidents Clinton and G. W. Bush. The Wikipedia article on him says he was US Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs from July 13, 1992 to October 11, 1994 under Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton but not G. W. Bush. Later, per @Gallucci:2001, "In March 1998, the Department of State announced his appointment as Special Envoy to deal with the threat posed by the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. He held this position until January 2001." G. W. Bush became US President 2001-01-20. Thus, if Gallucci served under G. W. Bush, it was only for a few days. Similar remarks about the US helping Pakistan's nuclear program were made by [Richard Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barlow_(Intelligence_analyst)#cite_note-wp-1), a CIA analyst who reported these questionable activities to a committee of the US House as noted by @Levy:2007. Barlow was reportedly severely punished for honestly answering questions in a classified briefing to an oversight committee of the US House. Barlow said that US assistance to Pakistan's nuclear weapons program was in exchange for Pakistan's help in supplying rebels in Afghanistan fighting Soviet occupation. This was during the [Iran-Contra affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair), which exposed actions of officials of the Reagan administration to pursue foreign policy objectives in Central America in blatant violation of law passed by Congress and signed by the President. [^Pak2]: @Burr:2012, @Burr:2013. There have also been reports that China helped Pakistan obtain nuclear weapons. However, [China has vigorously denied those charges, many if not all of which may not be credible, having originated with the US government.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) See @Wikip:PakNuc. [^Confidence_Interval]:["Confidence intervals"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval) bound the predicted mean number of nuclear-weapon states for each future year considered. Central 80 percent ["prediction intervals"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval) are limits that include the central 80 percent of distribution of the number of nuclear-weapon states. They add the uncertainty in the modeled Poisson process to the uncertainty of estimating the mean of that process for each future year considered. 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{2019-11-29}, publisher={Wikiversity} } @online{Wikiv:Armageddon, title={Time to nuclear Armageddon}, url={https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Time_to_nuclear_Armageddon}, urldate = {2019-05-25}, publisher={Wikiversity} } @online{Wolfram:Wiener, title={Wolfram, "Wiener Process"}, url={http://mathworld.wolfram.com/WienerProcess.html}, urldate = {2019-12-23}, publisher={Wolfram} } @Article{Yusuf:2016, author = {Yusuf, Moeed}, title = {An India-Pakistan Crisis: Should we care?}, date = {2016-11-29}, url = {https://warontherocks.com/2016/11/an-indian-pakistan-crisis-should-we-care/}, urldate = {2016-11-29}, journal = {War on the Rocks} } </syntaxhighlight> 9uxzqs3mn28f4gjogy82h8w33ps1iki 2412679 2412678 2022-08-08T19:44:44Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Protected "[[Forecasting nuclear proliferation/Simulating nuclear proliferation]]": Excessive vandalism ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 19:44, 8 August 2023 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 19:44, 8 August 2023 (UTC))) wikitext text/x-wiki Most of the statistical computations summarized in the Wikiversity article on "Forecasting nuclear proliferation" can be replicated by "knitting" the R Markdown code in this vignette in {{w|Rstudio}}. == Process == [[File:RStudio knit icon.png|thumb|RStudio RMarkdown knit icon]] # Open an instance of {{w|RStudio}}. If you don't already have it installed, you can go to [https://rstudio.cloud/ "RStudio Cloud"] and click "get started for free" (at least as of 2020-10-24).<ref>{{cite Q|Q100799903}}<!-- RStudio Cloud -->.</ref> Or you can download and install free and open-source versions of it and R on your local computer. R is available from [https://cloud.r-project.org/ The Comprehensive R Archive Network]. For RStudio, go to [https://rstudio.com/ its website] > Products (top center) > RStudio > "RStudio Desktop" > "Open Source Edition" > "Download RStudio Desktop". # Start RStudio. Then File > "New File" > "R Markdown..." > Title: "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" > "Default Output Format: PDF" > OK. ''[NOTE: The default "Default Output Format" is HTML. When this vignette was developed, the figure references would not work with HTML but would with PDF.]'' # Replace the default code in this new RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" with the text from the section below entitled, 'RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation"'. # Save as, e.g., "FcstgNucProlif.Rmd" (with a *.Rmd extension). # File > "New File" > "Text File". # Copy the text from the section below entitled "nuc-references.bib" into this new empty text file. # Save as "nuc-references.bib". # Click the "Knit" icon; see the companion image. Or read the text and run the code chunks one at a time manually. The latter makes it relatively easy to look at intermediate computations carefully and experiment with changing things in different ways. == Development of this vignette == This vignette evolved over time and was used to produce most of the figures in the main article on "[[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]]" as well as slides for companion presentations. Some were written as svg files. Others were png. These image files were developed in in different formats at different times for different purposes. == RMarkdown vignette on "Modeling and simulating nuclear proliferation" == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> --- title: "Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation" author: "Spencer Graves and Doug Samuelson" date: "2020-08-04" #output: bookdown::pdf_book #NOTE: As of 2020-08-05 I get: #! Package inputenc Error: Unicode character − (U+2212) #(inputenc) not set up for use with LaTeX. #Try other LaTeX engines instead (e.g., xelatex) if you #are using pdflatex. See #https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/latex-unicode.html # This recommends: #output: # pdf_document: # latex_engine: xelatex # 2020-09-30: # Etienne B. Racine <notifications@github.com> # suggested: output: bookdown::pdf_book: latex_engine: xelatex #output: bookdown::gitbook #NOTE: As of 2019-11 "Figure \@ref(fig:plot)" # does not work with # output: html_document bibliography: nuc-references.bib vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Forecasting nuclear proliferation} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Time to next new nuclear-weapon state} %\VignetteKeyword{nuclear-weapon states} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr} %\SweaveUTF8 \usepackage[utf8](inputenc) --- ```{r setup, include=FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) # Ecdat::nuclearWeaponStates include all # first test up to nukeDataCurrent: nukeDataCurrent <- as.Date('2020-08-04') library(lubridate) library(Ecdat) firstTstYr <- year(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) (firstYear <- firstTstYr[1]) nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) nNucSt1 <- (nNucStates-1) (Today <- today()) #currentYear <- year(Today) currentYear <- year(nukeDataCurrent) if((month(nukeDataCurrent)<7) || (difftime(nukeDataCurrent, tail(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, 1), units = 'days')<(366/2))) currentYear <- (year(nukeDataCurrent)-1) nYrs <- currentYear - firstYear save_svg <- !fda::CRAN() simStart <- (currentYear+1) simEnd <- (currentYear+nYrs) ``` # Abstract This article models the time between the first test of a nuclear weapon by one nation and the next over the `r nYrs` years of history since the first such test by the US available as this is being written.^[Obviously, this considers the data available as this is being written `r nukeDataCurrent`.] We use those results to forecast nuclear proliferation over the next `r nYrs` years. The maximum likelihood estimate of the time between "first tests" (`r nYrs` years divided by `r nNucSt1` "first tests") is `r round(nYrs/nNucSt1, 1)` years using the standard formula for censored estimation of a constant exponential distribution. However, a plot of the times between "first tests" of the `r nNucStates` nuclear powers as of `r nukeDataCurrent` suggests an inhomogeneous [renewal process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory) with the Poisson mean of the number of "first tests" each year by new nuclear-weapon states decreasing over time. This might be modeled using [`glm(..., family=poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm). Unfortunately, the standard estimate of a linear trend in log(Poisson mean) is not statistically significant. We therefore use Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), considering two related BMA mixtures. The median of Monte Carlo simulations for the constant-linear mixture forecasts an additional 7.2 new nuclear-weapon states by `r simEnd`, using a forecasting period to match the available history,^[assuming the data used are accurate.] within the anticipated lifespan of most babies born today. Adding quadratic, cubic and quartic terms to the mixture reduces the median number of new nuclear-weapon states by `r simEnd` to 5.4. Eighty percent percent prediction limits for the quartic mixture run from 0 to 15 new nuclear-weapon states. This suggests that the risk of a nuclear war leading to the extinction of civilization is _increasing_. Nuclear proliferation will likely continue until it becomes effectively impossible for anyone to make more nuclear weapons for a very long time. This could come from a nuclear war or a massive and unprecedented strengthening of international law that provides effective judicial recourse for grievances of the poor, weak and disfranchised. # Introduction A plot of times between "first tests" by the world's nuclear-weapon states as of `r nukeDataCurrent` suggests that the process of nuclear proliferation has slowed; see Figure \@ref(fig:plot). ```{r plot, fig.cap = paste("Time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} NucStates <- paste0( 'CN = China, FR = France, GB = UK, ', ' IL = Israel,\nIN = India, KP = North Korea, ', 'PK = Pakistan, RU = Russia') library(Ecdat) data(nuclearWeaponStates) ymax <- max( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest, na.rm=TRUE) ylim0 <- c(0, ymax) NPTdate = as.Date(c('1970-03-05', '1988-06-01')) plotNucStates <- function(type.='n', xlim., ylim., line_mtext=3:2, cex.=1, mtext.=TRUE, log.='', yNPT=NULL, ...){ ## ## Write a function to create this desired plot ## that is general enough to be customized ## to make other similar but different plots ## later. ## ## Obviously, during the process of writing ## this vignette, it requires revising this ## function later as the needs become clearer. ## ## The advantage of doing it this way is that ## it makes the code easier to read, because ## it's clearer what is the same and what is ## different between similar plots. ## # Start with an internal function # to add the 2-letter country codes. addCountries <- function(line_mtext=3:2, cex.=1, mtext.=TRUE){ # Add the country codes ("ctry") to a plot # showing the time between "first tests" # of nuclear-weapon states # ... to save copying code # and hopefully make the logic clearer xlab. <- paste(c( 'Note: The US is not on this plot,', 'because it had no predecessors.'), collapse='\n') if(mtext.){ mtext(xlab., 1, line_mtext[1], cex=cex.) mtext('years from the\nprevious "first test"', 2, line_mtext[2], cex=cex.) } with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(firstTest, yearsSinceLastFirstTest, ctry, xpd=TRUE, cex=cex.)) } # xlim and ylim? if(missing(xlim.)){ xlim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) } if(missing(ylim.))ylim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest[-1]) # If very wide log scale on y, # make the margins wider and move the label out: if((log.=='y') && (diff(log(ylim.))>5) ){ op <- par(mar=c(5, 6, 4, 2)+0.1) on.exit(par(op)) line_mtext[2] <- 4 } # plot(yearsSinceLastFirstTest~firstTest, nuclearWeaponStates, type=type., xlab='', ylab='', las=1, xlim=xlim., ylim=ylim., log=log., bty='n', ...) abline(v=NPTdate, lty='dashed', col='grey') if(is.null(yNPT)){ yNPT <- { if(log.=='y') sqrt(ylim.[1]*ylim.[2]) else mean(ylim.) } } text(NPTdate-.017*diff(xlim.), yNPT, c('NPT', 'INF'), col='grey', srt=90) addCountries(line_mtext=line_mtext, cex.=cex., mtext.=mtext.) } plotNucStates(type.='h', ylim.=ylim0) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_YrsBetw1stTsts.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4) plotNucStates(type.='h', ylim.=ylim0, mtext. = FALSE) dev.off() } ``` This plot also marks the effective dates of both the [Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) and the [Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty), (1970-03-05 and 1988-06-01, respectively), because of the suggestion that those treaties may have slowed the rate of nuclear proliferation. A visual analysis of this plot suggests that nuclear proliferation is continuing, and neither the NPT nor the INF treaty had a major impact on nuclear proliferation. The image is pretty bad: There were only 5 nuclear-weapon states when the NPT entered into force in 1970.^[@UN:1970. See also @Wikip:NPT.] When US President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) decried an ["Axis of evil"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil) in his State of the Union message, 2002-01-29,^[@Bush:2002; see also @Wikip:AxisOfEvil.] there were 8. As this is written `r nukeDataCurrent`, there are 9. _Current international policy on nuclear weapons seems to assume that nuclear proliferation has stopped. It clearly has not._ @Toon:2007 noted that in 2003 another 32 countries had sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they wished. Moreover, those 32 do _NOT_ include either Turkey nor Saudi Arabia. On 2019-09-04, Turkish President Erdogan said it was unacceptable for nuclear-armed states to forbid Turkey from acquiring its own nuclear weapons.^[@Toksabay:2019; @OConnor:2019.] Similarly, in 2006 *Forbes* reported that Saudi Arabia has "a secret underground city and dozens of underground silos for" Pakistani nuclear weapons and missiles.^[@Forbes:2006; see also @Wikip:SaudiNuc.] In 2018 the *Middle East Monitor* reported that "Israel 'is selling nuclear information' to Saudi Arabia".^[@MEM:SaudiNuc; see also @Wikip:SaudiNuc.] This is particularly disturbing, because of the substantial evidence that Saudi Arabia may have been and may still be the primary recruiter and funder of Islamic terrorism.^[@Benjamin:2016; see also @Wikiv:WinTerror.] This analysis suggests that the number of nuclear-weapon states will likely continue to grow until some dramatic break with the past makes further nuclear proliferation either effectively impossible or sufficiently undesirable. This vignette first reviews the data and history on this issue. We then model these data as a series of annual Poisson observations of the number of states conducting a first test of a nuclear weapon each year (1 in each of 8 years since 1945; 0 in the others). A relatively simple model for the inhomogeneity visible in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) is [Poisson regression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_regression) assuming that log(Poisson mean) is linear in the time since the first test of a nuclear weapon by the US on `r nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1]`. We estimate this using [`glm(..., family=poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm). This model is plausible to the extent that this trend might represent a growing international awareness of the threat represented by nuclear weapons including a hypothesized increasing reluctance of existing nuclear-weapon states to share their technology. The current process of ratifying the new [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons) supports the hypothesis of such a trend, while the lack of universal support for it and the trend visible in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) clearly indicate that nuclear proliferation is still likely to continue. We use this model to extend the `r nYrs` years of history of nuclear proliferation available as this is being written `r nukeDataCurrent` into predicting another `r nYrs` years into the future. # How did the existing nuclear-weapon states develop this capability? There are, of course, multiple issues in nuclear proliferation. A new nuclear-weapon state requires at least four distinct things to produce a nuclear weapon: motivation, money, knowledge, and material. The accompanying table summarizes the literature the present authors found that seems relevant to the questions at hand. Of course, definitive answers to these questions are still locked away as official secrets or have been lost to history. However, this analysis should be sufficient to support the general conclusions of this article. ```{r howHistMat, fig.cap="Motivation, money, knowledge and material for nuclear-weapon states"} howHist <- t(as.matrix(data.frame( US = c('US', 'Nazi threat', 'self', paste('own scientists + immigrants,', 'esp. fr. Germany and Italy, plus', 'collaboration w the UK & Canada'), 'Congo + self'), "USSR" = c("USSR\n(RU)", paste( 'Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombs +', 'western invasions during WW II,', 'after WW I, and before'), 'self', paste('own scientists + espionage', 'in the US & captured Germans'), 'self'), "UK" = c("UK\n(GB)", 'USSR', 'self', 'Manhattan Project', 'Canada'), "France" = c("France\n(FR)", 'USSR + Suez Crisis', rep('self', 3)), "China" = c("China\n(CN)", paste( '1st Taiwan Strait Crisis 1954–1955,', 'Korean Conflict, etc.'), 'self', 'USSR', 'self'), "India" = c("India\n(IN)", paste('loss of territory:', 'China-Himalayan border-1962'), 'self', 'students in UK, US', 'Canadian nuc reactor'), "Israel" = c("Israel\n(IL)", 'hostile neighbors', 'self', 'self + France', 'France + ???'), "Pakistan" =c("Pakistan\n(PK)", 'Loss of E. Pakistan in 1971', 'Saudis + self', 'US, maybe China?', 'self?'), "N.Korea" = c("N.Korea\n(KP)", 'threats fr. US', "self?", 'US via Pakistan?', 'self?'), stringsAsFactors=FALSE))) colnames(howHist) <- c('Nation', 'Motivation', 'Money', "Knowledge", "Material") library(knitr) library(kableExtra) emTot <- 41 em. <- c(nation=2.2, motive=10, money=2, knowledge=10, material=3.4) em <- paste0(emTot*em./sum(em.), 'em') kable(howHist, row.names=FALSE) %>% column_spec(1, width=em[1]) %>% column_spec(2, width=em[2]) %>% column_spec(3, width=em[3]) %>% column_spec(4, width=em[4]) %>% column_spec(5, width=em[5]) ``` ## Motivation Virtually any country that feels threatened would like to have some counterweight against aggression by a potential enemy. - The US funded the Manhattan project believing that Nazi Germany likely had a similar project. - Soviet leaders might have felt a need to defend themselves from nuclear coercion after having been invaded by Nazi Germany only a few years earlier, and having defeated [foreign invasions from the West and the East after world War I trying to put the Tsar back in power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War).^[@Fogelsong:1995. That doesn't count [numerous other invasions that are a sordid part of Russian history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia), which educated Russians throughout history would likely remember, even if their invaders may not.] - The United Kingdom and France felt nuclear threats from the Soviet Union.^[The UK and France would have had many reasons to fear the intentions of the USSR during the early period of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War): The first test of a nuclear weapon by the USSR came just over three months after the end of the 1948-49 [Berlin Blockade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade). Other aspects of Soviet repression in countries they occupied in Eastern Europe contributed to the failed [Hungarian Revolution of 1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956).] - France's concern about the Soviets increased [after the US refused to support them](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_note-16) during the [1956 Suez Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis): If the US would not support a British-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt, the US might not defend France against a possible Soviet invasion.^[@Fromkin:2006. See also @Wikip:FranceNuc] - China reportedly decided to initiate its nuclear weapons program during the [First Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Nuclear_weapons) of 1954-55,^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc; see also @Wikip:TaiwanStrait, @Halperin:1966, and @Wikip:Ellsberg.] following nuclear threats from the US regarding Korea.^[@Pierson:2017. See also @Wikip:Ellsberg.] - India lost territory to China in the [1962 Sino-Indian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War), which reportedly convinced India to abandon a policy of avoiding nuclear weapons.^[@Riedel:2012. See also @Wikip:IndiaNuc. India and China have continued to have conflicts. See, for example, the Wikipedia articles on [China-India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations) and the [2017 China-India border standoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff).] - Pakistan's nuclear weapons program began in 1972 in response to the loss of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in the 1971 [Bangladesh Liberation War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War).^[@Wikip:PakNuc. [India-Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations) have been marked by frequent conflict since the two nations were born with the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947. This history might help people understand the need that Pakistani leaders may have felt and still feel for nuclear parity with India, beyond the loss of half their population and 15 percent of their land area in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.] On November 29, 2016, Moeed Yusuf claimed that the threat of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan was the most serious foreign policy issue facing then-President-elect Trump.^[@Yusuf:2016] That may have been an overstatement, but the possibilities of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan should not be underestimated. [There have been lethal conflicts between India and Pakistan at least as recent as 2019.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts#Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs) If that conflict goes nuclear, it could produce a “nuclear autumn” during which a quarter of humanity not directly impacted by the nuclear war would starve to death, according to simulations by leading climatologists.^[@Toon:2007] - Israel has faced potentially hostile neighbors since its declaration of independence in 1948.^[@Wikip:ArabIsrael. Threats perceived by Israel continue, including the [Gaza border protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Gaza_border_protests) that have continued at least into 2020. One might therefore reasonably understand why Israel might feel a need for nuclear weapons and why others might believe that the 1979-09-22 [Vela incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident) was an Israeli nuclear test.] - North Korea first tested a nuclear weapon on 2006-10-09,^[@CRS:2016. The US Congressional Research Service in 2016 reported, “The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) [`PrepCom`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization)'s international monitoring system detected data indicating that North Korea had conducted a nuclear test on January 6, 2016. ... On October 9, 2006, North Korea declared that it had conducted an underground nuclear test.” For the present purposes, we use the October date declared by North Korea, not the January date reported by CTBTO. See also @Wikip:NKoreaNuc06.] less than five years after having been named as part of an ["Axis of evil"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil) by US President George W. Bush on 2002-01-29.^[@Bush:2002; see also @Wikip:AxisOfEvil.] Chomsky claimed that the relations between the US and North Korea have followed "a kind of tit-for-tat policy. You make a hostile gesture, and we'll respond with a crazy gesture of our own. You make an accommodating gesture, and we'll reciprocate in some way." He gave several examples including a 1994 agreement that halted North Korean nuclear-weapons development. "When George W. Bush came into office, North Korea had maybe one [untested] nuclear weapon and verifiably wasn't producing any more."^[@Chomsky:2017, pp. 131-134. Chomsky includes in this game of tit-for-tat the total destruction of North Korean infrastructure during the Korean War in the early 1950s, including huge dams that controlled the nation's water supply, destroying their crops, and raising the specter of mass starvation. @Kolko:1968 noted that German General [Syss-Inquart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart) ordered similar destruction of dikes in Holland in 1945, which condemned many Dutch civilians to death by starvation. For that crime Syss-Inquart became one of only 24 of the people convicted at the Nuremberg war crimes trial to have been sentenced to death. Chomsky noted that this is "not in our memory bank, but it's in theirs."] All this suggests that it will be difficult to reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation and nuclear war without somehow changing the nature of international relations so weaker countries have less to fear from the demands of stronger countries. ## Money To help us understand the differences in sizes of the different nuclear-weapon states, Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates) plots the populations and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of the current nuclear-weapon states.^[Data for different years, 2017-2020, depending on what was available from Wikipedia on 2020-02-05.] The following subsections provide analysis with references behind the summary in Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates). ```{r nucStates, fig.cap = "Gross Domestic Product and Population of Nuclear-Weapon States. (Country codes as with Figure 1 with GB, FR overplotted.)"} #op <- par(mar=c(5,5,4,2)+.1) plot(GDP_B/1000 ~ popM, nuclearWeaponStates, type='n', log='xy', las=1, xlab='', ylab='') title(ylab='nominal GDP (USD trillions)') title(xlab='population (millions)', line = 1.7) nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) i0 <- c(1:2, 4:(nNucStates-1)) with(nuclearWeaponStates, arrows( popM[i0], GDP_B[i0]/1000, popM[i0+1], GDP_B[i0+1]/1000, col='grey', lty='dotted')) cols <- c(US='blue', RU='red', GB='red', FR='blue', CN='red', IN='orange', IL='blue', PK='green', KP='red') with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(popM, GDP_B/1000, ctry, col=cols) ) leg <- with(nuclearWeaponStates, paste(ctry, '=', nation)) #with(nuclearWeaponStates, # legend('bottomright', legend=leg, # bty='n', text.col=cols)) #par(op) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_GDP_pop.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,4, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.7 plot(GDP_B/1000 ~ popM, nuclearWeaponStates, type='n', log='xy', las=1, xlab='', ylab='') nNucStates <- nrow(nuclearWeaponStates) i0 <- c(1:2, 4:(nNucStates-1)) with(nuclearWeaponStates, arrows( popM[i0], GDP_B[i0]/1000, popM[i0+1], GDP_B[i0+1]/1000, col='grey', lty='dotted')) cols <- c(US='blue', RU='red', GB='red', FR='blue', CN='red', IN='orange', IL='blue', PK='green', KP='red') with(nuclearWeaponStates, text(popM, GDP_B/1000, ctry, col=cols) ) dev.off() } ``` It's no accident that most of the world's nuclear-weapon states are large countries with substantial populations and economies. That's not true of Israel with only roughly 9 million people nor North Korea with roughly 26 million people in 2018. France and the UK have only about 67 and 68 million people, but they are also among the world leaders in the size of their economies. Pakistan is a relatively poor country. It reportedly received financial assistance from Saudi Arabia for its nuclear program.^[@Riedel:2008.] Another reason for a possible decline in the rate of nuclear proliferation apparent in Figure \@ref(fig:plot) is the fact that among nuclear-weapon states, those with higher GDPs tended to acquire this capability earlier, as is evident in Figure \@ref(fig:nucStates). ## Knowledge In 1976, [John Aristotle Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aristotle_Phillips), an "underachieving" undergraduate at Princeton University, "designed a nuclear weapon using publicly available books and papers."^[@Spokane:1976. See also @Wikip:studentBomb.] Nuclear weapons experts disagreed on whether the design would have worked. Whether Phillips' design would have worked or not, it should be clear that the continuing progress in human understanding of [nuclear physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics) inevitably makes it easier for people interested in making such weapons to acquire the knowledge of how to do so. Before that, the nuclear age arguably began with the 1896 discovery of radioactivity by the French scientist Henri Becquerel. It was further developed by Pierre and Marie Curie in France, Ernest Rutherford in England, and others, especially in France, England and Germany.^[@Wikip:NucPhys] In 1933 after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Leo Szilard moved from Germany to England. The next year he patented the idea of a nuclear fission reactor. After World War II began, the famous [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) became a joint British-American project, which produced the very first test of a nuclear weapon.^[@Wikip:HistNucWeapons] After Soviet premier Joseph Stalin learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR (now Russia) increased the funding for their nuclear-weapons program. That program was helped by intelligence gathering about the German nuclear weapons project and the American Manhattan Project.^[@osti:espionage. See also @wikip:Soviet.] The UK's nuclear-weapons program was built in part on their wartime participation in the Manhattan Project, as noted above. France was among the leaders in nuclear research until World War II. They still had people with the expertise needed after the Suez Crisis convinced them they needed to build nuclear bombs, as noted above.^[See also @Wikip:HistNucWeapons] China got some help from the Soviet Union during the initial phases of their nuclear program.^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc.] The first country to get nuclear weapons after the Non-Proliferation Treaty was India. Their Atomic Energy Commission was founded in 1948, chaired by Homi J. Bhabha. He had published important research in nuclear physics while a graduate student in England in the 1930s, working with some of the leading nuclear physicists of that day.^[@Wikip:Bhabha; see also @Wikip:NucTimeline.] Meanwhile, Israel's nuclear weapons program initially included sending students abroad to study under leading physicists like Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago. It also included extensive collaboration with the French nuclear-weapons program.^[@Wikip:IsraelNuc.] Pakistan got [secret help from the US in the 1980s in violation of US law to secure Pakistani cooperation with US support for anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/new-documents-spotlight-reagan-era-tensions-over-pakistani-nuclear-program).[^Pak2] [Robert Gallucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gallucci) said that the nuclear weapons programs of North Korea, Iran and Libya would not have gotten off the ground without help the US secretly gave to the Pakistani nuclear weapons program in violation of US law; Gallucci is a leading scholar and expert on non-proliferation, who held senior positions in the Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Clinton administrations.[^KP] [Vikram Sood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Sood), a former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, echoed Galluci's claims, adding that Pakistan ''may'' have given nuclear-weapons technology to al Qaeda "just weeks prior to September 11, 2001."^[Sood:2008] It may not be wise to accept Sood's claim at face value, given the long-standing hostility between India and Pakistan. On the other hand, we should not dismiss the possibility that a terrorist organization might acquire nuclear weapons. Western sources have claimed that China also helped Pakistan's nuclear-weapons program, but China has denied those claims.^[@Wikip:PakNuc.] And now the US is helping Saudi Arabia obtain nuclear power, in spite of (a) the evidence that [the Saudi government including members of the Saudi royal family were involved at least as early as 1999 in preparations for the suicide mass murders of September 11, 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_28_pages),^[@Graham:2003. See also @Wikip:28pages.] and (b) their [on-going support for Al Qaeda in Yemen, reported as recently as 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen).^[See, for example, @Bazzi:2019 and @Wikip:SaudiYemen, more generally.] ## Material Reportedly the most difficult part of making nuclear weapons today is obtaining sufficient fissile material. @Toon:2007 said, "Thirteen countries operate plutonium and/or uranium enrichment facilities, including Iran", but Iran did not have sufficient fissile material in 2003 to make a nuclear weapon. Another 20 were estimated to have had sufficient stockpiles of fissile material acquired elsewhere to make nuclear weapons. They concluded that 32 (being 13 minus 1 plus 20) additional countries have sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they want.^[pp. 1975, 1977. The 32 countries they identified included 12 of the 13 that "operate plutonium and/or uranium enrichment facilities", excepting Iran as noted. The other 20 countries acquired stockpiles elsewhere. In addition to the 32 with sufficient fissile material to make a nuclear weapon, Egypt, Iraq and the former Yugoslavia were listed as having abandoned a nuclear-weapons program.] @Toon:2007 also said, "In 1992 the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguarded less than 1% of the world’s HEU [Highly Enriched Uranium] and only about 35% of the world inventory of Pu [Plutonium] ... . Today [in 2007] a similarly small fraction is safeguarded." HEU is obtained by separating $^{235}$U, which is only 0.72 percent of naturally occurring uranium.^[@GlobalSec:Uriso.] Weapons-grade uranium has at least 85 percent $^{235}$U.^[@Wikip:EnrichedU, section on "Highly enriched uranium (HEU)".] Thus, at least 0.85/0.0072 = 118 kg of naturally occurring uranium are required to obtain 1 kg that is weapons-grade, and @Toon:2007 estimated that 25 kg of HEU would be used on average for each $^{235}$U-based nuclear weapon. Plutonium, by contrast, is a byproduct of energy production in standard $^{238}$U nuclear reactors. Much of the uranium for the very first test of a nuclear weapon by the US came from the Congo,^[@Wikip:Manhattan.] but domestic sources provided most of the uranium for later US nuclear-weapons production.^[@Wikip:Ures.] The Soviet Union (USSR, now Russia) also seems to have had adequate domestic sources for its nuclear-weapons program, especially including Kazakhstan, which was part of the USSR until 1990; Kazakhstan has historically been the third largest source of uranium worldwide after Canada and the US.^[@Wikip:Ures.] The UK presumably got most of its uranium from Canada. The French nuclear-weapons program seems to have been built primarily on plutonium.^[@Wikip:FranceNuc. See also Table 2 in @Toon:2007, which claims that in 2003, France had enough fissile material for roughly 24,000 plutonium bombs and 1,350 $^{235}$U bombs.] This required them to first build standard $^{238}$U nuclear reactors to make the plutonium. Then they didn't need nearly as much uranium to sustain their program. China has reportedly had sufficient domestic reserves of uranium to support its own needs,^[@Wikip:Ures.] even exporting some to the USSR in the 1950s in exchange for other assistance with their nuclear defense program.^[@Wikip:ChinaNuc.] India's nuclear weapons program seems to have been entirely (or almost entirely) based on plutonium.^[@Wikip:IndiaNuc; see also @Toon:2007 and @Wikip:Ures.] Israel seems not to have had sufficient uranium deposits to meet its own needs. Instead, they purchased some from France until France ended their nuclear-weapons collaboration with Israel in the 1960s. To minimize the amount of uranium needed, nearly all Israeli nuclear weapons seem to be plutonium bombs.^[@Toon:2007.] It's not clear where Pakistan got most of its uranium: Its reserves in 2015 were estimated at zero, and its historical production to that point was relatively low.^[@Wikip:Ures.] By comparison with the first seven nuclear-weapon states, it's not clear where Pakistan might have gotten enough uranium to produce 83 plutonium bombs and 44 uranium bombs, as estimated by @Toon:2007^[Table 2, p. 1976.] As previously noted, the US helped the Pakistani nuclear-weapons program in the 1980s and accused China of providing similar assistance, a charge that China has repeatedly and vigorously denied. China has provided civilian nuclear reactors, which could help produce plutonium but not $^{235}$U.^[@Wikip:PakNuc.] According to the Federation of American Scientists, "North Korea maintains uranium mines with an estimated four million tons of exploitable high-quality uranium ore ... that ... contains approximately 0.8% extractable uranium."^[@Aftergood:2006; see also @Wikip:NKoreaNuc.] If that's accurate, processing all that would produce 4,000,000 times 0.008 = 32,000 tons of pure natural uranium, which should be enough to produce the weapons they have today. ## Conclusions regarding motivation, money, knowledge and material 1. There seems to be no shortage of motivations for other countries to acquire nuclear weapons. The leaders of the Soviet Union had personal memories of being invaded not only by Germany during World War II but also by the US and others after World War I. The UK had reason to fear the Soviets in their occupation of Eastern Europe. The French decided after Suez they couldn't trust the US to defend them. China had been forced to yield to nuclear threats before starting their nuclear program, as did India, Pakistan and North Korea. Israel has fought multiple wars since their independence in 1948. 2. The knowledge and material required to make such weapons in a relatively short order are also fairly widely available, even without the documented willingness of current nuclear powers to secretly help other countries acquire such weapons in some cases.[^quickNukes] 3. Unless there is some fundamental change in the structure of international relations, it seems unwise to assume that there will not be more nuclear-weapon states in the future, with the time to the next "first test" of a nuclear weapon following a probability distribution consistent with the previous times between "first tests" of nuclear weapons by the current nuclear-weapon states. # Distribution of the time between Poisson "first tests" Possibly the simplest model for something like the time between "first tests" in an application like this is to assume they come from one [exponential distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution) with 8 observed times between the 9 current nuclear-weapon states plus one [censored observation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)) of the time between the most recent one and a presumed next one. This simple theory tells us that the maximum likelihood estimate of the mean time between such "first tests" is the total time from the US "Trinity" test to the present, `r round(yrsSinceT <- as.numeric(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], units='days')/365.25), 1)` years, divided by the number of new nuclear-weapon states, `r (nNewNucSt <- nNucStates-1)`, not counting the first, which had no predecessors. Conclusion: Mean time between "first tests" = `r round(yrsSinceT / nNewNucSt, 1)` years.[^WikivTime] However, Figure \@ref(fig:plot) suggests that the time between "first tests" of succeeding nuclear-weapon states is increasing. The decreasing hazard suggested by this figure requires mathematics that are not as easy as the censored data estimation as just described. To understand the current data better, we redo Figure \@ref(fig:plot) with a log scale on the y axis in Figure \@ref(fig:ploty). ```{r ploty, fig.cap = paste("Semilog plot of time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates(log.='y') # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_logYrsBetw1stTsts.svg') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.7 plotNucStates(mtext. = FALSE, log.='y', cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty) seem consistent with the following: - If the mean time between "first tests" is increasing over time, as suggested by Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty), then the distribution cannot be exponential, because that requires a constant [hazard rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_analysis#Hazard_function_and_cumulative_hazard_function). [For the exponential distribution, $$h(t) = (-d/dt \log S(t)) = \lambda$$, writing the exponential survival function as $S(t) = \exp(-\lambda t)$.] - Even though nuclear proliferation has been slowing since 1950, it could _accelerate_ in the future if more states began to perceive greater threats from other nations. - Fortunately we can simplify this modeling problem by using the famous duality between exponential time between events and a Poisson distribution for numbers of events in specific intervals of time. By modeling Poisson counts of "first tests" each year, we can use techniques for Poisson regression for models suggested by Figure \@ref(fig:ploty). The simplest such model might consider log(Poisson mean numbers of "first tests" each year) to be linear in the time since the first test of a nuclear weapon (code-named ["Trinity"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test))).^[@Rhodes:1986. See also @Wikip:Trinity.] However, the image in Figure \@ref(fig:ploty) suggests the line may not be straight. Easily tested alternatives to linearity could be second, third and fourth powers of the `timeSinceTrinity`.^[One might also consider a model with the log(Poisson mean) behaving like a ["Wiener process" (also called a "Brownian motion")](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process). This stochastic formulation would mean that the variance of the increments in log(hazard) between "first tests" is proportional to the elapsed time. See @Wolfram:Wiener and @Wikip:Wiener. The [`bssm` package](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/bssm/versions/0.1.7) provides a reasonable framework for modeling this. Its [`ng_bsm` function](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/bssm/versions/0.1.7/topics/ng_bsm) supports modeling a normal random walk in log(Poisson mean) of the number of "first tests" each year. In this article, we model the trend as deterministic and leave consideration of a [Gaussian random walk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk) and similar stochastic formulations for future work.] We use Poisson regression to model this as a series of the number of events each year.^[We could potentially use one observation each month, week or day. Such a change might give us slightly better answers while possibly increasing the compute time more than it's worth.] # Parameter estimation For modeling and parameter estimation, we use [`glm(firstTests ~ timeSinceTrinity, poisson)`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/glm) with: - `firstTests` = the number of "first tests" of a nuclear-weapon by a new nuclear-weapon state each year, and - `timeSinceTrinity` = number of years since 1945-07-16, when the first nuclear weapon was tested, code-named ["Trinity"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)). We use the [`lubridate` package](https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/) for dates. The first thing we want is the most recent date we can confidently use for the validity of the dataset we use, `Ecdat::nuclearWeaponStates`. This is in a `Date` variable `nukeDataCurrent` defined as `r nukeDataCurrent` in a `setup` section before the visible start of the narrative of this vignette. From this we get the year: ```{r year} (currentYear <- year(nukeDataCurrent)) ``` We include an observation for the current year only if it's more than 6 months since January 1 and since the last "first test". ```{r currentYear} if((month(nukeDataCurrent)<7) || (difftime(nukeDataCurrent, tail(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, 1), units = 'days')<(366/2))) currentYear <- (year(nuclearWeaponStates)-1) ``` Start after the year of the first test of a nuclear weapon. ```{r firstYear} firstTstYr <- year(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest) (firstYear <- firstTstYr[1]) ``` We use this to create a vector of the number of `firstTest`s by year and put this in a `tibble` with `Year`. ```{r firstTests} (nYrs <- currentYear - firstYear) firstTests <- ts(rep(0, nYrs), firstYear+1) firstTstYrSinceFirst <- firstTstYr - firstYear firstTests[firstTstYrSinceFirst] <- 1 library(tibble) (FirstTsts <- tibble(Year=time(firstTests), nFirstTests=firstTests)) ``` We add `ctry` to this `tibble` for future reference. ```{r firstCtry} Ctry <- rep('', nYrs) Ctry[firstTstYrSinceFirst] <- nuclearWeaponStates$ctry[-1] FirstTests <- cbind(FirstTsts, ctry=Ctry) ``` We add `timeSinceTrinity`, which we will use in modeling. ```{r timeSince} FirstTests$timeSinceTrinity <- 1:nYrs ``` We then fit a model with log(Poisson mean number of first tests each year) linear in `timeSinceTrinity`. ```{r fit1} summary(fitProlif1 <- glm( firstTests ~ timeSinceTrinity, poisson, FirstTests)) ``` This says that the time trend visible in Figures \@ref(fig:plot) and \@ref(fig:ploty) is not statistically significant. [George Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._P._Box) famously said that, ["All models are wrong, but some are useful."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_models_are_wrong)^[@BoxDraper:1987; @Wikip:ModelsWrong.] @Burnham:1998 and others claim that better predictions can generally be obtained using Bayesian Model Averaging.^[See also @Raftery:1995 and @Claeskens:2008.] In this case, we have two models: `log(Poisson mean)` being constant or linear in `timeSinceTrinity`. The [`bic.glm`](http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/R/library/BMA/html/bic.glm.html) function in the [`BMA`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BMA) package can estimate these two models and compute posterior probabilities. ```{r BMA} library(BMA) fitProlif <- bic.glm( FirstTests['timeSinceTrinity'], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson") summary(fitProlif) ``` It is standard in the BMA literature to assume a priori an approximate uniform distribution over all models considered with a penalty for estimating each additional parameter to correct for the tendency of the models to overfit the data. With these standard assumptions, this comparison of these two models estimates a `r round(100*fitProlif$postprob[2])` percent posterior probability for the model linear in `timeSinceTrinity`, leaving `r round(100*fitProlif$postprob[1])` percent probability for the model with a constant Poisson mean. Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf) adds these lines to Figure \@ref(fig:ploty).^[For Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf), we use the standard duality between the Poisson and exponential distributions. Of course, when the hazard rate is not constant, the distribution of the time to the next "first test" is not exponential. Modeling log(Poisson mean) gives us more flexibility than trying to use any of the standard generalizations of the exponential distribution.] ```{r plotyf, fig.cap = paste("BMA fit to time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4) predProlif <- with(fitProlif, outer(rep(1, nYrs+1), mle[, 1]) + outer(0:nYrs, mle[, 2])) lgnd <- paste0(c('constant', 'linear'), ' (', 100*round(fitProlif$postprob, 2), '%)') firstTest_nYrs <- as.Date(paste0( trunc(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTestYr[1])+0:nYrs, '-07-01') ) matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif), lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue')) legend('topleft', lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue'), lgnd, bty='n') ``` The lines in this figure seem higher than the mean of the points and a linear trend through the points. This bias might be explained by the difference between ordinary least squares and `glm` used in this case. It's well known that extrapolation is problematic. Bayesian Model Averaging offers on average more plausible predictions than using a single model. Before proceeding, let's consider a similar BMA fit with quadratic, cubic, and quartic terms.^[Predictions that do not rely on linear or polynomial extrapolation might be obtained from a Gaussian random walk model of the log(Poisson mean). The `bssm` package claims to be able to support that kind of model. However, we have so far been unable to get sensible answers from that software and have therefore omitted it from the present discussion. We doubt if it would change the overall conclusions, though some of the details would change.] Let's first try a model with linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic and quintic terms: ```{r fit2345} FirstTests$time2 <- (1:nYrs)^2 FirstTests$time3 <- (1:nYrs)^3 FirstTests$time4 <- (1:nYrs)^4 FirstTests$time5 <- (1:nYrs)^5 fitProlif5 <- try(bic.glm( FirstTests[4:8], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson")) ``` Evidently, `bic.glm` cannot estimate a quintic model. ```{r fit23} fitProlif4 <- bic.glm( FirstTests[4:7], FirstTests$nFirstTests, "poisson") fitProlif4$postprob fitProlif4$mle ``` When quadratic, cubic, and quartic terms are considered, the `BMA:::bic.glm` algorithm keeps only the highest order term for each model: All the models retained have an intercept and a power of 1, 2, 3 or 4 of `timeSinceTrinity`. Moreover, their regression coefficients are all negative. This means that for each model in the Poisson mixture, the minimum of the mean time to the next "first test" occurs when `timeSinceTrinity` is zero. When a fifth order term is included, one of the models the algorithm tries to fit is computationally singular. Both these results make some sense, as there are only 8 years with one "first test"; all the others have zero "first tests", and no year had more than one. For `nYrs` = 74 and 75, only the highest order terms in each model (quadratic, cubic, quartic) were retained. Let's confirm that. ```{r highOrder} Order <- rep(0, 5) names(Order) <- c('const.', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic', 'quartic') if(nrow(fitProlif4$mle)!=5){ print(fitProlif4$mle) stop('fitProlif4 does not retain exactly ', '5 models, unlike with nYrs=74, 75...???') } for(pwr in 2:5){ ip <- which(fitProlif4$mle[, pwr] !=0) if(length(ip) != 1){ print(fitProlif4$mle) stop('power ', pwr, ' does not appear ', 'in exactly one model, ', 'unlike with nYrs=74, 75...???') } Order[pwr] <- (ip-1) } Order ``` We add the extra lines of `fitProlif4` to Figure \@ref(fig:plotyf) to get Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4). ```{r ploty4, fig.cap = paste("BMA quartic fit to time between new nuclear-weapon states.", NucStates)} plotNucStates4 <- function(yNPT.=4, ...){ plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=yNPT., ...) predProlif4 <- matrix(NA, nYrs+1, 5) # timeSinceTrinity=0 predProlif4[1, ] <- fitProlif4$mle[,1] # constant model predProlif4[, 1] <- fitProlif4$mle[1,1] colnames(predProlif4) <- names(Order)[ 1+Order] # earlier code; obsolete #for(pwr in 1:4){ # predProlif4[, pwr+1] <- with(fitProlif4, # mle[pwr+1, 1] + ((0:nYrs)^pwr)* # fitProlif4$mle[pwr+1, pwr+1]) #} predProlif4[-1, 2:5] <- ( outer(rep(1, nYrs), fitProlif4$mle[-1, 1]) + as.matrix(FirstTests[4:7]) %*% t(fitProlif4$mle[-1, -1]) ) lgnd4 <- paste0(c('constant', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic', 'quartic'), ' (', 100*round(fitProlif4$postprob[1+Order], 4), '%)') matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif4[, Order+1]), lty=1:5, col=1:5) legend('topleft', lty=1:5, col=1:5, lgnd4, bty='n', cex=0.95) } plotNucStates4() if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_BMAyrsBetw1stTsts.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear xlim4 <- c(min(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest), max(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)+365) plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4, mtext. = FALSE, xlim.=xlim4) matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif), lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue')) legend('topleft', lty=c('dashed', 'dotted'), col=c('red', 'blue'), lgnd, bty='n') # const+...+quartic plotNucStates4(mtext.=FALSE, xlim.=xlim4) # plotNucStates(log.='y', yNPT=4, mtext. = FALSE) # matlines(firstTest_nYrs, exp(-predProlif4), # lty=1:5, col=1:5) # legend('topleft', lty=1:5, col=1:5, lgnd4, # bty='n', cex=0.85) dev.off() } ``` Comparing predictions between `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` might help us understand better the limits of what we can learn from the available data. A visual analysis of Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4) makes one wonder if the quartic, cubic and quadratic fits are really almost as good as the linear, as suggested by minor differences in the posterior probabilities estimated by the `bic.glm` algorithm. However, the forecasts of nuclear proliferation will be dominated by the constant component of the BMA mixture; its posterior probability is `r 100*round(fitProlif$postprob[1], 2)` percent for the constant-linear mixture and `r 100*round(fitProlif4$postprob[1], 4)` percent for the quartic mixture. That means that the median line and all the lower quantiles of all simulated futures based on these models would be dominated by that constant term. Moreover, the quadratic, cubic and quartic lines in the right (quartic mixture) panel of Figure \@ref(fig:ploty4) do not look nearly as plausible, at least to the present author, as the constant and linear lines.^[Recall that the estimation methodology here is Poisson regression, not ordinary least squares.] That, in turn, suggests that the constant linear mixture may be more plausible than the quartic mixture We next use `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` to compute central 60 and 80 percent confidence limits plus 80 percent prediction, and (0.8, 0.8) tolerance limits for future nuclear proliferation, as discussed in the next three sections of this vignette.[^Confidence_Interval] # Confidence limits We start by computing `nSims` simulated Poisson mean numbers of "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states for each of the `nYrs` years used in `fitProlif` and `fitProlif4` and another `nYrs` years beyond. These simulations will later be used to compute confidence limits for the model estimates of the Poisson mean and prediction and tolerance limits for the actual number of nuclear-weapon states. <!--I wanted to put "[^Confidence_Interval]" here. However, that duplicated a relatively large footnote rather than creating a second reference to the same large footnote; unacceptable.--> ```{r meanSims} nSims <- 5000 timeSncT <- 1:(2*nYrs) pastfut <- tibble(Year=firstYear+timeSncT, timeSinceTrinity=timeSncT, time2=timeSncT^2, time3=timeSncT^3, time4=timeSncT^4) library(Ecfun) simMeans <- simulate(fitProlif, nSims, seed=3, newdata=pastfut[2], type='response') dim(simMeans) # earlier simulations showed a curve # for the mean of simMeans4 that # that was quite extreme. # Check it by set.seed(1) here # and 2, 3, ... later simMeans4 <- simulate(fitProlif4, nSims, seed=1, newdata=pastfut[2:5], type='response') dim(simMeans4) ``` We invert these simulated Poisson means to get simulated exponential times, then summarize them in a format compatible with `yearsSinceLastFirstTest` in `nuclearWeaponStates`. ```{r expSum} sumSims <- function(x, Year=pastfut$Year){ ## ## return data.frame of Year with ## mean and (.1, .5, .9) quantiles of x ## Yr <- as.Date(paste0(Year, '-07-01')) xMean <- apply(x, 1, mean) xCI <- apply(x, 1, quantile, probs=c(.1, .2, .5, .8, .9)) # fix names rownames(xCI) <- c( 'L10', 'L20', 'median', 'U20', 'U10') xSum <- data.frame(Year=Yr, mean=xMean, data.frame(t(xCI))) xSum } sumExpMeans <- sumSims(1/simMeans) sumExpMeans4 <- sumSims(1/simMeans4) ``` These numbers are added to Figure \@ref(fig:ploty) to produce Figures \@ref(fig:plotfut) and \@ref(fig:plotfu4). ```{r plotfut, fig.cap = paste('Estimated mean time between "first tests," past and future.', NucStates)} plotNucStatesPred <- function(x, ...){ ## ## plotNucStates with future predictions ## summarized in x ## xlim. <- range(x$Year) ylim. <- range( nuclearWeaponStates$yearsSinceLastFirstTest, head(x[-1], 1), tail(x[-1], 1), na.rm=TRUE) plotNucStates(xlim.=xlim., ylim.=ylim., log.='y', ...) with(x, lines(Year, mean)) with(x, lines(Year, median, lty='dashed', col='blue')) with(x, lines(Year, U10, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, L10, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, U20, lty='dotted', col='red')) with(x, lines(Year, L20, lty='dotted', col='red')) legend('topleft', c('60% and 80% confidence limits for the mean', 'mean', 'median'), col=c('red', 'black', 'blue'), lty=c('dotted', 'solid', 'dashed'), bty='n') abline(h=200, lty='dotted', col='grey') } plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg(paste0('NucWeaponStates_', 'FcstMeanTimeBetw1stTsts.svg')) op <- par(cex=1.4, cex.axis=1.3, mar=c(2,3, 2, 2)+.1) cex2 <- 1.3 plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans, mtext. = FALSE, cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` The fairly flat shape of the median and lower 10 and 20 percent lines in Figure \@ref(fig:plotfut) seem consistent with a model that is a mixture of log-normal distributions with the dominant component having a mean that is constant over time and a probability of `r 100*round(fitProlif$postprob[1], 2)` percent. The substantial curvature of the solid line forecast looks hopeful, with a mean of simulated means being almost 200 years between successive "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states by the end of the forecasted period, `r year(tail(sumExpMeans$Year, 1))`. The fact that the mean of the simulations exceeds the upper confidence limit for `r year(tail(sumExpMeans$Year, 1))` seems odd but can be explained by noting that this is a mixture of log-normal distributions, and the mean of a log-normal exceeds its upper quantile $q$ whenever $\sigma > 2\Phi^{-1}(q)$, where $\Phi^{-1}(q)$ = quantile $q$ of the standard normal distribution, and $\sigma$ is the standard deviation of the logarithms.^[This follows, because quantile $q$ of a log-normal is $\exp[\mu+\sigma\Phi^{-1}(q)]$ and the mean is $\exp[\mu+\sigma^2/2]$, so the mean exceeds quantile $q$ whenever $\sigma\Phi^{-1}(q) < \sigma^2/2$, i.e., when $\Phi^{-1}(q) < \sigma/2$.] Note further that the distribution for each year in Figure \@ref(fig:plotfut) is a mixture of log-normal distributions, which means that their reciprocals, the mean numbers of "first tests" each year, will also be a mixture of log-normals with the same standard deviations on the log scale. This standard deviation is larger the farther we extrapolate into the future. ```{r plotfu4, fig.cap = paste('Estimated mean time between "first tests" considering up to a quartic model.', NucStates)} plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans4) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg(paste0('NucWeaponStates_', 'QuarticFcstMeanTimeBetw1stTsts.svg')) op <- par(cex=1.4, cex.axis=1.3, mar=c(1,2, 0,0)+.1) cex2 <- 1.3 plotNucStatesPred(sumExpMeans4, mtext. = FALSE, cex.=cex2) dev.off() } ``` The increase over time in the _mean_ time between "first tests" in Figures \@ref(fig:plotfut) and \@ref(fig:plotfu4) suggests a desirable decrease in the rate of nuclear proliferation. However, we are more concerned with the _shorter_ times between "first tests", and they seem all too probable, as we shall see when we simulate and `cumsum` them. To do that, we append these simulated predictions to a plot of the evolution of the number of nuclear-weapon states through the historical period.^[In these simulations, we assume a zero probability of a nuclear power giving up their nuclear weapons, even though [South Africa reportedly discontinued their nuclear weapons program in 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction), prior to its [first universal elections in 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa#End_of_apartheid). We could potentially add South Africa to `nuclearWeaponStates` with the same date as Israel, then model the distribution of the time to when a nuclear-weapon state gives up its nuclear weapons using an exponential distribution. For that, we have one observed time and eight such times that are censored. Standard theory in that case says that the maximum likelihood estimate of the mean time to relinquishing nuclear weapons assuming an exponential distribution is the sum of all the times, censored or observed, divided by the number of times observed, not including the censored times in the denominator. For purposes of illustration, we will assume that South Africa dismantled its nuclear weapons 1989-12-31, though a report of an inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency dated 1994-08-19 said they had dismantled six nuclear weapons and were still working to dismantle one more. Based on this, the mean lifetime of a nuclear-weapon state can be estimated at `r round(as.numeric(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, as.Date('1979-09-22'), units='weeks') + sum(difftime(nukeDataCurrent, nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest, units='weeks')))/52)` years. We could potentially add this to the current modeling effort, but it would not likely change the answers enough to justify the additional effort.] ```{r cumsum} str(cumMeans <- apply(simMeans[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum)) quantile(cumMeans[nYrs,]) str(cumCI <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))])) ``` These numbers are plotted in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum). ```{r plotcum_Fn} plotNNucStates <- function(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, fT_end=nukeDataCurrent, ...){ ## ## plot stairsteps for xpast and lines for xfuture ## with either 5 or 7 columns in xfuture ## if(is.null(xlim.)){ xlim. <- range(c(xpast$firstTest, tail(xfuture$Year, 1))) } nColsFut <- length(xfuture) if(is.null(ylim.))ylim. <- c(0, tail(xfuture[[nColsFut]], 1)) plot(xlim., ylim., type='n', xlab='', ylab='', las=1, bty='n') ## ## 1. plot xpast ## fT_sel <- (xpast$firstTest<=fT_end) nNucStend <- sum(fT_sel) fT_date <- c(xpast$firstTest[1], xpast$firstTest[fT_sel], fT_end) # fT_date <- c(xpast$firstTest[1], # xpast$firstTest, fT_end) lines(fT_date, c(0:nNucStend, nNucStend), type='s') abline(v=NPTdate, lty='dashed', col='grey') # abline(h=20) xlim20. <- c(xlim.[1]-7*365, xlim.[1]) lines(xlim20., rep(20, 2), lty='dashed', col='grey', xpd=NA) xlim20 <- c(as.Date('1980-01-01'), xlim.[2]) lines(xlim20, rep(20, 2), lty='dashed', col='grey') # text(NPTdate-.017*diff(xlim.), yNPT, c('NPT', 'INF'), col='grey', srt=90) ## ## 2. plot xfuture ## if(!is.null(xfuture)){ with(xfuture, lines(Year, mean), lwd=lwd.[1]) with(xfuture, lines(Year, median, lty='dashed', col='blue', lwd=lwd.[2])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, U10, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, L10, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, U20, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, L20, lty='dotted', col='red', lwd=lwd.[3])) ncols <- 3 leg <- c(paste0('60% and 80%', 'confidence\nlimits for the mean'), 'mean', 'median') col. <- c('red', 'black', 'blue') # if('predU10' %in% names(xfuture)){ leg <- c(leg, '80% prediction limits') col. <- c(col., 'green') with(xfuture, lines(Year, predU10, lty='dashed', col='green', lwd=lwd.[4])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, predL10, lty='dashed', col='green', lwd=lwd.[4])) ncols <- 4 } if('tolU10' %in% names(xfuture)){ leg <- c(leg, '(0.8, 0.8) tolerance limits') col. <- c(col., 'purple') with(xfuture, lines(Year, tolU10, lty='dashed', col='purple', lwd=lwd.[5])) with(xfuture, lines(Year, tolL10, lty='dashed', col='purple', lwd=lwd.[5])) ncols <- ncols+1 } ## ## 3. legend ## lty. <- c('dotted', 'solid', rep('dashed', 3)) # lwd. <- c(rep(par('lwd'), 3), # rep(par('lwd')*2, 2) ) legend('topleft', leg[1:ncols], col=col.[1:ncols], lty=lty.[1:ncols], lwd=lwd., bty='n') } } ``` ```{r plotcum, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted mean"} plotNNucStates(cumCI) print(tail(cumCI, 1)) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.png') op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } # For the 88th MORS Symposium, I want multiple subsets of this: # 1. Up to NPT in 1970 # 2. Up to INF in 1988 # 3. Up to "Axis of Evil" in 2002 # 4. Today in 2020 # 5. Poisson data: Model as a Poisson count # each year since 1945 # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% linear # 7. To 2094 with confidence limits if(save_svg){ # 1. NPT print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred11.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=NPTdate[1]) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 2. INF print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred12.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=NPTdate[2]) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 3. To "Axis of Evil" print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred13.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim., fT_end=as.Date('2002-01-29')) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 4. To the present print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred14.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # plotNNucStates(xfuture, xpast=nuclearWeaponStates, # lwd.=c(1,1,1,2,2), yNPT=2.5, xlim.=NULL, ylim.=NULL, ...) xlim. <- c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], tail(cumCI$Year, 1)) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 5. Poisson observations print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred15.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 5. Poisson observations with annotation print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred15a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% lin. print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred16.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 6. BMA: 78% const.; 22% lin. w annotations print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred16a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(NULL, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), xlim. = xlim., ylim.=ylim.) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], rep(0.92, nNucStates-1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=4) tstDay. <- mean(yday(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest)) datYrs <- (firstTstYr[1]+(1:nYrs)) tstYr <- datYrs[!(datYrs %in% firstTstYr)] yr <- (as.Date(paste0(tstYr, '-01-01')) + tstDay.-1) points(yr, rep(0, nYrs-nNucStates+1), col='blue', pch='.', cex=2) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') mixp <- round(100*fitProlif$postprob) mixpt <- paste(mixp, c('const.', 'lin.')) mixpt1 <- paste(mixpt, collapse='; ') mixpt1b <- paste('BMA: ', mixpt1) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, mixpt1b, 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 7. Full slide print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred17.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ # 7. Full slide print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred1.svg') # svg format is not supported for Google slides png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred17a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') mixp <- round(100*fitProlif$postprob) mixpt <- paste(mixp, c('const.', 'lin.')) mixpt1 <- paste(mixpt, collapse='; ') mixpt1b <- paste('BMA: ', mixpt1) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, mixpt1b, 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } ``` The slopes of the mean and median lines are steeper than the recent history, but the statistical evidence does not support the naive interpretation of a slowing in nuclear proliferation that one might get from considering only the most recent data. We repeat this analysis with the quartic BMA mixture in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4). ```{r plotcum4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted mean, BMA quartic fit"} str(cumMeans4 <- apply(simMeans4[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum)) quantile(cumMeans4[nYrs,]) str(cumCI4 <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans4), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))])) plotNNucStates(cumCI4) print(tail(cumCI4, 1)) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPred.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumCI4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumCI4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumCI, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumCI4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` Comparing Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) shows that the higher order terms in the quartic BMA mixture widens the confidence limits, making the 10`th` percentile essentially flat with almost no additional nuclear proliferation, while the mean quickly escapes the upper limit. That sharply rising mean suggests that less than 10 percent of the simulations predict nuclear arms races that involve many nation states and many more non-state armed groups. These outcomes are not likely, but the probabilities of such outcomes seem too large to be dismissed without further consideration, especially when gambling with the future of civilization. We replicate the simulations summarized in `cumCI4` to see how stable the numbers are for the final year in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4); see Figure \@ref(fig:qq4). ```{r qq4, fig.cap = "Log-normal probability plot of mean numbers of nuclear-weapon states per the quartic mixture model in the last simulated year"} cumCI2 <- rbind(tail(cumCI, 1), tail(cumCI4, 1)) rownames(cumCI2) <- c('BMA2', 'BMA4') for(i in 2:10){ simMeans4b <- simulate(fitProlif4, nSims, seed=i, newdata=pastfut[2:5], type='response') cumMeans4b <- apply(simMeans4b[-(1:nYrs), ], 2, cumsum) cumCI4b <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumMeans4b), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))]) cumCI2 <- rbind(cumCI2, tail(cumCI4b, 1)) rownames(cumCI2)[i+1] <- paste0( 'BMA4', letters[i]) } qqCI2 <- as.data.frame( qqnorm(cumCI2$mean[-1], datax=TRUE, log='x', ylab='simulated mean')) with(qqCI2[1, , drop=FALSE], points(x, y, pch=15)) with(qqCI2[1, , drop=FALSE], text(x, y, adj=c(0, 0.5), ' <- used in other figures')) cumCI2 ``` These replications establish that the simulated `mean` number of nuclear-weapon states in the last simulated year, `r year(tail(cumCI$Year, 1))`, in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4) is slightly conservative relative to the simulated replicates and is definitely _not_ an outlier. Beyond that, comparing Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) establishes that the median and lower limit are lower for the quartic BMA mixture while the upper limit is slightly higher, and the mean for the quartic BMA mixture is too large to be credible. Ignoring the simulations of uncontrolled nuclear arms races, the median lines in Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4) predict between `r round(tail(cumCI, 1)$median, 1)` and `r round(tail(cumCI4, 1)$median, 1)` at the end of the current simulated period, `r year(tail(cumCI, 1)$Year)`, adding either `r round(tail(cumCI, 1)$median-nNucStates, 1)` and `r round(tail(cumCI4, 1)$median-nNucStates, 1)` (for the constant-linear and quartic mixtures, respectively) to the current `r nNucStates` nuclear-weapon states. Those _median_ numbers are a little less than double the number of nuclear-weapon states today. We extend this analysis by adding prediction intervals to these plots. # Prediction limits The simplest bounds on the future are [prediction intervals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval), which combine the statistical uncertainty in the estimates of mean numbers of nuclear-weapon states with the random variability in the outcomes. For this we use `rpois(., simMeanNucStByYr)` to simulate independent numbers of "first tests" by new nuclear-weapon states (or non-state entities) for each of the next `r nYrs` years in the forecast period then `cumsum` those to get simulated trajectories. ```{r simNew} set.seed(9) rpois. <- function(n, lambda){ ## ## Some of the means are so large that ## rpois sometimes returns NAs. ## Avoid this by outputting numerics ## rather than integers in those cases. ## NOTE: This was discussed on ## r-devel@r-project.org 2020-01-19 and 20 ## with the tentative conclusion that ## a change such as documented here ## might be implemented in a future version ## of R. If that happens, this ## function will no longer be needed. ## n2 <- max(n, length(lambda)) n. <- rep_len(n, n2) lam <- rep_len(lambda, n2) # If Poisson mean = 0.9*.Machine$integer.max, # an observation would have to be over # 4600 standard deviations above the mean # to generate an error. big <- (lam>0.9*.Machine$integer.max) out <- rep(NA, n2) out[big] <- round(rnorm(sum(big), lam[big], sqrt(lam[big]))) out[!big] <- rpois(sum(!big), lam[!big]) out } cumsumPred <- function(x, ...){ ## ## cumsum of rpois predictions based on x ## # simPred <- data.frame(lapply( x[-(1:nYrs),], rpois., n=nYrs)) cumPred <- data.frame(lapply( simPred, cumsum)) cumPred } cumPred <- cumsumPred(simMeans) cumsumC.PI <- function(cumsumPred, cumsumCI, ...){ cumPI <- sumSims( nNucStates+rbind(0, cumsumPred), pastfut$Year[-(1:(nYrs-1))]) prd. <- which(names(cumPI) %in% c('L10', 'L20', 'U20', 'U10')) names(cumPI)[prd.] <- paste0('pred', c('L10', 'L20', 'U20', 'U10')) # checks dYr <- difftime(cumsumCI$Year, cumPI$Year, 'days') if(any(as.numeric(dYr)>0)) stop('Years do not match') rd.mean <- ((cumsumCI$mean-cumPI$mean) / (cumsumCI$mean+cumPI$mean) ) if(any(rd.mean>0.01)) stop('means do not match') # cbind cumC.PI <- cbind(cumsumCI, cumPI[prd.]) cumC.PI } cumC.PI <- cumsumC.PI(cumPred, cumCI) ``` We add this to the image in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum) to create Figure \@ref(fig:plotPred). ```{r plotPred, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted"} plotNNucStates(xfuture=cumC.PI) ``` We do the same for the quartic BMA model in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum4) to produce Figure \@ref(fig:plotPred4). In both Figures \@ref(fig:plotPred) and \@ref(fig:plotPred4) the most likely scenarios, especially the median line and the space between the 60 percent confidence limits, predict a continuation of nuclear proliferation. It's difficult to imagine how that could continue without also substantively increasing the risk of nuclear war and therefore also of the extinction of civilization. ```{r plotPred4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states, past and predicted per quartic BMA model"} cumPred4 <- cumsumPred(simMeans4) cumC.PI4 <- cumsumC.PI(cumPred4, cumCI4) plotNNucStates(xfuture=cumC.PI4) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifPredInt.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumC.PI4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumC.PI4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumC.PI, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumC.PI4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` We can also summarize the simulations in `cumPred` to estimate the probabilities of having 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 new nuclear weapon states for each year in the prediction period between `r simStart` and `r simEnd` in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif). This is another way of evaluating the sensibility of pretending there will be no further nuclear proliferation: Not likely. ```{r prolif, fig.cap = "Probabilities of the time to the next 5 new nuclear-weapon states using the constant-linear mixture model"} plotProbs <- function(x, label_year=2050, cex.txt = 1, ...){ # adj.=matrix(c(.53, -.4, .55, 1.15), 2, byrow=TRUE), ...){ ## ## Probability distribution of the next 1:5 ## new nuclear-weapon states ## ## from x = cumPred, a data.frame ## maxNewNucSt <- 5 probs <- function(x, n=maxNewNucSt){ p <- colMeans(outer(x, 0:(n-1), '>')) p } probProlif. <- apply(as.matrix(x), 1, probs) probProlif <- ts(t(probProlif.), currentYear+1) colnames(probProlif) <- 1:maxNewNucSt ylims <- probProlif.[c(1, maxNewNucSt), c(1, nYrs)] midLine <- round(mean(ylims[c(1, 4)]), 2) futYrs <- time(probProlif) plot(range(futYrs), range(probProlif), type='n', xlab='', las=1, ylab='', ...) # matplot(time(probProlif), probProlif, # type='l', xlab='', las=1, ylab='', ...) for(iNNS in 1:maxNewNucSt){ lines(as.numeric(futYrs), probProlif[, iNNS], lty=iNNS, col=iNNS) } abline(h=midLine, lty='dotted', ...) # midTime <- rep(NA, maxNewNucSt) for(i in 1:maxNewNucSt){ it <- min(which(probProlif[,i]>=midLine)) # cat(time(probProlif)[it], '') midTime[i] <- time(probProlif)[it] text(midTime[i], midLine, paste0(midTime[i], '\n', i), cex=cex.txt) } text(currentYear+0.95*nYrs, midLine, paste0('p =\n', midLine), cex=cex.txt) # lab3l_year abline(v=label_year, lty='dotted') iyr <- which(time(probProlif) == label_year) label_p <- probProlif[iyr, ] lines(time(probProlif)[c(1, iyr)], rep(label_p[1], 2), lty='dotted', ...) text(time(probProlif)[1+iyr/4], label_p[1], paste0('p =\n', round(label_p[1], 2)), cex=cex.txt) # list(midLine=midLine, midTime=midTime, probProlif=probProlif, label_year=c(label_year=label_year, label_prob=label_p)) } probProlif <- plotProbs(cumPred) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs.svg', # height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs1.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.8, cex.axis=1.8, lwd=3, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1) # const+linear cex.txt <- 1.6 ylim. <- c(0, tail( probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1)) plotProbs(cumPred, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) dev.off() } tail(probProlif$probProlif, 1) ``` Figure \@ref(fig:prolif) says there is a `r round(100*tail(probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1))` percent chance of another nuclear-weapon state by `r tail(time(probProlif$probProlif), 1)` with a `r 100*probProlif$midLine` percent chance of at least 1 by `r probProlif$midTime[1]`. We replicate Figure \@ref(fig:prolif) for the quartic BMA model in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif4). ```{r prolif4, fig.cap = "Probabilities of the time to the next 5 new nuclear-weapon states using the quartic BMA model"} probProlif4 <- plotProbs(cumPred4) tail(probProlif4$probProlif, 1) # optionally write to a file if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProbs.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear cex.txt <- 0.7 ylim. <- c(0, tail( probProlif$probProlif[, 1], 1)) plotProbs(cumPred, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) plotProbs(cumPred4, ylim=ylim., cex.txt=cex.txt) dev.off() } ``` The quartic BMA model summarized in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif4) is more optimistic than the constant-linear BMA model summarized in Figure \@ref(fig:prolif): The estimated probability of one more nuclear-weapon state by 2050 drops from `r round(window(probProlif$probProlif, 2050, 2050)[,1], 2)` for the constant-linear mixture to `r round(window(probProlif4$probProlif, 2050, 2050)[,1], 2)` for the quartic BMA model. The conclusions from both models include the following: &nbsp; \begin{center} \textbf{The current structure of international relations} \textbf{seems to threaten the extinction of civilization} \end{center} To better quantify the uncertainty in modeling, we can also construct tolerance intervals for the time to the next new nuclear-weapon state. # Tolerance limits We want to add tolerance limits to Figures \@ref(fig:plotPred) and \@ref(fig:plotPred4) in addition to the prediction limits. [A (p, 1-$\alpha$) tolerance interval provides limits within which at least a proportion (p) of the population falls with a given level of confidence (1−$\alpha$).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_interval) We compute this as follows: 1. Find the L10 and U90, the central 80 percent confidence limits for the Poisson means for individual years summarized in Figures \@ref(fig:plotcum) and \@ref(fig:plotcum4). 2. Simulate Poisson distributed random variables about each of those limits for each individual year in the future. 3. Then we `cumsum` those simulations. 4. Select TL10 and TU90 to include at least 80 percent of `cumsum`med Poisson simulations about each of L10 and U90 individually. We do this as follows: 4.1. Set the initial value for `TU90` as the 80th percentile of the distributions of the simulated trajectories around `U90`. Similarly set the initial value for `TL10` as the 20`th` percentile of the distributions of the simulated trajectories around `L10`. 4.2. Compute the coverage probabilities of (TL10`, `TU90`) of the simulations around `L10` and `U90`, respectively. If both those coverage probabilities exceed 80 percent, quit. 4.3. Else, compute the coverage probabilities of (`max(0, TL10-1), TU90`) and (`TL10, TU90+1`) under both `L10` and `U90`, respectively. If both of those coverage probabilities exceed 80 percent, quit with the smallest of the two. If only one exceeds 80 percent, quit with that one. If neither exceeds 80 percent, replace (`TL10, TU90`) with the max of the two [or with (TL10, TU90+) if they are both the same] and repeat this analysis. ```{r simTol} cumsumTol <- function(x=cumCI, ...){ ## ## cumsum of rpois predictions based on x ## # simTolU. <- rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$U10)) simTolU <- matrix(rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$U10)), nYrs) simTolL <- matrix(rpois.(nSims*nYrs, diff(x$L10)), nYrs) # cumTolU <- apply(simTolU, 2, cumsum) cumTolL <- apply(simTolL, 2, cumsum) # cumTolU10 <- apply(cumTolU, 1, quantile, probs=0.8) cumTolL10 <- apply(cumTolL, 1, quantile, probs=0.2) # check coverage for each year # with both limits in case too many # upper sims are below cumTolL10 and # too many lower sims are above # cumTolU10 In <- ((cumTolL10 <= cumTolL) & (cumTolU <= cumTolU10)) pIn <- apply(In, 1, mean) pOut <- (pIn < 0.8) while(any(pOut)){ stop('Problem in tolSim: ', 'pIn < 0.8; need algorithm to fix;', ' not debugged, because it', ' seems not to have actually', ' happened.\n') # The following not debugged: cumTolU10.1 <- (cumTolU10[pOut]+1) cumTolL10.1 <- pmax(0, cumTolL10[pOut]-1) # Need In.1 and In.9 In.1 <- ((cumTolL10.1 <= cumTolL[pOut, drop=FALSE]) & (cumTolU[pOut,, drop=FALSE] <= cumTolU10[pOut])) In.9 <- ((cumTolL10[pOut] <= cumTolL[pOut, drop=FALSE]) & (cumTolU[pOut,, drop=FALSE] <= cumTolU10.1)) pIn.1 <- apply(In.1, 1, mean) pIn.9 <- apply(In.9, 1, mean) pO.1 <- (pIn.1 < 0.8) pO.9 <- (pIn.9 < 0.8) # If both pIn.1 and pIn.9 >=0.8, # pick the smallest # else if one is, use that, # else iterate # ... the following is not correct, # partly because neither cumTolL10 # nor cumTolU10 have been changed pOut[pOut] <- pO } # x$tolL10 <- (nNucStates + c(0, cumTolL10)) x$tolU10 <- (nNucStates + c(0, cumTolU10)) # as.data.frame(x) } cumTol <- cumsumTol(cumC.PI) ``` The results for the constant-linear mixture appear in Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol). ```{r plotTol, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states with prediction and tolerance limits"} plotNNucStates(cumTol) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg',height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt1.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 1)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # ylimTol1 <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) # lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), ylim.=ylimTol1) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) dev.off() } if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) # svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg',height=3.5) png('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt1a.png', width=960) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 1)+.1, lwd=3) # const+linear # ylimTol1 <- c(0, tail(cumCI$U10, 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4) ) # lwd.=c(3,3,3,4,4), ylim.=ylimTol1) title('Number of nuclear-weapon states') # lines(c(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1], Today), # c(0,0), lwd=3, col='red') # points(nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 0, # nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[-1], 1, # cex=3, col='red') yr <- as.Date(paste0(time(FirstTests$nFirstTests), '-01-01')) points(yr, 0.9*FirstTests$nFirstTests, col='blue', pch='.', cex=2*(1+FirstTests$nFirstTests)) text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 6, 'Model as a sequence\nof Poisson observations', 0, cex=2, col='blue') text(nukeDataCurrent+100, 1.5, 'BMA: 79% const.; 21% lin.', 0, cex=1.7, col='red') dev.off() } ``` The upper limit line in Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol) is higher than that in Figure \@ref(fig:plotcum). It gives us a bit more humility regarding the value of current knowledge. However, the difference is not enough to substantively alter our conclusions, namely that nuclear proliferation is likely and should not be ignored. Do we get the same considering the quartic BMA model? See Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol4). ```{r plotTol4, fig.cap = "Number of nuclear-weapon states with prediction and tolerance limits per quartic BMA model"} cumTol4 <- cumsumTol(cumC.PI4) plotNNucStates(cumTol4) if(save_svg){ print(getwd()) svg('NucWeaponStates_nucProlifTolInt.svg', height=3.5) op <- par(cex=1.7, cex.axis=1.4, mar=c(2,3, 2, 0)+.1, mfrow=c(1, 2)) # const+linear nColsFut <- length(cumTol4) ylim. <- c(0, tail(cumTol4[[nColsFut]], 1)) plotNNucStates(cumTol, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) plotNNucStates(cumTol4, mtext. = FALSE, ylim.=ylim.) dev.off() } ``` Indeed, the conclusion from Figure \@ref(fig:plotTol4) is the same as before: Nuclear proliferation is likely to continue until something makes it impossible for anyone to make more nuclear weapons for a very long time. <!--This might happen either as a result of (a) a nuclear war leading to the destruction of civilization or (b) a major and unprecedented political movement that strengthens international law to the point that the poor, weak, and disfranchised have effective judicial redress for grievances.--> # Discussion A growing number of leading figures have said that as long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is only a matter of time before there is a nuclear war. Concerns like this have been expressed by two former US Secretaries of Defense ([Robert McNamara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara)^[@McNamara:2003] and [William Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry)), two former US Secretaries of State ([Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger) and [George Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz)), former US Senator [Sam Nunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nunn),^[@Shultz:2019] and others with, for example, the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative). [Daniel Ellsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg) has said that a nuclear war will most likely generate a nuclear winter that lasts several years during which 98 percent of humanity will starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner.^[@Ellsberg:2017b] Banerjee and Duflo, two of the three who won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, have noted that neither economic nor political stability are assured for any country, including the United States, China and India. In particular, they predict that economic growth will almost certainly slow substantially in the latter two, leaving many poor people in desperate economic straits.^[@Banerjee:2019. Various journalists and academic researchers have expressed concern about increases in ethic violence in various countries and whether electoral transitions of power will continue, even in the US. See, e.g., @Klaas:2019] Internal problems in the US, China, India or any other nuclear-weapon state could push political leaders to pursue increasingly risky foreign adventures, like Argentina did in 1982,^[@Wikip:Faulklands] possibly leading to a war that could produce nuclear Armageddon.[^WikivTime2] The evidence compiled in the present work only seems to increase the urgency of limiting the threat of nuclear war and nuclear proliferation in particular. In the 20 years following the first test of a nuclear weapon on `r nuclearWeaponStates$firstTest[1]` by the US, four more nations acquired such weapons. In the 50 years since the Non-Proliferation Treaty took effect in 1970, another four acquired them.^[This uses a commonly accepted list of existing nuclear-weapon states and when they each first tested a nuclear weapon. The sources for this are contained in the help file for the [`nuclearWeaponStates`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/Ecdat/versions/0.3-7/topics/nuclearWeaponStates) dataset in the [Ecfun](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/Ecdat/versions/0.3-7) package for R.] Our analysis of the available data considering only the dates of these first tests suggests that nuclear proliferation may have been slowing throughout this period. However, that apparent trend was not statistically significant in the model we fit. Bayesian Model Averages (BMA) is known to generally produce better predictions than single model fits. Accordingly, we've estimated confidence, prediction, and tolerance limits for the number of new nuclear-weapon states `r nYrs` years into the future based on two BMA models with mixtures of either a constant with a linear model or a constant with terms up to quartic in the time since the very first test of a nuclear weapon. We can expect that some non-nuclear nations and terrorist groups would eagerly pursue nuclear weapons if such seemed feasible unless some unprecedented change in international law provided them with effective nonviolent recourse to perceived threats. Moreover, these weapons will likely become more available with the passage of time unless (a) a nuclear war destroys everyone's ability to make more such weapons for a long time, or (b) an international movement has far more success than similar previous efforts in giving the poor, weak and disfranchised effective nonviolent means for pursuing a redress of grievances. # Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Val Nereo for suggestions that seem to have improved this article. As usual, the authors retain responsibility for any remaining errors and poorly presented observations. # References [^quickNukes]: In addition to the 32 currently non-nuclear-weapon states with "sufficient fissile material to make nuclear weapons if they wished", per @Toon:2007, the inspector general of the US Department of Energy concluded in 2009 (in its most recent public accounting) that enough highly enriched uranium was missing from US inventories to make at least five nuclear bombs comparable to those that destroyed substantial portions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Substantially more weapons-grade material may be missing in other countries, especially Russia (@Malone:2018). [^WikivTime]: For precursors to the current study that involve censored estimation of time to a nuclear war, see @Wikiv:extinct and @Wikiv:Armageddon. [^WikivTime2]: The risks of a nuclear Armageddon are documented in a series of simulations published in refereed academic journals, each more detailed and more disconcerting than the previous. All assume that many firestorms will be produced, because (a) the areas targeted will likely be much more susceptible to firestorms than the underground or isolated sites used to test nuclear weapons, and (b) many of the weapons used will have yields substantially greater than those employed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For a discussion of that literature, see @Wikiv:extinct and @Wikiv:Armageddon. [^KP]: @Levy:2007 say that Gallucci was a special adviser on WMDs to US Presidents Clinton and G. W. Bush. The Wikipedia article on him says he was US Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs from July 13, 1992 to October 11, 1994 under Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton but not G. W. Bush. Later, per @Gallucci:2001, "In March 1998, the Department of State announced his appointment as Special Envoy to deal with the threat posed by the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. He held this position until January 2001." G. W. Bush became US President 2001-01-20. Thus, if Gallucci served under G. W. Bush, it was only for a few days. Similar remarks about the US helping Pakistan's nuclear program were made by [Richard Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barlow_(Intelligence_analyst)#cite_note-wp-1), a CIA analyst who reported these questionable activities to a committee of the US House as noted by @Levy:2007. Barlow was reportedly severely punished for honestly answering questions in a classified briefing to an oversight committee of the US House. Barlow said that US assistance to Pakistan's nuclear weapons program was in exchange for Pakistan's help in supplying rebels in Afghanistan fighting Soviet occupation. This was during the [Iran-Contra affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair), which exposed actions of officials of the Reagan administration to pursue foreign policy objectives in Central America in blatant violation of law passed by Congress and signed by the President. [^Pak2]: @Burr:2012, @Burr:2013. There have also been reports that China helped Pakistan obtain nuclear weapons. However, [China has vigorously denied those charges, many if not all of which may not be credible, having originated with the US government.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) See @Wikip:PakNuc. [^Confidence_Interval]:["Confidence intervals"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval) bound the predicted mean number of nuclear-weapon states for each future year considered. Central 80 percent ["prediction intervals"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval) are limits that include the central 80 percent of distribution of the number of nuclear-weapon states. They add the uncertainty in the modeled Poisson process to the uncertainty of estimating the mean of that process for each future year considered. We will also compute (0.8, 0.8) ["tolerance intervals"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_interval#Relation_to_other_intervals); $(p, 1-\alpha)$ tolerance intervals have a probability of $(1-\alpha)$ of containing a proportion of at least $p$ of all future observations. </syntaxhighlight> == nuc-references.bib == <syntaxhighlight lang="LaTeX"> @online{Aftergood:2006, title = {DPRK: Nuclear Weapons Program}, url = {https://fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/nuke/}, urldate = {2020-02-05}, publisher = {Federation of American Scientists} } @Book{Bacevich:2008, author={Bacevich, Andrew}, title = {The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism}, publisher={Metropolitan Books}, year = {2008} } @Book{Banerjee:2019, author={Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo}, title = {Good Economics for Hard Times}, publisher={Public Affairs}, year = {2019} } @Article{Bazzi:2019, author = {Bazzi, Mohamad}, title = {Both Saudi Arabia and the United States Are Probably Guilty of War Crimes in Yemen}, date = {2019-05-17}, url = {https://www.thenation.com/article/war-crimes-united-states-saudi-arabia-yemen/}, urldate = {2019-12-23}, journal = {The Nation} } @Book{Benjamin:2016, author={Benjamin, Medea}, title={Kingdom of the Unjust: Behind the US-Saudi Connection}, publisher={ORBooks}, year={2016}, url={https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Unjust}, urldate = {2019-05-25} } @Book{Berton:1980, author = {Berton, Pierre}, title = {Invasion of Canada, 1812-1813}, publisher={McClelland and Stewart}, year = {1980} } @Article{Borger:2010, author = {Borger, Julian}, title = {Pakistan nuclear weapons at risk of theft by terrorists, US study warns}, journal = {The Guardian}, date = {2010-04-12}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/12/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-security-fears}, urldate = {2019-05-01} } @Book{BoxDraper:1987, author = {George E. P. Box and Norman Draper}, title = {Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = {1987} } @Book{Burnham:1998, author = {Kenneth P. Burnham and David R. Anderson}, title = {Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A practical information-theoretic approach}, publisher={Springer}, year = {1998} } @Book{Burnham:2002, author = {Kenneth P. Burnham and David R. Anderson}, title = {Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A practical information-theoretic approach}, publisher={Springer}, year = {2002}, related={Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A practical information-theoretic approach}, relatedstring={See :}, } @Article{Burr:2012, author = {Burr, William}, title = {New Documents Spotlight Reagan-era Tensions over Pakistani Nuclear Program}, date = {2012-04-25}, url = {https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/new-documents-spotlight-reagan-era-tensions-over-pakistani-nuclear-program}, publisher={Wilson Center}, urldate = {2019-05-01} } @Article{Burr:2013, author = {Burr, William}, title = {Pakistan's Illegal Nuclear Procurement Exposed in 1987: Arrest of Arshed Pervez Sparked Reagan Administration Debate over Sanctions}, date = {2013-11-22}, url = {https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb446/}, publisher={National Security Archives}, urldate = {2019-05-01} } @online{Bush:2002, author = {George W. 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Credit: Christoph Seidler, ESA/DTU.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "Three [Swarm] satellites of the European Space Agency (ESA) have measured the magnetic field of Earth more precisely than ever before."<ref name=Seidler>{{ cite web |author=Christoph Seidler |author2=translated by Anne-Marie de Grazia |title=Earth's weakening magnetic field |publisher=Q-Mag.org |location= |date=19 June 2014 |url=http://www.q-mag.org/earths-weakening-magnetic-field.html |accessdate=2014-10-21 }}</ref> Alloys included here may be "a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal", an "admixture", anything "made by combining several things", a "substance made from any combination of ingredients" or "a substance made from the chemical combination of elements". {{clear}} ==Explorations (Earth)== {{main|Exploration geology}} [[Image:Togo phosphates mining.jpg|thumb|300px|Phosphate mining in Togo is a last phase of exploration geology. Credit: Alexandra Pugachevsky.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Exploration geology is the single most important and very first phase of mining. It begins by identifying what mineral/minerals is/are to be exploited, their geological setting, approximate size of orebody required and potential areas. Once these factors are considered, funds are required to finance the exploration project. Usually exploration companies list on stock exchanges to raise the required capital. Exploration begins by firstly gathering any possible data available on the resource, area, local geology usually from the geological survey, from satellite imagery as well as previous scientific work. The next phase usually involves geotechnical prospecting which makes use of either seismic, electrical, magnetic, radioactive or density techniques. Once a suitable area has been found, holes are drilled and the core retrieved is logged and correlated against other logs to form a model of the orebody. Once sufficient holes have been drilled and the ore tested for qualities, feasibility studies and due diligence work can commence."<ref name=MuhammadMoolla>{{ cite book |author=Muhammad moolla |title=Topic:Mining |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=15 May 2009 |url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:RFD#Dominant_group |accessdate=2016-05-05 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Alloys== Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character.<ref name=Callister>Callister, W.D. "Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction" 2007, 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, Section 4.3 and Chapter 9.</ref> '''Def.''' a "metal that is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal"<ref name=AlloyWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Bluelion~enwiktionary|Bluelion~enwiktionary]] |title=alloy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 May 2003 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aloy |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> or an "admixture"<ref name=AlloyWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Widsith|Widsith]] |title=alloy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 May 2012 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alloy |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref>, "instance of admixing [mingling], a mixing-in of something"<ref name=AdmixtureWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Jtle515|Jtle515]] |title=admixture |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 March 2012 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/admixture |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> is called an '''alloy'''. '''Def.''' anything "made by combining several things",<ref name=CompoundWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Paul G|Paul G]] |title=compound |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=8 November 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compound |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> a "substance formed by chemical union [bonding]<ref name=CompoundWikt3>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Quercus solaris|Quercus solaris]] |title=compound |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=12 February 2022 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compound |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> of two or more ingredients [elements]<ref name=CompoundWikt3/> in definite proportions by weight",<ref name=CompoundWikt2>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=compound |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=27 November 2010 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compound |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> a "substance made from any combination of ingredients",<ref name=CompoundWikt3/> "a substance made from the chemical combination of elements"<ref name=CompoundWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:DavidL2|DavidL2]] |title=compound |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=12 October 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compound |accessdate=30 June 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''compound'''. Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide, which is very brittle, creating weak spots in the steel.<ref name=Verhoeven>{{cite book|author=Verhoeven, John D.|title=Steel Metallurgy for the Non-metallurgist |date=2007|publisher=ASM International|{{isbn|978-1-61503-056-9}}|page=56|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505065853/https://books.google.com/books?id=brpx-LtdCLYC&pg=PA56 }}</ref> The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its base element, but engineering properties such as tensile strength,<ref name=Mills>Mills, Adelbert Phillo (1922) ''Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties'', John Wiley & sons, inc, originally published by the University of Wisconsin, Madison</ref> ductility, and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. ==Actiniums== [[Image:Actinium sample (31481701837).png|thumb|right|250px|Actinium-225 medical radioisotope held in a v-vial at ORNL; note: the blue glow that originates from the ionization of surrounding air by alpha particles. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/37940997@N05 Oak Ridge National Laboratory].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Uraninite-39029.jpg|upright=0.70|thumb|left|200px|Uraninite ores have elevated concentrations of actinium. Credit: [[c:user:Robert Matthew Lavinsky|Robert Matthew Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Actinium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Actinium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] AcOF, AcOCl, AcOBr exist. {{clear}} ==Aluminums== {{main|Chemicals/Aluminums}} [[Image:Aluminum1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Near the top center of this image is a gray reflective flake of native aluminum. Credit: Vasil Arnaudov.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Native aluminum in polished section 2.png|thumb|right|250px|The bright silvery flakes are native aluminum in a polished section. Credit: Thomas Witzke / Abraxas-Verlag.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Aluminum flame.png|thumb|left|250px|The image shows the color of aluminum in a natural gas burner. Credit: Alternative Fuels Laboratory/McGill University. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Aluminium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Aluminium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] This flake was discovered, "During a field trip to the NW Rila Mountain in the early 1960s, one of us (V.A.) investigated the desilicated pegmatite apophysis and, from the phlogopite zone (Fig. 1c), collected a rock specimen with a protruding metallic flake visible to the naked eye (Fig. 2) [from which the above image was cropped]."<ref name=Dekov>{{ cite journal |author=Vesselin M. Dekov, Vasil Arnaudov, Frans Munnik, Tanya B. Boycheva, and Saverio Fiore |title=Native aluminum: Does it exist? |journal=American Mineralogist |month=August |year=2009 |volume=94 |issue=8-9 |pages=1283-6 |url=http://rruff.info/uploads/AM94_1283.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.2138/am.2009.3236 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-28 }}</ref> The designation for native aluminum is Al⁰ as indicated in, "Here we present data for a unique Al⁰ flake protruding from the phlogopite matrix of a rock specimen collected from a desilicated pegmatite vein."<ref name=Dekov/> Native aluminium metal is extremely rare and can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes.<ref name=WebmineralAluminums>{{cite web |title=Aluminum Mineral Data|last1=Barthelmy|first1=D.|website=Mineralogy Database|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704001129/http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml|archive-date=4 July 2008|accessdate=9 July 2008 }}</ref> Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea, where these deposits may have resulted from bacterial reduction of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)₄⁻.<ref name="Chen 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Z.|last2=Huang|first2=Chi-Yue|last3=Zhao|first3=Meixun|last4=Yan|first4=Wen|last5=Chien|first5=Chih-Wei|last6=Chen|first6=Muhong|last7=Yang|first7=Huaping|last8=Machiyama|first8=Hideaki|last9=Lin|first9=Saulwood|date=2011|title=Characteristics and possible origin of native aluminum in cold seep sediments from the northeastern South China Sea|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=40|issue=1|pages=363–370|bibcode=2011JAESc..40..363C|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.006 }}</ref> The second image of native aluminum is shown on the right of this section. The sample is from a mud volcano in the Caspian Sea near Baku, Azerbaidzhan. The type locality for native aluminum is the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. '''Def.''' any "intermetallic compound of aluminium and a more electropositive element"<ref name=AluminideWikt>{{ cite book |title=aluminide |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 March 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aluminide |accessdate=2015-02-22 }}</ref> is called an '''aluminide'''. The '''aluminides''' are those naturally occurring minerals with a high atomic % aluminum. In the image on the right of a flake of native aluminum, the scale bar = 1 mm. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon) in the Earth's crust, and the most abundant metal there. It makes up about 8% by mass of the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. As a mineral occurrence, aluminum is mostly an oxide. {{clear}} ==Americiums== [[Image:Americium microscope.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A small disc of Am-241 is shown under the microscope. Credit: [[c:user:Bionerd|Bionerd]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Americium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Americium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Sorption of americium at trace levels has been detected on a clay mineral.<ref name=Stammose>{{ cite journal |author=D. Stammose and J.-M. Dolo |title=Sorption of americium at trace levels on a clay mineral |journal=Radiochimica Acta |month= |year=1990 |volume=51 |issue= |pages=189-93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP3wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&source=bl&ots=HSbrCjCBzW&sig=TCbSmutAUaFoz9bY4OEShSLPcSw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBWoVChMIz8GJ9P_6yAIVRuYmCh24kA0R#v=onepage&f=false |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-11-05 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Antimonies== [[Image:Antimony massive.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is massive antimony with oxidation products from Arechuybo, Mexico. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aram Dulyan]] at the Natural History Museum, London.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Antimony-229849.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The native antimony crystals, lustrous and nicely striated in part, range up to 0.5 cm in size. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungSb.png|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of antimony in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Antimony spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Antimony spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Native antimony such as occurs in the rock on the upper right with its various oxidation products is crystalline in the hexagonal system. The image on the left shows hexagonal crystals with metallic luster. {{clear}} ==Argons== {{main|Chemicals/Argons}} ==Arsenics== [[Image:Native arsenic from silver vein.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Native arsenic such as this specimen is found in silver ore veins. Credit: Amethyst Galleries, Inc.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Native arsenic.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This massive native arsenic with quartz and calcite is from Ste. Marie-aux-mines, Alsace, France. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aram Dulyan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ultrapure metallic arsenic under argon.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ultrapure metallic arsenic is kept under argon, 1-2 grams. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungAs.jpg|thumb|left|100px|The image shows the color of arsenic in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Arsenic spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Arsenic emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Native arsenic such as in the image on the right occurs in silver ore veins. "The dominant group V source is arsenic, although antimony and phosphorous sources are not atypical."<ref name=Melloch>{{ cite journal |author=M. R. Melloch |author2=J. M. Woodall |author3=E. S. Harmon |author4=N. Otsuka |author5=Fred H. Pollak |author6=D. D. Nolte |author7=R. M. Feenstra |author8=M. A. Lutz |title=Low-temperature grown III-V materials |journal=Annual Review of Materials Science |year=1995 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=547-600 |url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ms.25.080195.002555 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1146/annurev.ms.25.080195.002555 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Allemontites== [[Image:Allemontite - USGS Mineral Specimens 008.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Allemontite (with Pen for scale) is from the mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. Credit: Andrew Silver, USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Allemontite-118476.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Allemontite specimen is from Příbram, Central Bohemia Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Allemontite is a native alloy of arsenic and antimony, with a composition of AsSb.<ref name=Roberts/> The first example on the right is from the mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. The second on the left is from Příbram, Central Bohemia Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic. As a natural source of arsenic, it has 50 at % arsenic. {{clear}} ==Astatines== Astatine iodide has the chemical formula AtI. Astatine bromide has the chemical formula AtBr. Astatine monochloride (AtCl) is made either by the direct combination of gas-phase astatine with chlorine or by the sequential addition of astatine and dichromate ion to an acidic chloride solution. ==Uraninites== [[Image:Uraninite Astatine source.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The rarest naturally occurring element on Earth is named Astatine and it occurs in uraninite as a uranium decay product. Credit: Fred E. Davis.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Uraninite crystal cluster.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A cluster of seven crystals, four are visible, in the photo of uraninite, with a yellow uranophane coating. Credit: Fred E. Davis.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] All of the known isotopes of astatine are very short-lived. Astatine occurs naturally in minerals such as uraninite as a decay product of uranium. {{clear}} ==Bariums== [[Image:Barium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pure barium metal in a protective argon gas atmosphere. Credit: Matthias Zepper.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Barium flame.png|thumb|left|250px|The image shows the color of barium in a natural gas burner. Credit: Ernest Z. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Phase diagram of barium (1975).png|thumb|center|250px|This is a pressure-temperature phase diagram for barium. Credit: David A. Young, ERDA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Barium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Barium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Barium is bcc (α-Ba) at room temperature as the phase diagram on the left indicates. It does change to an hcp structure at high pressures and temperatures. Native barium is not known to occur on the surface of the Earth. {{clear}} ==Berkeliums== [[Image:Gabon Geology Oklo.svg|right|thumb|200px|The geological situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors is described<br>1. Nuclear reactor zones<br>2. Sandstone<br>3. Uranium ore layer<br>4. Granite. Credit: [[c:User:MesserWoland|MesserWoland]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Berkelium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Berkelium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Like americium and curium it "is possible that some berkelium and other transuranic elements were created in the natural nuclear reactor in Oklo, Gabon."<ref name=jolyonBk>{{ cite web |author=jolyon |title=The Mineralogy of Curium |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |location= |date=6 November 2015 |url=http://www.mindat.org/element/Berkelium |accessdate=2015-11-05 }}</ref> A '''natural nuclear fission reactor''' is a uranium mineral deposit where self-sustaining [[w:nuclear chain reaction|nuclear chain reaction]]s have occurred. This can be examined by analysis of isotope ratios. The existence of this phenomenon was discovered in 1972 at Oklo in Gabon, Africa. Oklo is the only known location for this in the world and consists of 16 sites at which self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions took place approximately 1.7 billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 kW of thermal power during that time.<ref name=Meshik>{{ cite journal |author=A. P. Meshik |year=2005 |month=November |title=The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor |journal=Scientific American |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor |accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Gauthier-Lafaye1996">{{ cite journal |author=F. Gauthier-Lafaye; P. Holliger; P.-L. Blanc |year=1996 |month= |title=Natural fission reactors in the Franceville Basin, Gabon: a review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=60 |issue=25 |pages=4831–52 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00245-1 |url= |bibcode=1996GeCoA..60.4831G }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Berylliums== {{main|Chemicals/Berylliums}} [[Image:Beryllium emission spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|This spectrograph shows the visual spectral lines of beryllium. Credit: [[c:User:Penyulap|Penyulap]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Be-140g.jpg|thumb|right|Beryllium is > 99 % pure, crystalline big fragment > 140 g. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Beryllium-Chromium phase diagram.png|thumb|left|250px|This is a beryllium-chromium phase diagram. Credit: M. Venkatraman and J.P. Neumann.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Beryllium has at least six emission/absorption lines across the red. The emission and absorption spectra for beryllium contain lines in the blue. Beryllium occurs in a hexgonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure at room temperature (α-Be). As indicated in the phase diagram on the left beryllium occurs as (β-Be) which is bcc at higher temperatures up to melting. Native beryllium is not known to occur on the surface of the Earth, but may eventually be found among beryllium-bearing minerals in small amounts. Beryllium copper (BeCu), also known as copper beryllium (CuBe), beryllium bronze and spring copper, is a copper alloy with 0.5–3% beryllium,<ref>http://www.matthey.ch/index.php?id=45&L=1 Copper beryllium and nickel beryllium datasheets.</ref> but can contain other elements as well. Beryllium can be alloyed with nickel and aluminum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beralcast – Beryllium Aluminum Alloys |website=IBC Advanced Alloys |accessdate=2015-07-22 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723034608/http://www.ibcadvancedalloys.com/products/beryllium-aluminum-alloys-beralcast-alloys/ |archive-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Bismuths== [[Image:Bismuth-113484.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A rich small mini of the native element bismuth is from from China. Credit: Robert M. Lavinsky.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Bismuth spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Bismuth spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Bismuth does occur on Earth as native bismuth exampled on the right. "Strong absorption lines due to Bi II have been found in the Hg—Mn star HR7775 (HD193452) in high-resolution spectra obtained with the IUE."<ref name=Jacobs>{{ cite journal |author=J. M. Jacobs & M. M. Dworetsky |title=Bismuth abundance anomaly in a Hg—Mn star |journal=Nature |date=7 October 1982 |volume=299 |issue= |pages=535–536 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/299535a0 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=20 June 2022 }}</ref> "Detailed examination of the optical spectrum at high resolution¹ showed that it is one of the most extreme stars of the ‘cool’ Hg—Mn group, with strong enhancements of Hg, Pt, Sr, Y, and Ga; the last of these is confirmed² by the very strong Ga II resonance line at 1,414 Å. Four-colour Strömgren photometry of HR7775 (ref. 3), interpreted with the aid of the model atmosphere calibrations by Relyea and Kurucz⁴, gives T_eff = 10,800 K, log g = 4.2, while the Hβ index gives log g = 4.0 according to the calibration of Schmidt⁵."<ref name=Jacobs/> {{clear}} ==Bohriums== Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier homologue to rhenium in group 7. The chemical properties of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements. ==Borons== {{main|Chemicals/Borons}} [[Image:Boron R105.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These polycrystalline chunks are rhombohedral β-boron, net 25.5 grams. Credit: James L Marshall.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Boron phase diagram.svg|thumb|left|250px|Phase diagram is elemental boron (colors represent actuals). Credit: [[c:user:Fulvio314|Fulvio314]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Boron emission spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|This spectrograph shows the visual spectral lines of boron. Credit: [[c:User:Penyulap|Penyulap]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Boron (B).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Crystalline boron, which is shown here, is nearly as hard as diamond (9.5 on Mohs scale, diamond has 10). Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungB.png|thumb|left|100px|The image shows the color of boron in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust.<ref>{{cite web |title = Q & A: Where does the element Boron come from? |accessdate = 2011-12-04 |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529072641/http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=17594|archive-date = 29 May 2012 }}</ref> It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boron|website=Britannica encyclopedia|accessdate=4 August 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181151/https://www.britannica.com/science/boron-chemical-element }}</ref> It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate mineral such as borax and kernite. Elemental boron is a metalloid that is found in small amounts in meteoroids but chemically uncombined boron is not otherwise found naturally on Earth. The "presence in ... cosmic radiation [is] of a much greater proportion of "secondary" nuclei, such as lithium, beryllium and boron, than is found generally in the universe."<ref name="Gaisser">{{cite book |author=Thomas K. Gaisser |title=Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |date=1990 |editor= |pages=279 |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qJ7Z6oIMqeUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&ots=IxjwLxBwXu&sig=voHKIYstBlBYla4jcbur_b-Zwxs |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |{{isbn=0521339316}} |accessdate=2014-01-11 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Qingsongites== Qingsongite is a rare boron nitride (BN) mineral with cubic crystalline form first described in 2009 for an occurrence as minute inclusions within chromite deposits in the Luobusa ophiolite in the Shannan Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.<ref name=MindatQingsongite1977/> It was recognized as a mineral in August 2013 by the International Mineralogical Association named after Chinese geologist Qingsong Fang (1939–2010).<ref name=MindatQingsongite1977>[http://www.mindat.org/min-43792.html Qingsongite on Mindat.org]</ref> Qingsongite is the only known boron mineral that is formed deep in the Earth's mantle.<ref>[http://www.sci-news.com/geology/science-qingsongite-new-mineral-01286.html Qingsongite: New Mineral from Tibet Hard as Diamond]. sciencenews.org. August 5, 2013</ref> Associated minerals or phases include osbornite (titanium nitride), coesite, kyanite and amorphous carbon.<ref name=Pittalwala>[http://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/16729 Pittalwala, Iqbal, ''International Research Team Discovers New Mineral,'' UCR Today, Aug. 2, 2013]</ref> ==Wurtzite BN== Only small amounts of the wurtzite form of boron nitride (w-BN) exist in nature as a mineral.<ref name=Griggs>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16610-diamond-no-longer-natures-hardest-material/ |title=Diamond no longer nature's hardest material |last=Griggs |first=Jessica |date=2014-05-13 |website=New Scientist |accessdate=2018-01-12}}</ref> ==Bromines== {{main|Chemicals/Bromines}} ==Cadmiums== [[Image:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cadmium metal bowl is shown. Credit: [[c:user:Halfdan|Halfdan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cadmium-crystal bar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A crystal cadmium bar, purity 99.999 %, made by the flux process, as well as a 1 cm³ cadmium cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cadmium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Cadmium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The only cadmium mineral of importance, greenockite (CdS), is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). Cadmium is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, acting as a very effective neutron poison to control neutron flux in nuclear fission.<ref name=Scoullos>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9yzN-QGag_8C|title = Mercury, Cadmium, Lead: Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation|first1 = Michael J.|last1 = Scoullos|last2= Vonkeman|first2=Gerrit H.|last3 = Thornton|first3=Iain|last4 = Makuch |first4=Zen| publisher = Springer|date = 2001|{{isbn|978-1-4020-0224-3}} }}</ref> When cadmium rods are inserted in the core of a nuclear reactor, cadmium absorbs neutrons, preventing them from creating additional fission events, thus controlling the amount of reactivity. The pressurized water reactor designed by Westinghouse Electric Company uses an alloy consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium.<ref name=Scoullos/> In Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cadmium was used as heat, light, and weathering stabilizers.<ref name=Scoullos/><ref name=Jennings>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YUkJNI9QYsUC&pg=PA149|page = 149|first = Thomas C.|last = Jennings|{{isbn|978-1-56990-379-7}}| publisher = Hanser Verlag|date = 2005|title = PVC handbook|chapter = Cadmium Environmental Concerns}}</ref> Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys, because it has a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance.<ref name=Scoullos/> It is also found in some of the lowest-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal.<ref name=Brady>{{cite book|first1= George Stuart|last1= Brady|first2= George S.|last2= Brady|first3= Henry R.|last3= Clauser|first4 = John A.|last4 = Vaccari|isbn = 978-0-07-136076-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA425|title = Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors|publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional|date = 2002| page = 425}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Caesiums== [[Image:CsCrystals.JPG|thumb|right|250px|High pure cesium crystals show dendritic morphology. Credit: [[c:user:Dnn87|Dnn87]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Phase diagram of cesium (1975).png|thumb|left|250px|Temperature-pressure diagram for caesium, formerly known as "cesium". Credit: David A. Young, ERDA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Caesium flame.png|thumb|center|250px|The image shows the color of caesium in a natural gas burner. Credit: Ernest Z. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Caesium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Caesium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] As the temperature-pressure diagram on the left shows, caesium (formerly cesium) is bcc (α-Cs) from room temperature up to melting. Native caesium does not appear to occur on the surface of the Earth or the Moon. {{clear}} ==Calciums== [[Image:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pure calcium metal is shown in a protective argon atmosphere. Credit: Matthias Zepper.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Calcium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungCa.png|thumb|left|100px|The image shows the color of calcium in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Calcium Spectrum.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Spectrum of Ca is at 600/pmm. Credit: [[w:user:teravolt|teravolt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Aluminum-Calcium phase diagram.png|thumb|right|250px|This is an Aluminum-Calcium phase diagram. Credit: The ESA IMPRESS Team.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Calcium has a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure at room temperature. As shown in the phase diagram on the left, it does not change structure up to melting. Native calcium is not known to occur on the surface of the Earth. {{clear}} ==Californiums== [[Image:Californium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A disc of californium metal (²⁴⁹Cf, 10 mg). Credit: United States Department of Energy.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Californium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Californium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] It forms alloys with lanthanide metals.<ref name=Haire>Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-3555-5}}.</ref> The element has two crystalline forms at standard atmospheric pressure: a double-hexagonal close-packed form dubbed alpha (α) and a face-centered cubic form designated beta (β). A double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) unit cell consists of two hexagonal close-packed structures that share a common hexagonal plane, giving dhcp an ABACABAC sequence.<ref>Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. {{ISBN|978-981-4241-59-5}}.</ref> The α form exists below 600–800&nbsp;°C with a density of 15.10&nbsp;g/cm³ and the β form exists above 600–800&nbsp;°C with a density of 8.74&nbsp;g/cm³.<ref name=Haire/> At 48&nbsp;GPascal of pressure the β form changes into an orthorhombic crystal system due to delocalization of the atom's 5f electrons, which frees them to bond.<ref name=Haire/> The three lower-mass transplutonium elements—americium, curium, and berkelium—require much less pressure to delocalize their 5f electrons.<ref name=Haire/> {{clear}} ==Carbons== {{main|Chemicals/Carbons}} [[Image:Carbon Spectra.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The spectrum shows the lines in the visible due to emission from elemental carbon. Credit:[[w:User:Teravolt|Teravolt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Bunsen burner flame types.png|thumb|left|50px|The image shows the color of carbon in a natural gas burner. Credit: Arthur Jan Fijałkowski. {{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Diamond and graphite are shown side by side, where the scale is based on a rough approximation. Credit: Robert Lavinsky.{{tlx|free media}}]] Carbonides are naturally occurring minerals composed of 50 atomic percent, or more, carbon. Carbonide-like minerals with greater than 25 at % carbon are also included. This separates carbon containing minerals from carbonates which are at most 25 at % carbon. Carbon has an emission line in plasmas at 529.053 nm from C VI.<ref name=McCarthy>{{ cite book |author=K. J. McCarthy |author2=A. Baciero |author3=B. Zurro |author4=TJ-II Team |title=Impurity Behaviour Studies in the TJ-II Stellarator, In: ''27th EPS Conference on Contr. Fusion and Plasma Phys.'' |publisher=ECA |location=Budapest |date=12 June 2000 |volume=24B |editor= |pages=1244-7 |url=http://crpppc42.epfl.ch/Buda/pdf/p3_116.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=20 January 2013 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Ceriums== [[Image:Cerium2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ultrapure Cerium metal is shown under argon, 1.5 grams. Credit: [[c:user:Jurii|Jurii]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cerium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Cerium spectrum is shown for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The pyrophoric alloy known as "mischmetal" is composed of 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and the remainder being the other lanthanides, that is used widely for lighter flints.<ref name=Greenwood>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. {{ISBN|978-0-08-037941-8}}.</ref> Usually iron is added to form the alloy ferrocerium (a synthetic pyrophoric alloy of "mischmetal": cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, other trace lanthanides and some iron – about 95% lanthanides and 5% iron hardened by blending in oxides of iron and / or magnesium).<ref name=Ullmann>Klaus Reinhardt and Herwig Winkler in "Cerium Mischmetal, Cerium Alloys, and Cerium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a06_139}}</ref> Cerium is used as alloying element in aluminum to create castable eutectic aluminum alloys with 6–16 wt.% Ce, to which Mg and/or Si can be further added, which have excellent high temperature strength and are suitable for automotive applications ''e.g.'' in cylinder heads.<ref name=Sims>{{Cite journal|last=Sims|first=Zachary|date=2016|title=Cerium-Based, Intermetallic-Strengthened Aluminum Casting Alloy: High-Volume Co-product Development|journal=JOM |volume=68|issue=7|pages=1940–1947|bibcode=2016JOM....68g1940S|doi=10.1007/s11837-016-1943-9|osti=1346625|s2cid=138835874|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1257369}}</ref> Other alloys of cerium include Pu-Ce and Pu-Ce-Co plutonium alloys, which have been used as nuclear fuel. {{clear}} ==Chlorines== {{main|Chemicals/Chlorines}} ==Chromiums== [[Image:Native chromium.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is a native chromium nugget. Credit: Neal Ekengren.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Fe-Cr Phase Diagram.gif|thumb|left|250px|Fe-Cr phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected at equilibrium for different combinations of chromium content and temperature. Credit: Computational Thermodynamics Inc.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Chromium2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A hunk of chromium metal is shown. Credit: W. Oelen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:ChromiumFlameTestOxyHydrogen.png|thumb|left|150px|The image shows the color of chromium in an oxy-hydrogen torch. Credit: [[c:user:NSEasternShoreChemist|NSEasternShoreChemist]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Chromium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is a visible emission-line spectrum for chromium over the range: 400-700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Native chromium such as the nugget in the image on the right is very rare. It is also a hard mineral, probably because of an oxide coating giving it a slight bluish cast. "An unusual mineral association (diamond, SiC, graphite, native chromium, Ni-Fe alloy, Cr²⁺-bearing chromite), indicating a high-pressure, reducing environment, occurs in both the peridotites and chromitites."<ref name=Bai>{{ cite journal |author=Wen-Ji Bai, Mei-Fu Zhou, and Paul T. Robinson |title=Possibly diamond-bearing mantle peridotites and podiform chromitites in the Luobusa and Donqiao ophiolites, Tibet |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |month=August |year=1993 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1650-9 |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e93-143 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1139/e93-143 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> As the phase diagram for the Fe-Cr system on the left shows, chromium is bcc from 600°C on up to melting. Chromium is also bcc at room temperature and pressure. {{clear}} ==Cobalts== [[Image:Native cobalt from Moon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a scanning electron micrograph of native cobalt from the Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon. Credit: Pavel M. Kartashov, Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Kobalt electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pure (99.9 %) cobalt chips, electrolytically refined, and a high purity (99.8 % = 2N8) 1 cm³ cobalt cube for comparison is shown. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:CobaltFlameTestOxyHydrogen.png|thumb|left|150px|The image shows the color of cobalt in an oxy-hydrogen torch. Credit: [[c:user:NSEasternShoreChemist|NSEasternShoreChemist]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Cobalt spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Cobalt emission spectrum is from 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Cobalt has a hexagonal close-packed structure (hcp) until about 450°C when a fcc structure begins to appear. On the right is a scanning electron micrograph of native cobalt from the Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon. {{clear}} ==Coperniciums== Very few properties of copernicium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<ref name=Subramanian>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist|title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist|last=Subramanian|first=S.|website=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=2020-01-18}}</ref> and the fact that copernicium (and its parents) decays very quickly. ==Coppers== [[Image:Copper-114517.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A large, sculptural specimen of penny-bright copper is from Arizona. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Copper spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Copper emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Landsat Thematic Mapper Manitouwadge.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a Landsat Thematic Mapper image with overlain geological structures. Credit: I.M. Kettles, A.N. Rencz, and S.D. Bauke.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Copper (I) blue flame.png|thumb|left|50px|The image shows the color of copper (I) in a natural gas burner. Credit: Anne Marie Helmenstine. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Flametest--Cu.swn.jpg|thumb|right|100px|The image shows the color of copper (II) non-halide in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[c:user:Søren Wedel Nielsen|Søren Wedel Nielsen]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Cu+2 (CuCl2)-Blue.jpg|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of copper (II) halide in a natural gas burner. Credit: AmazingRust. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] The most advantageous form for copper is native copper. On the right is a large, sculptural specimen of penny-bright copper from Arizona. "Approximately five million tonnes were mined from native copper deposits in Michigan. Copper masses from the Michigan deposits were transported by the Pleistocene glaciers. Areas on the copper surfaces which appear to represent glacial abrasion show minimal corrosion."<ref name=Johnson>{{ cite journal |author=A.B. Johnson Jr. |author2=B. Francis |title=Durability of metals from archaeological objects, metal meteorites, and native metals |publisher=Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Department of Energy |location=Richland, Washington USA |month=1 January |year=1980 |editor= |volume=PNL-3198 |issue=TRN: 80-007629 |pages= |url=http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5406419 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.2172/5406419 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-28 }}</ref> "A group of pixel areas north of Lake Superior [in the Landsat image on the right] take the form of a linear band which lies along the northern edge of the Port Coldwell Complex (D). [...] there are numerous Cu showings along the northern edge of the Port Coldwell complex (Ontario Division of Mines, 1971)."<ref name=Kettles>{{ cite journal |author=I.M. Kettles |author2=A.N. Rencz |author3=S.D. Bauke |title=Integrating Landsat, Geologic, and Airborne Gamma Ray Data as an Aid to Surficial Geology Mapping and Mineral Exploration in the Manitouwadge Area, Ontario |journal=Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing |month=April |year=2000 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=437-45 |url=http://asprs.org/a/publications/pers/2000journal/april/2000_apr_437-445.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-28 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Classification of copper and its alloys |- !Family!!Principal alloying element!!Composition range wt %!!Other elements |- |Copper alloys, brass||Zinc (Zn)||30% Zn||0.02–0.15% As, 1.7–2.8% Pb, P, Al, Mn, 0.05% iron, and Si |- |Phosphor bronze||Tin (Sn)||0.5–11% Sn, 0.01–0.35% P||0.5–3.0% Pb |- |Aluminium bronzes||Aluminium (Al)||5% to 11% aluminium||iron, nickel, manganese, zinc, silicon, arsenic |- |Silicon bronzes||Silicon (Si)||<6%Si, 92.5% Cu-7.5% Si||Al, Zn, Ti, Fe |- |Cupronickel, nickel silvers||Nickel (Ni)||60-90% Cu, 9-32% Ni, ≥52% Ni (Monel)||0.4-2.3% Fe, 1-2.5% Mn |} {{clear}} ==Curiums== [[Image:Curium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Curium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Curium is a radioactive transuranic element that has only been produced in nuclear reactors. It is possible that some curium and other transuranic elements were created in the natural nuclear reactor in Oklo, Gabon."<ref name=jolyon>{{ cite web |author=jolyon |title=The Mineralogy of Curium |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |location= |date=6 November 2015 |url=http://www.mindat.org/element/Curium |accessdate=2015-11-05 }}</ref> ==Darmstadiums== The only known darmstadtium isotope with a half-life long enough for chemical research is ²⁸¹Ds, which would have to be produced as the granddaughter of ²⁸⁹Fl.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref> ==Dubniums== Dubnium was processed in nitric and hydrofluoric acid solution, at concentrations where niobium forms {{chem|NbOF|4|-}} and tantalum forms {{chem|TaF|6|-}}, where dubnium's behavior was close to that of niobium but not tantalum; it was thus deduced that dubnium formed {{chem|DbOF|4|-}}, it was concluded that dubnium often behaved like niobium, sometimes like protactinium, but rarely like tantalum.<ref name=Nagame>{{Cite journal |last1=Nagame |first1=Y.|last2=Kratz |first2=J. V. |last3=Schädel |first3=M.|date=2016 |title=Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase|journal=EPJ Web of Conferences|volume=131|doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613107007|page=07007|bibcode=2016EPJWC.13107007N|url=https://jopss.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/BB2016-0022.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dysprosiums== [[Image:Dy chips.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dysprosium metal chips are shown. Credit: [[c:User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Dysprosium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Dysprosium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Dysprosium spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|First order and partial second order spectra of a 12V dysprosium spark taken with a diffraction grating and a cellphone camera. Credit: [[c:user:Umop503|Umop503]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "The magnetic and structural properties of the neodymium-dysprosium alloy system have been measured over the entire composition range."<ref name=Chatterjee>{{ cite journal |author=D Chatterjee and K N R Taylor |title=Magnetic and structural properties of the neodymium-dysprosium alloy system |journal=Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics |date=1972 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=151 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4608/2/1/020/pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=18 June 2022 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Einsteiniums== [[Image:Einsteinium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Quartz vial (9 mm diameter) contains ~300 micrograms of Es-253 solid. Credit: [http://www.ornl.gov/info/awards/cf/cfcitations/cfbios/haire.shtm Haire, R. G., US Department of Energy].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Einsteinium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Einsteinium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Einsteinium is a soft, silvery, paramagnetic metal with chemistry typical of the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state; the +2 oxidation state is also accessible, especially in solids. {{clear}} ==Erbiums== [[Image:Erbium-crop.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal. Credit: [[:de:User:Tomihahndorf|Tomihahndorf]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Erbium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Erbium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Erbium spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|12V spark spectrum of erbium taken through a diffraction grating with a cellphone camera. Credit: [[c:user:Umop503|Umop503]].{{tlx|free media}}]] When added to vanadium as an alloy, erbium lowers hardness and improves workability.<ref name=Hammond>{{cite book| last= Hammond |first= C. R. |title = The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition = 81st| publisher =CRC press| date = 2000| {{isbn|978-0-8493-0481-1}} }}</ref> An erbium-nickel alloy Er₃Ni has an unusually high specific heat capacity at liquid-helium temperatures. "Along with uranium, zinc, iron ore, copper and gold, Greenland’s ancient rocks also harbor large quantities of those minerals known as “rare earth,” among them lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praesodymium, terbium and yttrium."<ref name=Weiden/> {{clear}} ==Europiums== [[Image:Europium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Weakly oxidized europium, hence slightly yellowish, 1.5 grams, large piece 0.6 x 1.6 cm are shown. Credit: [[c:user:Jurii|Jurii]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Europium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Europium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Europium Emission Spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|Spark spectrum of europium metal taken using a 12V circuit, diffraction grating, and phone camera. Note this is the spectrum of the pure element, not the spectrum it makes as a dopant in phosphors. Credit: [[c:user:Umop503|Umop503]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The "aluminum−boron−europium ternary alloy fuels with boron content of 1.5∼4.85 wt. % and europium content of 3 wt. % were prepared."<ref name=Wang>{{ cite journal |author=Wei Wang, Hui Zou, Shuizhou Cai |title=The Oxidation and Combustion Properties of Gas Atomized Aluminum− Boron− Europium Alloy Powders |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |date=18 February 2019 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=725-732 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/prep.201800223 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1002/prep.201800223 |pmid= |accessdate=18 June 2022 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Fermiums== [[Image:Fermium-Ytterbium Alloy.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A fermium-ytterbium alloy is used for measuring the enthalpy of vaporization of fermium metal. Credit: Ben E. Lewis.{{tlx|free media}}]] In the image at the right a fermium-ytterbium alloy is shown. {{clear}} ==Flevoriums== About 90 flerovium atoms have been seen: 58 were synthesized directly; the rest were from radioactive decay of heavier elements. ==Fluorines== {{main|Chemicals/Fluorines}} ==Franciums== [[Image:Francium-87.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This rock probably contains on the order of a few atoms of francium at any one time, as part of the complex decay chains of the thorium and uranium that make up a much larger fraction of the sample. Credit: Theodore Gray.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Pichblende.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This sample of uraninite contains about 100,000 atoms (3.3{{e|-20}}&nbsp;g) of francium-223 at any given time.<ref name=Emsley2001/> Credit: [[c:user:Farhan|Farhan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Francium is bcc at room temperature. Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in uranium and thorium ores, where the isotope francium-223 continually forms and decays. Francium chloride has been studied as a pathway to separate francium from other elements, by using the high vapour pressure of the compound, although francium fluoride would have a higher vapour pressure.<ref name=Lavrukhina>Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. {{ISBN|978-0-250-39923-9}}.</ref> {{clear}} ==Gadoliniums== [[Image:Gadolinium-4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal when oxidation is removed. Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gadolinium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Gadolinium is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gadolinium spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|Spectrum of gadolinium from a 12V spark, taken through a diffraction grating with a cellphone camera. The full first order spectrum is visible, and most of the second order; a spectrum of a reflection is also visible, showing the unusual color combination this element emits. Credit: [[c:user:Umop503|Umop503]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Gadolinium metal is only slightly malleable and is a ductile rare-earth element. Gadolinium demonstrates a magnetocaloric effect whereby its temperature increases when it enters a magnetic field and decreases when it leaves the magnetic field. The temperature is lowered to {{convert|5|C}} for the gadolinium alloy Gd₈₅Er₁₅, and this effect is considerably stronger for the alloy Gd₅(Si₂Ge₂), but at a much lower temperature (<{{convert|85|K}}).<ref>{{cite web|author= Gschneidner, Karl Jr |author2= Gibson, Kerry |title= Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested |publisher= Ames Laboratory|date= 7 December 2001|accessdate= 17 December 2006|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323011159/http://www.external.ameslab.gov/news/release/01magneticrefrig.htm|archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> A significant magnetocaloric effect is observed at higher temperatures, up to about 300&nbsp;K, in the compounds Gd₅(Si_''x''Ge_1−''x'')₄.<ref name=Gschneidner2001>{{cite journal|author=Gschneidner, K. |author2=Pecharsky, V. |author3=Tsokol, A. |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/68/6/R04 |title=Recent Developments in Magnetocaloric Materials |date=2005 |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1479 |bibcode=2005RPPh...68.1479G |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109081936/http://www.teknik.uu.se/ftf/education/magnetmatr/Projektreferenser/MCE_Reports_Progress05.pdf }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Galliums== [[Image:Gallite from Namibia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an example of gallite from Namibia. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Ga,31.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a liquid drop of gallium. Credit: [[w:User:RTC|RTC]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Solid gallium (Ga).jpg|left|thumb|250px|This solid gallium is fresh and after some time (2 months) at room temperature. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gallium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Gallium emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] While native gallium would be the best source of gallium, it apparently does not occur on Earth. The image on the right is a drop of liquid gallium. Gallium "enrichments are observed in the deep waters of the Norwegian Sea and Iceland Basin."<ref name=Shiller/> "If northern deep water formation occurs at lower latitudes during glacial periods, the amount of sediment resuspension in the formation areas is likely to be affected with concomitant effects on the trace element content of newly formed northern-source deep waters."<ref name=Shiller>{{ cite journal |author=Alan M. Shiller |title=Dissolved gallium in the Atlantic Ocean |journal=Marine Chemistry |month=June |year=1998 |volume=61 |issue=1-2 |pages=87-99 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420398000097 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00009-7 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-29 }}</ref> "At higher growth temperatures(>600'C) the lifetimes of the alkyl-gallium species are much shorter and the growth front dynamics should begin to look more like MBE since atomic gallium will be the dominant group III surface species."<ref name=Robertson>{{ cite journal |author=A. Robertson Jr |author2=T.H. Chiu |author3=W.T. Tsang |author4=J.E. Cunningham |title=RHEED Intensity Oscillation Studies of the Kinetics of GaAs Deposition During Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE) |journal=MRS Proceedings |year=1987 |volume=102 |issue= |pages=17-23 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1946427400538469 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/PROC-102-17 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-07-17 }}</ref> Gallite (CuGaS₂) is 25 at % gallium. {{clear}} ==Germaniums== [[Image:Germanite from Tsumeb, Namibia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This sample of germanite is displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Credit: R Nave.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg|left|thumb|250px|This chunk is 12 grams of polycrystalline germanium, 2 x 3 cm. Credit: [[c:user:Jurii|Jurii]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Germanium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Germanium emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The sample of germanite on the right has a composition of Cu₂₆Fe₄Ge₄S₃₂. Generally, germanite has a composition closer to Cu₃(Ge, Ga, Fe, Zn) (S,As)₄.<ref name=Roberts>{{ cite book |author=Willard Lincoln Roberts |author2=George Robert Rapp Jr. |author3=Julius Weber |title=Encyclopedia of Minerals |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company |location=New York, New York, USA |date=1974 |editor= |pages=121-2 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |{{isbn|0-442-26820-3}} }}</ref> "This sample also contains tennantite."<ref name=Nave>{{ cite web |author=R Nave |title=Germanite |publisher=Smithsonian Museum of Natural History |location=Washington, DS USA |date=17 August 2015 |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/minerals/germanite.html |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Golds== [[Image:Gold-cat12a.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This very elaborate, 3-dimensional cluster of gold shows complex and minute crystallization patterns, and is overall hackly in texture. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gold nugget (placer gold) 2 (17025829922).jpg|thumb|left|250px|This gold nugget (placer gold) is 9.5 mm across at its widest. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gold spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Gold spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Gold (Au) is the most prestigious metal known, but it's not the most valuable. Gold is the only metal that has a deep, rich, metallic yellow color. Almost all other metals are silvery-colored. Gold is very rare in crustal rocks - it averages about 5 ppb (parts per billion). Where gold has been concentrated, it occurs as wires, dendritic crystals, twisted sheets, octahedral crystals, and variably-shaped nuggets. It most commonly occurs in hydrothermal quartz veins, disseminated in some contact- & hydrothermal-metamorphic rocks, and in placer deposits. Placers are concentrations of heavy minerals in stream gravels or in cracks on bedrock-floored streams. Gold has a high specific gravity (about 19), so it easily accumulates in placer deposits. Its high density allows prospectors to readily collect placer gold by panning. {{clear}} ==Hafniums== [[Image:Fe-Hf phase diagram.gif|thumb|right|250px|This is an iron-hafnium phase diagram. Credit: H. Okamoto.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Hf-crystal bar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sample of a 1,7kg Hafnium crystal bar, made by van Arkel-de Boer process. Credit: [[c:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Hafnium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Hafnium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Note in the iron-hafnium phase diagram on the left that hafnium occurs in two phases: hcp (α-Hf) at lower temperatures and bcc (β-Hf) at higher temperatures up to melting. Hafnium is used in alloys with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals, for example the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules, is C103 which consists of 89% niobium, 10% hafnium and 1% titanium.<ref name=Hebda>{{cite web|title = Niobium alloys and high Temperature Applications|first = John|last = Hebda|publisher = CBMM|date = 2001|accessdate = 2008-09-04|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217080513/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_3/images/pdfs/016.pdf|archive-date = 2008-12-17}}</ref> Small additions of hafnium increase the adherence of protective oxide scales on nickel-based alloys, improving thereby the corrosion resistance especially under cyclic temperature conditions that tend to break oxide scales by inducing thermal stresses between the bulk material and the oxide layer.<ref name=Maslenkov>{{cite journal|title = Effect of hafnium on the structure and properties of nickel alloys|first = S. B.|last = Maslenkov |author2 = Burova, N. N. |author3=Khangulov, V. V. |journal = Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume = 22|date = 1980|doi=10.1007/BF00779883|pages=283–285|issue = 4|bibcode = 1980MSHT...22..283M|s2cid = 135595958}}</ref><ref name=Beglov>{{cite journal|first = V. M.|last = Beglov |author2 = Pisarev, B. K. |author3=Reznikova, G. G. |title = Effect of boron and hafnium on the corrosion resistance of high-temperature nickel alloys|journal = Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume = 34|date = 1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00702544|pages=251–254|issue = 4|bibcode = 1992MSHT...34..251B |s2cid = 135844921 }}</ref><ref name=Voitovich>{{cite journal|first = R. F.|last = Voitovich|author2=Golovko, É. I.|title = Oxidation of hafnium alloys with nickel|journal = Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume = 17|date = 1975|doi = 10.1007/BF00663680|pages=207–209|issue = 3|bibcode = 1975MSHT...17..207V|s2cid = 137073174}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hassiums== Hassium behaves as the heavier homologue to osmium, reacting readily with oxygen to form a volatile tetroxide. ==Heliums== {{main|Chemicals/Heliums}} ==Holmiums== [[Image:Holmium2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ultrapure holmium metal of 17 grams is shown. Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Holmium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Holmium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Holmium spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px| Spectrum of holmium from a 12V spark, taken through a diffraction grating with a cellphone camera. Credit: [[c:user:Umop503|Umop503]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "The constant of the alloy-formation rate for {{chem|HoNi|2}}, which was obtained in [22] at 1023 K in the LiCl–KCl eutectic melt, is 0.36 kg/m² h^0.5."<ref name=Bushuev>{{ cite journal |author=A. N. Bushuev, O. V. El’kin, I. V. Tolstobrova, A. V. Sazanov, and D. A. Kondrat’ev |title=Preparation of a Nickel–Holmium Alloy Coating in an Equimolar {{chem|HoCl|3}}-Containing NaCl–KCl Melt |journal=Russian Metallurgy (Metally) |date=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=8 |pages=771-778 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrey-Bushuev-2/publication/329899928_Preparation_of_a_Nickel-Holmium_Alloy_Coating_in_an_Equimolar_HoCl3-Containing_NaCl-KCl_Melt/links/5dd4e7bf299bf11ec8629a72/Preparation-of-a-Nickel-Holmium-Alloy-Coating-in-an-Equimolar-HoCl3-Containing-NaCl-KCl-Melt.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=18 June 2022 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hydrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Hydrogens}} ==Indiums== [[Image:Indium R060771 Eastern Transbaikal, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|These pieces of native indium are from Eastern Transbaikal, Russia. Credit: Michael Scott.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Indium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Indium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Indium is an ingredient in the gallium–indium–tin alloy galinstan, which is liquid at room temperature and replaces mercury in some thermometers.<ref name=Surmann>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00216-005-0069-7|date=Nov 2005|author=Surmann, P|author2=Zeyat, H| title=Voltammetric analysis using a self-renewable non-mercury electrode| volume=383|issue=6|pages=1009–13| pmid=16228199|journal= Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|s2cid=22732411}}</ref> Other alloys of indium with bismuth, cadmium, lead, and tin, which have higher but still low melting points (between 50 and 100&nbsp;°C), are used in fire sprinkler systems and heat regulators.<ref name=Greenwood/> "Indium minerals are very rare ; only 7 species have been defined so far : roquesite, CuInS₂ (Picot & Pierrot, 1963) ; indite, FeIn₂S₄, and dzhalindite, In(OH)₃ (Genkin & Murav'eva, 1963) ; sakuraiite, (Cu,Fe,Zn)₃(In,Sn)S₄ (Kato, 1965) ; native indium (Ivanov, 1966b) ; yixunite, PtIn (Yu Tsu-Hsiang et al., 1976) ; petrukite, (Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)₃(Sn,In)S₄ (Kissin & Owens, 1989)."<ref name=Botelho>{{ cite journal |author=Nilson F. Botelho |author2=Guy Roger |author3=Ferdinand d'Yvoire |author4=Yves Moẽlo |author5=Marcel Volfinger |title=Yanomamite, InAsO₄.2H₂O, a new indium mineral from topaz-bearing greisen in the Gohiás Tin Province, Brazil |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date= 1994 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=245-54 |url=https://rruff-2.geo.arizona.edu/uploads/EJM6_245.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-02-22 }}</ref> On the right are microprobe fragments of native indium from Eastern Transbaikal, Russia. The electron microprobe confirms that indium is the only component of the metallic phase. {{clear}} ==Iodines== {{main|Chemicals/Iodines}} ==Iridiums== [[Image:Cubic native iridium crystal.png|thumb|right|250px|The image is of a cubic crystal of native iridium. Credit: Norman King.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Iridium-2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pieces are pure iridium, 1 gram. Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Iridium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Iridium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Native iridium such as the small cubic crystal shown in the image on the right is rare. An alloy of iridium with ruthenium in thermocouples allowed for the measurement of high temperatures in air up to {{convert|2000|C}}.<ref name=Hunt>{{cite journal| title= A History of Iridium| first = L. B.| last =Hunt| journal = Platinum Metals Review| volume =31| issue = 1| date = 1987| url = http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf| pages= 32–41}}</ref> Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined element or in natural alloys; especially the iridium–osmium alloys, osmiridium (osmium-rich), and iridosmium (iridium-rich).<ref name=Emsley2003>{{cite book| title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements| last = Emsley| first = J.| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = 2003| location = Oxford, England, UK| {{isbn|978-0-19-850340-8}}| chapter = Iridium| pages = 201–204]|url = https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/201}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Irons== [[Image:Native iron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This piece from the Khungtukun Massif, Malaya Romanikha River, Khatanga, Taimyr Peninsula, Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia, displays inclusions of native iron. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Pure iron phase diagram (EN).png|thumb|left|250px|This diagram shows most of the phases of pure iron. Credit: [[c:User:Daniele Pugliesi|Daniele Pugliesi]] and [[c:User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Iron III Flame Thermite Reaction.jpg|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of iron (III) orange in a thermite reaction. Credit: [[c:user:Denver & Rio Grande|Denver & Rio Grande]]. {{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Epsilon iron unary phase diagram.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The unary (temperature-pressure) iron phase diagram shows the epsilon phase of iron at extremely high pressure. Credit: [[w:User:His Manliness|His Manliness]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Iron-252608.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An uncommon slabbed and polished specimen of lustrous, metallic, elemental native iron in basalt from Germany. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cylinder of pure iron, 16 grams, 1 cm diameter..jpg|right|thumb|250px|Iron is a silvery, relatively reactive metal, which is very abundant and is used for multiple purposes. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Iron spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Iron spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The polished piece on the top right displays inclusions of native iron. Iron occurs in several allotropes from α-Fe which has a body-centered cubic structure (bcc) at room temperature up to 910°C, γ-Fe which has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure from 910°C to 1394°C, and δ-Fe (bcc) from 1394°C to 1538°C. Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron occurs at high pressures and temperatures as ε-Fe. Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element.<ref name=ReedHill>{{cite book |authors=Reed-Hill R, Abbaschian R |title=Physical Metallurgy Principles |edition=3rd |publisher=PWS-Kent Publishing |location=Boston |year=1991 |{{isbn|978-0-534-92173-6}} }}</ref> In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727&nbsp;°C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. The austenite allotrope is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902);<ref name=Gove>{{cite book |editor=Gove PB |title=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary |publisher=G & C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, Massachusetts, USA |year=1963 |page=58 }}</ref> it exists at room temperature in some stainless steels due to the presence of nickel stabilizing the austenite at lower temperatures. {{clear}} ==Meteoritic irons== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Meteoritic irons}} ==Iron hydrides== "Carroll and McCormack (1972) in Dublin reported complex spectra in the blue and green wavelength regions of both FeH and FeD".<ref name=JGPhillips>{{ cite journal |author=John G. Phillips |author2=Sumner P. Davis |author3=Bo Lindgren |author4=Walter J. Balfour |title=The near-infrared spectrum of the FeH molecule |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |month=December |year=1987 |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=721-78 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1987ApJS...65..721P |doi=10.1086/191241 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-12-08 }}</ref> "Carroll et al. (1976) detected a number of coincidences between laboratory lines of FeH and weak unidentified solar lines, again in the blue and green wavelength region, in addition to the infrared."<ref name=Fawzy>{{ cite journal |author=DE Fawzy |author2=NH Youssef |author3=O. Engvold |title=Identification of FeH molecular lines in the spectrum of a sunspot umbra |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement |month=May |year=1998 |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=435-43 |url=http://aas.aanda.org/articles/aas/abs/1998/09/h0667/h0667.html |arxiv= |bibcode=1998A&AS..129..435F |doi=10.1051/aas:1998196 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Kryptons== {{main|Chemicals/Kryptons}} ==Lanthanums== [[Image:Lanthanum-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1 cm big piece is pure lanthanum. Credit: [[c:user:Jurii|Jurii]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lanthanum spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Lanthanum spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Hydrogen sponge alloys can contain lanthanum and are capable of storing up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas in a reversible adsorption process, where heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems.<ref name=Lide2005>Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.</ref><ref name=Uchida>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0360-3199(98)00161-X | title = Hydrogen solubility in rare earth based hydrogen storage alloys | date = 1999 | last1 = Uchida | first1 = H. | journal = International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | volume = 24 | pages = 871–877 | issue = 9}}</ref> Mischmetal, a pyrophoric alloy used in lighter flints, contains 25% to 45% lanthanum.<ref name=Hammond/> {{clear}} ==Lawrenciums== The first ionization energy of lawrencium was measured, using the isotope ²⁵⁶Lr.<ref name="Sato">{{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=T. K. |last2=Asai |first2=M. |first3=A. |last3=Borschevsky |first4=T. |last4=Stora |first5=N. |last5=Sato |first6=Y. |last6=Kaneya |first7=K. |last7=Tsukada |first8=Ch. E. |last8=Düllman |first9=K. |last9=Eberhardt |first10=E. |last10=Eliav |first11=S. |last11=Ichikawa |first12=U. |last12=Kaldor |first13=J. V. |last13=Kratz |first14=S. |last14=Miyashita |first15=Y. |last15=Nagame |first16=K. |last16=Ooe |first17=A. |last17=Osa |first18=D. |last18=Renisch |first19=J. |last19=Runke |first20=M. |last20=Schädel |first21=P. |last21=Thörle-Pospiech |first22=A. |last22=Toyoshima |first23=N. |last23=Trautmann |date=9 April 2015 |title=Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103 |journal=Nature |volume=520 |issue=7546 |pages=209–11 |doi=10.1038/nature14342 |bibcode = 2015Natur.520..209S |pmid=25855457|s2cid=4384213 |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/2008656/files/TKSato-Lr-IP_prep_nature.pdf }}</ref> The measured value, {{nowrap|4.96{{su|p=+0.08|b=−0.07}} electronvolt (eV)}}, agreed very well with the relativistic theoretical prediction of 4.963(15)&nbsp;eV, and also provided a first step into measuring the first ionization energies of the transactinides.<ref name="Sato" /> This value is the lowest among all the lanthanides and actinides, and supports the s²p configuration as the 7p_1/2 electron is expected to be only weakly bound. This suggests that lutetium and lawrencium behave similarly to the d-block elements (and hence being the true heavier congeners of scandium and yttrium, instead of lanthanum and actinium). Although some alkali metal-like behaviour has been predicted,<ref name=Gunther>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/04/lawrencium-experiment-could-shake-periodic-table |title=Lawrencium experiment could shake up periodic table |last1=Gunther |first1=Matthew |date=9 April 2015 |website=RSC Chemistry World |access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> adsorption experiments suggest that lawrencium is trivalent like scandium and yttrium, not monovalent like the alkali metals.<ref name=Haire2007>{{cite journal |last=Haire |first=R. G. |date=11 October 2007 |title=Insights into the bonding and electronic nature of heavy element materials |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=444–5 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.01.103|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259091 }}</ref> ==Leads== [[Image:Lead-176678.jpg|right|thumb|150px|This is a piece of native lead. Credit: [[c:user:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:A piece of lead.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A piece of lead, cut through, is silvery for a short time, before the surface oxidizes. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungPb.png|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of lead in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Lead spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Lead spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Diamond cubic structures with lattice parameters around the lattice parameter of silicon exists both in thin lead and tin films, and in massive lead and tin, freshly solidified in vacuum of ≈5 x 10^-6 Torr. Experimental evidence for almost identical structures of at least three oxide types is presented, demonstrating that lead and tin behave like silicon not only in the initial stages of crystallization, but also in the initial stages of oxidation."<ref name=Peneva>{{ cite journal |author=S.K. Peneva, K.D. Djuneva and E.A. Tsukeva |title=RHEED study of the initial stages of crystallization and oxidation of lead and tin |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |month=2 May |year=1981 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=382-396 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022024881900889 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0022-0248(81)90088-9 |pmid= |accessdate=2017-12-13 }}</ref> The piece of native lead on the right shows a relatively sharp, and well-formed cuboctahedron of Lead at the top of the specimen, which is associated with elongated crystals on the base and back. Its source locality is Långban, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden. A fresh surface of high purity lead on the left is silvery in appearance. Lead tin telluride, PbSnTe or Pb_1−xSn_xTe, is a ternary alloy of lead, tin and tellurium, generally made by alloying either tin into lead telluride or lead into tin Telluride. In genuine Ashtadhatu, all eight metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, Fe and Sb or Hg) are in equal proportion (12.5% each).<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-260323 "The Eight Metals"]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&pg=PA163&dq=Ashtadhatu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLlZn_spXQAhVDxVQKHeLuAh4Q6AEIITAB#v=onepage&q=Ashtadhatu&f=false Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh]. Manjit Singh Ahluwalia. Indus Publishing. 1998 p. 163.</ref><ref>स्वर्ण रूप्यं ताम्रं च रंग यशदमेव च। शीसं लौहं रसश्चेति धातवोऽष्टौ प्रकीर्तिता:। Here rasa can be taken as either mercury or brass.</ref> Sn, Pb, Cu, As, Sb are used to make Babbitt alloys.<ref name=Babbitt>Isaac Babbitt, http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00001252&idkey=NONE&homeurl=http%3A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fpatimg.htm "Mode of making boxes for axles and gudgeons," U.S. patent no. 1,252 (issued: July 17, 1839).</ref> "The inner parts of the boxes are to be lined with any of the harder kinds of composition known under the names of britannia metal or pewter, of which block tin is the basis. An excellent compound for this purpose I have prepared by taking about 50 parts of tin, five of antimony, and one of copper, but I do not intend to confine myself to this particular composition."<ref name=Babbitt/> {{clear}} ==Lithiums== {{main|Chemicals/Lithiums}} [[Image:FlammenfärbungLi.png|thumb|left|100px|The image shows the color of lithium in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Spectrum Lines of Li.png|thumb|center|400px|This spectrograph shows the visual spectral lines of lithium. Credit: [[w:User:T c951|T c951]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lithium paraffin.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Lithium remains chemically inert when immersed in oil. Credit: [[:de:user:Tomihahndorf|Tomihahndorf]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "[T]he standard solar models have enjoyed tremendous success recently in terms of agreement between the predicted outer structure and the results from helioseismology[, but] some observed properties of the [[Sun (star)|Sun]] still defy explanation, such as the degree of Li depletion" [the "solar Li abundance is roughly a factor of 200 below the meteoritic abundance"].<ref name=King>{{ cite journal |author=Jeremy R. King |author2=Constantine P. Deliyannis |author3=Merchant Boesgaard |title=The ⁹Be Abundances of α Centauri A and B and the Sun: Implications for Stellar Evolution and Mixing |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=April 1, |year=1997 |volume=478 |issue=2 |pages=778 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/478/2/778/pdf/0004-637X_478_2_778.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-07-11 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Livermoriums== Although generated by heavy ion bombardment, the short-lived radioisotopes are not known to occur naturally on the surface of the Earth. ==Lutetiums== [[Image:Lutetium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lutetium, sublimed-dendritic, high purity 99.995 % Lu/TREM, as well as an argon arc remelted 1 cm3 lutetium (99,9 %) cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lutetium spectrum visible.png|thumb|left|400px|Lutetium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium tend to occur together with the other lanthanides (except short-lived promethium) in the Earth's crust, and are often harder to extract from their ores. {{clear}} ==Magnesiums== [[Image:Magnesium Spectra.jpg|thumb|center|400px|This image shows the optical emission lines of magnesium. Credit: [[w:User:teravolt|teravolt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:CSIRO ScienceImage 2893 Crystalised magnesium.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Crystalized magnesium is shown. Credit: Mark Fergus, CSIRO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Magnesium-rich end with iron.png|thumb|left|250px|This portion of the iron-magnesium phase diagram is concentrated on the magnesium-rich end. Credit: A.A. Nayeb-Hashemi, J.B. Clark and L.J. Swartzendruber.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Mg-flame.jpg|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of magnesium in a natural gas burner. Credit: KB. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] Magnesium has a hcp structure from room temperature up to melting. No other phases occur as is shown in the magnesium-end of the iron-magnesium phase diagram on the left. Native magnesium is unlikely to occur on the surface of the Earth and is not known to occur. Magnesium (Mg I) has an absorption band at 416.727±2.9 nm with an excitation potential of 4.33 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Magnesium (Mg II) has an absorption band at 439.059±6.6 nm with an excitation potential of 9.96 eV.<ref name=Sadakane>{{ cite journal |author=Kozo Sadakane |author2=Minoru Ueta |title=Abundance Analysis of Sirius in the Blue-Violet Region |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |month=August |year=1989 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=279-88 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1989PASJ...41..279S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Manganeses== [[Image:Fe-Mn Phase Diagram.gif|thumb|left|250px|The pure manganese end member of this Fe-Mn phase diagram shows the higher temperature Mn phases. Credit: A. Rabinkin.]] [[Image:Manganese element.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Two pieces of manganese metal are shown. Credit: W. Oelen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:ManganeseFlameTestOxyHydrogen.png|thumb|center|200px|The image shows the color of manganese (II) in an oxy-hydrogen torch. Credit: [[c:user:NSEasternShoreChemist|NSEasternShoreChemist]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. [[Image:Manganese spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Manganese emission spectrum is from 400 nm - 700 nm Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] If native manganese occurs on Earth or nearby [[Solar System]] bodies, it likely occurs as bcc α-Mn. "Beta manganese has a cubic crystal structure with space group P4132 [1]. The unit cell contains 20 atoms, divided between two non-equivalent sites."<ref name=Dunlop>{{ cite journal |author=J.B. Dunlop |author2=J.M. Williams |author3=J. Crangle |title=¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer and neutron diffraction investigation of β Mn-Sn solid solutions |journal=Physica B+C |date=January-March 1977 |volume=86-88 |issue= |pages=269-71 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378436377903102 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0378-4363(77)90310-2 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> "The structures of γ- and δ-manganese are found to be face-centred cubic and body-centred cubic respectively."<ref name=Basinski>{{ cite journal |author=Z. S. Basinski |author2=J. W. Christian |title=A Pressurized High-Temperature Debye-Scherrer Camera, and Its Use to Determine the Structures and Coefficients of Expansion of γ- and δ-manganese |journal=The Royal Society Proceedings A |date=20 May 1954 |volume=223 |issue=1155 |pages=554 |url=http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/223/1155/554.short |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1098/rspa.1954.0136 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> Manganese (Mn I) has two absorption bands at 403.449±1.4 nm and 405.554±0.8 nm, where the second has an excitation potential of 2.13 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Manganese (Mn II) has an absorption band at 420.638±0.8 nm with an excitation potential of 5.37 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> {{clear}} ==Meitneriums== Meitnerium is the seventh member of the 6d series of transition metals, and should be much like the platinum group metals.<ref name=Griffith>{{cite journal|doi=10.1595/147106708X297486|title=The Periodic Table and the Platinum Group Metals|date=2008|last1=Griffith|first1=W. P.|journal=Platinum Metals Review|volume=52|issue=2|pages=114–119 }}</ref> Calculations on its ionization potentials and atomic radius and ionic radii are similar to that of its lighter homologue iridium, thus implying that meitnerium's basic properties will resemble those of the other group 9 elements, cobalt, rhodium, and iridium.<ref name=Haire2007/> ==Mendeleviums== Seventeen isotopes of mendelevium are known, with mass numbers from 244 to 260; all are radioactive.<ref name=Silva2006>Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium" (PDF). In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-3555-5 ]]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-17.</ref> Additionally, five nuclear isomers are known: ^245mMd, ^247mMd, ^249mMd, ^254mMd, and ^258mMd.<ref name=Audi>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</ref><ref name=Nucleonica>{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |author=Nucleonica |date=2007–2014 |website=Nucleonica |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Of these, the longest-lived isotope is ²⁵⁸Md with a half-life of 51.5&nbsp;days, and the longest-lived isomer is ^258mMd with a half-life of 58.0&nbsp;minutes.<ref name=Audi/><ref name=Nucleonica/> Nevertheless, the shorter-lived ²⁵⁶Md (half-life 1.17&nbsp;hours) is more often used in chemical experimentation because it can be produced in larger quantities from alpha particle irradiation of einsteinium.<ref name=Silva2006/> ==Mercuries== {{main|Chemicals/Mercuries}} ==Metalloids== [[Image:Native arsenic.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This massive native arsenic with quartz and calcite is from Ste. Marie-aux-mines, Alsace, France. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aram Dulyan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Metalloids''' are elements whose properties are intermediate between metals and solid nonmetals or semiconductors. A variety of elements are often considered metalloids: # boron, considered here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Borons|Borons]], # aluminum, a face-centered cubic metal, considered in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Aluminums|Aluminums]], # silicon, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Silicons|Silicons]], # gallium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Galliums|Galliums]], # germanium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Germaniums|Germaniums]], # arsenic, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Arsenics|Arsenics]], # selenium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Seleniums|Seleniums]], also included in the [[Minerals/Chalcogens|chalcogens]], # indium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Indiums|Indiums]], # tin, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Tins|Tins]], # antimony, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Antimonies|Antimonies]], # tellurium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Telluriums|Telluriums]], also included in the [[Minerals/Chalcogens|chalcogens]], # polonium, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Poloniums|Poloniums]], and # astatine, here in [[Radiation astronomy/Alloys#Astatines|Astatines]], with the [[Minerals/Halogens|halogens]]. {{clear}} ==Moscoviums== The moscovium isotopes ²⁸⁸Mc, ²⁸⁹Mc, and ²⁹⁰Mc may be chemically investigated with current methods, although their short half-lives would make this challenging.<ref name=Eichler>{{cite journal |last=Eichler |first=Robert |date=2013 |title=First foot prints of chemistry on the shore of the Island of Superheavy Elements |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Science |volume=420 |issue=1 |pages=012003 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2003E |arxiv=1212.4292 |s2cid=55653705 }}</ref> Moscovium is the heaviest element that has known isotopes that are long-lived enough for chemical experimentation.<ref name=Moody>{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref> ==Molybdenums== [[Image:Native molybdenum Luna 24 landing site.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is a scanning electron micrograph of native molybdenum particles in lunar regolith. Credit: A. V. Mokhov and P. M. Kartashov.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Molybdenum spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Molybdenum spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fe-Mo Phase Diagram.gif|thumb|left|250px|This is a calculated iron-molybdenum phase diagram. Credit: Computational Thermodynamics Inc.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The electron micrograph on the right shows a couple of pieces of native molybdenum found in lunar regolith at the Luna 24 landing site after transport back to [[Earth]] and analysis. The phase diagram for the iron-molybdenum system demonstrates that molybdenum is bcc (α-Mo) for its intermediate and higher temperatures. It's also bcc at room temperature. Molybdenum can withstand extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening, making it useful in environments of intense heat.<ref name=Emsley2001>{{cite book|last = Emsley|first = John|title = Nature's Building Blocks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA265|publisher = Oxford University Press|date= 2001|location = Oxford|pages = 262–266|{{isbn|978-0-19-850341-5}} }}</ref><ref name="azom">{{cite web|title=Molybdenum|publisher=AZoM.com Pty. Limited|date=2007|accessdate=2007-05-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614171110/http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=616|archive-date=2011-06-14 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Neodymiums== [[Image:Neodymium2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ultrapure neodymium is shown under argon, 5 grams. C Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Neodymium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Neodymium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Thorianite contains the oxides of uranium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium. "Along with uranium, zinc, iron ore, copper and gold, Greenland’s ancient rocks also harbor large quantities of those minerals known as “rare earth,” among them lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praesodymium, terbium and yttrium."<ref name=Weiden>{{ cite book |author=Silvia von der Weiden |title=As Greenland's Glaciers Recede, A Rush On The Riches Buried Below |publisher=WorldCrunch |location= |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/as-greenland-s-glaciers-recede-a-rush-on-the-riches-buried-below/c2s4915/ |accessdate=20 September 2014 }}</ref> Neodymium is in the alloys used to make high-strength neodymium magnets—a type of powerful permanent magnet.<ref>[https://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2012_08/pr1601.htm Toshiba Develops Dysprosium-free Samarium-Cobalt Magnet to Replace Heat-resistant Neodymium Magnet in Essential Applications]. Toshiba (2012-08-16). Retrieved on 2012-09-24.</ref> To make neodymium magnets it is alloyed with iron, which is a ferromagnet.<ref name=Stamenov>Stamenov P. (2021) Magnetism of the Elements. In: Coey J.M.D., Parkin S.S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_15</ref> Neodymium magnets, an alloy, Nd₂Fe₁₄B, are the strongest permanent magnets known<ref name=Zhang>Zhang, W., Liu, G. & Han, K. The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system. JPE 13, 645–648 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667216</ref> and tend to corrode.<ref name=Bala>Bala, H., Szymura, S., Pawłowska, G. et al. Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium. J Appl Electrochem 23, 1017–1024 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00266123</ref> {{clear}} ==Neons== {{main|Chemicals/Neons}} ==Neptuniums== [[Image:Neptunium Aeschynite.png|thumb|right|250px|This mineral, Aeschynite, probably contains on the order of a few atoms of neptunium at any one time, as part of the complex decay chain of the uranium that makes up a much larger fraction of the sample. Credit: Theodore Gray.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Neptunium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Neptunium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The image at the right shows a rock with the mineral Aeschynite approximately centered above the biotite mica. Aeschynite "probably contains on the order of a few atoms of neptunium at any one time, as part of the complex decay chain of the uranium that makes up a much larger fraction of the sample."<ref name=GrayNeptunium>{{ cite web |author=Theodore Gray |title=An example of the element Neptunium |publisher=Periodic Table.com |location= |date=20 September 2005 |url=http://periodictable.com/Items/093.2/index.html |accessdate=2015-11-05 }}</ref> Pure neptunium is paramagnetic, NpAl₃ is ferromagnetic, NpGe₃ has no magnetic ordering, and NpSn₃ behaves fermionically.<ref name=Yoshida>{{cite book |last1=Yoshida |first1 = Zenko|first2 = Stephen G.|last2 = Johnson|first3 = Takaumi|last3 = Kimura|first4 = John R.|last4=Krsul|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|editor1-first = Lester R.|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.|editor2-last = Edelstein|editor3-first = Jean|editor3-last = Fuger|edition = 3rd|date = 2006|volume = 3|publisher = Springer|location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands|pages = 699–812 |doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_6 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190715/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/neptunium.pdf|archive-date=January 17, 2018|{{isbn|978-1-4020-3555-5}} }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Nickels== {{main|Chemicals/Nickels}} [[Image:Nickel chunk.jpg|right|thumb|250px|This piece of Ni is about 3 cm in size. Credit: [[w:user:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Nickel spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is an emission-line spectrum for nickel over the visible range: 400-700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:NickelFlameTestOxyHydrogen.png|thumb|center|200px|The image shows the color of nickel in an oxy-hydrogen flame. Credit: [[c:user:NSEasternShoreChemist|NSEasternShoreChemist]]. {{tlx|free media}}]]. Nickel has an emission line occurring in the solar corona at 511.603 nm from Ni XIII.<ref name=Swings>{{ cite journal |author=P. Swings |title=Edlén's Identification of the Coronal Lines with Forbidden Lines of Fe X, XI, XIII, XIV, XV; Ni XII, XIII, XV, XVI; Ca XII, XIII, XV; a X, XIV |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=July |year=1943 |volume=98 |issue=07 |pages=116-28 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1943ApJ....98..116S |doi=10.1086/144550 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> Nickel has an emission line occurring in the solar corona at 670.183 nm from Ni XV.<ref name=Swings/> Nickel has three emission lines occurring in the solar corona at 380.08 nm of Ni XIII and 423.14 nm and 431.1 of Ni XII.<ref name=Swings/> Nickel has an absorption band at 401.550-436.210 nm with an excitation potential of 4.01 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron and nickel, 20-40% Ni (and traces of other elements).<ref name=Rancourt1995>D.G. Rancourt and R.B. Scorzelli. Low Spin γ-Fe-Ni (γLS) Proposed as a New Mineral in Fe-Ni-Bearing Meteorites: Epitaxial Intergrowth of γLS and Tetrataenite as Possible Equilibrium State at ~20-40 at % Ni. ''Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials'' 150 (1995) 30-36</ref> Breithauptite is a nickel antimonide mineral with the simple formula NiSb. Niccolite has the chemical formula NiAs.<ref name=Roberts/> {{clear}} ==Nihoniums== Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, their influence on the outermost nucleons (protons and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, as it has unlimited range.<ref>Beiser, A. (2003). Concepts of modern physics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-244848-1}}. OCLC 48965418.</ref> Nuclei of the heaviest elements are thus theoretically predicted<ref name=Staszczak>{{Cite journal|last=Staszczak|first=A.|last2=Baran|first2=A.|last3=Nazarewicz|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Spontaneous fission modes and lifetimes of superheavy elements in the nuclear density functional theory|journal=Physical Review C|volume=87|issue=2|pages=024320–1|doi=10.1103/physrevc.87.024320|arxiv=1208.1215|bibcode=2013PhRvC..87b4320S|issn=0556-2813}}</ref> and have so far been observed<ref>Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.</ref> to primarily decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission; not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, beta decay is caused by the weak interaction.<ref>Beiser, A. (2003). Concepts of modern physics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-244848-1}}. OCLC 48965418.</ref> these modes are predominant for nuclei of superheavy elements. Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be determined arithmetically. Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for heaviest nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oganessian|first=Yu. Ts.|last2=Rykaczewski|first2=K. P.|date=2015|title=A beachhead on the island of stability|journal=Physics Today|volume=68|issue=8|pages=32–38|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2880|bibcode=2015PhT....68h..32O|osti=1337838|issn=0031-9228|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1337838}}</ref> The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.<ref name=Grant>{{Cite journal|last=Grant |first=A.|date=2018|title=Weighing the heaviest elements|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/PT.6.1.20181113a}}</ref> Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).<ref name=Howes>{{Cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/physical-chemistry/periodic-table/IYPT-Exploring-the-superheavy-elements-at-the-end-of-the-periodic-table/97/i21|title=Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table|last=Howes|first=L.|date=2019|website=Chemical & Engineering News|accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref> Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=A. E.|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/the-transfermium-wars-scientific-brawling-and-name-calling-during-the-cold-war|title=The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War|date=2019|journal=Distillations|accessdate=2020-02-22}}</ref> a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.<ref name="coldfusion77">{{Cite web|url=http://n-t.ru/ri/ps/pb106.htm|title=Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Сиборгий (экавольфрам)|trans-title=Popular library of chemical elements. Seaborgium (eka-tungsten)|language=ru|website=n-t.ru|accessdate=2020-01-07}} Reprinted from {{cite book|author=<!--none-->|date=1977|title=Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро — Нильсборий и далее|chapter=Экавольфрам|trans-title=Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond|trans-chapter=Eka-tungsten|language=ru|publisher=Nauka }}</ref> In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.<ref name=Hyde>{{Cite journal|last=Hyde|first=E. K.|last2=Hoffman|first2=D. C.|author-link2=Darleane C. Hoffman|last3=Keller|first3=O. L.|date=1987|title=A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105|journal=Radiochimica Acta|volume=42|issue=2|doi=10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57|issn=2193-3405|pages=67–68|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/05x8w9h7}}</ref> They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.<ref name=Robinson/> ==Nihonium monofluorides== The analogous monofluoride (NhF) should also exist.<ref name="Stysziński">{{cite book |chapter=Why do we Need Relativistic Computational Methods? |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |volume=10 |last=Stysziński |first=Jacek |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_3 |date=2010 |pages=139–146 |isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8|series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics}}</ref> ==Nihonium monohydrides== The simplest possible nihonium compound is the monohydride, NhH. The bonding is provided by the 7p_1/2 electron of nihonium and the 1s electron of hydrogen. The SO interaction causes the binding energy of nihonium monohydride to be reduced by about 1&nbsp;eV<ref name=Hoffman>Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-3555-5}}.</ref> and the nihonium–hydrogen bond length to decrease as the bonding 7p_1/2 orbital is relativistically contracted. This is unique among the 7p element monohydrides; all the others have relativistic expansion of the bond length instead of contraction.<ref name="hydride">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=112 |issue=6 |year=2000 |title=Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118) |first1=Young-Kyu |last1=Han |first2=Cheolbeom |last2=Bae |first3=Sang-Kil |last3=Son |first4=Yoon Sup |last4=Lee |doi=10.1063/1.480842 |page=2684 |bibcode=2000JChPh.112.2684H|s2cid=9959620 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bb2beba2bc47c3381ed69b7125f6fbfb4b98596a}}</ref> Another effect of the SO interaction is that the Nh–H bond is expected to have significant pi bonding character (side-on orbital overlap), unlike the almost pure sigma bonding (head-on orbital overlap) in thallium monohydride (TlH).<ref name="Seth">{{cite journal |last1=Seth |first1=Michael |last2=Schwerdtfeger |first2=Peter |first3=Knut |last3=Fægri |date=1999 |title=The chemistry of superheavy elements. III. Theoretical studies on element 113 compounds |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=111 |issue=14 |pages=6422–6433 |doi=10.1063/1.480168 |bibcode=1999JChPh.111.6422S|s2cid=41854842 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9aaa02788fada5fa2fe16de76ad51718d31b68f8}}</ref> ==Nihonium monoiodides== Nihonium(I) is predicted to be more similar to silver(I) than thallium(I):<ref name=Hoffman/> the Nh⁺ ion is expected to more willingly bind anions, so that NhCl should be quite soluble in excess hydrochloric acid or ammonia; thallium(I) chloride (TlCl) is not. In contrast to Tl⁺, which forms the strongly basic hydroxide (thallium(I) hydroxide (TlOH)) in solution, the Nh⁺ cation should instead hydrolyse all the way to the amphoteric oxide Nh₂O, which would be soluble in aqueous ammonia and weakly soluble in water.<ref>Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. {{ISBN|978-3-540-07109-9}}. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</ref> ==Niobiums== [[Image:Iron-niobium phase diagram.png|thumb|left|200px|This is an iron-niobium phase diagram. Credit: E. Paul and L.J. Swartendruber.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Niobium crystals and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|right|250px|High purity (99.995 % = 4N5) niobium crystals, electrolytic made, as well as a high purity (99.95 % = 3N5) 1 cm3 anodized niobium cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Niobium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Niobium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] As can be seen in the iron-niobium phase diagram on the left, niobium is single phase (α-Nb) up to its melting temperature. This is a bcc structure. Ferroniobium is an alloy of 60–70% niobium with iron, where niobium is used mostly in alloy steel.<ref name=Tither>{{cite book|title = Progress in Niobium Markets and Technology 1981–2001|author = Tither, Geoffrey|journal = Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA)|date = 2001|{{isbn|978-0-9712068-0-9}}|editor = Minerals, Metals and Materials Society|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100553/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf| }}</ref><ref name=Dufresne>{{cite book|title=The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec mine 1981–2001 |first=Claude |last=Dufresne |author2=Goyette, Ghislain|journal=Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) |date=2001 |{{isbn|978-0-9712068-0-9}} |editor = Minerals, Metals and Materials Society|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100559/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = ASTM A572 / A572M-18, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel | publisher = ASTM International, West Conshohocken | date = 2018 | accessdate = 2020-02-12 |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200212215757/https://www.astm.org/Standards/A572 }}</ref> Niobium is used in various superconducting materials, Type-II superconductor alloys, also containing titanium and tin. Quantities of niobium are used in nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-based superalloys in proportions as great as 6.5%.<ref name=Heisterkamp>{{cite book|title = Niobium: Future Possibilities – Technology and the Market Place|first = Friedrich|last = Heisterkamp|author2 = Carneiro, Tadeu|journal = Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA)|date = 2001|{{isbn|978-0-9712068-0-9}}|editor = Minerals, Metals and Materials Society|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100604/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/closing.pdf }}</ref> It appears to be the case that native niobium does not occur in the surface rocks on Earth. {{clear}} ==Nitrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Nitrogens}} ==Carlsbergites== [[Image:Agpalilik.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Agpalilik meteorite is outside the Geological Museum in Copenhagen. Credit: [[c:user:FunkMonk|Michael B. H.]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Carlsbergite was first described in the Agpalilik fragment of the Cape York meteorite. It is a chromium nitride mineral (CrN),<ref name=WebmineralCarlsbergites>{{cite web|title=Carlsbergite|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Carlsbergite.shtml|publisher=Webmineral|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref> named after the Carlsberg Foundation that backed the recovery of the Agpalilik fragment from the Cape York meteorite.<ref name=WebmineralCarlsbergites/> It occurs in meteorites along the grain boundaries of kamacite or troilite in the form of tiny plates,<ref name=WebmineralCarlsbergites/> associated with kamacite, taenite, daubreelite, troilite and sphalerite.<ref name=HandbookCarlsbergites>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/carlsbergite.pdf Carlsbergite in the Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> {{clear}} ==Nobeliums== A nobelium atom has 102 electrons, of which three can act as valence electrons. They are expected to be arranged in the configuration [Rn]5f¹⁴7s² (ground state term symbol ¹S₀), although experimental verification of this electron configuration had not yet been made as of 2006.<ref name=Silva2011>Silva, Robert J. (2011). "Chapter 13. Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0_13. {{ISBN|978-94-007-0210-3}}.</ref> In forming compounds, all the three valence electrons may be lost, leaving behind a [Rn]5f¹³ core: this conforms to the trend set by the other actinides with their [Rn]5f^''n'' electron configurations in the tripositive state. Nevertheless, it is more likely that only two valence electrons may be lost, leaving behind a stable [Rn]5f¹⁴ core with a filled 5f¹⁴ shell. The first ionization potential of nobelium was measured to be at most (6.65&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.07)&nbsp;eV in 1974, based on the assumption that the 7s electrons would ionize before the 5f ones;<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal |first1=William C. |last1=Martin |first2=Lucy |last2=Hagan |first3=Joseph |last3=Reader |first4=Jack |last4=Sugar |s2cid=97945150 |date=1974 |title=Ground Levels and Ionization Potentials for Lanthanide and Actinide Atoms and Ions |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=771–9 |doi=10.1063/1.3253147 |bibcode=1974JPCRD...3..771M |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215124722/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9618/febdd51cee0e84ff7af88767be47cfcd4818.pdf }}</ref> this value has not yet been refined further due to nobelium's scarcity and high radioactivity.<ref name=Lide2003>Lide, David R. (editor), ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition'', CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL), 2003, section 10, ''Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions''</ref> The ionic radius of hexacoordinate and octacoordinate No³⁺ had been preliminarily estimated in 1978 to be around 90 and 102&nbsp;pm respectively;<ref name=Silva2011/> the ionic radius of No²⁺ has been experimentally found to be 100&nbsp;pm to two significant figures.<ref name=Silva2011/> The enthalpy of hydration of No²⁺ has been calculated as 1486&nbsp;kJ/mol.<ref name=Silva2011/> ==Oganessons== Although oganesson is a member of group 18 (the noble gases) – the first synthetic element to be so – it may be significantly reactive, unlike all the other elements of that group.<ref name=Nash2005>Nash, Clinton S. (2005). "Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 109 (15): 3493–3500. Bibcode:2005JPCA..109.3493N. doi:10.1021/jp050736o. PMID 16833687.</ref> It was formerly thought to be a gas under standard conditions for temperature and pressure but is now predicted to be a solid due to relativistic effects.<ref name="Nash2005" /> ==Osmiums== [[Image:Native Osmium crystal.png|thumb|right|250px|A crystal of native osmium from Nishni Tagil, Ural, Russia, is shown. Credit: Thomas Witzke.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Osmium crystals.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Osmium Os shown are crystals, purity ≥ 99.99%, 2.2 g. Credit: [[c:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Osmium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Osmium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The crystal of native osmium shown on the right is about 2 mm across. Osmium alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals.<ref name=Haynes>Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.</ref> {{clear}} ==Oxygens== {{main|Chemicals/Oxygens}} ==Palladiums== [[Image:Palladium nugget Brazil.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a palladium nugget. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Palladium Mednorudyanskoye Cu Deposit.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This piece of native palladium is from the Mednorudyanskoye Cu Deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Palladium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Palladium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Natural Palladium [like the nugget shown on the right] always contains some Platinum."<ref name=Hudson2015>{{ cite book |author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |title=Palladium |publisher=Mindat |location= |date=29 October 2015 |url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3067.html |accessdate=2015-11-04 }}</ref> This palladium nugget is from Bom Sucesso Creek, Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. "(Pd,Cu) alloys, some with the approximate composition PdCu₄, are reported by Kapsiotis et al. (2010)."<ref name=Hudson2015/> The piece of native palladium [image on the left] from the Mednorudyanskoye Cu Deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia, probably contains some copper. Palladium can be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other platinum-group metals in placer deposits of the Ural Mountains, Australia, Ethiopia, North and South America. Palladium is found in the rare minerals cooperite<ref name=Verryn>{{cite journal|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|date=1994|volume=58|issue= 2|pages=223–234|title=Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex|first1=Sabine M. C.| last1 =Verryn|first2=Roland K. W.|last2=Merkle|doi=10.1180/minmag.1994.058.391.05|bibcode=1994MinM...58..223V|citeseerx=10.1.1.610.640}}</ref> and polarite.<ref name=Genkin>{{cite journal|last1 = Genkin|first1 = A. D.|last2 = Evstigneeva|first2 = T. L.|date = 1986|title = Associations of platinum- group minerals of the Norilsk copper-nickel sulfide ores|journal = Economic Geology|volume = 81|pages = 1203–1212|doi = 10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1203|issue = 5}}</ref> Many more Pd minerals are known, but all of them are very rare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org - Mines, Minerals and More|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Potarites== [[Image:Potarite from Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This piece of potarite is from Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Potarite has the chemical formula PdHg.<ref name=Roberts/> On the right is a piece of potarite is from Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. {{clear}} ==Phosphoruses== [[Image:PhosphorusAllotropes.svg|400px|thumb|center|White phosphorus and resulting allotropes, including violet phosphorus, are indicated. Credit: [[c:User:UserXresu|UserXresu]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:PhosphComby.jpg|thumb|right|250px|White phosphorus is under water on the left, with red phosphorus (center images), and violet phosporus right. Credit: [[c:User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Phosphorus spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Phosphorus spectrum is for emission lines between 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Phosphorus has several allotropes that exhibit strikingly diverse properties.<ref name=Holleman>{{Cite book|author=A. Holleman|author2=N. Wiberg|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|publisher= de Gruyter|date=1985|chapter=XV 2.1.3|edition= 33rd|{{isbn|3-11-012641-9}} }}</ref> The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.<ref name="Abundance">[http://www.ptable.com/#Property/Abundance/Crust Abundance]. ptable.com</ref> Violet phosphorus is a form of phosphorus that can be produced by day-long annealing of red phosphorus above 550&nbsp;°C, when phosphorus was recrystallised from molten lead, a red/purple form is obtained, sometimes known as "Hittorf's phosphorus" (or violet or α-metallic phosphorus).<ref name=Berger>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/semiconductormat0000berg|page=84]|title=Semiconductor materials|author=Berger, L. I.|publisher =CRC Press| date= 1996| isbn=0-8493-8912-7}}</ref> "It would appear that violet phosphorus is a [[w:polymer|polymer]] of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into P₂ molecules. On cooling, these would normally [[w:Dimer (chemistry)|dimerize]] to give P₄ molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, [[w:in vacuo|in vacuo]], they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope."<ref name=AllotropesofPhosphorus>{{ cite web |title=Allotropes of phosphorus |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 March 2013 |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus |accessdate=2013-03-20 }}</ref> Phosphorus is an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Phosphorus Management: A Global Transdisciplinary Roadmap|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |editor=Roland W. Scholz |editor2=Amit H. Roy |editor3=Fridolin S. Brand |editor4=Deborah Hellums |editor5=Andrea E. Ulrich|isbn=978-9400772502|page=175|date=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia and Handbook of Materials, Parts and Finishes|publisher=CRC Press |author=Mel Schwartz|isbn=978-1138032064|date=2016-07-06}}</ref> Phosphorus is added to metallic copper during its smelting process to react with oxygen present as an impurity in copper and to produce phosphorus-containing copper (CuOFP) alloys with a higher hydrogen embrittlement resistance than normal copper.<ref>{{cite book|title=Copper and Copper Alloys|publisher=ASM International |editor=Joseph R. Davisz|{{isbn|0871707268}}|page=181|date=January 2001}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Platinums== [[Image:Platinum-nugget.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a native platinum nugget, locality Kondyor mine, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Platinum crystals.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Crystals of pure platinum were grown by gas phase transport. Credit: [[c:user:Periodictableru|Periodictableru]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Platinum spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Platinum spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Platinum can also occur as nuggets such as the one imaged on the right from Russia. "Terrestrial iron-free rhodium-bearing platinum with the composition of Pt_0.68Rh_0.32 in association with platinum-bearing rhodium Rh_0.57Pt_0.43 [...] was originally discovered in heavy fractions from basic rocks (norite, gabbro, and anorthosite) in the upper zone of the layered Stillwater intrusion (Montana, United States) [2]."<ref name=Gornostaeva>{{ cite journal |author=T. A. Gornostaeva |author2=P. M. Kartashov |author3=A. V. Mokhov |author4=O. A. Bogatikov |title=Native Rhodium-Bearing Ferroplatinum in a Lunar Regolith Sample from the Mare Fecunditatis |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |year=2012 |volume=444 |issue=2 |pages=770-2 |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1028334X12060220#/page-1 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1134/S1028334X12060220 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-11-04 }}</ref> In nickel and copper deposits, platinum-group metals occur as sulfides (e.g., (Pt,Pd)S), tellurides (e.g., PtBiTe), antimonides (PdSb), and arsenides (e.g. PtAs₂), and as end alloys with nickel or copper. {{clear}} ==Cooperites== [[Image:Cooperite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Outstanding specimen is the extremely rare platinum mineral cooperite (PtS). Credit: [[c:user:David Hospital|David Hospital]].{{tlx|free media}}]] This specimen on the right is a single nugget from Tulameen River, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada. {{clear}} ==Plutoniums== [[Image:Muromontite.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a sample of the naturally occurring mineral muromontite. Credit: eBay seller rubbleshop.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Plutonium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Plutonium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "The sample [on the right] representing plutonium is the naturally occurring mineral muromontite, which is a mixture of uranium and beryllium. [The] alpha particles from the decay of uranium are captured by the beryllium atoms, which in turn release neutrons. [...] In the case of this sample, [...] the neutrons are in turn re-captured by the uranium, which then undergoes further decay and is transformed into plutonium. The result is that this mineral contains the highest known naturally occurring concentration of plutonium."<ref name=GrayPlutonium>{{ cite web |author=Theodore W. Gray |title=Natural plutonium-containing mineral |publisher=Periodic Table.com |location= |date=19 October 2002 |url=http://periodictable.com/Items/094.1/index.html |accessdate=2015-11-05 }}</ref> Gallium, aluminium, americium, scandium and cerium can stabilize the δ phase of plutonium for room temperature, silicon, indium, zinc and zirconium allow formation of metastable δ state when rapidly cooled, high amounts of hafnium, holmium and thallium also allows some retention of the δ phase at room temperature, but nNeptunium is the only element that can stabilize the α phase at higher temperatures.<ref name=Hecker>{{cite journal |first = Siegfried S. |last = Hecker |title = Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure |journal = Los Alamos Science |volume = 26 |date = 2000 |pages = 290–335 |accessdate = February 15, 2009 |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204042/http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818035.pdf }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Poloniums== [[Image:Polonium Halo in Biotite.png|thumb|right|250px|This photograph shows a ²¹⁰Po halo in biotite from the Buckhorn pegmatite. Credit: Lorence G. Collins.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Uranium roll front hosted in Dakota Sandstone near Denver, Colorado.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Uranium roll front occurs in quartzose sandstone in the Cretaceous of Colorado, USA. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Radioactive decay halos along crack.png|thumb|right|250px|This photo shows a fracture in biotite in which migrating ²¹⁰Po and/or ²¹⁰Pb ions have created damage to the biotite lattice parallel to the fracture. Credit: Lorence G. Collins.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Polonium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Polonium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] α-Po crystallizes in a simple cubic lattice.<ref name=CST>{{ cite web |author=CST |title=The Simple Cubic Lattice |publisher=The Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington, DC USA |date=20 November 2000 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010204004800/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a_h.html |accessdate=2015-08-27 }}</ref> Native polonium may occur in minerals like pitchblende due to the decay of uranium. But, when the uranium is chemically bound, the polonium is likely to be also. β-Po has a rhombohedral (trigonal) crystal structure.<ref name=CSTPo>{{ cite web |author=CSTPo |title=The A_i (beta Po) Structure |publisher=The Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington, DC USA |date=20 November 2000 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010204004200/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a_i.html |accessdate=2015-08-27 }}</ref> "Solid diorite and gabbro rock, which had previously crystallized from magma, has been subjected to repeated cataclasis and recrystallization. This has happened without melting; and the cataclasis provided openings for the introduction of uranium-bearing fluids and for the modification of these rocks to granite by silication and cation deletion."<ref name=Collins1997>{{ cite web |author=Lorence G. Collins |title=Polonium Halos and Myrmekite in Pegmatite and Granite |publisher=California State University, Northridge |location=Northridge, California USA |date=3 February 1997 |url=http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/2980/CollinsLorence19970203_08.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=2015-08-27 }}</ref> "In uranium ore-fields the extra uranium provides an abundant source of inert radon gas; and it is this gas that diffuses in ambient fluids so that incipient biotite and fluorite crystallization is exposed to it. Radon (²²²Rn) decays and Po isotopes nucleate in the rapidly growing biotite (and fluorite) crystals whence they are positioned to produce the Po halos."<ref name=Collins1997/> On the lower right is a photograph showing radioactive decay halos along a crack in biotite. On the left is an example of groundwater incursion that has moved through a nearby fault. The groundwater has picked up dissolved uranium compounds and moved downward through adjacent porous sandstones. Uraninite then precipitated around a tongue of groundwater, resulting in the roll front seen in the image on the left. {{clear}} ==Potassiums== [[Image:Phase diagram of potassium (1975).png|thumb|left|250px|This is a pressure-temperature phase diagram for potassium. Credit: David A. Young, ERDA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Potassium.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Cut potassium (kalium) pieces show metallic silver color. Credit: [[c:user:Dnn87|Dennis s.k]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Potassium flame.png|thumb|center|150px|The image shows the color of potassium in a natural gas burner. Credit: SciencePhoto. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Potassium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is a potassium emission-line spectrum over the range 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] As indicated in the phase diagram on the left, potassium occurs in a bcc (α-K) phase from room temperature up to melting. Native potassium does not appear to occur on the Earth's surface. "The group [of potassium lines] at λλ 535, 510, and 495 Å showed no trace of structure even in an arc of but half an ampere."<ref name=Nutting>{{ cite journal |author=P. G. Nutting |title=Line Structure. I. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=January |year=1906 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=64-78 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1906ApJ....23...64N |doi=10.1086/141302 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-24 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Praseodymiums== [[Image:Praseodymium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Praseodymium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Po-BeO mixtures or alloys used as neutron sources are a neutron trigger or initiator for nuclear weapons<ref name=Emsley2001/><ref name=Rhodes>{{cite book| author = Rhodes, Richard| title = Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb| publisher = Walker & Company| location = New York| date = 2002| pages = 187–188]| {{isbn|978-0-684-80400-2}}| url = https://archive.org/details/darksunmakingofh00rhod/page/187 }}</ref> and for inspections of oil wells. The polonide of praseodymium (PrPo) melts at 1250&nbsp;°C, and that of thulium (TmPo) melts at 2200&nbsp;°C.<ref name=Greenwood/> PbPo is one of the very few naturally occurring polonium compounds, as polonium alpha decays to form lead.<ref name=Weigel>{{cite journal |last1=Weigel |first1=F. |date=1959 |title=Chemie des Poloniums |journal=Angewandte Chemie |volume=71 |pages=289–316 |doi=10.1002/ange.19590710902 |issue=9|bibcode=1959AngCh..71..289W }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Promethiums== [[Image:Promethium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Promethium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] {| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center" ! Formula ! symmetry ! space group ! No ! Pearson symbol ! ''a'' (pm) ! ''b'' (pm) ! ''c'' (pm) ! ''Z'' ! density, <br/>g/cm³ |- | α-Pm | Close-packing of equal spheres (dhcp)<ref name=Pallmer>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-5088(71)90101-9|title=The crystal structure of promethium|year=1971|last1=Pallmer|first1=P. G.|last2=Chikalla|first2=T. D.|journal=Journal of the Less Common Metals|volume=24|issue=3|pages=233}}</ref><ref name=Gschneidner>{{cite book |editor=Lide, D. R. |author=Gschneidner Jr., K.A. |title=Physical Properties of the rare earth metals, In: ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' |edition=86th |location=Boca Raton, FL |publisher=CRC Press |year=2005 |{{isbn|978-0-8493-0486-6}} |accessdate=2012-06-20 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03029283 |archive-date=2012-09-18 }}</ref> | P6₃/mmc | 194 | hP4 | 365 | 365 | 1165 | 4 | 7.26 |- | β-Pm | Cubic crystal system (bcc)<ref name=Gschneidner/> | Fm{{overline|3}}m | 225 | cF4 | 410 | 410 | 410 | 4 | 6.99 |} {{clear}} ==Protactiniums== [[Image:Protactinium.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Protactinium crystal, prepared by the van Arkel (chemical vapour transport) process. Credit: The Actinide Group, the [http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Institute for Transuranium Elements].{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Protactinium-233.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This sample of Protactinium-233 (dark circular area in the photo) was photographed in the light from its own radioactive emission (the lighter area) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/37916456@N02 ENERGY.GOV].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Protactinium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Protactinium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements, found in the form of two isotopes – ²³¹Pa and ²³⁴Pa, with the isotope ²³⁴Pa occurring in two different energy states: nearly all natural protactinium is protactinium-231, an alpha emitter formed by the decay of uranium-235, whereas the beta radiating protactinium-234 is produced as a result of [[:File:Decay chain(4n+2, Uranium series).PNG|uranium-238 decay]]. Nearly all uranium-238 (99.8%) decays first to the shorter-lived ^234mPa isomer.<ref name=ANL>{{ cite web |title=Protactinium, Human Health Fact Sheet |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307023843/http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/protactinium.pdf |accessdate=7 March 2008 |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |date=August 2005 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Radiums== [[Image:Radium226.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Radium electroplated on a very small sample of copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with the air. Credit: [[c:user:Grenadier-commonswiki|grenadier]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Radium spectrum visible.png|thumb|left|400px|Radium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Radium flame.png|thumb|center|150px|The image shows the color of radium in a natural gas burner. Credit: Alan Crooks. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] "Solid radium is bcc at room temperature. Radium melts at 973 K.⁶³"<ref name=Young>{{ cite book |author=David A. Young |title=Phase Diagrams of the Elements |publisher=Lawrence Livermore Laboratory |location=University of California, Livermore, California USA |date=11 September 1975 |editor= |pages=70 |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/07/255/7255152.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref> Radium oxide (RaO) has not been characterized well past its existence, despite oxides being common compounds for the other alkaline earth metals. {{clear}} ==Radons== {{main|Chemicals/Radons}} ==Rheniums== [[Image:Native rhenium 2.png|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of the first find of native rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Gams Section. Credit: A. F. Grachev, S. E. Borisovsky, and A. V. Grigor’eva.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Rhenium single crystal bar and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Three high-purity forms of rhenium metal are shown: a single crystal (99.999% pure) made by the floating-zone process, an e-beam remelted bar (99.995% pure), and a 1 cm³ cube (99.99% pure) for comparison. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rhenium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Rhenium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Native rhenium was first discovered in the Earth's crust in wolframites from a rare metal deposit in the Transbaikal region [1]. [...] The study of the lunar regolith from two sites revealed native rhenium particles with different morphological features: irregular dense particles from Mare Fecunditatis and spheroidal particles from Mare Crisium. The origin of particles (less than 10 µm in size) is assigned to exhalative processes [2]. Among the extraterrestrial objects, native rhenium was found in Ni-iron and silicates from the Allende meteorite [3]."<ref name=Grachev>{{ cite journal |author=A. F. Grachev |author2=S. E. Borisovsky |author3=A. V. Grigor’eva |title=The first find of native rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Gams Section (eastern Alps, Austria) |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |date=October 2008 |volume=422 |issue=1 |pages=1065-7 |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1028334X08070131 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1134/S1028334X08070131 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-11-04 }}</ref> "Solid radium is bcc at room temperature. Radium melts at 973 K.⁶³"<ref name=Young>{{ cite book |author=David A. Young |title=Phase Diagrams of the Elements |publisher=Lawrence Livermore Laboratory |location=University of California, Livermore, California USA |date=11 September 1975 |editor= |pages=70 |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/07/255/7255152.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref> "Instrumental neutron activation analyses of Kilauean aerosols collected in 1984 show Ir:Au:Re ratios of 1:12:2000 normalized to CI chondrites. The large Re enrichment in these volcanic aerosols may explain the 3 to 15-fold Re excess, relative to chondritic, in the observed siderophile element signature of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay layer.^2,3 Strong evidence exists that an impact of an extraterrestrial body on the Earth caused mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period.^4,5 ... A Kilauean aerosol contribution of only 0.01 % of the chondritic component in the boundary clay layer would produce the observed Re enrichments."<ref name=Hildebrand>{{ cite journal |author=A. R. Hildebrand |author2=W. V. Boynton |author3=W. H. Zoller |title=Rhenium Enriched Kilauea Volcano Aerosols: Evidence for a Volcanogenic Component in the K/T Boundary Clay Layer |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |month=June |year=1984 |volume=16 |issue=06 |pages=679 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984BAAS...16..679H |arxiv= |bibcode=1984BAAS...16..679H |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-01-10 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Rhodiums== [[Image:Native rhodium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image of microbreccia contains rhodium-bearing ferroplatinum. Credit: T. A. Gornostaeva, P. M. Kartashov, A. V. Mokhov, and O. A. Bogatikov.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Rhodium powder pressed melted.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rhodium processing is shown: 1g powder, 1g pressed cylinder, 1 g argon arc remelted pellet. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rhodium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Rhodium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The image on the right contains small particles of native rhodium-bearing ferroplatinum. This sample was obtained from the lunar regolith "by the ''Luna-16'' automatic station".<ref name=Gornostaeva/> "Terrestrial iron-free rhodium-bearing platinum with the composition of Pt_0.68Rh_0.32 in association with platinum-bearing rhodium Rh_0.57Pt_0.43 [...] was originally discovered in heavy fractions from basic rocks (norite, gabbro, and anorthosite) in the upper zone of the layered Stillwater intrusion (Montana, United States) [2]."<ref name=Gornostaeva/> Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as a free metal or as an alloy with similar metals and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance.<ref name=Cramer>{{cite book|editor-last = Cramer|editor-first = Stephen D.|editor2-last = Covino, Jr. |editor2-first=Bernard S.|title = ASM handbook|year = 1990|publisher = ASM International|location = Materials Park, OH|{{isbn|978-0-87170-707-9}}|pages = 393–396|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QV0sWU2qF5oC&pg=PA396}}</ref> of platinum and palladium. {{clear}} ==Roentgeniums== "Based on the observation of the long-lived isotopes of roentgenium, ²⁶¹Rg and ²⁶⁵Rg (Z = 111, t_1/2 ≥ 10⁸ y) in natural Au, an experiment was performed to enrich Rg in 99.999% Au. 16 mg of Au were heated in vacuum for two weeks at a temperature of 1127°C (63°C above the melting point of Au). The content of ¹⁹⁷Au and ²⁶¹Rg in the residue was studied with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). The residue of Au was 3 × 10⁻⁶ of its original quantity. The recovery of Rg was a few percent. The abundance of Rg compared to Au in the enriched solution was about 2 × 10⁻⁶, which is a three to four orders of magnitude enrichment."<ref name=Marinov>{{ cite journal |author=A. Marinov, A. Pape, D. Kolb, L. Halicz, I. Segal, N. Tepliakov and R. Brandt |title=Enrichment of the Superheavy Element Roentgenium (Rg) in Natural Au |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |month= |year=2011 |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=2391-2401 |url=http://www.phys.huji.ac.il/~marinov/publications/Rg_261_arXiv_77.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1142/S0218301311020393 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-04-08 }}</ref> The isotopes ²⁸⁰Rg and ²⁸¹Rg are promising for chemical experimentation and may be produced as the granddaughters of the moscovium isotopes ²⁸⁸Mc and ²⁸⁹Mc respectively;<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref> their parents are the nihonium isotopes ²⁸⁴Nh and ²⁸⁵Nh, which have already received preliminary chemical investigations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aksenov |first1=Nikolay V. |last2=Steinegger |first2=Patrick |first3=Farid Sh. |last3=Abdullin |first4=Yury V. |last4=Albin |first5=Gospodin A. |last5=Bozhikov |first6=Viktor I. |last6=Chepigin |first7=Robert |last7=Eichler |first8=Vyacheslav Ya. |last8=Lebedev |first9=Alexander Sh. |last9=Mamudarov |first10=Oleg N. |last10=Malyshev |first11=Oleg V. |last11=Petrushkin |first12=Alexander N. |last12=Polyakov |first13=Yury A. |last13=Popov |first14=Alexey V. |last14=Sabel'nikov |first15=Roman N. |last15=Sagaidak |first16=Igor V. |last16=Shirokovsky |first17=Maksim V. |last17=Shumeiko |first18=Gennadii Ya. |last18=Starodub |first19=Yuri S. |last19=Tsyganov |first20=Vladimir K. |last20=Utyonkov |first21=Alexey A. |last21=Voinov |first22=Grigory K. |last22=Vostokin |first23=Alexander |last23=Yeremin |first24=Sergey N. |last24=Dmitriev |date=July 2017 |title=On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113) |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=53 |issue=158 |pages=158 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8|bibcode=2017EPJA...53..158A |s2cid=125849923 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a07c41dfd0fc2913510dc843a5bc9a506bc92d4 }}</ref> ==Rubidiums== [[Image:Phase diagram of rubidium (1975).png|thumb|left|250px|This is a pressure-temperature phase diagram for rubidium. Credit: David A. Young, ERDA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rubidiumsample.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Rubidium metal sample is enclosed in a quartz ampule to prevent oxidation. Credit: [[cs:user:Dnn87|Dnn87]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Die Flammenfärbung des Rubidium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the flame test for Rubidium. Credit: [[c:User:Didaktische.Medien|Didaktische.Medien]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rubidium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Rubidium emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The pressure-temperature diagram on the left shows that rubidium is bcc (α-Rb) from room temperature through melting. Native rubidium does not appear to occur on the Earth's surface. {{clear}} ==Rutheniums== [[Image:Native Ruthenium from Verkneivinsk.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a piece of native ruthenium from Verkhneivinsk, Neiva river, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Ruthenium a half bar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|One half of a high-purity (99.99%), electron-beam-remelted ruthenium bar is shown. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ruthenium crystals.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal are shown. Credit: [[c:user:Periodictableru|Periodictableru]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ruthenium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Ruthenium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The piece of native ruthenium in the image on the right contains some iridium. It is from Verkhneivinsk, Neiva river, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is known to be superconductive at temperatures below 10.6 K.<ref name=Haynes2016>Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. {{ISBN|9781498754293}}.</ref> The composition of the mined platinum group metal (PGM) mixtures varies widely, depending on the geochemical formation. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2% (1992).<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm6QMRaX9C4C&pg=PA69|page =69|{{isbn|978-0-87335-100-3}}|editor = Hartman, H. L.|editor2 = Britton, S. G.|date = 1992|publisher = Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration|location = Littleton, Colo.|title = SME mining engineering handbook}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Donald C. |last2=Cabri |first2=Louis J. |title=The nomenclature of the natural alloys of osmium, iridium and ruthenium based on new compositional data of alloys from world-wide occurrences |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |date=1 August 1973 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=104–112 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/12/2/104/10913/The-nomenclature-of-the-natural-alloys-of-osmium }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Rutherfordiums== Rutherfordium was synthesized by bombarding a californium-249 target with carbon-12 ions and measured the alpha decay of ²⁵⁷Rf, correlated with the daughter decay of nobelium-253:<ref name=Ghiorso>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.1317 |title = Positive Identification of Two Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Element 104 |date = 1969 |last1 = Ghiorso |first1 = A. |last2 = Nurmia |first2=M. |journal = Physical Review Letters |volume = 22 |issue = 24 |pages = 1317–1320 |bibcode=1969PhRvL..22.1317G|last3 = Harris |first3 = J. |last4 = Eskola |first4 = K. |last5 = Eskola |first5 = P. |url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt3fm666nq/qt3fm666nq.pdf }}</ref> :{{nuclide|californium|249}} + {{nuclide|carbon|12}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|257}} + 4 {{SubatomicParticle|neutron}} Rutherfordium is the parent of K-alpha X-rays in the elemental signature of the ²⁵⁷Rf decay product, nobelium-253.<ref name=Bemis>{{cite journal |doi =10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.647 |title =X-Ray Identification of Element 104 |date =1973 |author =Bemis, C. E. |journal =Physical Review Letters |volume =31 |issue =10 |pages =647–650 |bibcode=1973PhRvL..31..647B |last2 =Silva |first2 =R. |last3 =Hensley |first3 =D. |last4 =Keller |first4 =O. |last5 =Tarrant |first5 =J. |last6 =Hunt |first6 =L. |last7 =Dittner |first7 =P. |last8 =Hahn |first8 =R. |last9 =Goodman |first9 =C. }}</ref> ==Samariums== [[Image:Samarium-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ultrapure sublimated samarium, 2 grams, is shown. Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Samarium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Samarium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Samarium occurs in concentration up to 2.8% in several minerals including cerite, gadolinite, samarskite, monazite and bastnäsite. {| Class = "wikitable collapsible collapsed" style = "text-align: center" |- ! Formula ! color ! symmetry ! space group ! No ! Pearson symbol ! ''a'' (pm) ! ''b'' (pm) ! ''c'' (pm) ! ''Z'' ! density, <br/>g/cm³ |- | Sm | silvery | trigonal<ref name="sm">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-5088(85)90294-2|last1=Shi|first1=N.|date=1985|page=21|volume=113|journal=Journal of the Less Common Metals|last2=Fort|first2=D.|title=Preparation of samarium in the double hexagonal close packed form|issue=2}}</ref> | R{{overline|3}}m | 166 | hR9 | 362.9 | 362.9 | 2621.3 | 9 | 7.52 |- | Sm | silvery | hexagonal<ref name="sm" /> | P6₃/mmc | 194 | hP4 | 362 | 362 | 1168 | 4 | 7.54 |- | Sm | silvery | tetragonal<ref name="sm2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0375-9601(91)90346-A|last1=Vohra|date=1991|first1=Y.|page=89|volume=158|issue=1–2|journal=Physics Letters A |title=A new ultra-high pressure phase in samarium|bibcode = 1991PhLA..158...89V|last2=Akella|first2=Jagannadham|last3=Weir|first3=Sam|last4=Smith|first4=Gordon S. |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258493}}</ref> | I4/mmm | 139 | tI2 | 240.2 | 240.2 | 423.1 | 2 | 20.46 |- | SmO | golden | cubic<ref name="smox">{{cite journal|last1=Leger|first1=J.|last2=Yacoubi|first2=N.|last3=Loriers|first3=J.|title=Synthesis of rare earth monoxides|journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|volume=36|page=261|date=1981 |doi=10.1016/0022-4596(81)90436-9|issue=3|bibcode = 1981JSSCh..36..261L }}</ref> | Fm{{overline|3}}m | 225 | cF8 | 494.3 | 494.3 | 494.3 | 4 | 9.15 |- | SmN | | cubic<ref name="smn">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=R.|title=Composition limits and vaporization behaviour of rare earth nitrides|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=36|page=2507|date=1974 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(74)80462-8|issue=11|last2=Clark|first2=N. J.}}</ref> | Fm{{overline|3}}m | 225 | cF8 | 357 | 357 | 357 | 4 | 8.48 |- | SmP | | cubic<ref name="smp">{{cite journal|last1=Meng|first1=J.|title=Studies on the electrical properties of rare earth monophosphides|journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|volume=95|page=346|date=1991 |doi=10.1016/0022-4596(91)90115-X|issue=2|bibcode = 1991JSSCh..95..346M|last2=Ren|first2=Yufang }}</ref> | Fm{{overline|3}}m | 225 | cF8 | 576 | 576 | 576 | 4 | 6.3 |- | SmAs | | cubic<ref name="smas">{{cite journal|last1=Beeken|first1=R.|last2=Schweitzer|first2=J.|title=Intermediate valence in alloys of SmSe with SmAs|journal=Physical Review B|volume=23|page=3620|date=1981|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.23.3620|issue=8|bibcode = 1981PhRvB..23.3620B }}</ref> | Fm{{overline|3}}m | 225 | cF8 | 591.5 | 591.5 | 591.5 | 4 | 7.23 |- |} {{clear}} ==Scandiums== [[Image:Scandium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Scandium emission spectrum is from 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ultrapure crystalline scandium, 5 grams.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Scandium is the first transition metal and the first rare earth element. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] Scandium is the first transition metal and the first rare earth element, the latter also includes yttrium and the lanthanoids. The ignoble light metal has only a few applications, because its chemistry isn't so complex and it also is rather expensive. It is used in high-quality, light alloys, e.g., for frames of racing bicycles. Scandium (Sc II) has an absorption band, 424.683±1.0 nm, with an excitation potential of 0.31 eV.<ref name=Sadakane>{{ cite journal |author=Kozo Sadakane |author2=Minoru Ueta |title=Abundance Analysis of Sirius in the Blue-Violet Region |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |month=August |year=1989 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=279-88 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1989PASJ...41..279S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> Metallic scandium is used in aluminium alloysis for strengthening with as little as 0.5% scandium.<ref name=Burrell>Burrell, A. Willey Lower "Aluminum scandium alloy" {{US patent|3,619,181}} issued on November 9, 1971.</ref><ref name=Zakharov>{{cite journal|title= Effect of Scandium on the Structure and Properties of Aluminum Alloys|journal= Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume= 45|date= 2003|page= 246|doi= 10.1023/A:1027368032062|first= V. V.|last= Zakharov|issue= 7/8|bibcode= 2003MSHT...45..246Z|s2cid= 135389572}}</ref> The alloy {{chem|Al|20|Li|20|Mg|10|Sc|20|Ti|30}} is as strong as titanium, light as aluminium, and hard as some ceramics.<ref name=Youssef>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/21663831.2014.985855|title = A Novel Low-Density, High-Hardness, High-entropy Alloy with Close-packed Single-phase Nanocrystalline Structures|journal = Materials Research Letters|volume = 3|issue = 2|pages = 95–99|year = 2015|last1 = Youssef|first1 = Khaled M.|last2 = Zaddach|first2 = Alexander J.|last3 = Niu|first3 = Changning|last4 = Irving|first4 = Douglas L.|last5 = Koch|first5 = Carl C.|doi-access = free}}</ref> "Neutron activation analysis was used to deterimne the total [lanthanum] La and [scandium] Sc content of three soils developed from loess-capped glacial till. The profiles were classified as Gray-Brown Podzolics (Hapludalfs) overlying paleosols developed in Rockain till. The total La content in the less than 250µ fraction of these soils ranged from 18.1 to 37.1 ppm, with an average content of 23.7 ppm in the loess and 28.5 ppm in the glacial till. Total Sc in the soils ranged from 5.1 to 10.9 ppm with average contents of 6.5 and 9.0 ppm in the loess and glacial till, respectively. Translocation by pedogenic processes was indicated by the accumulation of these elements in the argillic B horizons. Correlation coefficients of La and Sc with clay percentages in the profiles were 0.79 and 0.88, respectively."<ref name=Kline>{{ cite journal |author=J. R. Kline |author2=J. E. Foss |author3=S. S. Brar |title=Lanthanum and Scandium Distribution in Three Glacial Soils of Western Wisconsin |journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal |month=March |year=1969 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=287-91 |url=https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/33/2/SS0330020287 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020034x |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Seaborgiums== Alpha emission (α), spontaneous fission (SF) and electron capture (EC) are decay modes of seaborgium. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of seaborgium isotopes ! Isotope<br> !! Half-life<br><ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="periodictable">{{cite web |url=http://periodictable.com/ |title=The Photographic Periodic Table of the Elements |author=Gray, Theodore |date=2002–2010 |work=periodictable.com |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> !! Decay<br>mode<ref name="nuclidetable" /><ref name="periodictable" /> !! Discovery<br>year !! Reaction |- |²⁵⁸Sg||{{sort|00000003|3 ms}}||SF||1994||²⁰⁹Bi(⁵¹V,2n) |- |²⁵⁹Sg||{{sort|00006|600 ms}}||α||1985||²⁰⁷Pb(⁵⁴Cr,2n) |- |²⁶⁰Sg||{{sort|00000004|4 ms}}||SF, α||1985||²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁴Cr,2n) |- |²⁶¹Sg||{{sort|00002|200 ms}}||α, EC, SF||1985||²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁴Cr,n) |- |^261mSg||{{sort|00000000092|92 μs}}||IT||2009||²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁴Cr,n) |- |²⁶²Sg||{{sort|0000007|7 ms}}||SF, α||2001||²⁷⁰Ds(—,2α) |- |²⁶³Sg||{{sort|0001|1 s}}||α||1994||²⁷¹Ds(—,2α) |- |^263mSg||{{sort|000012|120 ms}}||α, SF||1974||²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁸O,4n) |- |²⁶⁴Sg||{{sort|0000037|37 ms}}||SF||2006||²³⁸U(³⁴Si,4n) |- |²⁶⁵Sg||{{sort|0008|8 s}}||α||1993||²⁴⁸Cm(²²Ne,5n) |- |^265mSg||{{sort|00162|16.2 s}}||α||1993||²⁴⁸Cm(²²Ne,5n) |- |²⁶⁶Sg||{{sort|000036|360 ms}}||SF||2004||²⁷⁰Hs(—,α) |- |²⁶⁷Sg||{{sort|0084|1.4 min}}||SF, α||2004||²⁷¹Hs(—,α) |- |²⁶⁹Sg||{{sort|0840|14 min}}||α||2010||²⁸⁵Fl(—,4α) |- |²⁷¹Sg||{{sort|0144|2.4 min}}||α||2003||²⁸⁷Fl(—,4α) |} {{clear}} ==Seleniums== [[Image:Selenium native.jpg|thumb|right|Selenium (native) with pen for scale is from the mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. Credit: Andrew Silver, USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Selenium in sandstone Westwater Canyon Section 23 Mine Grants, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The dark gray mineral in the yellow sandstone is native selenium. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Native selenium.jpg|thumb|center|250px|These are native selenium needles from Katharine mine, Radvanice, Czech Republic. Credit: Asahi.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:SeBlackRed.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Black, glassy amorphous (with thin layer of grey selenium) and red amorphous selenium are allotropes of selenium. Credit: W. Oelen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Selenium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Selenium emission spectrum for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] On the right is a photograph of native selenium from the mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. The image on the left shows dark gray selenium in sandstone from Westwater Canyon Section 23 Mine Grants, New Mexico. In the center image are native selenium needles from Katharine mine, Radvanice, Czech Republic. Allotropes of selenium are amorphous, brick-red (α, β,<ref>{{cite web |title=β –Se (Al ) Structure: A_mP32_14_8e |url=http://aflowlib.org/prototype-encyclopedia/A_mP32_14_8e.html |website=Encyclopedia of Crystallographic Prototypes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=β –Se (Al ) Structure: A_mP32_14_16e |url=http://aflowlib.org/prototype-encyclopedia/A_mP64_14_16e.html |website=Encyclopedia of Crystallographic Prototypes}}</ref> and γ<ref name=Foss>{{cite journal |last1=Olav Foss and Vitalijus Janickis |title=Crystal structure of γ-monoclinic selenium |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions |date=1980 |issue=4 |pages=624–627 |doi=10.1039/DT9800000624}}</ref>) powders, black, vitreous beads,<ref name=House>{{cite book |title=Inorganic chemistry |first=James E. |last=House |publisher=Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-12-356786-4 |page=524}}</ref> and gray selenium. Selenium is used with bismuth in brasses to replace lead.<ref name=Davis>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sxkPJzmkhnUC&pg=PA91|page= 91|title= Copper and Copper Alloys|{{isbn|978-0-87170-726-0}}|last1= Davis|first1=Joseph R.|date= 2001 |publisher= ASM Int. }}</ref><!--https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ1RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA378--> Like lead and sulfur, selenium improves the machinability of steel at concentrations around 0.15%.<ref name=Isakov>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QahG1Ou1cyEC&pg=PA67|page= 67|title= Cutting Data for Turning of Steel|{{isbn|978-0-8311-3314-6}}|last1= Isakov|first1= Edmund|date= 2008-10-31}}</ref><ref name=Dshtein>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF00708374|title= Effect of selenium on the structure and properties of structural steel|date= 1979|last1= Gol'Dshtein|first1=Ya. E.|last2= Mushtakova|first2=T. L.|last3= Komissarova|first3=T. A.|journal= Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume= 21|issue= 10|pages= 741–746|bibcode= 1979MSHT...21..741G|s2cid= 135853965}}</ref> Selenium produces the same machinability improvement in copper alloys.<ref name=Davis/> {{clear}} ==Achávalites== [[Image:Achavalite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Black metallic crystals are the extremely rare iron selenide mineral achávalite from Cacheuta Mine, Mendoza, Argentina, associated with cacheutaite. Credit: [[c:user:David Hospital|David Hospital]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Achávalite has the chemical formula {{chem|(Fe,Cu)|Se}}. Achávalite (IMA symbol is Ahv<ref name=Warr/>) a selenide mineral that is a member of the nickeline group. It has only been found in a single Argentinian mine system, being first discovered in 1939 in a selenide deposit. The type locality is the Cacheuta mine, Sierra de Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentina.<ref name=MindatAchavalite>[http://www.mindat.org/min-14.html Mindat Profile]</ref><ref name=WebminAchavalite>[http://webmineral.com/data/Achavalite.shtml Achavalite data on WebMineral]</ref><ref name=Hålenius>Hålenius, U., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., and Mills, S.J., IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) Newsletter 28. Mineralogical Magazine 79(7), 1859–1864</ref> {{clear}} ==Clausthalites== [[Image:Clausthalite-207330.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Clausthalite is a rare lead selenide exhibiting scintillating, metallic microcrystals covering the carbonate matrix. Credit: [[c:user:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Clausthalite is a lead selenide mineral, with chemical formula PbSe. It is a face-centered mineral with Z = 4 formula units per unit cell. {{clear}} ==Siderophiles== [[Image:Elemental abundances.svg|right|thumb|350px|Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroid materials is relatively higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides. Credit: Gordon B. Haxel, Sara Boore, and Susan Mayfield from USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "an element that forms alloys easily with iron and [may be] concentrated in the Earth's core"<ref name=SiderophileWikt>{{ cite web |title=siderophile |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=19 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siderophile |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called a '''siderophile'''. Siderophile (metal-loving) chemical elements include W, P, Co, Ni, Mo, Re, and Ir.<ref name=Newsom>{{ cite book |author=Horton E. Newsom |title=Constraints on the origin of the Moon from the abundance of molybdenum and other siderophile elements, In: ''Origin of the moon'' |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute |location=Kona, HI USA |date=13 October 1986 |editor=W. K. Hartmann |editor2=R. J. Phillips |editor3=G. J. Taylor |pages=203-29 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1986ormo.conf..203N&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST&high= |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=2016-10-31 }}</ref> "The platinum group elements (PGE: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Re are highly siderophile elements (HSE)".<ref name=Dale>{{ cite journal |author=C.W. Dale, K.W. Burton, D.G. Pearson, A. Gannoun, O. Alard, T.W. Arglesb, and I.J. Parkinson |title=The behaviour of highly siderophile elements in oceanic crust during subduction: whole-rock and mineral-scale insights from a high-pressure terrain |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |month= |year=2009 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=1394-416 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/10680/1/10680.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2008.11.036 |pmid= |accessdate=2016-10-31 }}</ref> "We believe that silicon is a major element - about 5% [of the Earth's inner core] by weight could be silicon dissolved into the iron-nickel alloys."<ref name=Ohtani>{{ cite web |author=Eiji Ohtani |title=New candidate for 'missing element' in Earth's core |publisher=BBC |location=London, England |date=10 January 2017 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38561076 |accessdate=2017-01-11 }}</ref> "The innermost part of Earth is thought to be a solid ball with a radius of about 1,200 km (745 miles)."<ref name=Morelle>{{ cite web |author=Rebecca Morelle |title=New candidate for 'missing element' in Earth's core |publisher=BBC |location=London, England |date=10 January 2017 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38561076 |accessdate=2017-01-11 }}</ref> "It is mainly composed of iron, which makes up an estimated 85% of its weight, and nickel, which accounts for about 10% of the core."<ref name=Morelle/> "These difficult experiments are really exciting because they can provide a window into what Earth's interior was like soon after it first formed, 4.5 billion years ago, when the core first started to separate from the rocky parts of Earth."<ref name=Redfern>{{ cite web |author=Simon Redfern |title=New candidate for 'missing element' in Earth's core |publisher=BBC |location=London, England |date=10 January 2017 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38561076 |accessdate=2017-01-11 }}</ref> "But other workers have recently suggested that oxygen might also be important in the core."<ref name=Redfern/> "In a way, these two options [oxygen was sucked into the core that would leave the rocky mantle surrounding the core depleted of the element or a larger amount of silicon had been incorporated in Earth's core more than four billion years ago, that would have left the rest of the planet relatively oxygen rich] are real alternatives that depend a lot on the conditions prevailing when Earth's core first began to form."<ref name=Redfern/> {{clear}} ==Silicons== [[Image:SiliconCroda.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Close up photo is of a piece of purified silicon. Credit: [[w:user:Enricoros|Enricoros]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Silicon spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Silicon spectrum is from 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Silicon (Si II) has two absorption bands at 412.805±10.8 nm and 413.088±13.0 nm with excitation potentials of 9.79 eV and 9.80 eV, respectively.<ref name=Sadakane/> Silicon has an absorption line (Si IV) at 408.9 nm.<ref name=Conti>{{ cite journal |author=Peter S. Conti |author2=Eva M. Leep |title=Spectroscopic observations of O-type stars. V. The hydrogen lines and lambda 4686 He II |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=October |year=1974 |volume=193 |issue=10 |pages=113-24 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1974ApJ...193..113C |doi=10.1086/153135 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-03-23 }}</ref> Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve performance in casting thin sections and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air. The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen, so that the steel carbon content, which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel, can be more closely controlled. Ferrosilicon production and use is a monitor of the steel industry, and although this form of elemental silicon is grossly impure, it accounts for 80% of the world's use of free silicon. Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel, modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties. The properties of silicon may be used to modify alloys with metals other than iron. "Metallurgical grade" silicon is silicon of 95–99% purity. About 55% of the world consumption of metallurgical purity silicon goes for production of aluminium-silicon alloys (silumin alloys) for aluminium part casts, mainly for use in the automotive industry. Silicon's importance in aluminium casting is that a significantly high amount (12%) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction. This greatly reduces tearing and cracks formed from stress as casting alloys cool to solidity. Silicon also significantly improves the hardness and thus wear-resistance of aluminium.<ref name=Apelian>{{cite web|last=Apelian |first=D.|date=2009 |title=Aluminum Cast Alloys: Enabling Tools for Improved Performance |publisher=North American Die Casting Association |location=Wheeling, Illinois |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106013105/http://www.diecasting.org/research/wwr/WWR_AluminumCastAlloys.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-06}}</ref><ref name=Corathers>Corathers, Lisa A. [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/myb1-2009-simet.pdf 2009 Minerals Yearbook]. USGS</ref> "The relatively long-lived radionuclide of silicon, ³²Si, finds important applications as a tracer for studying aqueous geochemistry, biogeochemical cycles of silicon in the oceans, and the chronology of glaciers and biogenic silica-rich sediments in lacustrine and marine environments."<ref name=Lal>{{ cite journal |author=D. Lal |author2=B.L.K. Somayajulu |title=Some aspects of the geochemistry of silicon isotopes |journal=Tectonophysics |month=June |year=1984 |volume=105 |issue=1-4 |pages=383-97 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0040195184902154 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(84)90215-4 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-30 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Silicon hydrogenated amorphous carbons== "The broad, 60 < FWHM < 100 nm, featureless luminescence band known as extended red emission (ERE) is seen in such diverse dusty astrophysical environments as reflection nebulae¹⁷, planetary nebulae³, HII regions (Orion)¹², a Nova¹¹, Galactic cirrus¹⁴, a dark nebula⁷, Galaxies^8,6 and the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM)⁴. The band is confined between 540-950 nm, but the wavelength of peak emission varies from environment to environment, even within a given object. ... the wavelength of peak emission is longer and the efficiency of the luminescence is lower, the harder and denser the illuminating radiation field is¹³. These general characteristics of ERE constrain the photoluminescence (PL) band and efficiency for laboratory analysis of dust analog materials."<ref name=Smith99>{{ cite journal |author=T. L. Smith |author2=A. N. Witt |title=The Photoluminescence Efficiency of Extended Red Emission as a Constraint for Interstellar Dust |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |month=December |year=1999 |volume=31 |issue= |pages=1479 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AAS...195.7406S |arxiv= |bibcode=1999AAS...195.7406S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-02 }}</ref> "The PL efficiencies measured for [hydrogenated amorphous carbon] HAC and Si-HAC alloys are consistent with dust estimates for reflection nebulae and planetary nebulae, but exhibit substantial photoluminescence below 540 nm which is not observed in astrophysical environments."<ref name=Smith99/> {{clear}} ==Moissanite== [[Image:Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Moissanite is native SiC. Credit: Andrew Silver.{{tlx|free media}}]] Moissanite is native SiC.<ref name=Roberts/> {{clear}} ==Silvers== [[Image:Silver-280342.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These specimens are some of the most easily recognizable, dramatic and highly sought after silver specimens from the Western Hemisphere. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Native silver.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Native silver is on calcite from Kongsberg, Norway. Credit: Aram Dulyan.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Silver crystal.jpg|thumb|center|250px|A pure (>99.95%) silver crystal, synthetic electrolytic is made with visible dendritic structures. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Silver spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Silver spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Native silver does occur as cubic, octahedral, or dodecahedral crystals; "also elongated, arborescent, reticulated, or as thin to thick wires."<ref name=Roberts/> The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold, copper, zinc, cadmium, indium, tin, mercury, cobalt, nickel, palladium, manganese, phosphorus, and lead, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Ag⁺ is the stable species in aqueous solution and solids.<ref name=Greenwood/> {{clear}} ==Bromyrites== [[Image:Bromyrite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a butterscotch colored bromargyrite cube from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Credit: Lou Perloff / Photo Atlas of Minerals.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Bromyrite, or bromargyrite, is a cubic silver bromide mineral (AgBr) that is 50 at % bromine. The image on the right shows a butterscotch colored bromargyrite cube from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. {{clear}} ==Iodyrites== [[Image:Iodyrite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These are twinned iodyrite, or iodargyrite, crystals. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Iodyrite (AgI) may be the most common mineral with large amounts of iodine found on Earth. It is 50 at % iodine. On the right are twinned iodyrite, or iodargyrite, crystals are within a rock sample from Schöne Aussicht Mine, Dernbach, Neuwied, Wied Iron Spar District, Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. {{clear}} ==Sodiums== [[Image:Sodium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Sodium spectrum is ringrising 400 nm - 700 nm Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Bi-Na phase diagram.gif|thumb|left|250px|This is a phase diagram for the sodium-bismuth system. Credit: J. Sangster and A.D. Pelton.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Na (Sodium).jpg|right|thumb|300px|Sodium metal is from the Dennis s.k collection. Credit: Dennis s.k.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|thumb|center|100px|The image shows the color of sodium in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[c:user:Søren Wedel Nielsen|Søren Wedel Nielsen]].{{tlx|free media}}]]. The phase diagram on the left shows bcc (α-Na) at higher temperatures up to melting and hcp (β-Na) with decreasing temperature below the transition at 97.8°C. Native sodium does not appear to occur on the surface of the Earth. "Glaciers in the Karakoram and western Himalaya (site 2 and 3) show high annual snow accumulation rates and high annual fluxes of calcium, sodium, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate."<ref name=Wake>{{ cite journal |author=Cameron P. Wake |author2=Paul Andrew Mayewski |author3=Xie Zichu |author4=Wang Ping |author5=Li Zhongquin |title=Regional Distribution of Monsoon and Desert Dust Signals Recorded in Asian Glaciers |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |month=July 23 |year=1993 |volume=20 |issue=14 |pages=1411-4 |url=http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1190&context=ers_facpub&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dsodium%2Bglaciers%2B-acetic%2B-apples%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C3#search=%22sodium%20glaciers%20-acetic%20-apples%22 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Fluorites== [[Image:Fluorine.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These are cyan colored fluorite crystals from Rogerley Mine, Frosterley, Weardale, North Pennines, Co. Durham, England, UK. Credit: [[c:User:Parent Géry|Parent Géry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorite-Quartz-cflo47a.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The fluorite crystal is just over 1 cm and is rimmed on one side with sparkling pyrite. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Fluorite is a mineral composed of NaF. Although fluorite usually appears violet or purple in color, the crystals at left are cyan with some blue or violet fluorite mixed in suggesting slight variations in composition. {{clear}} ==Strontiums== [[Image:Magnesium-Strontium phase diagram.png|thumb|right|250px|This is a magnesium-strontium phase diagram. Credit: A.A. Nayeb-Hashemi and J.B. Clark.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:FlammenfärbungSr.png|thumb|left|100px|The image shows the color of strontium in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[:de:user:Herge|Herge]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Plamenná zkouška kationt Sr+2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|The image shows the color of strontium in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[c:user:Roman Kynčl|Roman Kynčl]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Strontium destilled crystals.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The chemical element strontium as synthetic crystals, sealed under argon in a glass ampoule, purity (99.95 %). Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Strontium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Strontium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Strontium at room temperature crystallizes in a fcc structure (α-Sr). According to the phase diagram on the left, α-Sr transforms to γ-Sr (bcc) at 547°C. Native strontium does not appear to occur on the surface of the Earth. Three allotropes of metallic strontium exist, with transition points at 235 and 540&nbsp;°C.<ref name=Ropp>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ786vEild0C&pg=PA16| page = 16 | title = Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds | isbn = 978-0-444-59553-9 | last1 = Ropp | first1 = Richard C. | date = 31 December 2012}}</ref><!--https://books.google.com/books?id=qJJrYnpT2pYC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117--> Strontium (Sr II) has two absorption bands: 407.771±11.3 nm and 421.552±10.4 nm.<ref name=Sadakane/> {{clear}} ==Sulfurs== {{main|Chemicals/Sulfurs}} ==Tantalums== [[Image:Native tantalum from Greenland.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a piece of native tantalum from Kvanefjeld Mountain, Kuannersuit Plateau, Ilímaussaq complex, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland. Credit: V.V. Seredin.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Iron-Tantalum phase diagram.png|thumb|left|250px|This is a National Bureau of Standards phase diagram for Fe-Ta. Credit: L.J. Swartzendruber and E. Paul.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The iron-tantalum phase diagram on the left shows the bcc (α-Ta) phase from lower temperatures through and up to melting. On the right is a scanning electron micrograph of a piece of native tantalum from Kvanefjeld Mountain, Kuannersuit Plateau, Ilímaussaq complex, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland. [[Image:Tantalum single crystal and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|center|250px|A high purity (99.999 %) [[w:Tantalum|tantalum]] [[w:Single crystal|single crystal]], made by the [[w:Zone melting|floating zone process]], some single crystalline fragments of tantalum, as well as a high purity (99.99 % = 4N) 1 cm³ tantalum cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tantalum spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Tantalum spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Tantalum forms compounds in oxidation states −III to +V. A tantalum-tellurium alloy forms quasicrystals.<ref name=Holleman2007>{{cite book|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|date=2007|publisher=de Gruyter|{{isbn|978-3-11-017770-1}}|edition=102nd|language=de|author=Holleman, A. F.|author2=Wiberg, E.|author3=Wiberg, N.}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Technetiums== [[Image:Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Technetium sample inside a sealed glass ampoule, filled with argon gas. 6x1 mm goldfoil covered with 99Tc powder (electroplated). Credit: Marco Cardin.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Technetium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Technetium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] :<math>\nu + ^{97}Mo \rightarrow e^- + ^{97}Tc,</math> and :<math>\nu + ^{98}Mo \rightarrow e^- + ^{98}Tc.</math> These "reactions probe precisely the time scale and neutrino-flux component of most interest: the boron-8 neutrino luminosity, which is the most sensitive monitor of variations in the solar core temperature, during and before the Pleistocene epoch. (The half-lives of technetium-97 and -98 are, respectively, 2.6 and 4.2 million years; the reaction on molybdenum-98 is induced only by the high-energy boron-8 neutrinos; and the reaction on molybdenum-97 may sample in addition the flux of beryllium-7 neutrinos, which are second only to boron-8 neutrinos in sensitivity to the core temperature.)"<ref name=Cowan>{{cite journal |last1=Cowan |first1=Clyde L., Jr. |last2=Reines |first2=Frederick |last3=Harrison |first3=Francis B. "Kiko" |last4=Kruse |first4=Herald W. |last5=McGuire |first5=Austin D. |year=1956 |title=Detection of the free neutrino: A confirmation |journal=Science |volume=124 |issue=3212 |pages=103–104 |bibcode=1956Sci...124..103C |doi=10.1126/science.124.3212.103 |pmid=17796274 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Telluriums== [[Image:Tellurium-tmu07a.jpg|thumb|right|100px|This is a native tellurium crystal from the Emperor Mine, Vatukoula, Tavua Gold Field, Viti Levu, Fiji. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Stravinsky|Robert Stravinsky]]. {{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Native tellurium.JPG|thumb|left|250px|On the upper left of the rock is native tellurium. Credit: Theodore W. Gray.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] On the right is an example of native tellurium from the Emperor Mine, Vatukoula, Tavua Gold Field, Viti Levu, Fiji. On the left is an encrustation of native tellurium on the upper left portion of a rock. [[Image:Tellurium2.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Metallic tellurium is diameter 3.5 cm. Credit: Unknown author.{{tlx|free media}}]] Tellurium is used in iron, stainless steel, copper, lead alloys, n-type bismuth telluride alloys<ref name=Nozariasbmar>{{Cite journal |last=Nozariasbmarz |first=Amin |last2=Poudel |first2=Bed |last3=Li |first3=Wenjie |last4=Kang |first4=Han Byul |last5=Zhu |first5=Hangtian |last6=Priya |first6=Shashank |date=2020-07-24 |title=Bismuth Telluride Thermoelectrics with 8% Module Efficiency for Waste Heat Recovery Application |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004220305277 |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=101340 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101340 |issn=2589-0042}}</ref>. [[Image:Tellurium-89043.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Native tellurium crystal on sylvanite (Vatukoula, Viti Levu, Fiji), picture width 2 mm. Credit: [[c:user:Christian Rewitzer|Christian Rewitzer]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tellurium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Tellurium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Tellurium has two allotropes, crystalline and amorphous. When crystalline, tellurium is silvery-white with a metallic luster. The crystals are trigonal and chiral (space group 152 or 154 depending on the chirality), like the gray form of selenium. It is a brittle and easily pulverized metalloid. Amorphous tellurium is a black-brown powder prepared by precipitating it from a solution of tellurous acid or telluric acid (Te(OH)₆).<ref name=Leddicotte>{{Cite journal|title = The radiochemistry of tellurium|issue = 3038|series = Nuclear science series|publisher = Subcommittee on Radiochemistry, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council|first = G. W.|last = Leddicotte|date = 1961|page = 5|url = http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?rc000049.pdf }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Altaites== [[Image:Altaite-170094.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rich silvery veins and flecks are altaite throughout the matrix. Credit: [[c:user:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Altaite has the chemical formula of PbTe. It has face-centered cubic structure with four formula molecules (Z=4) per unit cell. It is 50 atomic percent lead and 50 at. % tellurium. Crystal habits include cubic and octahedral crystals; but much more commonly found in massive and granular forms. {{clear}} ==Tennessines== [[Image:DecayChain Tennessine.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|250px|Decay chain of the atoms produced in the original experiment to produce tennessine. Credit: See authors.{{tlx|free media}}]] The figures near the arrows describe experimental (black) and theoretical (blue) values for the lifetime and energy of each decay. Lifetimes may be converted to half-lives by multiplying by ln&nbsp;2.<ref name=Oganessian>{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu.Ts. |author-link1=Yuri Oganessian |last2=Abdullin |first2=F.Sh. |last3=Bailey |first3=P.D. |last4=Benker |first4=D.E. |last5=Bennett |first5=M.E. |last6=Dmitriev |first6=S.N. |last7=Ezold |first7=J.G. |last8=Hamilton |first8=J.H. |last9=Henderson |first9=R.A. |first10=M.G. |last10=Itkis |first11=Yuri V. |last11=Lobanov |first12=A.N. |last12=Mezentsev |first13=K. J. |last13=Moody |first14=S.L. |last14=Nelson |first15=A.N. |last15=Polyakov | first16=C.E. |last16=Porter |first17=A.V. |last17=Ramayya |first18=F.D. |last18=Riley |first19=J.B. |last19=Roberto |first20=M. A. |last20=Ryabinin | first21=K.P. |last21=Rykaczewski |first22=R.N. |last22=Sagaidak | first23=D.A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=I.V. |last24=Shirokovsky |first25=M.A. |last25=Stoyer |first26=V.G. |last26=Subbotin | first27=R. |last27=Sudowe |first28=A.M. |last28=Sukhov |first29=Yu.S. |last29=Tsyganov |first30=Vladimir K. |last30=Utyonkov |first31=A.A. |last31=Voinov |first32=G.K. |last32=Vostokin | first33=P.A. |last33=Wilk |title=Synthesis of a new element with atomic number {{nowrap|{{mvar|Z}} {{=}} 117}} |year=2010 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=104 |issue=14 |page=142502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 |pmid=20481935 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104n2502O |s2cid=3263480 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ec9412add23e66f34b6bf51ebd7332278af413fc }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Terbiums== [[Image:Terbium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Terbium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Pure terbium, 3 grams. Original size - 1 cm.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Terbium is a relatively resistant, sparsely toxic lanthanoid. Credit: Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements.{{tlx|free media}}]] Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite. Terfenol-D, an alloy of the formula {{chem|Tb|x|Dy|1-x|Fe|2}} (x ≈ 0.3), is a magnetostrictive material. Terbium is contained along with other rare earth elements in many minerals, including monazite ({{chem|(Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO|4}} with up to 0.03% terbium), xenotime ({{chem|YPO|4}}) and euxenite ({{chem|(Y,Ca,Er,La,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)|2|O|6}} with 1% or more terbium). The crust abundance of terbium is estimated as 1.2&nbsp;mg/kg.<ref name=Patnaik>{{cite book | last =Patnaik | first =Pradyot | date = 2003 | title =Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds | publisher = McGraw-Hill | pages = 920–921| {{isbn|978-0-07-049439-8}} | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&pg=PA243 | accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref> No terbium-dominant mineral has yet been found.<ref>{{ cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/ |title=Mindat.org |author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |date=1993–2018 |website=www.mindat.org |accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Thalliums== [[Image:Thallium flame.png|thumb|left|250px|The image shows the color of thallium in a natural gas burner. Credit: Ernest Z. {{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Thallium pieces in ampoule.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pieces of very pure thallium are in a glass ampoule under argon. Credit: W. Oelen.{{tlx|free media}}]] Thallium (I) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores. The radioisotope thallium-201 is the soluble chloride TlCl. A mercury–thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at −60 °C, some 20 °C below the freezing point of mercury. [[Image:Thallium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Thallium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] There is a green thallium line that shows up in arc spectra using "two to eight amperes at 120 volts, usually between ordinary arc carbons."<ref name=Nutting/> {{clear}} ==Thoriums== {{main|Chemicals/Thoriums}} [[Image:Thorium sample 0.1g.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Thorium sample (99.9 % = 3N) is a thin sheet under argon in a glass ampoule, ca. 0.1 g. Credit: [[c:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Thorium is a silvery, radioactive, metallic element. At room temperature and pressure, thorium crystallizes into a face-centered cubic lattice, where one thorium atom occupies each location of a black sphere in the diagram on the left. Thorium can form alloys with many other metals. Addition of small proportions of thorium improves the mechanical strength of magnesium, and thorium-aluminium alloys have been considered as a way to store thorium in thorium nuclear reactors. Thorium forms eutectic mixtures with chromium and uranium, and it is completely miscible in both solid and liquid states with its lighter congener cerium.<ref name=Wickleder>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3 |chapter=Thorium |title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |year=2006 |last1=Wickleder |first1=Mathias S. |last2=Fourest |first2=Blandine |last3=Dorhout |first3=Peter K. |pages=52–160 |isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5 }}</ref> [[Image:Cubic-face-centered.svg|thumb|left|100px|This diagram shows a face-centered cubic lattice. Credit: [[w:User:Daniel Mayer|Daniel Mayer]] and [[w:User:DrBob|DrBob]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Thorium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Thorium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a chemical element (''symbol Th'') with atomic number 90 is called '''thorium'''. Tetravalent thorium compounds are usually colourless or yellow, like those of silver or lead, as the Th⁴⁺ ion has no 5f or 6d electrons.<ref name=Tretyakov>{{cite book|editor-first=Yu. D. |editor-last=Tretyakov|title= Non-organic chemistry in three volumes| publisher= Academy|date= 2007|volume= 3|series= Chemistry of transition elements|{{isbn|978-5-7695-2533-9}} }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Monazites== [[Image:Monazite - Rostadheia, Iveland, Norvegia 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This monazite is a tabular crystal from Rostadheia, Iveland, Norway. Credit: [[c:User:Aangelo|Aangelo]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The primary source of the world's thorium is the rare-earth-and-thorium-phosphate mineral monazite. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Monazite-(Ce)-164025.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Monazite gets its name from the Greek word "monazein", which means "to be alone", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Monazite, a primarily reddish-brown phosphate mineral that contains rare-earth elements, with variability composition, is considered a group of minerals:<ref name=MindatMonazite>[http://www.mindat.org/min-2750.html Monazite group on Mindat.org]</ref> * monazite-(Ce), (Ce,La,Nd,Th){{chem|PO|4}} (the most common member), * monazite-(La), (La,Ce,Nd){{chem|PO|4}}, * monazite-(Nd), (Nd,La,Ce){{chem|PO|4}}, * monazite-(Sm), (Sm,Gd,Ce,Th){{chem|PO|4}}, * monazite-(Pr), (Pr,Ce,Nd,Th){{chem|PO|4}}. (Ce,La,Nd,Th){{chem|PO|4}} occurs usually in small isolated crystals has a hardness of 5.0 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness and is relatively dense, about 4.6 to 5.7 g/cm³. The primary source of the world's thorium is the rare-earth, and thorium, phosphate mineral monazite. Silica ({{chem|SiO|2}}) is present in trace amounts, as is small amounts of uranium. Due to the alpha decay of thorium and uranium, monazite contains a significant amount of [[helium]], which can be extracted by heating.<ref name=Helium>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA460#v=onepage&f=true "Helium From Sand"], March 1931, ''Popular Mechanics'' p. 460.</ref> {{clear}} ==Umbozerites== [[Image:Umbozerite.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Umbozerite is from Karnasurt Mt., Lovozero Massif, Kola, Russia, size 4.2 cm. Credit: [[c:user:Weirdmeister|Weirdmeister]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbol is Ubz.<ref name=Warr>Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43</ref> Umbozerites have the chemical formula {{chem|Na|3|Sr|4|Th|[{{chem|Si(O,OH|(3-4)}}]|8}}, IMA formula {{chem|Na|3|Sr|4|ThSi|8|(O,OH)|24}}, common impurities: Ti,Ce,Fe,U,Mn,Ca,Ba,K, and Crystal System: Amorphous.<ref name=MindatUmbozerite>{{ cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4092.html |title=Umbozerite |accessdate=19 November 2021 }}</ref> Environment: In ussingite veinlets cutting alkalic rocks, type locality: Umbozero (Lake Umba), Kola Peninsula, Russia, dark brown prismatic umbozerite masses in pegmatite rock, Metamict - Mineral originally crystalline, now amorphous due to radiation damage, Pseudo Tetragonal - Crystals show a tetragonal shape, Umbozerite is Radioactive as defined in 49 CFR 173.403, greater than 70 Bq / gram.<ref name=WebmineralUmbozerite>{{ cite web |url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Umbozerite.shtml#.YZf8BS1h0RY |title=Umbozerite Mineral Data |accessdate=19 November 2021 }}</ref> Occurrence: In pneumatolytic-hydrothermal veins cutting alkalic rocks in the upper part of a differentiated alkalic massif, Crystal Data: Metamict; tetragonal after recrystallization<ref name=HandbookUmbozerite>{{ cite web |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/umbozerite.pdf |title=Umbozerite |accessdate=19 November 2021 }}</ref> Association: Ussingite, sphalerite, belovite, manganoan pectolite, lorenzenite, niobium-bearing minerals of the lomonosovite group.<ref name=HandbookUmbozerite/> Distribution: Found on Mts. Karnasurt and Punkaruaiv, near Lake Umba, Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia.<ref name=HandbookUmbozerite/> {{clear}} ==Thuliums== [[Image:Thulium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Thulium, sublimed-dendritic, high purity 99.99 % Tm/TREM. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Thulium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Thulium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Thulium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale green Tm (III) ions, which exist as {{chem|[Tm({{chem|OH|2}})|9|]|3+}} complexes:<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.webelements.com/thulium/chemistry.html |title= Chemical reactions of Thulium |publisher=Webelements |access-date=2009-06-06}}</ref> :{{chem|2Tm|(s)| + 3H|2|SO|4(aq)| → 2Tm|3+|(aq)| + 3SO|4 (aq)|2-| + 3H|2(aq)}} {{clear}} ==Tins== [[Image:Tin-160365.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This small piece of native tin is from the Badiko District, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Native tin.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This is native tin from a porphyry copper deposit in the Bingham Deposit, Utah, USA. Credit: Alison Roberts.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Native tin such as in the images on the right and left occurs in two crystal forms: α-Sn (cubic) and β-Sn (tetragonal).<ref name=Roberts/> [[Image:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Purest tin 99,999 % = 5N, beta (left, white) and alpha (right, gray) allotropes. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tin spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Tin spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] α-tin, the nonmetallic form or gray tin, is stable below {{convert|13.2|C|F}} and is brittle. α-tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium. α-tin has no metallic properties, because its atoms form a covalent structure in which electrons cannot move freely. α-tin is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than specialized semiconductor applications.<ref name=Holleman1985>{{cite book |publisher=Walter de&nbsp;Gruyter |date=1985 |edition=91–100 |pages=793–800 |{{isbn|978-3-11-007511-3}} |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie |first1=Arnold F. |last1=Holleman |last2=Wiberg |first2=Egon |last3=Wiberg |first3=Nils |chapter=Tin |language=de}}</ref> The α-β transformation temperature is {{convert|13.2|C|F}}, but impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower it well below {{convert|0|C|F}}. With the addition of antimony or bismuth the transformation might not occur at all, increasing durability.<ref name=Schwartz>{{cite book |first=Mel |last=Schwartz |title=Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes |edition=2nd |chapter=Tin and alloys, properties |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |{{isbn|978-1-56676-661-6}} }}</ref> β–α transition of tin is at −40&nbsp;°C. β-tin, the metallic form or white tin, has Tetragonal crystal system, body-centered tetragonal (BCT structure) and is stable at and above room temperature and is malleable. γ-tin and σ-tin exist at temperatures above {{convert|161|C|F}}&nbsp; and pressures above several GPa.<ref name=Molodets>{{cite journal |first1=A.M. |last1=Molodets |last2=Nabatov |first2=S.S. |title=Thermodynamic potentials, diagram of state, and phase transitions of tin on shock compression |journal=High Temperature |volume=38 |issue=5 |year=2000 |pages=715–721 |doi=10.1007/BF02755923|s2cid=120417927 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Bronzes== Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminum, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such as arsenic, or silicon. ==Titaniums== [[Image:Iron-titanium phase diagram.png|thumb|left|250px|This is an iron-titanium phase diagram. Credit: Hirokai.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Titanium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is an emission spectrum that covers the visible range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ti,22.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Titanium strips inside a glass jar are part of the Everest Element Set from Russia. Credit: [[w:user:RTC|RTC]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Titan-crystal bar.JPG|thumb|center|250px|A titanium crystal bar, high purity 99.995 %, made by the iodide process at URALREDMET in the Soviet era. Credit: [[:de:user:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Microbeam analysis of eclogites from the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt in Dabieshan, China has revealed native titanium inclusions in garnets of coesite eclogite. The inclusions are about 10 μm in size, have a submetallic luster from the thin oxidation film on the surface, and are brown under reflected light."<ref name=Chen>{{ cite journal |author=Jing Chen, Jiliang Li, and Jun Wu |title=Native titanium inclusions in the coesite eclogites from Dabieshan, China |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |month=30 April |year=2000 |volume=177 |issue=3-4 |pages=237-40 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X00000571 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00057-1 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> Titanium is a dimorphic allotrope that "undergoes a phase transformation (hcp to bcc) at 882 °C [5]."<ref name=Panigrahi>{{ cite journal |author=B.B. Panigrahi, M.M. Godkhindi , K. Das, P.G. Mukunda, and P. Ramakrishnan |title=Sintering kinetics of micrometric titanium powder |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: A |month=15 April |year=2005 |volume=396 |issue=1-2 |pages=255-62 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509305000778 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.msea.2005.01.016 |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> As the phase diagram on the left indicates, there is a miscibility gap between bcc iron (α-Fe) and hcp (α-Ti) up to about 800°C. Titanium (Ti) has green emission lines at 521.97, 522.268, 522.413, 524.729, and 526.596 nm as observed in solar limb faculae.<ref name=Stellmacher>{{ cite journal |author=G. Stellmacher |author2=E. Wiehr |title=Geometric line elevation in solar limb faculae |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=August |year=1991 |volume=248 |issue=1 |pages=227-31 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1991A&A...248..227S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> Titanium (Ti II) has an absorption band, 391.346-441.108 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.60-3.08 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Titanium has two emission lines at 456.3757 and 457.1971 nm from Ti II.<ref name=Catanzaro>{{ cite journal |author=G. Catanzaro |title=First spectroscopic analysis of β Scorpii C and β Scorpii E Discovery of a new HgMn star in the multiple system β Scorpii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |month=January |year=2010 |volume=509 |issue= |pages=7 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2010/01/aa13332-09.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913332 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, zirconium, nickel, vanadium, copper, and molybdenum. {{clear}} ==Osbornites== ''Osbornite'' is a very rare natural form of titanium nitride (TiN), found almost exclusively in meteorites.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mindat.org |url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3035.html |title=Osbornite |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |accessdate=February 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name=WebmineralOsbornites>{{cite web|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Osbornite.shtml#.V_cFauArJaQ|website=Mineralogy Database|title=Osbornite Mineral Data|date=September 5, 2012|accessdate=October 6, 2015|publisher=David Barthelmy}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Tungstens== [[Image:Native tungsten Luna 24 landing site.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The small, bright crystalline mass on the right of this electron micrograph is native tungsten. Credit: Andrei V. Mokhov.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Fe-W-phase-diagram.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is an iron-tungsten phase diagram. Credit: Satyendra.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Wolfram evaporated crystals and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Tungsten rods are shown with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tungsten spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Tungsten spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] In the scanning electron micrograph on the right is a bright grain, or crystalline mass, of native tungsten. The sample is a fragment of lunar silicate glass from the Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon. The fragment is bright in backscattered electrons. The iron-tungsten phase diagram on the left shows that the bcc phase of tungsten (α-W) occurs from lower temperatures on up to the melting temperature. Tungsten is usually alloyed with nickel, iron, or cobalt to form heavy alloys, Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. {{clear}} ==Uraniums== [[Image:Uranium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Uranium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:HEUraniumC.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A billet of highly enriched uranium was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex Plant. Credit: [[c:user:Choihei|Choihei]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Uranium "not only exists in the forms of tetravalent and hexavalent uranium oxides, but also occurs in the form of native uranium [from the hydrothermal Guidong and Zhuguang uranium deposits of the middle Nanling metallogenic belt, Southern China]."<ref name=Ziying>{{ cite journal |author=Li Ziying, Huang Zhizhang, Li Xiuzhen, Guo Jian, Fan Chou |title=The Discovery of Natural Native Uranium and Its Significance |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |date=24 October 2015 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1561-1567 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-6724.12564 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12564 |pmid= |accessdate=29 June 2022 }}</ref> Depleted uranium (DU) is alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabe.htm#TAB_E_Development_of_DU_Munitions|title=Development of DU Munitions|year=2000|work=Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II)|publisher=Gulflink, official website of Force Health Protection & Readiness}}</ref> UCo is a superconductor at 1.70°K.<ref name=Chandrasekhar>{{ cite journal |author=B. S. Chandrasekhar and J. K. Hulm |title=The electrical resistivity and super-conductivity of some uranium alloys and compounds |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |date=November 1958 |volume=7 |issue=2-3 |pages=259-267 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022369758902713 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(58)90271-3 |pmid= |accessdate=29 June 2022 }}</ref> UMnGe (Pnma, a = 686.12(9), b = 425.49(6) and c = 736.5(1) pm) adopts the orthorhombic structure of TiNiSi and {{chem|U|2|Mn|3|Ge}} (P6₃/mmc, a = 524.3(2) and c = 799.2(3) pm) possesses the hexagonal {{chem|Mg|2|Cu|3|Si}}-type structure (ordered variant of the hexagonal Laves phase {{chem|MgZn|2}}).<ref name=Hoffmann>{{ cite journal |author=Rolf-Dieter Hoffmann, Rainer Pöttgen, Bernard Chevalier, Etienne Gaudin, and Samir F. Matar |title=The ternary germanides UMnGe and {{chem|U|2|Mn|3|Ge}} |journal=Solid State Sciences |date=July 2013 |volume=21 |issue= |pages=73-80 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1293255813001301 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2013.04.006 |pmid= |accessdate=29 June 2022 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Vanadiums== [[Image:Native vanadium crystals.png|thumb|right|250px|In this backscattered electron micrograph on the left, the native vanadium crystals have been colorized in red. Credit: MikhailI Ostrooumov and Yuri Taran.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Fe-V Phase Diagram.gif|thumb|left|200px|This Fe-V phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected at equilibrium for different combinations of vanadium content and temperature. Credit: Computational Thermodynamics Inc.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Vanadium2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Vanadium pieces are shown. Credit: W. Oelen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg|thumb|left|upright|100px|Oxidation states of vanadium are shown from left +2 (lilac), +3 (green), +4 (blue) and +5 (yellow). Credit: Steffen Kristensen. {{tlx|free media}}]] "[N]ative vanadium [occurs] in natural fumarolic incrustations and in the mineral assemblage precipitated in silica tubes inserted into high-temperature (750-830°C) fumaroles of Colima volcano – the most active volcano of Mexico, and one of the most active in the Americas. [...] The new mineral and its name (“vanadium”) have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (Williams et al., 2013; IMA # 2012- 021a). The holotype material has been deposited in the Geological Museum of National Mexican University (New mineral collection of Mexican Mineralogical Society with cataloged under FIM 12/01)."<ref name=Ostrooumov>{{ cite journal |author=MikhailI Ostrooumov and Yuri Taran |title=Discovery of Native Vanadium, a New Mineral from the Colima Volcano, State of Colima (Mexico) |journal=Revista de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía |month=20 May |year=2015 |volume= |issue= |pages=109-10 |url=http://www.uhu.es/fexp/sem2015/arc/macla/macla_20_109-110.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> In the image on the right, the backscattered electron micrograph on the left side, has the native vanadium crystals colorized in red. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum on the right shows the vanadium peaks plus small amounts of Fe and S.<ref name=Ostrooumov/> As the phase diagram on the left indicates vanadium is bcc down to lower temperatures from its melting point. [[Image:Vanadium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is an emission spectrum that covers the visible range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent [[w:oxidation state|oxidation state]]s 2-5. In [[w:Metal ions in aqueous solution|aqueous solution]] the colours are lilac V²⁺(aq), green V³⁺(aq), blue VO²⁺(aq) and, at high pH, yellow VO₄^2-. Vanadium (V II) has an absorption band, 392.973-403.678 nm, with an excitation potential range of 1.07-1.81 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> {{clear}} ==Xenons== {{main|Chemicals/Xenons}} ==Ytterbiums== [[Image:Ytterbium-3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ytterbium metal solid is 0.5 x 1 cm. Credit: [[c:user:Jurii|Jurii]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Euxenite - Vegusdal, Norvegia 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Euxenite crystal aggregation (11 cm) is from Vegusdal, Norway. Credit: [[c:user:Aangelo|Aangelo]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes, which altogether are present at concentrations of 0.3 parts per million. Ytterbium has three allotropes: alpha, beta and gamma; their transformation temperatures are −13&nbsp;°C and 795&nbsp;°C,<ref name=Hammond/> although the exact transformation temperature depends on the pressure and stress.<ref name=Bucher/> The beta allotrope (6.966&nbsp;g/cm³) exists at room temperature, and it has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The high-temperature gamma allotrope (6.57&nbsp;g/cm³) has a body-centered cubic crystalline structure.<ref name=Hammond/> The alpha allotrope (6.903&nbsp;g/cm³) has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is stable at low temperatures.<ref name=Holleman/> The beta allotrope has a metallic electrical conductivity at normal atmospheric pressure, but it becomes a semiconductor when exposed to a pressure of about 16,000 atmospheres (1.6&nbsp;GPa). Its electrical resistivity increases ten times upon compression to 39,000 atmospheres (3.9&nbsp;GPa), but then drops to about 10% of its room-temperature resistivity at about 40,000&nbsp;atm (4.0&nbsp;GPa).<ref name=Hammond/><ref name=Emsley2003/> [[Image:Ytterbium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Ytterbium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The alpha allotrope is diamagnetic.<ref name=Bucher>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bucher | first1 = E. | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = P. | last3 = Jayaraman | first3 = A. | last4 = Andres | first4 = K. | last5 = Maita | first5 = J. | last6 = Nassau | first6 = K. | last7 = Dernier | first7 = P. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.2.3911 | title = New First-Order Phase Transition in High-Purity Ytterbium Metal | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = 3911 | year = 1970 |bibcode = 1970PhRvB...2.3911B }}</ref> Ytterbium is paramagnetic at temperatures above 1.0 K.<ref name=Jackson>Jackson, M. (2000). [http://www.irm.umn.edu/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf "Magnetism of Rare Earth"]. The IRM quarterly 10(3): 1</ref> Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb, ¹⁷¹Yb, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷³Yb, ¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been observed, with the most stable ones being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.0 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. Ytterbium also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb (''t''_1/2 46 seconds).<ref name="nucleonica">{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Nucleonica: Universal Nuclide Chart |date=2007–2011 |publisher=Nucleonica |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Audi>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</ref> The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 atomic mass unit (u) for ¹⁴⁸Yb to 180.9562&nbsp;u for ¹⁸¹Yb. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁴Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than ¹⁷⁴Yb is beta decay. The primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes lighter than ¹⁷⁴Yb are thulium isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than ¹⁷⁴Yb are lutetium isotopes.<ref name="nucleonica" /><ref name=Audi/> It occurs in the minerals monazite, euxenite, and xenotime. {{clear}} ==Ytterbium Oxides== The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).<ref name=Holleman/> {{clear}} ==Yttriums== [[Image:Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Yttrium, sublimed-dendritic, high purity 99.99 % Y/TREM, as well as an argon arc remelted 1 cm³ yttrium cube for comparison, purity 99.9 %. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Yttrium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|Yttrium spectrum is 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Xenotímio1.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|Xenotime crystals contain yttrium. Credit: Tom Epaminondas (mineral collector) / Eurico Zimbres (FGEL-UERJ).{{tlx|free media}}]] Yttrium (Y II) has an absorption band from 395.035 to 439.802 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.10-0.13 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> The orange system, in [[orange astronomy]] is a number of emission lines very close together forming a band in the orange portion of the visible spectrum. These lines are usually associated with particular molecular species, including ScO, YO, and TiO.<ref name=Herbig>{{ cite journal |author=G. H. Herbig |title=VY Canis Majoris. IV. The emission bands of ScO |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=March |year=1974 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=533-8 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1974ApJ...188..533H |doi=10.1086/152744 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-01 }}</ref> Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce the grain sizes of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Yttrium|title =Periodic Table of Elements: LANL |url = http://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml|publisher = Los Alamos National Security}}</ref> Yttrium is used to increase the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys.<ref name=Lide2008>{{Cite book|editor = Lide, David R.|chapter = Yttrium |date = 2007–2008|title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|volume = 4 |page = 41|location = New York|publisher = CRC Press|{{isbn = 978-0-8493-0488-0}} }}</ref> The addition of yttrium to alloys generally improves workability, adds resistance to high-temperature recrystallization, and significantly enhances resistance to high-temperature oxidation.<ref name=Daane>Daane, A. H. (1968). "Yttrium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 810–821. LCCN 68029938. OCLC 449569.</ref> {{clear}} ==Yttrium nitrides== Yttrium nitride (YN) is formed when the metal is heated to 1000&nbsp;°C in nitrogen.<ref name=Daane>Daane, A. H. (1968). "Yttrium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 810–821. LCCN 68029938. OCLC 449569.</ref> ==Zincs== [[Image:Zinc spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Zinc emission spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:ZincMetalUSGOV.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pure zinc metal wedge is shown. Credit: United States Geological Survey.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zinc burning.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The image shows the color of zinc in a natural gas burner. Credit: [[c:user:Chemicalinterest|Chemicalinterest]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zinc fragment sublimed and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Zinc, purity 99.995 %, left: a crystaline fragment of an ingot, right: sublimed-dendritic, and a 1 cm³ zinc cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:User:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "Satellite images taken over the past several decades show the dramatic disappearance of ice, including on the island’s inland areas, where the ice fields can in places be up to three and a half kilometers deep."<ref name=Weiden>{{ cite book |author=Silvia von der Weiden |title=As Greenland's Glaciers Recede, A Rush On The Riches Buried Below |publisher=WorldCrunch |location= |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/as-greenland-s-glaciers-recede-a-rush-on-the-riches-buried-below/c2s4915/ |accessdate=20 September 2014 }}</ref> "Along with uranium, zinc, iron ore, copper and gold, Greenland’s ancient rocks also harbor large quantities of those minerals known as “rare earth,” among them lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praesodymium, terbium and yttrium."<ref name=Weiden/> Metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium.<ref name=Ingalls>{{Cite book|title=Production and Properties of Zinc: A Treatise on the Occurrence and Distribution of Zinc Ore, the Commercial and Technical Conditions Affecting the Production of the Spelter, Its Chemical and Physical Properties and Uses in the Arts, Together with a Historical and Statistical Review of the Industry|last=Ingalls|first=Walter Renton|publisher=The Engineering and Mining Journal|date=1902|pages=142–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhNDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133}}</ref> Although neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic, their alloy {{chem|ZrZn|2}} exhibits ferromagnetism below 35&nbsp;K.<ref name=Lide2006>David R. Lide, ed. (2006). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.</ref> {{clear}} ==Brasses== [[Image:Diagramme binaire Cu Zn.svg|thumb|right|250px|Copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) binary phase diagram is for brass. Credit: [[c:user:Cdang|Cdang]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by smelting zinc-rich copper ores.<ref name=Craddock>Craddock, P.T. and Eckstein, K (2003) "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction" in Craddock, P.T. and Lang, J. (eds) ''Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages'' London: British Museum pp. 226–7</ref> The compositions of these early "brass" objects are highly variable and most have zinc contents of between 5% and 15% wt which is lower than in brass produced by cementation.<ref name=Craddock/> Alpha-brass is {{chem|Cu|3|Zn}}.<ref name=MindatBrasses>https://www.mindat.org/min-6830.html</ref> {{clear}} ==Zincites== [[Image:Zincite from Arizona.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This giant chunk of a crystal cluster is enormous. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/cobalt/ cobalt123].{{tlx|free media}}]] Zincite has the formula ZnO.<ref name=MindatZincites>http://www.mindat.org/min-4410.html</ref> # Colour: Red, orange, yellow, white; rarely green.<ref name=MindatZincites/> # Lustre: Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Silky, Dull, Earthy.<ref name=MindatZincites/> # Crystal System: Hexagonal.<ref name=MindatZincites/> {{clear}} ==Zinc selenides== "ZnSe appears as an attractive material to blue and near UV optoelectronics."<ref name=Vigue>{{ cite journal |author=F. Vigué |author2=E. Tournié |author3=J.-P. Faurie |title=Zn(Mg)BeSe-based p-i-n photodiodes operating in the blue-violet and near-ultraviolet spectral range |journal=Applied Physics Letters |month=January |year=2000 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=242-4 |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4915124 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1063/1.125715 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-06-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Zirconiums== [[Image:Zirconium crystal bar and 1cm3 cube.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Purest zirconium 99.97%, two samples of crystal bar showing different surface textures, made by crystal bar process, as well as a highly pure (99,95 % = 3N5) 1 cm³ zirconium cube for comparison. Credit: [[c:use:Alchemist-hp|Alchemist-hp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fe-Zr phase diagram.gif|thumb|left|300px|This is a binary phase diagram of the iron-zirconum system. Credit: D. Arias and J.P. Abriata.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Zirconium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Zirconium spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Zirconium is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and brittle at lesser purities.<ref name=Emsley2001/><ref name="madehow">{{ cite web |title= Zirconium, In: ''How Products Are Made'' |publisher= Advameg Inc. |date= 2007 |url= http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Zirconium.html |accessdate= 2008-03-26 }}</ref> Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water and other agents.<ref name=Lide2008/> However, it will dissolve in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, especially when fluorine is present.<ref name="Nostrand">{{ cite book |date=2005 |title=Zirconium, In: ''Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry'' |editor=Glenn D. Considine |pages=1778–1779 |place=New York |publisher=Wylie-Interscience |isbn=978-0-471-61525-5 }}</ref> Alloys with zinc are magnetic at less than 35&nbsp;K.<ref name=Lide2008/> The melting point of zirconium is 1855&nbsp;°C (3371&nbsp;°F), and the boiling point is 4371&nbsp;°C (7900&nbsp;°F).<ref name=Lide2007>{{ cite book |contribution= |date=2007 |title=Zirconium, In: ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' |editor=David R. Lide |volume=4 |page=42 |location=New York |publisher=CRC Press |{{isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0}} }}</ref> Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale for the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fifth lowest electronegativity after hafnium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium.<ref>{{ cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=Electronegativity (Pauling) |publisher=University of Sheffield |date= 2007 |url= http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/electroneg-pauling.html |accessdate= 2008-03-05 }}</ref> At room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close-packed crystal structure, α-Zr, which changes to β-Zr, a body-centered cubic crystal structure, at 863&nbsp;°C, β-phase until the melting point.<ref>{{ cite journal |author=Schnell I |author2=Albers RC |title=Zirconium under pressure: phase transitions and thermodynamics |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |volume=18 |pages=16 |date=January 2006 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/18/5/001 |issue=5 |bibcode= 2006JPCM...18.1483S }}</ref> As the Fe-Zr phase diagram on the left demonstrates, zirconium has a hcp structure (α-Zr) at lower temperatures, including room temperature, and a bcc structure (β-Zr) at higher temperatures up to melting. "Zirconium isotopic abundances [may be] determined from ZrO bandheads near 6925 Å via synthetic spectra for a sample of S stars."<ref name=Lambert>{{ cite journal |author=David L. Lambert |author2=Verne V. Smith |author3=Maurizio Busso |author4=Roberto Gallino |author5=Oscar Straniero |title=The Chemical Composition of Red Giants. IV. The Neutron Density at the s-Process Site |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=September 1, |year=1995 |volume=450 |issue=09 |pages=302-17 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...450..302L |arxiv= |bibcode=1995ApJ...450..302L |doi=10.1086/176141 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-01 }}</ref> Zirconium (Zr II) has an absorption band, 395.824-415.624 nm, with an excitation potential of 0.52-0.75 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> The mineral zircon is the most important source of zirconium. Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes: # ⁹⁰Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium, # ⁹¹Zr, # ⁹²Zr and # ⁹⁴Zr are stable, although ⁹⁴Zr is predicted to undergo double beta decay (not observed experimentally) with a half-life of more than 1.10×10¹⁷&nbsp;years, # ⁹⁶Zr has a half-life of 2.4×10¹⁹&nbsp;years, is the longest-lived radioisotope of zirconium and is the least common, comprising only 2.80% of zirconium.<ref name="nubase">{{cite journal |title=Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties |journal=Nuclear Physics A |volume=729 |issue=1 |pages=3–128 |date=2003 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |author=Audi, G |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |last2=Bersillon |first2=O. |last3=Blachot |first3=J. |last4=Wapstra |first4=A. H. |url=http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00014184 |citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8504 }}</ref> Twenty-eight artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 78 to 110. # ⁸⁸Zr, decays by electron capture, # ⁹³Zr is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life of 1.53×10⁶&nbsp;years, # ¹¹⁰Zr, the heaviest isotope of zirconium, is the most radioactive, with an estimated half-life of 30&nbsp;milliseconds.<ref name="nubase"/> Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by electron emission, whereas those at or below 89 usually decay by positron emission. Five isotopes of zirconium also exist as metastable isomers: # ^83mZr, # ^85mZr, # ^89mZr, is the longest lived with a half-life of 4.161&nbsp;minutes, # ^90m1Zr, # ^90m2Zr has the shortest half-life at 131&nbsp;nanoseconds, and # ^91mZr.<ref name="nubase"/> ⁸⁸Zr: "When irradiated with low-energy neutrons from a nuclear reactor, each atom of zirconium-88 had a high probability of absorbing a neutron into its nucleus, causing the element to transform into another isotope, zirconium-89. The reaction was about 85,000 times as likely to occur as predicted."<ref name=Conover>{{ cite book |author=Emily Conover |title=A weird type of zirconium soaks up neutrons like a sponge |publisher=Science News |location= |date=January 7, 2019 |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/weird-type-zirconium-soaks-neutrons-sponge?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2 |accessdate=9 January 2019 }}</ref> "⁸⁸Zr has a thermal neutron capture cross-section of 861,000 ± 69,000 barns (1σ uncertainty), which is five orders of magnitude larger than the theoretically predicted value of 10 barns²."<ref name=Shusterman>{{ cite journal |author=Jennifer A. Shusterman |author2=Nicholas D. Scielzo |author3=Keenan J. Thomas |author4=Eric B. Norman |author5=Suzanne E. Lapi |author6=C. Shaun Loveless Nickie J. Peters, J. David Robertson, Dawn A. Shaughnessy & Anton P. Tonchev |title=The surprisingly large neutron capture cross-section of ⁸⁸Zr |journal=Nature |date=7 January 2019 |volume=18 |issue=838 |pages=10 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0838-z.epdf?referrer_access_token=dHufYV4FNXVsGEZyZ6g46dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mc5ChkkjTroRA03db24PlRo5oLvqS_cQqr3Ff-LqPf8ZW9FUa-GytgPnedZFlJA3sJHCPQ-Wb0LQHgUooFhbXFT2u0gCjThP3WjpB7tVio9JlGs_SyStggLGcHQu7l_hT2N2TYQtXDBqInN55QTO7c3rRCffeqfGp9nOYIDqm3LtP2DriqXGv9cFWQjji220S1F_HyMnoVXS8PYQKna8D8JsxmnGI5DENoTSqjSgCoRCc8rj1Fc9iU2JqJ1KGsMmzESD_APHFsnyOGfnXNr1URBD6edhDX5R8Ax1g0rQo0mTNUjtaJyadTVh12QnoMqcg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.sciencenews.org |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0838-z |pmid= |accessdate=9 January 2019 }}</ref> "Only one other isotope, xenon-135, is known to be better at capturing neutrons. Previously studied versions of zirconium are much more reluctant to take on another neutron, with absorption probabilities about a millionth that of zirconium-88, or less."<ref name=Conover/> "Isotopes with a high neutron capture probability can be used to control nuclear reactors by sopping up loose neutrons, slowing the rate of reactions."<ref name=Conover/> {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # The use of satellites should provide ten times the information as sounding rockets or balloons. A control group for a radiation satellite would contain # a radiation astronomy telescope, # a two-way communication system, # a positional locator, # an orientation propulsion system, and # power supplies and energy sources for all components. A control group for radiation astronomy satellites may include an ideal or rigorously stable orbit so that the satellite observes the radiation at or to a much higher resolution than an Earth-based ground-level observatory is capable of. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Gamma-ray astronomy]] * [[Rocks/Meteorites|Meteorites]] * [[Radiation/Neutrons|Neutron astronomy]] * [[Optical astronomy]] * [[Minerals/Pnictogens|Pnictogens]] * [[Submillimeter astronomy]] * [[X-ray astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_meteoritics Glossary of meteoritics] * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Repellor vehicle}}{{Sisterlinks|Alloys}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Instruments/Lectures]] [[Category:Materials sciences/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] [[Category:Technology/Lectures]] 5445l6s6wnx5k66curo59412uz7qsup 0 276065 2412676 2400598 2022-08-08T19:24:45Z Ncharamut 2824970 /* Future Directions Address 1: Future Directions in Treatment for Anxiety */ updated Silverman address description wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Addresses''' == === '''''Future Directions Address 1: Future Directions in Treatment for Anxiety''''' === '''Presented by Dr. Wendy K. Silverman, Ph.D.''' ==== Description ==== Dr. Wendy Silverman begins by explaining the history surrounding the diagnosis of anxiety disorder including prevalence. She then describes the types of targets treatment for anxiety has such as behavioral targets and biological/neural. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has long been one of the most common treatments for anxiety disorders; however, CBT does not work for everyone. Predictors of poor outcome with CBT from trials include severe anxiety especially social anxiety disorder, low SES, and OCD. One CBT based therapy for anxiety, Mind My Mind (MMM) has undergone trails to see its effectiveness in treating anxiety. These trails showed good results with children reporting decreased anxiety and total difficulties and teachers reporting positive effects. Research has shown that parents are often detrimental to treatment when their children have anxiety because the parents often behave in ways that maintain the child's anxiety. While we know this, few studies assess parent involvement in treatment of youth anxiety. Dr. Silverman and colleagues conducted several trials looking at parent involvement in CBT used to treat anxiety in youth. They found that reducing parent psychological control and adding the use of negative reinforcement improved CBT outcomes. Dr. Silverman and colleagues also studied a version of CBT augmented with attention retraining in children who are resistant to CBT alone and found mean anxiety scores to be significantly lower at post than pre with medium to large effect sizes. This research shows that attention retraining is a cost effective add viable augmentation to CBT for those who are resistant to CBT alone. While this research is promising, there are many avenues that need to be explored with these treatments including moderators and rates of change. Watch the YouTube video recording of the address [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8DdyxsGAME&list=PLL9x03xRknCzlbIybLdjfqr7-sa53PilK&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. === '''''Future Directions Address 2: Future Directions in Brief Interventions for Specific Phobia''''' === '''Presented by Dr. [[Thomas Ollendick|Thomas Ollendick, Ph.D.]]''' ==== Description ==== ''Dr. Thomas Ollendick discusses the Future Directions in brief interventions for specific phobia.'' === '''''Future Directions Address 3: Future Directions in Peer Relations''''' === '''Presented by Dr. Mitch J. Prinstein, Ph.D.''' ==== Description ==== ''Dr. Mitch Prinstein discusses the future directions in peer relations.'' Watch the YouTube video recording of the address here. == '''Workshops''' == === ''The Revise and Resubmit Process when Publishing in Peer-Reviewed Journals'' === '''Presented by Dr. Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''Think about some of the greatest, most thought-provoking journal articles you ever read. Chances are that each of them went through extensive revisions not only during the drafting process, but also throughout the review process, on the path to the journal editor eventually accepting it for publication. You probably know that successful researchers have to accept, cope with, and overcome rejection on the path to publishing their work. The same can be said for those perennial circumstances, when editors and/or peer reviewers tell an author, “I think you are on the right track, but your paper still needs some work.” That’s the revise and resubmit process in a nutshell, and this workshop focuses on delivering concrete strategies for navigating this process.'' === ''Seeking Out Career Paths in Philanthropy and Consulting'' === '''Presented by Dr. Saajan Bhakta, Ph.D. and Dr. Amelia Aldao, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''Many of us are curious about whether career path options exist other than the usual paths discussed within our own programs (e.g., policy, practice, research, teaching), and how viable pursuing these paths might be. Wouldn’t it be great if you had access to a workshop with strategies on how to “break into” areas of work that involve intersecting with philanthropic organizations and consulting firms? For those of you who answered “yes” to this question, we have a workshop for that at Forum 2021, led by two experts in the philanthropic and consultation spaces! Following the workshop, we will have options for small-group consultations with workshop leaders so that you have opportunities to get answers to questions that are specific to your goals, interests, and needs.'' === ''Addressing Pipeline Issues in the Mental Health Workforce'' === '''Presented by Dr. Riana Anderson, Ph.D. and Dr. Melanie Wilcox, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''One of the most intransigent issues facing work in mental health involves key barriers to building a research, policy, and practice workforce that is as diverse as the population surrounding that workforce. These barriers often take the form of “leaks” in the pipeline from formative training stages (e.g., high school, undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral training) all the way to later professional career stages (e.g., post-doctoral, early- and mid-career positions). What strategies are available to address these “pipeline leaks,” and how can we get involved in this important work? This workshop will address your burning questions regarding how you can get involved in addressing pipeline leaks in the mental health workforce.'' === ''Networking in the Context of Social Distancing'' === '''Presented by [[Lucina Uddin|Dr. Lucina Uddin, Ph.D]]. and Dr. Jessica Schleider, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''Are you tired of zoom? Don’t you wish you had a chance to connect with people again, maybe even in tightly packed, intimate quarters like―gasp!―social hours at conferences? Well, we may still have to wait a while for that, but your career pursuits probably can’t wait for that in-person networking engine to rev up again. We heard the voices of our Forum 2020 attendees, and they were clamoring for advice on how to network when it’s just you and your mobile devices. A couple of social media superstars in mental health and neuroscience research are here to help with strategies on how to network when social distancing is the norm.''   === ''Fusing Writing Mechanics and Storytelling Principles in Academic Writing''[edit | edit source] === '''Presented by Dr. Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''In a Forum 2019 workshop, we discussed several “active ingredients” of writing: core features of narrative structure that help us produce clear, concise academic papers. These ingredients factor prominently in each of our “recipes,” the papers we write. That said, we also know that all recipes include both active ingredients and “other” ingredients that are nonetheless crucial in preparation of the final product. In academic writing, these take the form of writing mechanics like use of transitions, understanding sentence structure, and making decisions surrounding whether to use technical versus non-technical language to make important points. During this workshop, we will immerse ourselves in these mechanics, supported by examples of their use in academic work.'' === ''Racism is the Default'' === '''Presented by Dr. Eleanor K. Seaton, Ph.D.''' ===== Description[edit | edit source] ===== ''Racism is multidimensional with individual and institutional levels. Despite the ubiquity of the term, there is no single solution that will combat and eliminate racism from our society. However, “un-doing” racism and becoming antiracist starts with unpacking and understanding the essence of racism, who is racist, how racism impacts the broader society historically and currently, and what it means to be antiracist. Dr. Eleanor Seaton will facilitate this workshop on understanding the elemental aspects of racism and antiracism, with suggestions for how to get involved with the movement to end racism and become antiracist.'' === ''Previously Rejected Manuscripts for Publication'' === '''Presented by Dr. Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D.''' ===== Description ===== ''The acclaimed boxing trainer Whitey Bimstein famously said, “Show me an undefeated fighter and I’ll show [you] a guy who’s never fought anybody.” If you were to ask a room of 100 successful researchers if they regularly get their manuscripts rejected, and 95 researchers raised their hands, know that the other 5 lied to you. Rejection happens to everyone and it happens throughout one’s career. The experience is also normatively disorienting. When you get a manuscript rejected for publication, doesn’t it feel like you fell down unexpectedly, and you don’t quite know how to get back up? If you’re new to publishing and you regularly find yourself on the ground, you’re probably doing it right, but you could also use some advice on what to do next. This workshop will cover strategies for learning from rejection, revising your manuscript, and carving a new path toward publication.'' === ''Navigating Problematic Mentoring Relationships'' === ===== Description ===== ''As a trainee, working with a mentor is like learning from a “research caregiver.” Unlike the caregiving environments you were used to before your research training, you actually get to choose the caregiver(s) who raise you! Here’s the thing though: Mentors and trainees create “family environments” like any other family unit. That is, they can create environments that range from supportive and nurturing, to the opposite of those two things! Are you running into “family issues” surrounding work with one or more of your mentors? We assembled a team of experienced colleagues who can help you with strategies for navigating these very kinds of relationships.'' == '''Ceremony for the ''Future Directions Launch Award''''' == === '''Joseph DeLuca, Ph.D.''' === * Received Ph.D. from the City University of New York ====== About the award recipient ====== Joe is a recipient of the 2021 Future Directions Launch Award.  Joe is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, specializing in serious mental illness research and clinical work, particularly the early stages of psychosis. Joe received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the CUNY Graduate Center (via John Jay College) in 2020 and completed his clinical psychology internship at the VA Maryland Health Care System/University of Maryland School of Medicine Psychology Internship Consortium.  Joe will be starting his new position as an assistant professor at Fairfield University in Connecticut. Watch the YouTube video recording of the remarks [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nNQJeh8iUw&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. === '''Hannah Lawrence, Ph.D.''' === * Received Ph.D. from the University of Maine ====== About the award recipient ====== Hannah is a recipient of the 2021 Future Directions Launch Award.  Hannah is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard Medical School & McLean Hospital.  She received her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Maine, and completed her internship at Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Her research examines the role of mental imagery in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. She has a particular interest in examining physiological and affective response to maladaptive imagery-based cognition, such as imagery-based rumination, and evaluating and developing imagery-based treatments for depressed and/or suicidal youth.  Hannah will be starting as an assistant professor at Oregon State University. Watch the YouTube video recording of the remarks [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqZDCV0H054&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. === '''Kelsey Ramsey, Ph.D.''' === * Received Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America ====== About the award recipient ====== Kesley is a recipient of the 2021 Future Directions Launch Award.  She is a Postdoctoral Researcher at Johns Hopkins Medicine.  Kesley received her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the Catholic University of America with a concentration in children, families, and cultures.  She is broadly interested in understanding the mechanisms that underlie the etiology of and treatment for different neuropsychiatric conditions, specifically anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette Syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRD). Watch the YouTube video recording of the remarks [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_0IhjiHwJ4&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. === '''Ki Eun (Kay) Shin, Ph.D.''' === * Received Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University ====== About the award recipient ====== Kay is a recipient of the 2021 Future Directions Launch Award.  She was a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Teachers College, Columbia University.  Kay received her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Pennsylvania State University and completed her internship at State University of New York Upstate Medical University.  Her research examines cognitive and emotional mechanisms of anxiety and depressive disorders and suicidality by leveraging mobile-based assessments to capture psychological processes as they unfold in real time, in the "real world" outside the laboratory.  Kay currently holds a position as an assistant professor in the Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program at Long Island University, in New York. Watch the YouTube video recording of the remarks [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGYy3tZNTWE&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. === '''Anna Vannucci''' === * Currently a doctoral student at Columbia University ====== About the award recipient ====== Anna is a recipient of the 2021 Future Directions Launch Award.  She is currently a graduate student in Psychology at Columbia University.  Anna is interested in understanding how neural and emotional development processes link early life experiences to risk and resilience for psychopathology across childhood and adolescence. Watch the YouTube video recording of the remarks [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4S_F99qcbA&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=JCCAPFutureDirectionsForum here]. 08agxfha9a53wgqxl5ak1uvhnhlw10t 2 276312 2412694 2348920 2022-08-08T23:41:38Z U3189442 - K.Ryan 2924719 /* Book Chapter */ Change in Enrolment Year. wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sunflower in Canada and the Bee1.JPG|thumb|250x250px|''Figure 1.'' An illustration of my favourite flower (Laslovarga, 2013).<ref>{{Citation|title=English: Sunflower in Canada, Ontario|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_in_Canada_and_the_Bee1.JPG|date=2013-07-27|accessdate=2021-08-29|last=Laslovarga}}</ref>]] == About Me == Hi, my name is Kate and I am 22 years old. I am in my third year of study at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]. I have completed a Diploma of Health and I am currently studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I am doing two majors: Counselling and Forensic and Legal Studies (Psychology). I am currently using my degree in the field of out-of-home care, providing healthcare and social assistance for foster children. I am employed full-time as a caseworker for Everyday CareSouth within the Southern Tablelands region. == Book Chapter == I am enrolled in the [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] ''(7124)'' unit for Semester 2, 2022. I am completing a Book Chapter on the relationship between physical and psychological needs: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Physical and psychological needs]]. == Social Contributions == # [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Transgender medical transitioning motivation|Added additional resources to 'Transgender medical transitioning motivation']] == Links == LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/katelyn-ryan-17411b21b/ YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT713liQh_yZ8le1mZrcWxw <references /> 1hgfv2lyfv26nlzo56dgmyjb9x1ridw 2412695 2412694 2022-08-08T23:55:54Z U3189442 - K.Ryan 2924719 /* Social Contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sunflower in Canada and the Bee1.JPG|thumb|250x250px|''Figure 1.'' An illustration of my favourite flower (Laslovarga, 2013).<ref>{{Citation|title=English: Sunflower in Canada, Ontario|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_in_Canada_and_the_Bee1.JPG|date=2013-07-27|accessdate=2021-08-29|last=Laslovarga}}</ref>]] == About Me == Hi, my name is Kate and I am 22 years old. I am in my third year of study at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]. I have completed a Diploma of Health and I am currently studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I am doing two majors: Counselling and Forensic and Legal Studies (Psychology). I am currently using my degree in the field of out-of-home care, providing healthcare and social assistance for foster children. I am employed full-time as a caseworker for Everyday CareSouth within the Southern Tablelands region. == Book Chapter == I am enrolled in the [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] ''(7124)'' unit for Semester 2, 2022. I am completing a Book Chapter on the relationship between physical and psychological needs: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Physical and psychological needs]]. == Social Contributions == == Links == LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/katelyn-ryan-17411b21b/ YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT713liQh_yZ8le1mZrcWxw <references /> p2ra9z3ojaa12l38bwrd70xv12gh1gz 0 277078 2412762 2407008 2022-08-09T04:15:25Z Jtneill 10242 + category wikitext text/x-wiki {{METE}} {{title|Post traumatic stress disorder and emotion<br>What is the relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/pxBQLFLei70}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which serve to engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==1st main heading== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the Overview and Conclusion. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Interactive learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life, compared to an essay, are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Feature boxes=== Feature boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating feature boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some example 3 x 3 tables which could be adapted: Table 1. ''Example of a Table with an APA Style Caption'' {| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 ! '''Children''' ! '''Gather''' ! '''Round''' |- | Mary | had | a |- | little | lamb | it's |- | fleece | was | white |} Table 2. ''Another Example of a Table with an APA Style Caption'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable" ! '''Nursery''' ! '''Rhyme''' ! '''Time''' |- | Incy | Wincy | spider |- | climbed | up | the |- | water | spout | down |} </div> Table 3. ''Example of a Sortable Table with an APA Style Caption'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Fruit ! Price/kg ! Popularity |- | Tomatoes | style="text-align:right;" | $6.00 | 1st |- | Bananas | style="text-align:right;" | $5.00 | 2nd |- | Watermelon | style="text-align:right;" | $2.99 | 3rd |- | Oranges | style="text-align:right;" | $3.85 | 4th |- | Apples | style="text-align:right;" | $4.95 | 5th |- | Grapes | style="text-align:right;" | $9.50 | 6th |- | Mangoes | style="text-align:right;" | $12.00 | 7th |- | Avocados | style="text-align:right;" | $12.00 | 8th |} </div> ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Working notes== It could be useful to have a temporary section for working notes during the topic development and chapter drafting. This section will be ignored when the topic development is marked, but remove it before finalising the book chapter. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read only the Overview and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Emotional impacts of sexual assault|Emotional impacts of sexual assault]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[wikipedia:Post-traumatic_stress_disorder|Post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Survivor guilt|Survivor guilt]] (Book chapter, 2020)In this section, provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== In this section, list the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.). For example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by a en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== In this section, provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant external resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Trauma]] 3fl95isbhk9ysdjibz37mlsil8sybfc 0 277657 2412697 2412603 2022-08-09T00:12:11Z U3215103 2947896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] 35chlqrzibv4bhts24275x57cnzvjdi 2412700 2412697 2022-08-09T01:33:52Z U3189442 - K.Ryan 2924719 /* Motivation */ Topic Selection - U3189442 - K.Ryan wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|MyUserName]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] jipefzdf9ka9868vzekoe6yrdg3s54d 2412701 2412700 2022-08-09T01:35:56Z U3189442 - K.Ryan 2924719 /* Motivation */ Topic Selection - U3189442 - K.Ryan wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] aakgwy8zmeswsany5ydjj8vx339ep1w 2412749 2412701 2022-08-09T03:20:03Z Jingru shao 0906 2925263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:MyUserName|Elena shao0906]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] hsklytnf7gidzbvls3ho6ngc2s6zvyn 2412750 2412749 2022-08-09T03:21:38Z Jingru shao 0906 2925263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:Jingru shao 0906|Jingru shao0901]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] omu3eab4e2z4o3e24xdlsgdh36jo5yr 2412751 2412750 2022-08-09T03:22:16Z Jingru shao 0906 2925263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:Jingru shao 0906|Jingru shao09016]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] 7gv1wi6rn9gvt0dpou3nih2jxywb0mn 2412752 2412751 2022-08-09T03:22:35Z Jingru shao 0906 2925263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:Jingru shao 0906|Jingru shao0906]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] mc1r2al1w8q1q2q6ngyjnuj6nb7lw5l 2412786 2412752 2022-08-09T10:49:52Z StormSar 2947766 /* Motivation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation[[Academic help-seeking]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - == # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - SoSilverLibby # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation Atu3202070|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:MyUserName|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:MyUserName|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|u3033296]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[U3216963|U]]3216963 # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - u3205429 # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:MyUserName|U3183466]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]]a # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:MyUserName|U3210006]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - U3055143 # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:MyUserName|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[U3216502]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - u3203545 # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[MyUserName|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:u3158968|u3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - u3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - Eimilerous22 # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - u3230861 # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:MyUserName|u3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|U3217109]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[CaityDcr1603]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:clairelogan|clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:MyUserName|u3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - Ana028 # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:Jingru shao 0906|Jingru shao0906]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - U3200902 # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - Isaacem13 # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:MyUserName|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how this concept be used? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] 9xtsg2l5oq5txxzqpvkwexfwpsfnaif 2 277743 2412757 2411713 2022-08-09T03:57:32Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People}} '''[[User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography_L|<big>L</big>]]''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Lacalli, Thurston C.}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/LeDouarin, Nicole M.}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/LeDoux, Joseph}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Lefkowitz, Robert J.}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Lewis, Gilbert Newton}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Lewontin, Richard C.}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Lovelock, James E.}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Notes_&_Citations}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Navigation/Footer Navbar}} 4mh7qaih90j9drvlsnvo8o6wa3p5u6j 0 281095 2412753 2412497 2022-08-09T03:31:11Z Hamish84 1362807 /* Responsibility. */ Moving text wikitext text/x-wiki = <ref>'''William Shakespeare''' (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616</ref>A message. = What humanity needs is not any individual approach but a governance powerful body of excellence that has modern technology, knowledge, and freedom they can use to disseminate clear information. Clear information about a new language structure of absolutes beneficial to an International forum, and eventually to reach a Universal status.Its benefits reach toward conceptual language on a planet that speaks more than 7,000 languages. No matter the language spoken the concepts of: Air - Food - Water are recognised. The overall development of conceptual language can only be beneficial and will be as appropriate to Absolutes definitions. Reaching for the Stars might show us the way. Universal Language of Absolutes. "A very grand title but it took many years to explain its value" = Our history. = Born in Scotland in 1927 left school at 14 years of age. Married at 21 years of age and we had two children. We emigrated to New Zealand in 1953 and lived there for approximately thirty years. During our stay there I did a Liberal Studies Course at Canterbury University Christchurch and graduated. We have since had ten books published through Google books on the subject matter at hand and my wife Jean Caldwell McMillan is the co-author to most of the work presented here. My wife Jean was an avid reader of many works on philosophy and psychology. She was influenced by the works of Erich Fromm. Jean died 9th of January 2011. To refresh the original purpose of  our  earlier writings my wife and I  went on an odyssey  looking for any data, ancient or otherwise, on human consciousness, specifically related to Alzheimer’s disease. Now at 95 years of age (well past my used by date) it may well be that I am a candidate with a focus on my own pending dementia. If so, then the theory and the method I now write about is holding it at bay. To address the health of my mind in this way could be the catalyst that retains its own functional activity. The creation of a  semantic template is well documented below. No semantic definition of absolutes or principles can be ill-defined. They are always interconnected, interdependent and infinite. Each configuration constructed by anyone has meaning particular to them, although its value is universal. That  is why it is never personal property! [[File:JimNJean.png|center|thumb|228x228px|Jim and Jean]] = The Beginning. = "The road's half traveled when you know the way" [[File:Tree lined path - geograph.org.uk - 2269906.jpg|center|thumb]] Oxford dictionary definitions: Principle: "A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning". Absolute: " Complete - Entire - Perfect - Pure. These particular dictionary given definitions offers us guidelines to ‘existing conditions’ necessary for complementary understanding, and experience. We can only examine that which is real, basic evidence, that is fundamentally true, and we must ‘use’ it, to establish that which is reasonable. The general consensus is that there are no Absolutes. The following material is set out to show the very reverse is true and that everything that is is Absolute. Establish that there are no dichotomies that will leave the primary terms alone to create a semantic template. There are no dichotomies. Mythical dichotomies distort Reality. Everything is: The computer you use today has always existed, it is the arrangement of particles that have materialized it. The subject matter "Universal Language of Absolutes' is promoted to provide a new understanding of spoken language. This understanding was initially constructed by the cognitive experiences of both my wife and myself many years ago. Just like the principle of a jigsaw puzzle, meaning lies significantly in the fact that all pieces of the puzzle are interdependent and interconnected. When completed they provide a picture of the whole. We have endeavoured to produce a picture of the evolutionary process of language in human history because the evolution of language prefixes all modes of thought in human culture. The material directs the reader towards a new view that all that evolves is in a vertical direction, not the linear direction commonly understood. Human consciousness is of itself the phenomenon of evolution and to recognize its existence is part of the process. Shakespeare expressed this succinctly through the voice of Juliet who proclaimed, “a rose by any other name- would smell as sweet.” [[File:Comestible rose in the Laquenexy orchard garden, Moselle, France (01).jpg|thumb|center|237x237px]] === Conceptual language. === My wife and I recognized how profound the extension of this observation would mean conceptually. Of all the languages spoken on this planet, it would be fair to say that all of them would contain the properties of, air, food, and water conceptually, etc. This is a form of consciousness equality that is available to us all. It points to the reality of our constant relation to each other and our existence. We can never exist in a world of individuality, but only in relation to the consciousness of one another. Consequently, that exceptional experience can only be shared superficially. We cannot ‘know’ any other life experiences other than our own introspection. <gallery> File:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg </gallery>" ''Albert Einstein 1921. We experience our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us."'' ''Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future,p.99'' Einstein came very close. In reality, every human being has a backpack from the day they were conceived. In the backpack every experience in their mother’s womb is experienced. At birth and throughout their lives, everything that happens to them in life is registered and creates their personality. That life with all its experiences can never be known to anyone else, consequently, we can never “know” another person. It creates equality of consciousness that we must understand. We can know details about a person, but that is all. That life is sacrosanct. Who we are really goes beyond normal human experience and into the realm of the Absolute. Werner Karl Heisenberg (physicist). The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. As a young layman with no knowledge of Heisenberg but interested in principles it seemed to me that the Uncertainty Principle was just a contradiction in terms. In later years I found that Heraclitus describes life as being in a state of flux a replica of the Uncertainty Principle which in fact can be defined as an absolute state. Within the context of knowing who we are and the backpack we carry our life in, we can never know each individual life as that life experience is singularly their own and sacrosanct. It now seems that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle can fall into the category of being an Absolute. Evolution proceeds in advance of our need to evolve. In our pure active state, we are.There is no static end (an abomination) - only beginning. As we cannot know what tomorrow will bring, living with expectations is rather futile. Nature has its own agenda. Zen Koan recorded 1228: 'An instant realization sees endless time. Endless time is as one moment. When one comprehends the endless moment He, or she, realizes the person who is seeing it.' We do not own Space. We do not own Time We do not own Energy We do not own Matter [[File:Universum.jpg|center|thumb]] "What we call the beginning is often the end And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time" T.S Eliot = Everything is in scale. = The present moment is the point in which Eternity has placed us – we all live in that moment, and whether we like it or not, we exist in it, experience it, have knowledge of it, and we all share it, measure by measure. There are no dichotomies. Illusion is a measure of Reality, as Stupidity is a measure of Intelligence If one keeps measuring illusion it is an attempted downward spiral to nothingness.There is no opposite to Reality – that illusion is a measure of Reality. There is no such thing as ‘nothing’ in the elemental construction of Homo sapiens. All the innate ‘something’s’ are the fundamentals of our being human and all our experiences. The correct use, and understanding of who we are, is an extension therefrom. Does it require any interpretation on anyones part to say ‘we are? Any attempted denial of that statement would be perverse use of the language, and delusional. === Try saying ‘we are not” === ‘We are’ is the foundation of all affirmation, and within that spectrum, we can know, and be. ‘We are’ is self-evident Truth. We can neither know, nor experience what isn’t. Eternity is the here and now, that is why it is possible to explain the experience of Eternity. Nothing is ever lost in Time. We are located in a vast Universe. ‘twas a moment’s pause,- All that took place within me came and went As in a moment; yet with Time it dwells, And grateful memory, as a thing divine. Wordsworth Prelude, Book V111 We already know – the ''basic'' condition that must exist for us to re-cognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. Unless there was mutual identity we could not know anything. It is why we are urged to evacuate the Platonic cave. Sadly most prefer the shadows rather than confront who they are. We already know – the basic condition that must exist for us to recognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. == Lost Shadows == [[File:People Shadow.JPG|left|thumb]] The shadows move Lost in confusion Lost in despair Imagination shrouds the real Looking back Looking forward Is this the Centre? James Brines. = Basic Principles. = We are all in the business of living and attempting to understand the principles involved in that human process up to the end of life. The implicit principles necessary for life eventually disappear and all measurable criteria pronounce a body to be devoid of life. Throughout historical agreement we know what that means, and we act accordingly on *common knowledge*. We know that dying is a necessary factor of life. It is a Natural law that if we live - we also die. Natural law is Universal, for us to *know* that a body lives; we also *know* that a body’s life will end. Albeit that reports tell us that today millions of people die of disease, starvation, wars, we of necessity accept that as the ongoing reality because again we are universally connected and know the results of such carnage. Because it is in our realm of common knowledge we have graveyards, crematoriums, undertakers, doctors who pronounce bodies to have died. We understand the consequences of leaving such bodies unburied, the diseases that would prevail. Again, please explore the definition of principle (Universal principle) and try to go to the limitations of the definition without using mythical dichotomies. [[File:( A great picture of outer space ).jpg|center|thumb]] Principle: A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning. All of these questions are based on singularity (the Cartesian dogma)… If Descartes had only introduced inclusion into his musings (they were taken as conservative singularity) he may have realized the difficulty of addressing thought as reality. He then may have quite easily concluded that universally - *We are!!* That pronouncement is inclusive, and conclusive in every way, *we are - and we know!!* Because my knowledge is not a private, personal piece of property concerning principles, but Universal (Archimedes et al), then that innate knowledge has completeness we can share. Whatever identical resonance we may be able to share (concerning completeness), that can only be accomplished by understanding the principles involved and their constant relationship to each of us. Clearly the plethora of present and past discoveries establishes the existence of that which is fundamentally true, and the foundation for law. The principles are established, and always have been, we are in the business of making them transparent and complete. However tenuous the link we are all connected through communication, the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the universe we live in, the common principles we live by. We all must have sustenance to survive, or we will not live. (See above) <nowiki>*</nowiki>There is nothing else to experience.* When we actively explore the reality of anything, all principles involved in that exploration are complementary, and honest, and we understand the wasteful divisive mythology that people attempt to attach to them. We cannot */partially know/* the truth, it must be complete. Dichotomies attempt to deny the existence of truth, and are misleading. How do we more reasonably completely know anything? The complexity of language systems with contemporary usage requires new and creative structures to provide clear information. Internal and external reasoning capacities can only develop in concert with Man’s recognition of the principles that essentially form our lives. The inevitability of human consciousness rising beyond its historical beginnings posits a future outside our normal perceptions, and  a factual reality that points to the existence of new perceptions that are infinite.   It is natural to know when we are no longer trapped in any mythical ideologies that gives credence to dichotomies that stifle the recognition of simple principles. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed.* Ask yourself - ‘how do you know to ask any questions at all?’ There is no hidden dimension or mystical world. The only philosophical reality is ‘that which is’. To access that we need a new structure to explore ‘knowledge’, a new transformational language. Real knowledge is not amassed information, nor is it the establishment of dogmas, isms, or mythical belief systems. Basic principles are the source and foundation of all /*knowledge*/e. Until that is recognized, extension from mythical sources only leads to a denial of one’s own senses. Trying to conceive of a contemporary world without principles is to posit a world without reason, or intelligence. The principle of pure knowledge could be said to exist in another dimension given the present state of human understanding. To progress that mistaken belief there would be strong support in the need for a comparative reality. Curiously it seems that philosophy (the seeking of knowledge) constantly discounts any knowledge that does not come within the sphere of established philosophy, and the comparative reality dictum. That consequence profoundly distils the purity of any experience and alienates the observer in their confrontation of that which is real. The measure of that ‘comparative reality’ knowledge bounded by dichotomies is so restrictive that it lies in a mythical dimension where denial of its very purpose is the order of the day. Evidently it will not allow doubt to undermine its own denials. A basic principle of Nature is /*knowledge*/ and it constantly communicates innately in every living structure. How to grow, develop, and disseminate. Knowledge is reciprocal truth that depends on our relationship and the recognition of principles operating. Knowledge (unlike information) is not stored in an individual box; it is ubiquitously manifest in everything we do. Knowledge is the experience of a positive reality, and its true construction is a dependable source of secure information (not to be misused). We daily have the opportunity of witnessing ‘knowledge’ in action as expressed by the ‘the principles of knowledge’, namely the principles themselves. The questions lie in a continuing mythical belief in a mystical unknown (the Cartesian stance) which because of its non-existence can never be known. It is a belief that is detrimental (because it attempts to deny all existing factual knowledge) to dealing with Nature and Reality and the fundamental necessity of our relationship with them. Making that relationship transparent is our basic obligation and the ongoing evolutionary activity. Although there is an obvious avoidance to address the definition of principle itself, it is a factor that must be paid attention to, to realize that ‘common knowledge’ is the only reality that exists. Amazingly although there is avoidance of principles - truth - reason etc, there is acceptance of the Cartesian dogma,. Paradoxically this determined acceptance of Descartes supports the reality of innate knowledge existing (I think - therefore I am) which establishes for him innate knowledge; however mistaken he is concerning the interpretation of his experience. = Leverage. = Long before I read of Archimedes and his various principle discoveries I was using the principle of leverage in a variety of ways, prying lids off boxes, moving articles with a lever well beyond my physical strength to do so without said lever, and I knew how to do it. Transferring that knowledge to a student or apprentice is relatively easy because innately they also /*know*/ how to do it. Every aspect of human industry uses the principle in a myriad of ways because it is our obligation to constantly progress the principle and confirm the constant utilization of knowledge. We wholeheartedly adopted Archimedes principles (et al) because we recognized their fundamental utility. It is preposterous to question the widespread /*factual knowledge*/ of all principles, more especially so when we cannot escape their ubiquitous daily existence in all our lives - Nature and Reality do not lie. One may abstain from admitting their existence. To do so is simply attempting the impossible, and is devoid of all reason. Real knowledge has been put into the realm of the mystical unknowable even to the point that knowledge practitioners go to the outer extremes and deny the gift of their natural senses. With their adherence to what they consider is knowledge they become captive automatons to any prescription for life that is expressed in that ’knowledge medium’, which then becomes the authority. When ’knowledge’ is addressed as having a collective source in Universal principles then we have the potential to experience its complete reality (microcosm - macrocosm) without any imaginary, or divisive comparative content. There is then a re-orientation process toward our true being and recognition of our own reality in relation to the natural processes we share. Real knowledge is elementary and Natural. We know, because that which is knowable is constantly expressed by the principles involved. We all share those principles and can correctly infer the most simple and obvious truths. All social life functions by our adherence to the implicit laws operating within them. Seeking experimental contradiction to a fact of life offers us nothing but proof which is the establishing of ‘complete knowledge’ however ‘more reasonably’ one wishes to extend the exercise. The construction of new philosophies must seek a mandate to fully explore the relationship between experience and innate knowledge as the foundation for pure knowledge to emerge. To repeat, knowledge or truth do not reside in any individual domain, nor are they the private possession of any human being. We know, because ’knowledge’ is an innate natural possession that we constantly share - otherwise civilization could not exist. == Knowledge: Evident facts about mutual standards that provide us with security. == We do not become human beings because we can ‘think’; we become more human because we learn to conform to the implicit principles in Nature and Reality. Denying them - denies our being. It is natural to know. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed. Knowledge is an evolutionary process. Human beings developed from primitive innate instinctual knowledge to contemporary cultures. Some know more than others through experience, and make that knowledge transparent. Insistence on how we can ’completely’ know is an ephemeral philosophical question that attempts to deny that we can have ’knowledge’ at all, as you understand it. Knowing that we ’know’ the inherent completeness of everything through the existence of principles, is the natural catalyst to make ’that which is’ transparent. Heraclitus: "No man steps in the same river twice " He believed in the "Unity of Opposites (Absolutes). He cried for the needless unconsciousness of mankind.. “Exploration of a mythical dichotomy below for the purpose of establishing principles. Principles that are not a 'mind' construct, but the very essence of our being. Independence, is the curious and dangerous malady where humanity has lionized negative mythology in denial of its own reality. The human fundamental reality has at its base the simple natural law that we are dependent beings. From conception, the human embryo is entirely dependent on the health and well-being of its mother to provide it adequate healthy sustenance to enable its entry into the world. That form of innate dependability the human species carries with it throughout its spectrum of life. Every aspect of human activity is premised on the availability of air, food, and water without which the organism cannot survive (this would be an incontrovertible 'more reasonable' truism or an Absolute). In a perverse way, that which is our natural state has become the target for what appears to be open defiance of the laws that govern our behavior. When a basic premise is either used mistakenly, or deliberately, its consequences can be socially far reaching, for any deviation however far it is extended is a distortion of the truth, and a denial of who we are. The erroneous conclusion through exercising responsibility that we can confer independence to our actions has gained a distorting and ubiquitous influence which paradoxically undermines the very responsibility practiced. Within the context of being dependent we can correctly be responsible for our own actions but with the surety of knowledge that that responsibility is contingent on the measure of life giving forces available that we are dependent on. The mythical dichotomy 'independence' connotes with the myth of separateness, division, alienation, and the force of these particular myths is expressed in wars, genocide, criminality. Alarmingly the mythological term has become a residual in our lexicon and is used more widely with acclaim than its true counterpart. To uphold delusional 'independence' as a value to strive for erodes our human heritage by diverting useless energy toward a dubious goal, and consequences that leave us questioning our means of arrival. Sadly it is a loss of being with the paradoxical view that the energy expended will deliver up a personal reality. The cult of independent individuality with its mythical ideology based on personal intimacy is now taken for granted, which then passes into the acceptance of the spurious dichotomy as a tangible reality. This in turn disposes the adherents to discredit the very essence of their being, and in the process dehumanizes many cultures. The presumption of independent individuality leading hopefully to a superior future is in fact counter-productive to the purpose, and leads eventually to corrupt power, and subsequently the invention of immoral policies that continue the negative spiral, which in the end has no ethical base to extend from. The alienation from our substantial being creates inevitable tension anxiety, and the need to somehow relieve that anxiety with any artificial means available. = Responsibility. = Being responsible for any social activity would best be enacted with regard to the effect it will have (directly or indirectly) on the lives of those who are dependent on a beneficial outcome. To recognize with some significance the basic structure of our being in turn significantly increases the measure of our understanding of human relationships. Being dependent is not a mental construct choice - it is a state of being, and there can be no being-ness without at least one other being, there is then the possibility that the principle of true egalitarianism becomes the manifest reality. Being-ness can only be identified and expressed in relationship. This is why the cult of 'independence' is eventually so socially destructive, as it creates that alienation which attempts to deny each real human need, and leads to a depravation of honesty. Human relationships between children and adults where independence is the accepted norm is severely undermined when the educational process predominantly teaches an unnatural form of living (either intentionally or unintentionally). The educational process is then reduced to the adoption of a fiction, which in turn puts at risk any educational program. The effect of interpreting mythical dichotomies as described here is symptomatically ascribed to the existence of all other principles that govern life. The construction of any ethological debate should not be premised on comparative perspectives, based on human thought, but rather on the issues that we can recognize as being universally compatible, therein lies the common denominator point of extension. The focus of attention on comparative perspectives denies justice to 'what is'. To contemplate the 'right or wrong' of any circumstance is a deviation from the truth. The correctness of any debate (however minute the finding), is the justifiable extension, and the only true trajectory we are morally obliged to travel. Truth is not defined, nor experienced by comparison, but by 'what we are'. An orange is to an orange, what an orange is to an orange. To define correctly there should be careful and disciplined action toward establishing 'true factors' that we constantly use to promote reasonable standards. = Time. = In that moment of time, we have the potential to merge on an equal basis with the reality that exists, and to know what true interaction is. That is the point of 'direct experience'. It is then that we know the truth about ourselves and the beauty of this Universe which also reveals to us the folly of our present conditioning. In that experience, it becomes very clear that all so called cerebral activity has nothing to do with reality. The fundamental repository of our knowledge and relationship with life is our being-ness, which is not located inside a mental box to be analyzed, accepted, or discarded at will, but the very privileged natural gift of being. What some scholars deal with is the appearance of life prescribed by the illusion of comparative perspective which functions on the basis of dichotomous ideology. It is in effect a denial of our humanity to conclude that all things that exist [from our perspective] exist only in the mind, that is, they are purely notional. It compounds the denial of 'what is', and an extraordinary refusal to observe transparent life. It should be noted that there is ample contemporary exposure to the Cartesian doctrine, and in this regard, I would refer you to the works of Professor Gilbert Ryle, notably his publication The Concept of Mind. The heuristic principle applies throughout when establishing our connectedness with reality. It is only through our contact with reality that we can discover, and equate with the mutual structure of the principles that govern all existence. Have already noted that it is also a peculiar form of arrogance that presumes that life is only a notional existence beyond the boundaries of the 'mind in a box' assertion. It would be foolish of anyone to assert that ice cream has a cold smooth satisfying texture and taste on a warm summers day unless they had actually experienced it, preferably on more than one occasion. For anyone who has never enjoyed that experience, it would be foolish of them to discount the very numerous accounts of such an experience that is available just because they had not been party to that event. From a logical point of view, given the avowed experiences of ice cream eaters, we could reasonably ascertain the validity of each experience by documenting their separate opinions. Each participant would have 'direct experience' in the consumption of ice cream, which at that point in time has the potential for that participant to experience the full measure of that factual reality. We have the natural capacity to experience coldness, smoothness, which equates with the reality that exists, and the potential for those realities to unify. It is not a question of how to get outside of our minds (mind in a box position); we are constantly outside our so-called minds performing acts of transparency throughout our entire existence. The belief that our constant engagement with reality can never be based on a rational acceptance of 'what is', is at the least, very sad. The Platonic Cave shadows are a metaphor for the (mind in a box) syndrome. The need to reach simple, and obvious conclusions and accept them for the reality they are provides the opportunity to engage the complete reality of the moment. It is indeed going too far beyond the reality of the moment searching for philosophical profoundness which does not exist, that fails to establish the constant principles that always operate. Pure principles are not amorphous shadowy ideals; they are represented in everything that exists. The only way we can equate our inner knowledge of reality is through direct experience of its truth. Within that context then, life cannot take on a notional existence but is an existence that is very real, and that we continually share through our innate knowledge. That our so-called minds are defined by comparison - incompleteness - dualism would have extreme difficulty in pursuing the proposition that we are defined by our direct relationship with reality which is expressed in our innate ability to directly interact with 'what is'. The reality of interconnection, and interaction, are not idealistic concepts of a notional nature, but actual and consistent transparent realities. We do not live in a shadowy world that is hidden from our direct experience, but we are constantly engaged in the process of life, and we do not have the right, nor the choice, to deny it. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 == Create your own semantic template. == That will consist of an alphabetical list of Absolutes that are all interdependent and interconnected. Their unifying construction creates a ‘new’ consciousness meaning. That ‘meaning’ is yours specifically. The greatest knowledge you can ever have is your own! That meaning also creates its own moral construction that cannot be misused . The semantic template is available to everyone, and its dissemination is our responsibility. “Consider that the language structure, concepts, and definitions now in use no longer always deliver, accurate, reasonable, and responsible information. Indeed at times, they can be quite ambiguous. The statement ‘mutual agreement’, and its physical manifestation in whatever form, is its own dialectic, and will carry within it all other principles necessary for the activity to proceed. Given the Socratic assertion that if something is true then it cannot lead to false consequences no matter how circular any argument may be. Then extrapolating the statement into extended definitions must only lead to a better understanding of the inherent truths available. This can promote recognition of the underlying essence of all things, which can become more real than our conventional understanding of Reality. There is a contemporary need to find new definitions, new paradigms to explore the concepts that govern our existence. Where a circular argument is based on an untruth, then it cannot lead to a truth. The reverse of that is that when the truth is established, it cannot be denied. Establishing ‘mutual agreement’ as a center from which we can reach out for extended knowledge in its ever-evolving radius, is not a limitation, or a stop, it is only a beginning! When any concept is truly established the superficial exemplification ceases to dominate, and we can truly experience the apparent essence of ‘what is’. Paradoxically to resource innate knowledge, we must recognize our profound ignorance of Nature, and Reality. Completeness does not lie in individuality. This is an extreme form of monastic expectation. There can be no individuality (or completeness) unless there is at least one other individual. This is the true foundation of completeness. Whenever we are privileged to experience that instantaneous essence of one other, then we know in that moment that we experience ourselves. It is complete complementation with the knowledge paradoxically that it is an endless process. There are many paradoxes we live within that strain our conventional views of what is ‘more reasonable’. Any true relationship experience is not based on a causality premise, but on an experience that is necessarily complementation. Individuality in terms of completeness is a fundamental circular argument back to one, which in its form of denial excludes any form of reasonable argument to the contrary. It is a non sequitur, which denies the pressure of facts that are in abundance, despite the evidence of their reality. To observe ‘mutual agreement’ is looking at things as they are. True observation of ‘mutual agreement’ in action is observing essence transparency – it is knowing ‘who we are’. That form of recognition is essence duplication. The proposition that we can observe the Truth may well be the highest attainment of Realities properties, for Truth is knowledge. Consider the hypothesis of a human entity (an individual) being born in a black space with no other form of life in that environment. How could there be Agreement? How could there be Intelligence? How could there be Understanding? How could there be Recognition? How could there be Love? How could there be Law? How could there be Reason? All of the above principles are the transparent manifestation of Nature and Realities properties that are constantly evolving. They are ethical imperatives, and we have developed the positive properties of language to establish them for our use. We can only be defined through relationship principles for they offer us the best hope to recognize the factors that lead to complementation. There is a fundamental need to grasp simple common-sense essentials. The Here and Now is not a temporary transitional time phase that we move in and out of. It is a constant certainty that is essential to recognize, so that our focus of attention has a foundation. Centrism can imply a fixation, which also implies vulnerability, which can be perfectly true if it does not lead to extension. To understand who we are, it is essential that we recognize and become aware of the very principles that we operate from. They encapsulate all the measure of any human societies ethics, morals, and laws, which is a continuous evolutionary educational process within which the realization of its total essence is always available. To use the doctrine that reason is a reliable tool to discover Truth – therefore ‘mutual agreement’ in the context ‘correct information’ translates to the Truth to reason! Evolution is a constant dynamic process. The human phenomena of ‘who we are’ is only understood in our union with each other, and ‘what is’. The paradox again is that there never is any separation. Separation is a mythical non-existent. The principles that are our necessities have continuous expansion properties that as humans we are privileged to assist their propagation. The human constellation in its evolutionary march must use these fundamental principles to ensure continuity. To maintain coherence and consistency our source is centered in the principles and factors that we have interpreted from our association with Nature, and Reality. Whatever we write that is of any consequence, or at any other time, is written with the hope that stronger interpreters than us overtake what we present. To ‘see’ Reality as we have seen, and be intoxicated by it, as we have been, will ensure its progression.” == Discovery == The consciousness whole is the sum of all its parts and experiences. As we are all on an evolutionary path, our life and knowledge hopefully develop in the right direction. The exploration took us through a plethora of data and opinions about reality from authorities on science, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Nowhere could we find a definitive conclusive argument, or agreement, that met our needs. For us, the question came down to “Is there anything at all that provides some form of construction, and certainty?” Something that has its own inherent ethical standards. The alternative proposition to that is a nihilistic “nothingness”. A pathological proposition that makes no sense. Heraclitus’s “unity of opposites” seemed the most promising. Our understanding of that now made dichotomies a semantic illusion. If achieved in a mindful way it is the act of uniting them, providing a conscious correct experience of ‘what is’. We live our lives with secondary knowledge that everything that is – is always interconnected and interdependent. Yet our illusory experience belies that form of knowledge. It is here that we understood Heraclitus and his “unity of opposites”. Mentally uniting opposites replaces the existing illusion of their existence – there are no dichotomies! Once the illusion is gone a new solution manifests that is peculiar to the mindfulness operator, and belongs to a higher form of consciousness. Heraclitus was known as “The Weeping Philosopher”. He wept for the needless unconsciousness of mankind when the ‘unity of opposites” was always available. He was also known as Heraclitus The Obscure. A title we suspect that came about because the successful conclusion to uniting opposites and replacing the illusion, opened a door to a new dimension. Semantic description at this time may not have been available. This brings us to the ancient Yin and Yang symbol of the ‘unity of opposites’. As separate entities in Chinese philosophy, they are complementary, and in fusion they represent the whole. So as dichotomies they don’t exist. The whole is the elemental answer to any fusion of opposites, whatever that may be. Symbolize a line as being infinite in the sense that any line can be categorised as being infinite. Apply an infinite number of points in any line. Intersect any line through any point by another line then we have a specific identifiable point at the intersection, which at that point in time has an infinite quality, yet constant and complete. Any such point has Matter, Energy, Space, and Time, the epitome of the microcosm. We may locate a Reality point that establishes the Truth. Conventional mechanical ‘thought processes’ deal with dichotomies that are based on a comparative perspective ideology, and consequently, skew any real experience of that which is real. We must use correct ‘measuring sticks’ to secure proper standards, but from the point of view that there is a belief in dichotomies, it will always be a compelling argument that aspects of reality can be contradictory. The element of denial within human historical memory accumulates to establishing dichotomies as being real. We are defined not by how ‘different’ we are, but by our commonality of existence. When we locate that Reality point we will then know that the definition in itself has a whole, and complete explanation of ‘reason” in all possible senses. All the reality we can deal with is here, and now. There is no possibility that ‘infinite regress’ (an imagined reality) is any part of our immediate experience. Infinite regress through thought processes, deals with questionable imponderables. It is a descending spiral, which further removes one from reality, which only produces illusion, and correct meanings are always deferred. It is making a holy virtue out of complexity. The epitome of completeness is the active realization of the operational principle. Conclusion: A brick – a house. Each complete in themselves. A house is not composed of one single brick, but each brick in its composition is complete, and whole in itself in that it has matter, energy, space, and time. In that context, it is a microscopic whole which has implicit within it the macrocosmic whole, a house. We cannot define that which isn’t. We constantly use negative dichotomous terms in language, which are in essence factually indefinable, and therefore non-existent, but they are used as though we can support a view as to their existence. At this time we constantly use mythical concepts as though they had real substance. That erroneous belief in turn diminishes that which is real and compounds the problem of recognition of Reality. The flat earth society no doubt had to be persuaded of the mythical nature of their beliefs. This dictates that we must research ‘that which is” to achieve an understanding that supports that reality. Separation is the mythical measure we use in an attempt to justify the real identity of either ‘relationship’ or ‘completion’, but it has no substance in fact.That we are connected, that we are related, that we are communicating, that we agree that ‘mutual agreement’ exists, all of these factors fall into the category of ‘that which is. There is nothing that is real that is not immediately available to us, there is ‘mutual agreement’. Attempting to view true relationships as having a necessary separation link, or dichotomy is a clear misunderstanding of the nature and completeness of all that we are related to. == Connectedness. == A relationship is defined as we are by the measure of contact (especially homo sapiens) that is apparent. It would be true to say that I have a measure of relationship with everyone who reads this material. No matter how tenuous the link we have a measure of relationship with all life – we are related! Depending on the strength of that relationship defines ‘who we are’. ‘Who we are’ is not defined by any spurious separation from life, quite simply because we cannot be separated from it, we are engaged in it at every moment in time. Any attempt to establish ‘separation’ as a reality is an attempt to deny ‘who we are’, and another exercise in futility! Again artificial interioralisation of concepts or principles leads only to a denial of their external reality. We are all connected by the very simple fact that we all exist on this planet. It is a very simple axiom that all life on this planet is supported by the conditional properties this planet provides. It is also a very simple, and more reasonable axiom to conclude that no matter how tenuous the link that all life in this regard has very concrete and definitive forms of relationship. We all must breathe, we all must eat, and we all must drink, and if you need any further certainty of ‘completion’ relationships, we certainly, all must die! [[File:Wikimedia|thumb|center|]Arcimedes] To set in qualifications from the premise that there is a ‘separate mind’ (a kind of Platonic cave) to get outside of. This premise precludes either in part or in whole the evidence and experience of Nature, and Reality, within which our beingness is located. It would all be beyond our grasp if indeed our conventional concepts of consciousness was adhered to, which in effect attempts to deny us that direct ‘relationship’ to ‘what is’, and the completeness of that experience. Knowing or being, despite solipsistic theories to the contrary, does not exist in penetrating one other mind, but in the democratic recognition that we know and have our being in relationship, and the mutual, and natural convergence of everything there is. Homo sapiens (race, color, or creed aside) necessarily conduct themselves in ways that extend recognition, and understanding at every level, without the constant need of ‘completion’ recognition that is inherent in all our interrelated actions. The notion of completion may be beyond what you call your ‘conscious grasp’, and therein I suspect lays the difficulty in recognition. The flat earth society eventually moved on to a realization that their visionary scope was shrunken, and severely limited. They were deprived of a planetary (never mind a universal) relationship that one can only imagine severely curtailed the very expansion of consciousness necessary for humanity to progress. We have evolved some little way because of our understanding of the natural relationship. The centered in the mind condition - which connotes with the separation ideology - screams to be released from that mythology, and engage itself directly in real relationship with everything that is. = Relationship. = Separation is the mythical tool we attempt to use to maintain a false continuity of an imaginary individuality that does not exist. The taking for granted conditional mythologies (the flat earth society) engage the victims in what can best be described as serious problems in recognizing the very limitations that restrict their development. We must learn to view wholes, which equates with viewing ‘completeness’. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, but the parts are not necessarily separate conceptual parts. We can ‘see’ the whole when we are able to identify the factors that constitute their existence as a complete reality. That which is complete in Law = Agreements that produce secure and dependent outcomes. We know in essence the concept of ‘completeness’, and we demonstrate the evidence in myriad ways. Each act is a microcosm of the whole – view from the other end of the telescope! In the traffic analogy the driver, and all other drivers, conform to the law by driving off when the light turns green. There is an implicit agreement about the value of traffic laws, and traffic lights that control the flow of traffic. At that moment there is a complete relationship understanding of those values. The ‘complete’ or ‘wholesome’ activity of motorists waiting at traffic lights for the green signal to go, and they then move off, validates all the factors implicit within the properties of ‘mutual agreement’. Throw a ball from one side of the room to the other. The ‘whole’ or complete traverse of the ball is the instant it leaves your hand until it arrives at the other side of the room. You have already given credence to the concept of ‘mutual agreement’ as a reality. When there is a correct definition made in terms of ‘necessary factors’, then it has implicit within it the concepts of ‘completeness’ or ‘wholeness’ within the measure in which it is used. Whatever we communicate for the benefit of future generations should not be based on mythical assumptions, but should be based on necessary factors. It is ordinary life that portrays all the dignity, honor, and the complementary wonder of the human species. We are here – we are present – we are communicating. We have an obligation (which we necessarily fulfill) to make transparent the basic principles that govern our existence. That, which is factual, provides us with a correct motive for behavior, and we do a disservice to Reality when we attempt to deny it. We exist and live in a world where acts of ‘completeness’ expressed in one form as ‘mutual agreement’, are continually enacted. It is the form of expression, and continuance of processes that we constantly use to arrive at reasonable solutions, and we employ factors that are necessary to provide us with a clear, and unambiguous understanding. They motivate reasonable behavior toward activity that we can accept as being a logical process. == Natural Experience: == No form of life can exist in and of itself, it is brought into existence through a relationship with its own environment, or its species. The obvious egotistical monistic nature of oneness (if there was such an entity) could not leave any room for the realization of anything that might disturb its comfort zone. There is no real knowledge where any concentration is on the “I am” syndrome. "No man is an island, entire of itself; Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main." - John Donne, 'No Man Is An Island, Meditation XVII - Devotion Upon Emergent Occasion. “We are’ is an inclusive affirmation that deals with “what is’. There is no constructive dialogue, no real understanding, without a relationship. Based on personal experience, we are a distinct, and unique species born of Nature and Reality that has combined to provide us with the innate ability to recognize the very properties that created us, and utilize them through an evolutionary process toward ever-increasing transparency. That transparency can only become available through a matching process between innate knowledge, and the reality we share, a reality that is our heritage. We like all other forms of life are the product of Nature, and subject to its laws, and principles. Necessity created a language that evaluated Reality, and provided us with guidelines to emulate its constant properties. The measure, and quality of knowledge is dependent on the realization of ‘what is’. The crux of correct knowledge is to know the base that we function from. The principles that are implicit within Nature, and Reality we have now translated through the evolved language systems with symbols and definitions that we now use to share the experience. When principles are fundamentally true and recognized for what they are, misguided belief systems will evaporate. To ask what is the source of the principles we present is ipso facto to ask what is the source of Nature, and Reality, and we repeat, that is an exercise in futility, but that does not mean that we cannot recognize that which is natural to us, and express it, as best we can through language. The experience of ‘who we are’ is the Ultimate transparency that transcends all doubt, or denial. We can know with an understanding that is pure and indisputable, that is the motivational drive for evolutionary continuance. To understand who we are we must address Nature, and Reality, and ask ‘what is’ Here, and Now, with an understanding of the dichotomies that exist in language. The ‘Eureka’ moments, epiphanies, enlightenments, etc, are all evolutionary evidence of who we are, and when we can translate them into principles, and concepts, then the assertions of an Archimedes (and many others) are recognized, and properly used. Through Nature, and Reality we can establish what Truth is! Is it true to say that most people conform to the rules of the road? It would be more reasonable to assert that the answer is yes! Consequently, we can say that we have ‘Mutual agreement’, and ‘Co-operative Understanding’ as observable realities. There is no conceptual source through Time, or history where there is an end. There is only ‘beginning’. Here and Now is always the ‘beginning’, and a more reasonable platform to explore than any exploration into the past concerning our true identity. Contemporary terms like Absolute, Complete, End, we use to match our conditional understanding of ‘what is’. When we use contemporary conditional language to address concepts like Truth, Knowledge, Understanding, they are limited by the measure of our progression, but we use them all as stepping-stones. Language is a constantly evolving process. When we agree that there is ‘some certainty’ and ‘limited knowledge’ you have agreed to the concepts of certainty and knowledge as factors that are part of our natural reality. All of us function within the framework of certainty, and knowledge, to some degree. Given that we agree to their existence, these are the factors that can lead us to the experience of ‘who we are’. They are a part of us that can lead us to recognition of ‘what is’, and make a transparent reality of the very things we do on a daily basis. We do not need absolute and certain knowledge to perform everyday tasks, but those performances are structured contemporarily because of our advanced understanding of the things we do, based on our own innate reality. To honestly perceive the consistency of ‘what is’ (to be interdependent, and mutually connected) in interaction, can and does promote the visible reality of ‘who we are’. That visible evidence translates into the knowledge of our complete presence. We know with certainty that our beingness is of pure essence, and from that experience, we are obliged to formulate, as best we can, the structures that are responsible for making that transparent (witness the explosion of human progression, without the necessity in Time of experiencing fully ‘who we are’). To take a more reasonable stand please observe the multiplicity of human action where interdependence, and connection naturally proliferate. To realize that we are ‘interdependent, and mutually connected’ is the realization of a consistent fundamental truth – ‘what is’. Through identifying ‘what is’ as an internal reality we can make transparent the factors that are our natural construct. It is only through sharing this reality that we recognize it!! These factors are not based on any ideology, belief systems, or opinions; they are composed of the Reality that is available to us all. We are unique in that we have the opportunity to be able to use their value in the manner that is implicit within their structure. That use is evidence of our understanding of Reality. What could have happened without the assertion that traffic lights are a safe way to control crossroads, or the assertion that the rules of the road are beneficial for our safety? Any true experience, epiphany, enlightenment, etc, of ‘who we are’ provides fundamental, and indisputable knowledge of that Reality. Applying the recognized principles provided by Nature, and Reality consistently advances the evolutionary process, hence we have Science, Philosophy, Religion, Education, Art, and Law. When there is a Pure Realization of who ‘we are’ through relationship recognition, it is unquestionably the recognition of the encapsulated, and innate principles we all share, and there is no place for the dissolving of another Real identity through that recognition. Indeed it is a privileged insight into the epitome of purity. Nature and Reality can give us direction and guidance to our human existence, and we repeat, it is an exercise in futility to seek any cause to their beginnings. We have proffered the concept of two as a basis from which human reality can be ‘experienced’. To recognize through, and equate with the true substance, and essence of one other is to automatically experience the totality of ‘who we are’ in full measure. This does not mean that the terms ‘totality’ and ‘full measure’ convey an ‘end’ to ‘what is’. We have consistently offered recognizable facts (not assertions) that are part of our natural human activity, and give correct direction and meaning to our basic essence. We do function within the structure of ‘mutual agreement’, and we do communicate and ‘make known’ – basic obligations. These are evident simple examples of innate knowledge, and our understanding of ‘what is’ made transparent. To repeat we could not recognize anything without innate knowledge. All knowledge is a continual matching process 1 + 1 = 2. toward the realization of ‘who we are’ the development of language structures that correctly establish basic reality as it is, provides continuous knowledge that makes transparent the very nature of that reality. It is vitally important to recognize that we have active communal agreements concerning the existence of basic principles and concepts that form the very foundation of our lives. Constant change and movement in Space-Time - Energy - Matter are applicable absolutes to be recognised, which equates to evolution. There never will be a static property involved in the evolution advance. Evolution encompasses its own absolute properties to provide cognitive connection confirmation. The evolution of conceptual language exists to provide natural equality and to promote cognition between language states. No matter the languages spoken the concepts of air - food- water is the same and can provide a gateway to explore the future dynamics of human relationships. === Knowing. === Knowing what all the truth is is not some miraculous state of perception. Nor is it a high academic achievement of amassed information. It is simply an objective common-sense view of ‘what is” and in reality what must be. It is what must be for life to function within the principles that exist that are its natural foundation. We are always of necessity the living expression of a reality that must be experienced in the whole. Our recognition of the same principles operating universally is also our recognition of who we are. That proliferate ‘sameness’ is an evident easily recognizable identity. When a child is afraid of an imaginary monster in the dark, we generally do not accuse them of being absurd, or that they are lying. Appeasement comes with an explanation of reality at that level which is truthful. An explanation, which the child can grow up with, and find comfort. It is simply introducing a child to a level of truth that is more real to them. In every instance, the only reality that ever exists is truth. However, distorted it may be expressed. One of the major distortions as the result of thought processes is to consider that we can manufacture something other than the reality that exists. The ‘fact’ that you recognize contradictory or absurd statements is that behind them there is a measure of truth. The habitual liar lives in a world in which he or she imagines that truth is something they can manufacture. Where human ‘thought’ constructs its reality in terms of dichotomies it can never deal with the truth because it continually makes those comparative perception judgments. Those judgments are always in question because again they cannot deal with reality as it is. No matter how absurd or contradictory any statement is, that is the measure of truth expressed. Ergo whatever it is that is expressed, or made manifest, is the truth to some degree. Ergo everything that is, is the truth. It is our responsibility to recognize it for what it is. It may be appropriate to review previous observations on dichotomies and gradient scale. Consistently we have contended that there are no dichotomies, which then properly puts each principle into the category of an absolute. To identify ‘truth’ as an absolute in that category then everything that is must have a measure of truth. It is a very simple and sensible approach to establish ‘what is’. It is the means of identifying a reality that must have truth as a base – whatever it is, and however nonsensical it may appear. All principles have an elementary gradient scale that we must use to identify knowledge that is honest. That gradation scale knows no dichotomies. Dichotomies are always the imaginary properties of pseudo subjective reasoning. Necessary factors establish that gradient scale where only objective realities exist to furnish a healthy subjective reason with truth, and so we learn to apply the conjunction to address reality for what it is. Truth comes in an abundant variety of ways in its commonality – and therein lays its overall ‘complete’ power, despite any denial to the contrary. Embedded knowledge as we see it is neither experience nor knowledge without principle content. A person may be well educated in all aspects of the geography of a beautiful South Sea island, but have no practical experience at all of its beauty. Being clever about a subject does not necessarily equate to an understanding of the subject. Nor should it lend itself to posing as adjudicators on a proposition preset we imagine by the same adjudicators, or essentially the same school of embedded thought processes. Long before human evolution, the principle of leverage has always existed in all Nature (as have all other principles, wherever there is space – time – energy – matter). Our adaptation to the existence of principles has added to the sum total of ‘knowledge’ as we know it, including the concept of knowledge itself. That form of ‘knowledge’, and our ‘knowing’ is natural and not any personal or esoteric acquisition. Just as a fish knows what its natural habitat is, or a bird to fly in the air, the human species uses all available principles it recognizes to add to its knowledge (already said). Any valid theory of knowledge must have as its base constructive definitive principles to support it, and it is evident that our accumulated common knowledge equates to our common experience. No matter how erudite or convoluted any argument may be, if in the end it is reduced to inane observations that have no factual basis in principle, then it is time to abandon them. Do try to consider the sort of ‘mind’ processes that offers us up a world that knows nothing but separation. How can we possibly evaluate what ‘wholesomeness’ really is? How can we possibly evaluate ‘who we are’? How can there be any theory of knowledge without addressing Nature or our innate and biological relationship with it? Any attempt to debate ‘who we are’ and the completeness of that concept must have some sense of reality on the real meaning of ‘completeness’, and some understanding of the principles that are the nucleus of human society. To wrap any argument around a non-existent concept that can never be realized is apropos to attaching oneself to a system of belief in things that do not exist. One can make ponderous and convoluted statements about those beliefs but in reality, they are morally and ethically misguided. The ability to correlate correct definitions to the reality of life offers up that direct link to the truths that are common to us all. It corrects the presumptive notion that there can be ‘different’ perspectives on the same reality. There can be ‘differences’ but there can not be ‘different’ measuring sticks for the same reality. No matter the multiplicity of perspectives, they can never alter the core principle of ‘what is’. Historically evolutionary progress can best be measured by the adoption of recognized principles. Reality at whatever level we find it can only be understood by addressing ‘what is’. Nothing can be understood by attempting to relegate it to a non-entity through questionable theories of ‘knowledge’, which in essence negate the very content of knowledge itself. The perpetuation of any theory of knowledge, which cannot recognize the principles that are its foundation, can only be a shadow of its own reality. Construct the ‘necessary factors’ around the skeleton and a body will take form. If any particular theory of knowledge cannot identify simple truths, how can we possibly question how anyone ‘knows’? A dichotomy is the human attempt to deny the existence of a whole reality of a principle. We have the principle of leverage and its necessary gradient scale. Mutual agreements of a consistent reality, at a communal level, are a passive form of the Eureka moment, which recognizes fundamental principles that relates to truth. In every social structure, there are varying degrees of recognition, which determine social use. The mosaics of differences, which make up the rich pattern of life, are a testament to human creativity. Principles offer up a form of predictability in which our brain forms knowledge through the process of interaction. The experience accumulated through each moment, forms exponentially in use, or becomes transparent immediately in a Eureka moment, in which we know. Real knowledge is through the constant interaction with natural principles, much more than the transference of divided embedded information. The problem we face is that ‘knowing’ or ‘how we know” is never a personal possession. Any theory of knowledge no matter how in that respect, is true interaction. Peeling a potato and ‘knowing’ it, is rewarding enough! All principles are the repository of pure erudite knowledge. We recognize Universal principles in play at all times in Nature and its by-product – human societies. The correlation between determined interdependence to objective reality requires our intellect to ‘honestly observe ‘what is’, and assimilate that subjectively. Then the equality of the external and the internal becomes a reality and we ‘know’. Knowledge is the process of natural action, reaction, and interaction. It is nonsensical to ask how do we ‘know’.Every moment in time is complete because it must contain all the principles that form its nucleus. It can only be like that to facilitate the immediate experience of Eternity, or the wholesomeness of any of its principles. On the gradient scale of experience, we all exist somewhere on that scale. It is called life. === Relativism: === Relativism can be consistent with interconnectedness and a gradient scale of knowledge. What it cannot do is confuse the relationship that correct gradient scales of principles have in reality. Hot and cold would be on a temperature scale – no dichotomy! Leverage could only be measured by its own scale (say a child’s sea-saw to a high-rise industrial crane) – no dichotomy! The human being is a human being whether it is a child or an adult – no dichotomy! The domestic cat is the same animal species as a wild lion – no dichotomy! The domestic dog is the same animal species as a wolf – no dichotomy! How can we manage to classify these as dichotomies? Gradient scales are the natural human mechanisms used to recognize constant principles. They ensure the human perspective is aligned correctly to identify ‘what is’. The distorted human perspective is the result of human thought processes unable to establish constants that must exist in each moment of time. The problem with embedded information is that it becomes stultified and it can stifle healthy reaction. The injection of recognizable principles invigorates and brings new life that offers countless avenues for human energy to be released. More importantly, those energies are used to enhance the evolutionary process. We are collectively gifted with the potential to elevate life itself. We can correctly use such information by transforming its content so that its inherent truth is made recognizable. It would be impossible for life to function if it was composed of ‘different’ opposite realities. All theories of knowledge are in essence interconnected and can only contain validity when the principles that are the coalescent mechanisms are recognized. The unification of the truth that must exist in any theory needs to be harvested and used to offer up a body of ‘knowledge’ that has commonality of meaning. The identification of principles, truth, knowledge, and their subsequent establishment can only be achieved through direct interaction with Nature and life. Gifted with life we have an obligation to demonstrate its capacity to use every resource to sustain and nourish its own environment. We all know through the constant natural process of action – re-action – interaction. Depending on the quality of that process, knowledge will take its appropriate place on the gradient scale. That we ‘know’ is natural. It is not some extraordinary esoteric attainment, posited by a body of theories that, by their very nature, look for difficulties where none exists. Universal belief systems based on mythologies can have an entrenched view of good principles being established because of their beliefs. Indeed the perpetuation of the beliefs throughout history offers a dynamic that is counterproductive to the ‘realization’ of principles that are necessarily true. Principles used in this approximate way, paradoxically hold no real meaning, and in fact, impose unhealthy dysfunctionality. When there is a critical change toward establishing correct principles, it is axiomatic that the diffusion of mythologies becomes an automatic process. True interaction lies in the knowledge that correct action is its own reward Any other interpretation is less than tangible. The accuracy in interpreting basic principles, and the alternate knowledge implicit in the interpretation, will always establish the primary principle sought. Archimedes et al. Truth can be found in the oddest places. (Archimedes bath image here please) Archimedes cognition on how to weigh metals in water through displacement. === Truth. === Language is the construct of human action and the word “truth” seems to hold pride of place by the power of its usage and the meanings it evokes. It is preferable if we could turn our attention to the unity of principles (including truth) that are the construct of every language we use. By uniting the principal terms we can elevate the meanings we desire. Reasonable constructs and the correct duality of established principles always lead toward meaning. It is the only form of meaning that leads to its own extension eg. how to weigh metals – how else could it be? All principles have reciprocal value one to the other. No foundation principle can stand alone. They can only exist in a union, one with the other, the source of reciprocity. All absolutes are universal. There is no hierarchy beyond the meanings they evoke in their joint construction. The binary connotations, however, one may express them, provide a constant reality beyond conventional consciousness. That experience is the immediate reward through disciplined application of their use. That discipline takes the form in all human action (such as the bathing scene above) disposed toward the correct functionality of basic principles. The daily connections we make always include the distinct possibility of their recognition, when we make those connections in a mindful state. From any common sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’. That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the realities of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. ‘More reasonable’ seems to have the particular philosophical motivation, not toward simple, sensible, and reasonable evidence, but more likely toward that ‘immaterialism’ ideology, and continually seeking for an elusive protracted answer is hardly ‘more reasonable'. Since we are apparently confined to a human perspective, we must settle with the latter position: the apparent state of representation of the world. The de-materializing of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance, etc. However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality. === Truth and Reason. === The reason could easily be defined, and validated, as the correct application of common sense. More expressions of common sense can only endorse the completeness of any concept. A true experience of reality does not require endless explanations as to its ‘wholeness’. It just is. Truth is in reality a network of implicit principles in which it is the predominant energy in each of them. They are identifiable by their interdependent nature (see network below) not the least of which is common sense. Dictionary given definitions of ‘truth’ place it in a very common sense acceptable category. One of which is ‘accuracy of representation’. Note how the two definitions in this paragraph coalesce. The human drive toward recognizing and understanding the place of principles (constants) correlates to the energy we expend on questioning ‘who we are". The constant principles of action, reaction, interaction, are the automated natural impulse toward ‘establishing’ a human reality, and human identity. The process of evolving within that process has an egalitarian dynamic that powers it. In essence, it is a natural gift that we must accept. Each life and its identity contains all its personal experiences which can never be known to anyone else. In a sense, we can never “know” another person. Their life is sacrosanct. We can know a lot about them, and there it ends. Truth is at the top of the gradient scale that measures the veracity of all things that are complete and related and paradoxically all reality is the truth. It gets back squarely to ‘who we are” and where we exist on that scale. To view gradient scales as having no truth to their structures is denying truth itself. For the entire interconnected, interdependent network of principles, each of them has a gradient scale whereby each measure expresses truth in its own manner. All forms of leverage, from the minuscule to the lever that will move the world, are in of themselves, true and exact at that point. It is the only way we can recognize their existence, and use that complete truth at that time, to move up the scale. Time is the relative measuring stick that determines the amount of knowledge we can absorb. Consider the advanced extensions to the Archimedes principle of leverage throughout time. Network scale example. Truth Knowledge Common sense Responsibility Reason Understanding Intelligence All interdependent, and interconnected with all other principles and absolutes. No ‘thought processes’ or ‘mind’ constructs can create reality. All we can ever do to gain knowledge is ‘act’ react’ and ‘interact’ within the confines of our immediate reality. The quality of that action is determined by the nature of available information. When there is freedom from embedded thought processes, there is a natural human ability to relate to the existence of truth as it is expressed in reality, and our brain records it accordingly. Thus, the principles of civilized societies evolve. Where there are predominant belief systems, the implicit energy will naturally direct itself toward human standards that blend all ethics together. That implicit energy will find its true home in the principles it seeks. The connected strength of those principles offers sanctity of experience that demands no sacrifice. Everything that is, must of necessity, have a true comparative value (not a distorted dichotomy value) for honest recognition to be realized. which is to ‘know’. All things are relative but only within their own true scale. It is the process by which we can identify reality, as it is. Principles cannot operate on any scale practicing negative discrimination. Thus a healthy individual can be at the top of the scale and someone with various health issues can be near the bottom of the scale. But that is how Healthy they are. There can be no relativity when ‘mind’ or ‘thought processes’ believe in mythical dichotomies. When human perception is distorted by such beliefs, they create a false reality and deny access to the true state. Where there is a network of connected basic standards that are universal, then it is possible to use them and be nourished accordingly. The scale of natural human progression provides recognizable evidence that we are constantly developing. Reality is the direct and conclusive evidence of possibilities realized. Therefore, the reality is always the source of all possibilities where truth exists. When the truth is used as the universal measure of ‘what is" there can be no discord as to its accuracy. It can only measure the principles that are implicit in everything there is, its natural milieu! Truth can only deal with ‘something’, it cannot measure an imaginative negative counterpart. Truth is the constant implicit property in every universal scale of principles. Thus, reality becomes transparent. Have writ large on the value of distorted comparative perception judgments. The standard of correct knowledge always carries with it, its own appraisal. Where principles are concerned there is an obvious scale of identification (e.g., leverage and the numerous references) that is all-inclusive and provides us with evidence of its existence. We could say with some truth, that the industrial crane has more leverage than a child’s see-saw, but we cannot deny the truth at the lower level or the reason applied. Where principles are concerned, truth is not a possibility, it is a constant reality (e.g., leverage). When mythological dichotomies are recognized and established for what they are, the process of ‘ironing’ them out and experiencing their constant reality will translate into the reality, which they are, and used accordingly. To evoke that new sense of reality, the mechanisms of ‘selective immaterialism’ need to be dismantled. Where human experience is presented with something it does not understand and is unable to appreciate the principles involved, the reaction can invoke a sense of fear. That condition can be a primary breeding ground to establish a language of dichotomies and put a selective name to something it does not deserve. The diffusion of a false singular dichotomy into the natural healthy state of the common good puts responsibility into its proper place. Within the process of diffusion, there is the natural and equal absorption of our true reality. The transition between separation and inclusion will be a seamless process because it is our natural state. Objectivity and Commonsense: Explore the plethora of principles - truths - constants that are the mark and phenomena of Homo sapiens. We cannot have any doubt about our existence in this present reality. The truth of reality is and can be experienced wholly and completely by anyone at any point in time. All human progress is the result of such experiences, manifest in principles throughout time and their subsequent ‘use’ evolves exponentially. The overwhelming evidence is our reality, now. A simple analogy of objectivity and commonsense. Somewhere in our early development, someone put the ingredients of a loaf of bread together, somehow baked it, and hey presto, the first experience of a loaf of bread. It is now a form of sustenance, which feeds billions of people. We no longer need to experience that ‘truth’ that ‘knowledge’. It is unnecessary because it is subjective assimilation and the act of external and internal activity. Because ‘our’ brain functions in a manner that can identify the natural elements it exists in –space, time, energy, matter, we learn to ‘know’ and recognize ‘completely’ a child’s see-saw. Knowing is a natural evolutionary function. The quality of ‘knowing’ has its own natural determinants which of necessity contain the measure of principles required for universal recognition. An Archimedes insight (or anyone else’s) could not become a universal reality unless those determinants were in play. I know the very same way we all know – by experience via action, reaction, and interaction. Truth persists and what Archimedes experienced was true and complete. Any experience of any truth, principle, or constant can be as ‘complete’ within a grain of sand, or knowledge of a pyramid. All experience of that nature is an experience in ‘time’, and when it is the truth, we use it accordingly. There is no mechanical translation, or opinion of ‘necessary factors’ as they are constant universals. That, which is ‘complete’, is transparent universal knowledge e.g., the principle of leverage. The precision of terms must include ‘necessary factors’. Necessary factors translate into a common universal language so there is no loss of meaning. All truth – principles-constants – absolutes, that stands the test of time we use accordingly. Thus, human societies evolve, and we evolve without the necessity of having to re-experience any of the principles we recognize and establish. That simply would not be a ‘natural’ commonsense proposition and an entire waste of unnecessary energy. The truth of any principle at any point in time, and at that point in time, can be experienced completely by anyone. Whatever it may be if the principle is established – from then on, it will evolve. There are some misguided notions that ‘truth’ ‘knowledge’ and ‘experience’ have some secret value that is unattainable by ordinary experience. It is a ‘natural’ evolutionary reality that what we ‘know’ becomes useful. We have a mutual responsibility to recognize, use and honor the principles, which are the common property we share. = Human consciousness. = [[File:Lane past Coombshead Farm - geograph.org.uk - 589598.jpg|center|thumb|369x369px|"The roads half travelled when you know the way"]] [[File:Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg|center|300x300px]] === The Universe === ''<big>We do not own Space</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Time</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Energy</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Matter</big>'' The human capacity to understand the question of sovereignty or ownership of Space - Time - Energy - or Matter can only be accepted when any basis of dispute includes two dispositions - human and spiritual indigenous ties throughtout history. With the evolutionary appearance of indigenous peoples throughout this planet, their way of life should make it paramount that their existence be recognised as a natural law that has providence! Their culture and way of life has its own identity in which Space - Time - Energy - Matter is expressed as they experience it. That proof also lies in the existence of caves thousands of years old, and the existence their art and culture. So the constructs defined below are a new approach to understanding the concept of ‘knowledge’ and its proper place in an evolutionary expanding universe. Knowledge acquisition requires appropriate recognition through action, reaction, interaction, in which proper perception and comsciousnessvalues are applied. That form of construction requires the dismantling of previously embedded information. This requires a new direction to formulate a sound basis from which to extend. Construction of an analytical methodology to establish a form of ‘knowledge’ that is best suited to distinguish in a contemporary reality. A reality that adequately conforms to common notions of that which is true, and can only exist without any false relation to that which does not exist. All science needs the certainty that established absolutes provide. A pragmatic construction of real knowledge would propose that all reality expresses a form of evidence or proof and that the observer and the observed contain innate properties necessary to establish a foundational agreement. That form of agreement would necessarily function on the basis that everything that is – is truth. Any other interpretation would be a disconnect from reality, and the interdependent correspondence that must exist for true recognition of any absolute. Controversy will always emerge when the discourse on bifurcation and the introduction of non-existent dichotomies are used as arguments to be explored. Pragmatism would say that the human species would need basic properties to formulate any form of reliable epistemological analysis to explain and simplify the reality that forms their existence. That reality could well be recognized initially as the absolutes of space-time - energy-matter, through innate perceptual data that corresponds to an outward structure that is constantly evolving. That which is absolute is the determinative factor in establishing the existence of truth. When a chair, is a chair, is a chair, its recognition is established when we ‘commonly’ apply subjective and objective measures to that which is truly external to that which is truly internal. That which does exist becomes ‘common’ knowledge, and accepted as being true. Thus, the distinction between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge no longer exists. Where there is consensus, everything is. The formulation of absolute criteria that offers ‘simplicity’ as a tool to measure all and everything, dispenses with the confusion of ‘difficulties’ historical philosophies engage in. It also offers an observable synthesis that clarifies the confusion. Within the combined properties of those absolutes then everything potentially would be. Everything that is by that definition is original, ipso facto, everything that has no false relationship, and therefore true (no dichotomies). Given contemporary human development, it would be ‘common’ pragmatism to accept the proposition that we exist within the absolutes of space-time – energy-matter. Within those absolutes and their innate properties, it would also be pragmatic to assert that ‘everything then is’ (whatever everything may be). Pragmatism would also dictate that ‘everything that is, is its own form of truth, and must contain available constructs of meaning. Therefore knowledge and understanding would be obtainable to that common experience, and at whatever level that experience is activated it is in interdependent unison with the source. The continuing establishment of basic absolute principles (their generalities and their specifics) forms our reason. 1+1= 2 is a ‘simple’ but true universal constant generality. That form of generality is used because we recognize the specific principles of a balanced equation that adds up and makes sense. Simple generalities with their inclusive specifics form the foundation of human reason and its constant evolution. Simplicity is the bane of a ‘mind’ that must have difficulties. = Availability. = The unifying feature that makes ‘knowledge’ available to us all, are the innate universal principles in all things. Archimedes established the principle of leverage. To paraphrase - ‘give me a lever, and I will move the world’. Once the law is established it can then be put to good use. The principle of leverage is manifest in countless ways, and put to good use! The principle of leverage is a constant available to us all, and always has been. Through his application Archimedes conveyed his insight in practical terms, and made aware of the principle and the laws governing it. We now use those laws. We no longer need to philosophise on its existence as a truth. Similarly whenever 2+2 = 4.  Whatever we use to make the equation – apples, oranges, bricks, the mathematical equation is a constant, and the principle of correctness applies. Here 2+2 =4 is empirical proof that the principle of correctness and agreement exist. Principle, or law: ‘a fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning’.           If it were otherwise we could not measure anything. That which appears abstract then, requires no implausible argument as to its non-existence. Such is the nature of all universal principles, they exist whether the notion of a ‘mind’ can perceive their existence, or not. Because ‘thought’ does not create the reality of principles – universals- truth, it cannot from its mythical standpoint understand the simplicity of a Reality where ‘everything is’, nor the simple and factual conclusion – how could it be otherwise! Where ‘everything is’ evidently encompasses the whole evolutionary dimension. It is not an ideological enclosed static that stultifies expansion of an unfolding Reality. Any pure knowledge experience that ‘everything is’ ,(quite apart from the common-sense truth of the statement) is to experience the Absolute in any immediate part of anything that exists, which establishes its own truth forever. To examine a road code of law with that knowledge, and view the actions of drivers at traffic lights, it is more than reasonable to conclude with some conviction that there is  to some degree, Agreement – Knowledge – Understanding, and Conformity to that code of law. It becomes a ‘more reasonable’ proposition within Reality to understand that that code of law is multiplied exponentially, and the principles practised,  wherever drivers, motorcars, and traffic lights exist. It is the nature of the type of knowledge we are measuring that determines the measure of reason that can be applied to any given form of Reality. We can conclude that 2+2 = 4 is a reasonable mathematical calculation that contains the principles of Agreement – Understanding – Conformity. Given the accepted knowledge of these innate principles we can with more reason apply such a calculation Universally. Knowing is agreement with ‘what is’. Knowledge is not the attempted denial of any existing reality. That is a contradiction in terms. Mechanistic observation is akin to viewing from the outside, a straw in a glass of water. The straw always looks bent, but when removed from the glass we realise it is straight. To claim an experience of that which is Absolute, is not a claim of an experience from a higher domain, or an  isolated incident – it is common-place, numbered by just how many we are. Attempting to denigrate such experience is denying the everyday actions that contain the innate principles of a constant Reality. All life functions within the constraints of the laws that are the constructs of Nature and Reality. All life is an expression of the Absolute. It is when that expression is realised, not only in an instinctive sense, but in a real sense, that we penetrate reality beyond a comparative framework of mythology. To claim that you ‘know’ intrinsically what the principle of leverage is, or the principle behind the mathematical equation 2+2=4 is to claim experience of the Absolute. The Absolute is not some abstract esoteric truth – it is that which is immediate. Whether in awareness or not, we constantly comply, to some degree, with the laws of a constant reality. Therein lies the difficulty for a comparative framework mythology – the Absolute is everything! = Basic Equation. = However much the simplicity of the equation is, it contains the properties of correctness – balance – equality – mutual identity – meaning, which in its ‘simplicity’ presages all future mathematical equations. In that universal meaning, there is particular knowledge of consistent truth. That form of ‘simple’ consistency, creates its own natural equilibrium, and its ‘usefulness’ evolves exponentially up the reality scale. Here is where we need to give proper credence to ‘that which is’. All generalities have profound and specific principles as their ‘common’ identity, which are absolute. Unless those components are recognized, both objectively and subjectively, they are reduced to a comparative value spectrum (using dichotomies) as a misguided ‘simplistic’ factor. Deductive reasoning is then deprived of all value, and leads to the inevitable spurious question ‘how do we know? Given the above criteria to establish a correct basis for knowledge that is recognizable, and of a kind that can be used universally, ‘simplicity’ can be recognized as a tool that promotes its own established formula. That which we constantly use. Everything is the truth with regard to the methodology. How that truth or generality is expressed denotes the measure of the principle that is at its core, and forms that measure of reasoning we enjoy. Fortunately, although the truth is an innate property, it is not a ‘personal’ property per se, nor is the ‘experience’ of its reality. Its natural evolution is progressive. In that progression we are in common, the beneficent recipients that ‘evidently’ conform to its constant existence. Philosophical dissertations have become a monopolistic form of opinions that always seem to presume the ‘rightness’ of difficulties in establishing the source of our being, and are unable to put in ‘simple’ terms the question of ‘who we are’. There comes with that the denial of evidence that permeates human history, which establishes the principles of our ‘common’ reality. Those opinions carry with them a colossal library of questionable erudition that becomes embedded, using questionable values to support their argument. The most distinguished opponent of such arguments (Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1203018418|title=Tractatus logico-philosophicus|last=author.|first=Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951,|isbn=978-1-78527-656-9|oclc=1203018418}}</ref>) proposed that language logic was a necessary tool to dismantle the convoluted ‘mind’ propositions that have permeated the philosophical hierarchy. Those ‘mind’ propositions only served to construct meaningless concepts as to ‘who we are’. Although he gained prominence in philosophical circles, his work was directed more toward academia. In his Tractatus Logico – Philosophies he quotes: “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world - What cannot be shown cannot be said”, and “There can be no representation of the logic of facts”. Having a belief in mystical truths that were inexpressible, his statements above are indicative of the embedded language of dichotomies. His form of ‘knowledge’ ‘philosophy’ gave (without question) the concept of ‘mind’ credence to formulate its own logic to clarify its own form of reasoning. Wittgenstein, by not recognizing within the language the distortion that dichotomies create, was unable to approach the evident constructs of true meaning that lie within the interdependent relationship of absolutes, and their constant existence. Evidential reality is all there ever is. The ‘meaning’ or ‘knowledge’ that becomes evident in reality is ‘commonly’ accepted and used accordingly. To repeat, the evidential reality is all there ever is. In that regard, the exponential drive toward ‘difficulties’ amassed a historical discourse of misinformation, which is used to address the very ‘difficulties’ created by spurious value systems. In effect, dealing with ‘nothingness’. We have managed to turn ‘truth’ into a problem, into a difficulty, when the truth is simplicity itself. An oxymoron of gargantuan proportions. This contemporary malady solidifies a diversion that discounts the reality of continuous progression. Progression in which ‘common sense’ is a motivating principle that promotes human evolution. The consistency of specific principles allows us to achieve correspondence. Real knowledge is not a fabrication of convoluted prescriptions. It is the ‘coalescence’ of ‘what is’ to internal reality. That established, evolutionary progress is assured, and reality factors are recognized for what they are. True meaning can best be attained by the interaction and interdependence of natural principles and so recognized as such. That meaning which contains all the specific components of reality is experienced as ‘true knowledge’, measure by measure by anyone. That form of ‘experience’ is not a ‘mind’ process, but a very natural state of realization consistent with our level of action, reaction, and interaction. A correct and pragmatically form of knowledge-seeking foundational answers to perennial questions would seek a direct passage to our ‘commonality’, the beacon that offers guidance. Consider the quantity and quality of knowledge we all pursue that has meaning and usefulness. To posit the notion that there are no dichotomies is a cataclysmic proposition that seems nonsensical to established embedded constructs of knowledge. Constructs of knowledge that offer only confusion, and continually pose impossible questions, whose absence would provide clarity. That absence of confusion would dispel and dismantle a reality of ‘mind’, which functions on its own selection of problems. To address reality as having only absolute constructs dispels the confusion of duality and its inability to ‘use’ relativism in its proper fashion. All general absolutes contain specific principles representing facts; the essential properties that confirm reality. This reference directs the observer to observe, and go beyond the restrictions of a ‘mind’ governed by dualism, monism, or any other spurious form of philosophy that distorts the very reality it exists in. Where there are no dichotomies, all we can deal with is ‘what is’, and the logic of ‘necessary factors’ thus destroying the possible inclusion of anything described as a “paradox”. = Pure Experience. = To design a chair our brain requires to exercise the qualities and properties necessary for its manifestation e.g., strength, balance , design, functionality etc, etc. A chair, is a chair, is a chair, the product of innate knowledge.   If we did address any tentative agreement that ‘I’  is a ‘fiction’, could not our ‘conscious experience’ of that ‘fiction’ be just as fictitious. It would follow that whatever perception of Reality we experience must also be fiction. Our contention, as always, has been that ’I think - therefore I am’ by Descartes is the greater fiction for reasons already explained. To consider to whatever degree that we can function on the basis of a fictional ’I’ precludes any attempt to honestly address ’who we are’. Saying that ‘conscious perspectives’ are limited and inconsistent with apparent reality are quite correct. It then brings into question the validity of ‘conscious perspectives’ to guide us toward ‘what is’. The entangled fictional relationship between ‘mind’ ‘I’ ‘thought’ ‘consciousness’ impose formidable barriers to that which is evident. Base observations on the construct and interpretation of what ‘knowledge’ is. Human experience is limited by its mechanical interpretation of Reality, especially ‘cogito ergo sum’. If everything that is, is its own measure of Reality (the differences) then everything must be measured, at whatever level, as being that part of the whole with all principles intact, making that measure available to be experienced as the Absolute. With absolutes there is no antagonism. We cannot exist or experience anything without a Universal complementary source of identification. It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality. Not experiencing Reality as it is, is equivalent to not experiencing ‘who we are’, and is indeed the only human source and validity of truth, although Descartes held the erroneous belief that such knowledge was independent of any experience. That belief we suspect was some form of impetus toward his ’cogito ergo sum’.                   Knowledge and experience are co-existing ‘necessary factors’ So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), therefore any ‘knowledge’ derived from experience will be incomplete. Clearly it is the quality of ‘knowledge’ that one experiences (e.g., Archimedes) that leads to a common certainty of evidence realised through direct experience. That quality of knowledge can be available when we observe directly the activity of drivers at traffic lights with the knowledge that it is a very common activity recognized internationally. In every case we can logically pronounce the premises to be true, therefore we have a conclusion that is also true - whether that conclusion is defined as Mutual Agreement, or Common Acceptance, it does not matter - they are mutual principles. It is this form of logical knowledge of innate principles that is the precursor to knowledge of the Absolute logically defined within all reason for ‘what it is’ . Where the basic premise is true that there is ‘Mutual Agreement’ between a multiplicity of drivers at traffic lights then we can with certainty conclude that the same principles exist Universally. We can also draw concrete conclusions, and establish knowledge, that it is not ‘absolutely necessary’ to experience by observation the multiplicity of drivers conforming to their particular road code. We have already established that knowledge. Knowledge and experience are not separate philosophical theories. One cannot be without the other.. Everyone has the potential to experience the Absolute paradoxically, in part or in whole. Everything that is, must contain the properties of the Absolute, otherwise nothing could be. To ask questions about human experience based solely and inevitably on our interpretation of ‘knowledge’, and co-existing with that, its particular meaning in human existence. So long as we can only deal with our conscious interpretation as representing Reality then we derive functionally less meaning than we are entitled to. When we see other humans consistently using levers to open crates then we can recognize a ‘social intelligence’ operating which equates to understanding that is not based on opinion, but is a clear expression of human activity that has correspondence. All of the principles involved in that experience can coalesce to provide that form of Reality that requires no interpretation. It becomes recognizable knowledge. How we understand that knowledge is through the realisation and identification of the principles involved, which become immediately transparent. The Absolute could be categorised as a knowledge experience that encompasses all and everything. Whatever is manifest is that measure (complete in itself) of the Whole with all its principles intact. Where there are at least two actions that are identical we can reach a common-sense conclusion that a definitive principle is operating. When that corresponds with innate knowledge then we have the complete cycle. The definition itself is language opening the door to an experience of Reality. No one can know in isolation. An imaginary ‘I’ restricts any experience of who “we are”,  and is not a necessary part of human experience.   Explaining experience beyond imaginary thought processes requires a definitive language that deals with the principles of Reality itself. Pure experience. The world-wide disposition that has no grounding in Nature and Reality becomes captive to any mythical fear that  offers a target to give some form of direction or stability. There is nothing more simple than to make Reality transparent - its evidence abounds. We can pronounce the principle properties that provide guidelines to its existence whereby the reality is made apparent. = Expansion. = To address concerns on ‘negativity’. Negativity is in essence the inability to establish a measure of Reality. Mechanistic processes of denial are the attempt to understand and make transparent that which is apparently unexplainable, and resolve a condition whose energy is driven toward finding that core of affirmation. The evolutionary principle from all available evidence is that human beings as a species progress. This seems a paradoxical contradiction to the embedded proposition that we can never know the ‘truth’. The consequence of such a traditional premise is that denial and negativity both hold paramount positions. We are conditioned to accept the premise that there is in fact no premise that will enable us to go beyond presently accepted norms of experience. We are conditioned to accept that the ‘truth’ is inexpressible. The evolution of the human species is constantly subject to contemporary ingrained social habits, which give some kind of credence to that particular point of existence. Indirect conscious interpretation classifies itself as a solid perspective to govern and justify human activity, which in many historical ways has proved disastrous.                   Our continued intention is to expose detrimental barriers to the realisation of ‘who we are’, and in that process establish a smoother, more realistic approach to ‘who we are’. The Archimedes legacy. When we establish knowledge of something that exists through a multiplicity of experience and evidence, then from every reasonable standard we can establish that it is true, ergo that which is true is Absolute. The principle of leverage is well grounded in social intelligence, and our natural knowledge of that does not need erudite explanations of its presence, nor any ‘conscious interpretation’ to realise its existence, or its practice. Evolution eventually removes restrictive passages to direct experience, the very purpose of evolution. The principle of leverage is not a matter of opinion, it is the realisation of actuality and our continued ‘more reasonable’ response each time the principle is applied. Children learn to speak their language primarily through experience without any direct, or indirect conscious interpretation, and so, universally we ‘know’ the most powerful means to communicate. Were we to move 50 miles in any compass direction from the town we live in, there is a certain predictability that we will meet others who speak the same English language that we do. If in that experience we find that these premises we have drawn about our travels were true, then the conclusion we would come to in particular, is that when we communicate we make known what we know. …………………………………………………………. '''Please note the date:''' '''Oct 2005.''' I am offering up this older material below to provide insight as to the progression of this work. There may well be some duplication to date. During this period my wife and I worked in collaboration to ensure an equality of experience. = Stepping Stones 1. = There is nothing other than what is – there is no hidden Reality that we need to seek, it embraces us at every turn. The Archimedes experience is the pure experience of Ultimate Reality, which provides indisputable knowledge. Reality is the source of complete knowledge, it is the constant source that has provided us with all human development, from the writings of William Shakespeare, to the computer development of Bill Gates. What they have produced is now an evident part of our reality that we can engage in. We can experience ‘mutual agreement’ through epiphanies, insights, enlightenment , understanding, Eureka moments etc, they are all one and the same. Implicit within the macrocosm is the microcosm – it cannot be otherwise. The more we conform within the microcosm the more we begin to appreciate that Reality contains everything, and that we can realise through experience its manifestation. Each Eureka moment is that personal point of experience that connects us with the Truth. The principle of leverage was always available, it took an Archimedes to explain it to us. Each Eureka moment necessarily engages with the reality of complete knowledge, and utilises its share at that time. When we have complete knowledge of who we are in that personal moment, then we understand that these, egalitarian properties, are rightfully shared by everyone and that we have experienced that which is infinite. It does not mean that the process of evolution is over – it has only just begun. It does mean that we can no longer continue coasting through this existence in a near comatose state. If there is a hypnotic fixation in holding the principles of Reality as being separate, and different, then the potential realisation of their immediate unity, and communion, becomes problematic. Knowledge, and experience are one and the same – they are not different!! Experience = Immediate knowledge of basic reality that is factually correct, and that we can reasonably use. Knowledge = Immediate experience of secure, and accurate information that is constantly stable, and sustains principles. Reality = Complete Knowledge. As the microcosmic part of the total macrocosm we are immersed in reality. The real question should be, ‘how can one not know Reality, or ‘who we are’. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the bank, and deal with money transactions. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the supermarket and exchange money for goods. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can send our children to school to enhance their education. Evident proof is validation of what is – it is not a matter of anyone’s opinion, nor is it an assumption of ours. Neither do we assume, or offer any opinion, on the Universal Reality that there is ‘mutual agreement’ that we need air, food, and water to sustain us. Evident proof is also the basis for the mechanics toward realisation of ‘complete knowledge ‘ of who we are. Reality can be realised through concentration on its basic principles. We use language to express our understanding of who we are.It is relatively easy, it is reasonable, and it is responsible. We convey through language our measure of intelligence, and to the best of our ability conform to the basic rule of communication – ‘we make known’ Implicit within that exercise is ‘mutual agreement’. We may differ in some specifics, but we meet the basic obligation of communication – ‘we make known’, and always we progress to some degree. Simultaneity is one of the constant principles that we all share and they come from Here, Now, the Present, where they have always been. Everything is. Our being is always engaged in the present, and we each have an obligation to understand our relationship to what is. The present is the only point of contact we can ever have with Reality. To some degree or another, each one of us is directly connected to Reality (we do not have any choice in the matter), and we can potentially evaluate ‘what is’ through the utilisation, and examination of factual reality. We are the microcosmic part of that Universal Macrocosm, and because we already have that innate information it is a matching process when we have a Eureka moment, an epiphany, an understanding beyond question. Nothing enters our minds - we already know! Everyone has innate knowledge of the principle of leverage. It requires correct examination of ‘what is’ for realisation to occur. It is then a relief to have ‘mutual agreement’ on the things we would wish to make transparent to others. To use a traffic analogy, it is evident that there is ‘en masse’ mutual agreement when we know to drive off when the traffic light turns green. Mutual agreement is translated into people obeying traffic rules (otherwise chaos). Two cars, two drivers, sitting directly alongside each other at traffic lights, discuss their understanding of their Road Code in this particular position, and what they should do. When the light turns green there are a myriad of principles that apply when they drive off simultaneously. They have both demonstrated their ‘complete knowledge’ of the significance of the green light from this perspective. There is Mutual Agreement. There is Predictable Conformity. There is Common Ground. Each one complements the other. They are both right. One more remove: From an outsider’s point of view – they both know! The green light could be categorised as a Eureka moment, it sets in play all the above principles, whether the drivers are aware of it or not. From the perspective of two outside objective observers who know the traffic rules, if asked, did the two drivers at the lights obey the rules – the answer would be yes, there would be mutual agreement. They have complete knowledge of this particular circumstance concerning drivers, and green lights. Could it be that certain schools of thought are curtailed by a questionable refusal to recognize what is, and have a preference for creating a difficulty where none exists! No one can examine what isn’t! There is no such thing as ‘nothing’. Something is – what is it? A Scottish engineer functions on the same principles as an Italian Pope. Because Archimedes was prominent as a mathematician, his realisation of the principle of leverage, and his understanding of the difference in water displacement between silver and gold was widely reported. This does not mean that realisation of ‘what is’ is an exclusive experience. As said previously Archimedes did not realise something new – it has always existed, and all forms of life would have utilised the leverage principle to some degree or another (watch a bird build a nest). At that time there were probably many thousands of people who had some understanding of the principle, but Archimedes was the one who made statements about it. As in any Eureka moment, we can experience infinity and who we are. It is mutual agreement (an understanding) between the part, and the whole. It is when the principles are in unison Eureka! Reality is there to be examined, and experienced, it is not separate from us, nor should we try to make it so. = Stepping stones 2. = Knowledge is not conditional by the activities of what may be called ‘thought’ or ‘consciousness processes’. Real knowledge is that which is available to all, and to be shared by all. It cannot be contained by the ‘experiencer’ and then not ‘known’ by the accident of experience. It is the actual innate experience itself which conclusively establishes the truth. It can only deal in the truth which is its modus operandi of dissemination. For me to say that ‘everything is’, is a statement of fact which cannot be denied, and an intellectual dishonesty to attempt to deny the evidence by philosophical machinations. Hostility toward the truth leads inevitably toward attempted negation - looking for nothingness! ‘Being here’ demands its own recognition - attempting to deny it is simply perverse. Knowledge is the realisation of ‘what is’.. Rene Descartes ‘I think - therefore I am ‘did no service to human evolution, or education. It established in Western societies especially, the culture of individualism, with the precursor that so-called ‘thought’ was the inward evidence for existence, and for the following unfortunate claim that we have a ‘mind’, or to use the euphemism, a soul! Experience is true knowledge. When that experience marries up with its innate counterpart then recognition is realised (cognition). In simple terms, a light goes on in the brain. There can be no real knowledge without truth. All thought qualifies experience and attempts to reduce truth to near nothingness which is a widespread conditional activity. We cannot manufacture knowledge, or the principles which are its properties. No matter the amount of correct information anyone can ingest, it does not become knowledge until there is tripartite coalescence between inherent knowledge - ingested correct information - and ‘what is’. Then we truly recognize that which is Absolute. Within Nature we have the distinct privilege of evolving in a Universe that can only recognize the attributes of social cohesion. Knowledge is not anyone’s personal possession. Whatever measure of experience we may have of it, it is only available as a Universal sharing experience to be beneficially used. Human activity whereby we witness people using tools for leverage, or drivers at traffic lights obeying the rules of the road, are observable markers that contain the properties for understanding our own reality. Unless seen for what they are, they are only mechanical platitudes with an equally mechanical response. We could rightly claim that that at least is some response, but of no real value. The natural process that operates when we see that which is innate, overrides any erudite explanation from an academic base however intellectual its original source. ‘Thinking’ for oneself cannot make judgments about a ‘natural’ experience. When we see human duplicate functions in operation then we are in communion, and at another level we recognize who we are. When we actively see the activities of the human brain in action we are not dealing with any internal ‘will - o’ - the wisp’ that no one can ever experience. We exercise that prerogative (human activity) at every moment in time, but quite apparently without that focus of attention that denotes realistic recognition. To seek identity in sectarian, or secular belief systems to overcome the contemporary feeling of loss of identity leads to the acceptance of anything that offers some form of stability. That is then used to strengthen that which is euphemistically addressed as the ’self’. To retain that security the acceptance of information transmitted throughout generations, is absorbed into the culture, and defended to the death against those who would question that belief system. The greatest knowledge we can ever have is our own and it has the potential to transcend all else and provide insight into infinity. The most tragic human condition is the lack of experience of identity in a multiplicity of identities in which we all share. The real problem is not one of ‘identity’, but a lack of ’communion’. Whether we like it or not, whether we are aware of it or not, the principle of ’communion’ must always exist to some degree for evolution to proceed. It is within the experience of that principle that we understand the fallaciousness of that much heralded ‘self’ which draws down so much energy in an attempt to establish itself as a reality. Within positive language structure possibilities (no dichotomies), there should be the disposition toward the realisation that our relationships to cognize into ‘communion’ must be addressed as specifically dependent. Social attempts to be ‘independent’ are the very remove from reality and signify reduction attempts toward nothingness. Adherence to, and the cultivation of faith and belief systems give little elbow room for any factual occurrence to be anything other than a comparison to the myths that are held. The cultural and educational socialisation of generations of children must carry with it, its historical belief systems that overwhelm the natural instincts. Observe an animal out of its natural habitat and locked in a cage for its entire life. It would be a salutary exercise if we could dispense with the term ‘mind’ from our vocabulary and magnify the use of the word brain to promote a realistic discussion on ‘who we are’. My action of levering open a wooden crate and knowledge of it is one and the same. Our remarkable brain functions like that, the purpose of a brain, the natural repository of innate knowledge. The assertion of principles is critical to avoid all activity being submerged by questioning their very existence, and being unable to see directly. It would be a rarity today, if anyone using a lever to pry open a wooden crate would have the same enormity of experience that Archimedes had, nor the need to make pronouncements about it. It has all been done prior to our awareness of its value with the accompanying data attached. Our brain knows the value of a lever and activates our body accordingly when needed. It could be categorised as evolutionary transmission. The observance of someone prying open a crate with a lever, or drivers conforming to the road code at traffic lights, is a function of the brain in action, not a mythical entity in a singular locality that denies its own senses. When the brain is not burdened by distorted belief systems it then has the potential to experience ’that which is’, which is always constant. When we understand the function of a lever, or the presence of traffic lights, then we can activate the principles involved because we already know how! The negative impact in the use of dichotomies in language lies in their distraction from the truth, as our brain processes the words we use in relation to Reality. The tendency to attempt to separate inherent truths through the words we use disrupts that natural correspondence necessary for identification. A chair, is a chair, is a chair. = Stepping stones 3. = Where principles are concerned the constituent linkages in language are identity markers to that which is real - reference points. Without dichotomies there is no separation, or ambiguity between what we experience, and ‘what is’. Philosophy in its attempt to address something through denial is an elementary confusion. To say that that is a chair, and then attempt to deny it invoking philosophical theorems concerning the human ability to experience it, is a severe contradiction on the existence of the object , and the observer. When this form of contradiction is then taken as a constant, it then precludes any common-sense and definitive answer to the existence of a chair. '''For philosophers, George Orwell’s ’to see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle’ would be apt.''' Real concepts cannot exist in any mythology, therefore all that we experience is inevitably the truth that is there to beproperly categorised for what it is. The proper use of language in this context will identify whatever it is to correspond with present reality. Misuse of language (dichotomies and mythologies) leads only to the acceptance of a fractured state where nothing is whole and represents confusion. The dissipation of the supposed problem is never realised. Fiction has been elevated to the status of an accepted reality. Very early evolutionary physical dangers allowed the development of fictions that offered some form of imaginary protection beyond limited physical ability. That contemporary humanity endorses the mythology of ‘I’ is testament to the psychological fear that still exists and requires its proper recognition. Emphasis must be placed in the relationship between language and reality for understanding to proceed. The persistence of dichotomies has their own persistent confusion which then promotes a false reality through misleading information. Microcosm and macrocosm are one and the same in a Universe where ‘everything is’. Isolated viewpoints are exactly that, and are unable to view the expanse in which we are encompassed. We must learn to view reality through both ends of the same telescope. When we understand the extensive scope of ‘truth’, then we know that its values and properties do not change - which relates to ‘completeness’. Philosophical, ideological, and intellectual endeavour , try to shape the structure of ‘what is’ based on pre-dispositional knowledge, which can only ask the same questions, and look for the same answers. Not to experience that which is absolute or whole is the normal result of the confusion of language which has no correspondence to that which is real. To discuss with a philosopher the possibility that ’mind’ per se does not exist, and to dissolve it as a concept would place them in a realistic position, would indeed be a difficult proposition. The strength of that difficulty lies in another imaginary concept, that that ‘mind’ represents ’I’, and it is anathema to that fiction to consider its own demise! = Stepping stones 4. = There are no dichotomies. Everything is, and everything that is, is complete, everything is an Absolute complete Reality. You are experiencing your measure of that reality. It cannot be otherwise that you are experiencing that measure of completeness. When we come to terms with it we have the innate capacity to see the Absolute in a grain of sand. That is knowledge. Belief in dichotomies is the mythical barrier to that particular experience - which is only denial, supported by erudite protestations that human construct dichotomies exist. At a mechanical level Intelligence and Stupidity appear to be separate identifiable conditions, and they appear to be antagonistic. Stupidity is in Reality a measure of the Intelligence which is always constant. If someone was in a state of mythical utter and complete stupidity we would not attempt any form of emancipation from that condition. We know that that is misguided and proceed with techniques to advance intelligence. Consider the proposition that there are no dichotomies, and within that possibility all questions become irrelevant. Presuming that there are no dichotomies allows the process of establishing ‘necessary factors’ to proceed, and allows each measure of wholesomeness to be realised. Experience is the criteria for knowledge. Some Reality experiences were simply transposed into particular belief systems and elevated into a pseudo spiritual dimension, or a philosophical conundrum. Where there is a belief in a divisive fiction (dichotomies) there is automatic mechanistic restriction to that which is Real. There is a capacity beyond ego and intellect which can commune with ‘what is’, and recognize its properties. Reality is constant. Within the accepted comparative framework there is the view of principles as having different divisive categories e.g., as above, Intelligence and Stupidity, and classify them within ‘thought’ structure as dichotomies and give credence to them as being an antagonistic reality. The consequence of that, is, that one is always a remove from recognizing the structural properties of immediate existence. Any construct of knowledge necessary to evaluate ’what is’ will address the properties (principles) that are the constituent constant markers available in that which is the microcosm and the macrocosm. That identity (the Absolute) is found in any sphere of Reality.Everything is - and everything that is, must be experienced for what it is, and not for what anyone denies it to be. There is no mythical human construction that can deny ’what is”. Everything is - without dichotomies. To repeat, we do not have the ability to create ‘nothingness’ - ‘that which is’ has no imaginary comparative human construct. To attempt to deal with such constructs, and give credence to them is always the denial of ‘what is’, and adherence to ‘thought’ processes whose only purpose is to cement that activity. Indeed realising that the concepts of dichotomies are human mythical constructs, denying true perspective, is the beginning of insight. The dissipation of such processes through addressing the principles of Reality allows us the potential to experience directly ‘what is’, in simple terms -the truth! Intelligence is a ‘necessary factor’. Addressing stupidity is a denial of reality at whatever level we find it. Intelligence and Stupidity are not antagonistic, they are one and the same principle with measurable degrees of existence. Only from a comparative framework standpoint is credence given to any mythical form. The above observation is not negating the process, it is questioning the markers which evolve into imaginary separation (trapped in a comparative framework mythology). That particular process can and does create a false mythical reality that appears divisive. We cannot exist within a divisive reality! Reality must be complete for us to recognize its existence. Where there are no dichotomies within the premise that ‘everything is’, there exists no antagonistic position. The distinction between human constructs of positive and negative are matters of mythical perspective wherein no experience of the Absolute is available. It is because the human ’mind’ per se places its own construction on its immediate experience, and must have its particular interpretation based on what it considers ’knowledge’. There is a difference between ’mechanical knowledge’, and ’pure knowledge’. From the mechanical knowledge standpoint which can only deal ‘in indirect conscious interpretation’, it is quite correct to say that that form of knowledge is incomplete, and it always will be. Pure knowledge experienced via our brain knows no separation, nor antagonism, and is responsible for our ability to recognize the actions of others who may pry open wooden crates with a lever, or drive off uniformly at traffic lights. Within that cohesive activity it precludes ’a matter of opinion’ and by themselves can become subjects of a pure knowledge experience. To repeat, it is a form of ’communion’ with ’what is’, and available to all. Where drivers at traffic lights universally conform to their particular road code, and where universally there is a language which identifies their activity as Mutual Agreement, or any other logical definition, we can concur with the common-sense conclusion that we have universally established that within language and common activity, there is indeed a truth formed. The coalescence between universal language and universal activity are the logical constructs that create civilizations. There is a vast social network of common activity that solidifies the logic into an honest and persuasive conclusion that confirms innate common principles –knowledge. = Stepping stones 5. = The Art of making sense of everything. How to understand principles. # Principle. A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning. # All principles are interdependent, interconnected, and infinite. # Each one is dependent on the other two. Examples of a principles template and how to define them without dichotomies. Communication. Truth. Standard. Proof. Express. Contribute. Mutual. Direction. Advance. Comfort. Organize. Certain. Immediate. Interest. Improve. Present. Constructive. Gain. Trust. Progress. Source. Knowledge. Basic. Original Reality. Awareness.Freedom. Purpose. Connect. Understand. Support. Peace. Cause. Unity. Ability. Rights. Honest. Discover. Positive. Energy. Balance. Good. Courage. Willing.  Control. Use. Association.  Observe. Reason. Easy. Wealth. Simple. Law. Increase. Order. Flow.Co-operation. Exact. Quality. Accuracy. Strength. Responsible. Operating. Creative. Measure. Recognition. Accept. Constant. Obligation. Include. Dependence. Relationship. Value. Success. Principle. Equality. Stable. Share. Love. Sustenance. Action. Identity. Intelligence. Education. Secure. Facts. Agreement. Information. For. Rules.Clear. Yield. Example: Success = Securing facts                = Responsible co-operation               = Constructive knowledge So success by definition is : Securing facts through constructive knowledge and cooperating  responsibly. All definitions of success from your template are infinite. You will find your own suitable definition. ==== There are no dichotomies! ==== Any principle is correctly defined by any two other principles. You create a new language of Absolutes. Using conjunctions you can write your own book. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 Amen to that! “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman” Simone de Beauvoir. “Time does not change us. It just unfolds us” Max Frisch. We experience ourselves our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future. = Who we are. =   It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality for what it is..   For anyone to say that ‘everything is’ is a simple linguistic absolute that no amount of ‘more reasonable’ requests (above) can deny. Those requests only appear to be governed by the difficulties of ‘mental complexities’, and embedded ideologies. To accept that ‘everything is’ as an absolute, is a realistic basis to establish any reality, and comprises the basis for reason to be activated. If there is ‘nothing’, nothing can be achieved. Within that which is Absolute there are no dichotomies. Therefore there are no antagonistic positions available. Everything that is, is a measure of the Absolute.  We are always in the present, everyone and everything. Instant elementary ‘knowledge’ which we all share, and must admit to. In being alive, we do not have the ability to not be here, and we do not have the ability to not know! To have a problem in addressing what Truth and Knowledge are, to the point of denying their existence, then that problem exists well below the scale of Reality. To repeat knowledge is not the proprietary right of any individual, it is enshrined in the principle of agreement that we mutually exercise to establish its own reality. The reality of experience is not, nor ever will be, a personal possession that we can have and hold. Its reality becomes more alive when we see the same activity being practised by others. Then we know we are sharing that reality, and that experience. We cannot "have" the principles that exist, but when we undrestand them then we are obliged to use them with integrity. That form of integrity in any language, is an added foundation stone to any belief system Mechanistic ‘I’ has no concept or understanding of ‘pure knowledge’. Only when we break free of the myth that some clarity becomes apparent, and we have the opportunity to engage with what is real. Philosophy it appears to me is constrained by individual ‘thought’ processes, which (without experience) cannot escape from that individuality. Those ‘thought’ processes conjure up a human history of inflexible, and impossible propositions which only serve to protect that individuality. Descartes ‘cogito ergo sum’ has compounded the difficulties by strengthening the incorrect premise of a false individuality. ‘I’ is a phantom consciousness much like a phantom pain experienced after a limb is amputated. The brain registers the pain signifying that something should be there. Likewise our brain has that same relationship with Nature and Reality. It is analogous to our brain dealing with a ‘phantom reality’ knowing that something is missing but is continuing to evolve to establish the whole. There exists a ‘phantom chasm’ between our brain and Reality and an understanding of its properties. We are robbed of real meaning. Evidence, recognition, and the truth are the principles it uses to reform. Within their structure is the meaning of reforms. Nature does not impose any morality on us, the principles implied in morality are there for us to understand and use. Our brain has the capacity, once reality is correctly examined, to recognize ‘that which is’. Once realised it becomes embedded. That ‘phantom consciousness’ is an experience removed from its proper environment. It takes its proper place when we experience reality for ‘what it is’, which provides the totality of meaning. True experience allows us entry to the quality of knowledge that is a continuous reality. So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), any ‘knowledge’ derived from that experience will be incomplete. That form of philosophical negative conclusion can come down to not believing that Reality exists (a chair is not a chair, is not a chair etc,), or that our experience of ourselves and others is real, and discount any other form of knowledge that threatens that belief. There is an intellectual dishonesty in denying the existence of principles. Hostility towards the truth leads inevitably to negativity. Being here demands, not denial, but the right to be recognized. We are the recipients of a ubiquitous communication system – making known. We can only understand that which we know. We make known all the time. Knowledge of Reality – Truth – the Absolute is a collective inclusive experience of the principles we share, and never the property of any individual. To ‘know’ ‘who we are’ is an inclusive experience of the principles involved. Never ‘cogito ergo sum’.   Philosophers in investigating the nature of knowledge and the Universe, firmly established for themselves that the source of reason and logic was located in a mythical concept ‘the mind’. From the wrong basis evolved elaborate and metaphysical constructions which removed the investigations further, and further, from the truth. To comprehend the material world, and give it credibility, the recognition of implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct a language that provides that form of recognition. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects is misguided by the injection of a mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. That erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound Reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion, is compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every human view available. We cannot manufacture knowledge that leads to a mechanistic understanding of ‘what is’ , nor the principles which are its properties – however much dogma is practised. We can only aspire to relate to ‘necessary factors’ that are the implicit fundamentals of existence. For me to use a lever to open a crate is a form of communion with Archimedes through the principle he enunciated. It is now not ‘necessary’ for me to go through the same experience as Archimedes to establish that ‘necessary factor’ or ‘principle’. It is now common-place, and common-sense to utilise the principle. The extract below provides some explanation of the brain processes in action Universally, and coincides with any reasoning on the observance of the leverage principle, and the actions of motorists conforming to the Road Code wherever traffic lights exist. ''The right-to-left shift of mental control looked increasingly like a universal phenomenon, capturing the essence of every learning process on every time scale, from hours to years. An individual faced with a truly novel situation or problem tackles it mostly with the right hemisphere. But once the situation becomes familiar and is mastered, the dominant role of the left hemisphere becomes evident. It looked like the empowering patterns capturing the essence of the situations (or rather the whole class of similar situations) were, once formed, stored in the left hemisphere. (The Wisdom Paradox. Professor Elkhonon Goldberg. P202)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandermeulen|first=Jo|date=2008-08|title=Verstand komt met de jaren|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03077135|journal=Neuropraxis|volume=12|issue=4|pages=137–139|doi=10.1007/bf03077135|issn=1387-5817}}</ref>'' = Limitations. = However limited our view of connectedness is, or however tenuous the reality our experience is, ‘everything is’, and everything is connected. Innate knowledge and the fundamental nature of Man is the prior source of knowledge that seeks and identifies that connectedness. Attempting to address what we don’t know is that mythical infinite regress toward that parallel mythical ‘nothingness’. To always address what we know establishes Reality. To establish knowledge of principles, start from ‘we are here’. The natural principles within the diversity of human culture and activity when recognized as mutual ‘necessary factors’ will have the effect of enhancing and directing vital energy toward the very process of  the communion we seek, and the gradual penetration of a reality that always exists. Knowledge of Reality is not ‘different’ in other locales. The fundamental principles are the same. Addressing ‘what is’ instead of denying ‘what is’ is the basic construction of real knowledge. Within the structure of the Absolute we are all the same with a magnificent differential in our expression of the principles of necessity. That expression is our ongoing effort toward its own experience which gives it life and meaning. That experience in turn exposes us to an immediate Reality that is in communion with the fundamental structure of our being. All that we can contribute toward that is 50%, the other half is in our momentary relationship with Reality – then we know! That form of knowledge is always available through that form of experience, and it always comes in the form of confirmation which reforms. Until that experience our prior condition appears mechanistic, without direction, or understanding. Reality, life, is not mechanistic. We are the recipients of innate principles with the constant potential to experience those principles in action (Archimedes et al). Dogmas, ideologies, are the restrictive practices used to blur the recognition of principles operating to a level that understanding of that common and constant activity is virtually denied. Our natural capital (principles) is degraded to the point that their factual evidence is reduced even to the point that they are categorised as a ‘perceptual illusion”. We can trust facts 2+2=4. Simplicity has its own majesty. Anything circumscribed by reason requires control of our emotions. To comprehend the material world, bring it alive, and give it credibility, the recognition of its implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct the language that provides evidence of that Reality. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects, is misinformed by the injection of that mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. The erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion’, is paradoxically compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every other human view available, thus it then makes its own sense, form and justification to the illusion! The evident question we must ask, ‘how does a ‘mind’ conclude that ‘immaterialism’ exists universally? Surely it is a simple but massive contradiction in terms. If there is nothing there but ‘perceptual illusion’, how can you attribute it to other ‘minds’. The oxymoronic effect of narcissism is that it is the very denial of ‘who we are’. Man is not composed of an overwhelming self-love. That mythical embedded belief cannot consider the possibility of underlying principles that are the real life force of Man in his relationship with Reality. The truth of that, is that humankind (in spite of itself), evolves towards its own Reality. The only human values that exist, lie in Man’s recognition of the principles involved that provide human direction. Our ‘material brain’ is a product of Nature's evolutionary process, and has innate within it the same principles that exist in all matter. That ‘which is’, is the truth, and our brain evolves to process that at every level, and we constantly manifest that in every action we take – whether we like it or not. The fundamental similarities between human beings is that we are not only evidently human, but that we also function and construct societies that we recognize as beneficial to our immediate well-being. All social function is determined by our brain capacity and its ability to postulate the relationship it has with Universal principles. = Illusion. = Considering that we can contradict things is an illusion. We can never contradict the truth. We do not have the ability to create proprietary constructs of reality. That ‘which is’, can only make its basic properties transparent to us through direct experience. Imaginary concepts must in the end conform to a measurable construct that we can identify. Within the structure of any philosophical theory of ‘knowledge’ it must contain the basic elements of truth at all times, or there is nothing!! To say that ‘everything is’ is motivated by pure reason experience as an objective, and subjective reality and as an axiomatic grammatical premise that no amount of mental acrobatics can deny. We can only deal with ‘something’, whatever it may be. There is no metaphysical construct that can provide evidence that ‘nothing’ exists, outside a mythical mind. Explaining experience beyond ‘thought’ processes requires a definitive language that deals with the reality itself. We all Know. It is innate. The ‘difference’ between us is only the measure of the knowledge that is made manifest, and that knowledge continually proliferates. The ‘individual perspective’, and the illusory ‘I’ which dominates, is the barrier to any relation to ‘what is’, and the malady of never experiencing the truth directly!   Truth, knowledge, agreement are the abundant and embedded Absolutes that form the structure of human evolution. That we constantly utilise and improve on their use is evidence of their reality, and the material transparency within every social structure. The survival and proliferation of such realities should be the evidence to establish that ‘that which is’ is Absolute. When we focus our ‘perspective’, opinion, or a hypothetical consideration of a space, time, or identity to question a Universally accepted fact, it is hardly a categorical argument to dismiss that which is true as nonsensical. Any denial that 2+2=4 is a fundamental truth hardly takes into account that the reality of such basics are vital to the success of higher mathematics. Unless the basics are continually correct, and evidently so, then no correct solutions could evolve. We know that within any basic structural ‘use’ that the calculation is correct. We commonly accept its correctness as an embedded reality. All forms of lower or higher mathematics would have the axiomatic principle of ‘correctness’ as their basis to extend from. Also, they would have as an axiom that the reverse is true. The 2+2=4 is, in its reality, the epitome of balance and construction. The 2+2 reality forms its correct conclusion when the principles of mathematics are propounded and they conform to transparent truth and arrive at 4. Only when it ‘adds up’, does it become a truth that we all recognize. Our greatest ignorance is taking for granted the proliferation of such truths through an ideological blinkered perspective. Because truth takes a commonplace form it is no less fundamental. Unless there is correct knowledge as to the existence of fundamental truth, that ‘which is’, goes unrecognised. That form of truth must be applicable to all. Truth exists in everything – it is an evidential reality. Searching for an esoteric truth is chasing shadows. Every truth is a ‘necessary factor’, and fundamental to our existence. Because of the imposed limited perspectives (via education, ideology, beliefs) that which is evidently true, and transparent, is delegated to a position of simple practicality with conditions placed on it which further deletes its substance, and we have the awful predilection of conforming to the attempted destruction of that which is true. Do we have a problem with seeing something, which is correct, as also being true? All truths are fundamental. They are not subject to attempted denial because of any diminished realisation at any point in time. Where there is reasonable evidence of balance, equity, and agreement we can conclude that a truth exists. Once innate information of that truth becomes transparent, it becomes an embedded useful human utility that must have some measure of fundamental truth as their starting point. From any common-sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’.  That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the reality of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. The dematerialization of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance etc.  However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality.   = Human representation. When we understand the validity and existence of principles in all things, it is easy to understand that ideological dogmas are never the foundation for real knowledge, or that direct experience of ‘what is’. Our real perspective is not some individualistic experience that confines us, it is that expanse in which we exist that offers us the view of that expanse. Everyone has the potential to go beyond their ‘apparent’ human perspective limitations. Shifting our sense of perception toward that which is basic, paradoxically extends the experience of that which is true. Let general knowledge be directed toward the performance that identifies the measure of principles that are enacted. Therein lies the production of knowledge that offers a sustainable growth of that vital universal aspect of knowledge, where, reason and truth, can prevail. Any correct definition is language itself, opening the door to that reality experience which is critical. Only when we know and experience that the same reality (with all its principles intact) exists for all of us can we then recognize the mythical distinctions that are taken as being real. The majestic experience of that reality goes well beyond historical beliefs. Exploring simple ‘necessities’ is not based on any sacred text, but the privilege of recognizing a sensible evolutionary path through life. Whatever may be in the future, is implicit in the material world now, and it has always been so. p6n35xy9iisem3a0k9tijf3p8zyf9tk 2412755 2412753 2022-08-09T03:46:59Z Hamish84 1362807 /* Responsibility. */ Added media wikitext text/x-wiki = <ref>'''William Shakespeare''' (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616</ref>A message. = What humanity needs is not any individual approach but a governance powerful body of excellence that has modern technology, knowledge, and freedom they can use to disseminate clear information. Clear information about a new language structure of absolutes beneficial to an International forum, and eventually to reach a Universal status.Its benefits reach toward conceptual language on a planet that speaks more than 7,000 languages. No matter the language spoken the concepts of: Air - Food - Water are recognised. The overall development of conceptual language can only be beneficial and will be as appropriate to Absolutes definitions. Reaching for the Stars might show us the way. Universal Language of Absolutes. "A very grand title but it took many years to explain its value" = Our history. = Born in Scotland in 1927 left school at 14 years of age. Married at 21 years of age and we had two children. We emigrated to New Zealand in 1953 and lived there for approximately thirty years. During our stay there I did a Liberal Studies Course at Canterbury University Christchurch and graduated. We have since had ten books published through Google books on the subject matter at hand and my wife Jean Caldwell McMillan is the co-author to most of the work presented here. My wife Jean was an avid reader of many works on philosophy and psychology. She was influenced by the works of Erich Fromm. Jean died 9th of January 2011. To refresh the original purpose of  our  earlier writings my wife and I  went on an odyssey  looking for any data, ancient or otherwise, on human consciousness, specifically related to Alzheimer’s disease. Now at 95 years of age (well past my used by date) it may well be that I am a candidate with a focus on my own pending dementia. If so, then the theory and the method I now write about is holding it at bay. To address the health of my mind in this way could be the catalyst that retains its own functional activity. The creation of a  semantic template is well documented below. No semantic definition of absolutes or principles can be ill-defined. They are always interconnected, interdependent and infinite. Each configuration constructed by anyone has meaning particular to them, although its value is universal. That  is why it is never personal property! [[File:JimNJean.png|center|thumb|228x228px|Jim and Jean]] = The Beginning. = "The road's half traveled when you know the way" [[File:Tree lined path - geograph.org.uk - 2269906.jpg|center|thumb]] Oxford dictionary definitions: Principle: "A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning". Absolute: " Complete - Entire - Perfect - Pure. These particular dictionary given definitions offers us guidelines to ‘existing conditions’ necessary for complementary understanding, and experience. We can only examine that which is real, basic evidence, that is fundamentally true, and we must ‘use’ it, to establish that which is reasonable. The general consensus is that there are no Absolutes. The following material is set out to show the very reverse is true and that everything that is is Absolute. Establish that there are no dichotomies that will leave the primary terms alone to create a semantic template. There are no dichotomies. Mythical dichotomies distort Reality. Everything is: The computer you use today has always existed, it is the arrangement of particles that have materialized it. The subject matter "Universal Language of Absolutes' is promoted to provide a new understanding of spoken language. This understanding was initially constructed by the cognitive experiences of both my wife and myself many years ago. Just like the principle of a jigsaw puzzle, meaning lies significantly in the fact that all pieces of the puzzle are interdependent and interconnected. When completed they provide a picture of the whole. We have endeavoured to produce a picture of the evolutionary process of language in human history because the evolution of language prefixes all modes of thought in human culture. The material directs the reader towards a new view that all that evolves is in a vertical direction, not the linear direction commonly understood. Human consciousness is of itself the phenomenon of evolution and to recognize its existence is part of the process. Shakespeare expressed this succinctly through the voice of Juliet who proclaimed, “a rose by any other name- would smell as sweet.” [[File:Comestible rose in the Laquenexy orchard garden, Moselle, France (01).jpg|thumb|center|237x237px]] === Conceptual language. === My wife and I recognized how profound the extension of this observation would mean conceptually. Of all the languages spoken on this planet, it would be fair to say that all of them would contain the properties of, air, food, and water conceptually, etc. This is a form of consciousness equality that is available to us all. It points to the reality of our constant relation to each other and our existence. We can never exist in a world of individuality, but only in relation to the consciousness of one another. Consequently, that exceptional experience can only be shared superficially. We cannot ‘know’ any other life experiences other than our own introspection. <gallery> File:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg </gallery>" ''Albert Einstein 1921. We experience our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us."'' ''Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future,p.99'' Einstein came very close. In reality, every human being has a backpack from the day they were conceived. In the backpack every experience in their mother’s womb is experienced. At birth and throughout their lives, everything that happens to them in life is registered and creates their personality. That life with all its experiences can never be known to anyone else, consequently, we can never “know” another person. It creates equality of consciousness that we must understand. We can know details about a person, but that is all. That life is sacrosanct. Who we are really goes beyond normal human experience and into the realm of the Absolute. Werner Karl Heisenberg (physicist). The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. As a young layman with no knowledge of Heisenberg but interested in principles it seemed to me that the Uncertainty Principle was just a contradiction in terms. In later years I found that Heraclitus describes life as being in a state of flux a replica of the Uncertainty Principle which in fact can be defined as an absolute state. Within the context of knowing who we are and the backpack we carry our life in, we can never know each individual life as that life experience is singularly their own and sacrosanct. It now seems that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle can fall into the category of being an Absolute. Evolution proceeds in advance of our need to evolve. In our pure active state, we are.There is no static end (an abomination) - only beginning. As we cannot know what tomorrow will bring, living with expectations is rather futile. Nature has its own agenda. Zen Koan recorded 1228: 'An instant realization sees endless time. Endless time is as one moment. When one comprehends the endless moment He, or she, realizes the person who is seeing it.' We do not own Space. We do not own Time We do not own Energy We do not own Matter [[File:Universum.jpg|center|thumb]] "What we call the beginning is often the end And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time" T.S Eliot = Everything is in scale. = The present moment is the point in which Eternity has placed us – we all live in that moment, and whether we like it or not, we exist in it, experience it, have knowledge of it, and we all share it, measure by measure. There are no dichotomies. Illusion is a measure of Reality, as Stupidity is a measure of Intelligence If one keeps measuring illusion it is an attempted downward spiral to nothingness.There is no opposite to Reality – that illusion is a measure of Reality. There is no such thing as ‘nothing’ in the elemental construction of Homo sapiens. All the innate ‘something’s’ are the fundamentals of our being human and all our experiences. The correct use, and understanding of who we are, is an extension therefrom. Does it require any interpretation on anyones part to say ‘we are? Any attempted denial of that statement would be perverse use of the language, and delusional. === Try saying ‘we are not” === ‘We are’ is the foundation of all affirmation, and within that spectrum, we can know, and be. ‘We are’ is self-evident Truth. We can neither know, nor experience what isn’t. Eternity is the here and now, that is why it is possible to explain the experience of Eternity. Nothing is ever lost in Time. We are located in a vast Universe. ‘twas a moment’s pause,- All that took place within me came and went As in a moment; yet with Time it dwells, And grateful memory, as a thing divine. Wordsworth Prelude, Book V111 We already know – the ''basic'' condition that must exist for us to re-cognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. Unless there was mutual identity we could not know anything. It is why we are urged to evacuate the Platonic cave. Sadly most prefer the shadows rather than confront who they are. We already know – the basic condition that must exist for us to recognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. == Lost Shadows == [[File:People Shadow.JPG|left|thumb]] The shadows move Lost in confusion Lost in despair Imagination shrouds the real Looking back Looking forward Is this the Centre? James Brines. = Basic Principles. = We are all in the business of living and attempting to understand the principles involved in that human process up to the end of life. The implicit principles necessary for life eventually disappear and all measurable criteria pronounce a body to be devoid of life. Throughout historical agreement we know what that means, and we act accordingly on *common knowledge*. We know that dying is a necessary factor of life. It is a Natural law that if we live - we also die. Natural law is Universal, for us to *know* that a body lives; we also *know* that a body’s life will end. Albeit that reports tell us that today millions of people die of disease, starvation, wars, we of necessity accept that as the ongoing reality because again we are universally connected and know the results of such carnage. Because it is in our realm of common knowledge we have graveyards, crematoriums, undertakers, doctors who pronounce bodies to have died. We understand the consequences of leaving such bodies unburied, the diseases that would prevail. Again, please explore the definition of principle (Universal principle) and try to go to the limitations of the definition without using mythical dichotomies. [[File:( A great picture of outer space ).jpg|center|thumb]] Principle: A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning. All of these questions are based on singularity (the Cartesian dogma)… If Descartes had only introduced inclusion into his musings (they were taken as conservative singularity) he may have realized the difficulty of addressing thought as reality. He then may have quite easily concluded that universally - *We are!!* That pronouncement is inclusive, and conclusive in every way, *we are - and we know!!* Because my knowledge is not a private, personal piece of property concerning principles, but Universal (Archimedes et al), then that innate knowledge has completeness we can share. Whatever identical resonance we may be able to share (concerning completeness), that can only be accomplished by understanding the principles involved and their constant relationship to each of us. Clearly the plethora of present and past discoveries establishes the existence of that which is fundamentally true, and the foundation for law. The principles are established, and always have been, we are in the business of making them transparent and complete. However tenuous the link we are all connected through communication, the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the universe we live in, the common principles we live by. We all must have sustenance to survive, or we will not live. (See above) <nowiki>*</nowiki>There is nothing else to experience.* When we actively explore the reality of anything, all principles involved in that exploration are complementary, and honest, and we understand the wasteful divisive mythology that people attempt to attach to them. We cannot */partially know/* the truth, it must be complete. Dichotomies attempt to deny the existence of truth, and are misleading. How do we more reasonably completely know anything? The complexity of language systems with contemporary usage requires new and creative structures to provide clear information. Internal and external reasoning capacities can only develop in concert with Man’s recognition of the principles that essentially form our lives. The inevitability of human consciousness rising beyond its historical beginnings posits a future outside our normal perceptions, and  a factual reality that points to the existence of new perceptions that are infinite.   It is natural to know when we are no longer trapped in any mythical ideologies that gives credence to dichotomies that stifle the recognition of simple principles. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed.* Ask yourself - ‘how do you know to ask any questions at all?’ There is no hidden dimension or mystical world. The only philosophical reality is ‘that which is’. To access that we need a new structure to explore ‘knowledge’, a new transformational language. Real knowledge is not amassed information, nor is it the establishment of dogmas, isms, or mythical belief systems. Basic principles are the source and foundation of all /*knowledge*/e. Until that is recognized, extension from mythical sources only leads to a denial of one’s own senses. Trying to conceive of a contemporary world without principles is to posit a world without reason, or intelligence. The principle of pure knowledge could be said to exist in another dimension given the present state of human understanding. To progress that mistaken belief there would be strong support in the need for a comparative reality. Curiously it seems that philosophy (the seeking of knowledge) constantly discounts any knowledge that does not come within the sphere of established philosophy, and the comparative reality dictum. That consequence profoundly distils the purity of any experience and alienates the observer in their confrontation of that which is real. The measure of that ‘comparative reality’ knowledge bounded by dichotomies is so restrictive that it lies in a mythical dimension where denial of its very purpose is the order of the day. Evidently it will not allow doubt to undermine its own denials. A basic principle of Nature is /*knowledge*/ and it constantly communicates innately in every living structure. How to grow, develop, and disseminate. Knowledge is reciprocal truth that depends on our relationship and the recognition of principles operating. Knowledge (unlike information) is not stored in an individual box; it is ubiquitously manifest in everything we do. Knowledge is the experience of a positive reality, and its true construction is a dependable source of secure information (not to be misused). We daily have the opportunity of witnessing ‘knowledge’ in action as expressed by the ‘the principles of knowledge’, namely the principles themselves. The questions lie in a continuing mythical belief in a mystical unknown (the Cartesian stance) which because of its non-existence can never be known. It is a belief that is detrimental (because it attempts to deny all existing factual knowledge) to dealing with Nature and Reality and the fundamental necessity of our relationship with them. Making that relationship transparent is our basic obligation and the ongoing evolutionary activity. Although there is an obvious avoidance to address the definition of principle itself, it is a factor that must be paid attention to, to realize that ‘common knowledge’ is the only reality that exists. Amazingly although there is avoidance of principles - truth - reason etc, there is acceptance of the Cartesian dogma,. Paradoxically this determined acceptance of Descartes supports the reality of innate knowledge existing (I think - therefore I am) which establishes for him innate knowledge; however mistaken he is concerning the interpretation of his experience. = Leverage. = Long before I read of Archimedes and his various principle discoveries I was using the principle of leverage in a variety of ways, prying lids off boxes, moving articles with a lever well beyond my physical strength to do so without said lever, and I knew how to do it. Transferring that knowledge to a student or apprentice is relatively easy because innately they also /*know*/ how to do it. Every aspect of human industry uses the principle in a myriad of ways because it is our obligation to constantly progress the principle and confirm the constant utilization of knowledge. We wholeheartedly adopted Archimedes principles (et al) because we recognized their fundamental utility. It is preposterous to question the widespread /*factual knowledge*/ of all principles, more especially so when we cannot escape their ubiquitous daily existence in all our lives - Nature and Reality do not lie. One may abstain from admitting their existence. To do so is simply attempting the impossible, and is devoid of all reason. Real knowledge has been put into the realm of the mystical unknowable even to the point that knowledge practitioners go to the outer extremes and deny the gift of their natural senses. With their adherence to what they consider is knowledge they become captive automatons to any prescription for life that is expressed in that ’knowledge medium’, which then becomes the authority. When ’knowledge’ is addressed as having a collective source in Universal principles then we have the potential to experience its complete reality (microcosm - macrocosm) without any imaginary, or divisive comparative content. There is then a re-orientation process toward our true being and recognition of our own reality in relation to the natural processes we share. Real knowledge is elementary and Natural. We know, because that which is knowable is constantly expressed by the principles involved. We all share those principles and can correctly infer the most simple and obvious truths. All social life functions by our adherence to the implicit laws operating within them. Seeking experimental contradiction to a fact of life offers us nothing but proof which is the establishing of ‘complete knowledge’ however ‘more reasonably’ one wishes to extend the exercise. The construction of new philosophies must seek a mandate to fully explore the relationship between experience and innate knowledge as the foundation for pure knowledge to emerge. To repeat, knowledge or truth do not reside in any individual domain, nor are they the private possession of any human being. We know, because ’knowledge’ is an innate natural possession that we constantly share - otherwise civilization could not exist. == Knowledge: Evident facts about mutual standards that provide us with security. == We do not become human beings because we can ‘think’; we become more human because we learn to conform to the implicit principles in Nature and Reality. Denying them - denies our being. It is natural to know. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed. Knowledge is an evolutionary process. Human beings developed from primitive innate instinctual knowledge to contemporary cultures. Some know more than others through experience, and make that knowledge transparent. Insistence on how we can ’completely’ know is an ephemeral philosophical question that attempts to deny that we can have ’knowledge’ at all, as you understand it. Knowing that we ’know’ the inherent completeness of everything through the existence of principles, is the natural catalyst to make ’that which is’ transparent. Heraclitus: "No man steps in the same river twice " He believed in the "Unity of Opposites (Absolutes). He cried for the needless unconsciousness of mankind.. “Exploration of a mythical dichotomy below for the purpose of establishing principles. Principles that are not a 'mind' construct, but the very essence of our being. Independence, is the curious and dangerous malady where humanity has lionized negative mythology in denial of its own reality. The human fundamental reality has at its base the simple natural law that we are dependent beings. From conception, the human embryo is entirely dependent on the health and well-being of its mother to provide it adequate healthy sustenance to enable its entry into the world. That form of innate dependability the human species carries with it throughout its spectrum of life. Every aspect of human activity is premised on the availability of air, food, and water without which the organism cannot survive (this would be an incontrovertible 'more reasonable' truism or an Absolute). In a perverse way, that which is our natural state has become the target for what appears to be open defiance of the laws that govern our behavior. When a basic premise is either used mistakenly, or deliberately, its consequences can be socially far reaching, for any deviation however far it is extended is a distortion of the truth, and a denial of who we are. The erroneous conclusion through exercising responsibility that we can confer independence to our actions has gained a distorting and ubiquitous influence which paradoxically undermines the very responsibility practiced. Within the context of being dependent we can correctly be responsible for our own actions but with the surety of knowledge that that responsibility is contingent on the measure of life giving forces available that we are dependent on. The mythical dichotomy 'independence' connotes with the myth of separateness, division, alienation, and the force of these particular myths is expressed in wars, genocide, criminality. Alarmingly the mythological term has become a residual in our lexicon and is used more widely with acclaim than its true counterpart. To uphold delusional 'independence' as a value to strive for erodes our human heritage by diverting useless energy toward a dubious goal, and consequences that leave us questioning our means of arrival. Sadly it is a loss of being with the paradoxical view that the energy expended will deliver up a personal reality. The cult of independent individuality with its mythical ideology based on personal intimacy is now taken for granted, which then passes into the acceptance of the spurious dichotomy as a tangible reality. This in turn disposes the adherents to discredit the very essence of their being, and in the process dehumanizes many cultures. The presumption of independent individuality leading hopefully to a superior future is in fact counter-productive to the purpose, and leads eventually to corrupt power, and subsequently the invention of immoral policies that continue the negative spiral, which in the end has no ethical base to extend from. The alienation from our substantial being creates inevitable tension anxiety, and the need to somehow relieve that anxiety with any artificial means available. = Responsibility. = Being responsible for any social activity would best be enacted with regard to the effect it will have (directly or indirectly) on the lives of those who are dependent on a beneficial outcome. To recognize with some significance the basic structure of our being in turn significantly increases the measure of our understanding of human relationships. Being dependent is not a mental construct choice - it is a state of being, and there can be no being-ness without at least one other being, there is then the possibility that the principle of true egalitarianism becomes the manifest reality. Being-ness can only be identified and expressed in relationship. [[File:Togetherness - Wiki Conference India - CGC - Mohali 2016-08-06 7666.JPG|center|thumb]] This is why the cult of 'independence' is eventually so socially destructive, as it creates that alienation which attempts to deny each real human need, and leads to a depravation of honesty. Human relationships between children and adults where independence is the accepted norm is severely undermined when the educational process predominantly teaches an unnatural form of living (either intentionally or unintentionally). The educational process is then reduced to the adoption of a fiction, which in turn puts at risk any educational program. The effect of interpreting mythical dichotomies as described here is symptomatically ascribed to the existence of all other principles that govern life. The construction of any ethological debate should not be premised on comparative perspectives, based on human thought, but rather on the issues that we can recognize as being universally compatible, therein lies the common denominator point of extension. The focus of attention on comparative perspectives denies justice to 'what is'. To contemplate the 'right or wrong' of any circumstance is a deviation from the truth. The correctness of any debate (however minute the finding), is the justifiable extension, and the only true trajectory we are morally obliged to travel. Truth is not defined, nor experienced by comparison, but by 'what we are'. An orange is to an orange, what an orange is to an orange. To define correctly there should be careful and disciplined action toward establishing 'true factors' that we constantly use to promote reasonable standards. = Time. = In that moment of time, we have the potential to merge on an equal basis with the reality that exists, and to know what true interaction is. That is the point of 'direct experience'. It is then that we know the truth about ourselves and the beauty of this Universe which also reveals to us the folly of our present conditioning. In that experience, it becomes very clear that all so called cerebral activity has nothing to do with reality. The fundamental repository of our knowledge and relationship with life is our being-ness, which is not located inside a mental box to be analyzed, accepted, or discarded at will, but the very privileged natural gift of being. What some scholars deal with is the appearance of life prescribed by the illusion of comparative perspective which functions on the basis of dichotomous ideology. It is in effect a denial of our humanity to conclude that all things that exist [from our perspective] exist only in the mind, that is, they are purely notional. It compounds the denial of 'what is', and an extraordinary refusal to observe transparent life. It should be noted that there is ample contemporary exposure to the Cartesian doctrine, and in this regard, I would refer you to the works of Professor Gilbert Ryle, notably his publication The Concept of Mind. The heuristic principle applies throughout when establishing our connectedness with reality. It is only through our contact with reality that we can discover, and equate with the mutual structure of the principles that govern all existence. Have already noted that it is also a peculiar form of arrogance that presumes that life is only a notional existence beyond the boundaries of the 'mind in a box' assertion. It would be foolish of anyone to assert that ice cream has a cold smooth satisfying texture and taste on a warm summers day unless they had actually experienced it, preferably on more than one occasion. For anyone who has never enjoyed that experience, it would be foolish of them to discount the very numerous accounts of such an experience that is available just because they had not been party to that event. From a logical point of view, given the avowed experiences of ice cream eaters, we could reasonably ascertain the validity of each experience by documenting their separate opinions. Each participant would have 'direct experience' in the consumption of ice cream, which at that point in time has the potential for that participant to experience the full measure of that factual reality. We have the natural capacity to experience coldness, smoothness, which equates with the reality that exists, and the potential for those realities to unify. It is not a question of how to get outside of our minds (mind in a box position); we are constantly outside our so-called minds performing acts of transparency throughout our entire existence. The belief that our constant engagement with reality can never be based on a rational acceptance of 'what is', is at the least, very sad. The Platonic Cave shadows are a metaphor for the (mind in a box) syndrome. The need to reach simple, and obvious conclusions and accept them for the reality they are provides the opportunity to engage the complete reality of the moment. It is indeed going too far beyond the reality of the moment searching for philosophical profoundness which does not exist, that fails to establish the constant principles that always operate. Pure principles are not amorphous shadowy ideals; they are represented in everything that exists. The only way we can equate our inner knowledge of reality is through direct experience of its truth. Within that context then, life cannot take on a notional existence but is an existence that is very real, and that we continually share through our innate knowledge. That our so-called minds are defined by comparison - incompleteness - dualism would have extreme difficulty in pursuing the proposition that we are defined by our direct relationship with reality which is expressed in our innate ability to directly interact with 'what is'. The reality of interconnection, and interaction, are not idealistic concepts of a notional nature, but actual and consistent transparent realities. We do not live in a shadowy world that is hidden from our direct experience, but we are constantly engaged in the process of life, and we do not have the right, nor the choice, to deny it. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 == Create your own semantic template. == That will consist of an alphabetical list of Absolutes that are all interdependent and interconnected. Their unifying construction creates a ‘new’ consciousness meaning. That ‘meaning’ is yours specifically. The greatest knowledge you can ever have is your own! That meaning also creates its own moral construction that cannot be misused . The semantic template is available to everyone, and its dissemination is our responsibility. “Consider that the language structure, concepts, and definitions now in use no longer always deliver, accurate, reasonable, and responsible information. Indeed at times, they can be quite ambiguous. The statement ‘mutual agreement’, and its physical manifestation in whatever form, is its own dialectic, and will carry within it all other principles necessary for the activity to proceed. Given the Socratic assertion that if something is true then it cannot lead to false consequences no matter how circular any argument may be. Then extrapolating the statement into extended definitions must only lead to a better understanding of the inherent truths available. This can promote recognition of the underlying essence of all things, which can become more real than our conventional understanding of Reality. There is a contemporary need to find new definitions, new paradigms to explore the concepts that govern our existence. Where a circular argument is based on an untruth, then it cannot lead to a truth. The reverse of that is that when the truth is established, it cannot be denied. Establishing ‘mutual agreement’ as a center from which we can reach out for extended knowledge in its ever-evolving radius, is not a limitation, or a stop, it is only a beginning! When any concept is truly established the superficial exemplification ceases to dominate, and we can truly experience the apparent essence of ‘what is’. Paradoxically to resource innate knowledge, we must recognize our profound ignorance of Nature, and Reality. Completeness does not lie in individuality. This is an extreme form of monastic expectation. There can be no individuality (or completeness) unless there is at least one other individual. This is the true foundation of completeness. Whenever we are privileged to experience that instantaneous essence of one other, then we know in that moment that we experience ourselves. It is complete complementation with the knowledge paradoxically that it is an endless process. There are many paradoxes we live within that strain our conventional views of what is ‘more reasonable’. Any true relationship experience is not based on a causality premise, but on an experience that is necessarily complementation. Individuality in terms of completeness is a fundamental circular argument back to one, which in its form of denial excludes any form of reasonable argument to the contrary. It is a non sequitur, which denies the pressure of facts that are in abundance, despite the evidence of their reality. To observe ‘mutual agreement’ is looking at things as they are. True observation of ‘mutual agreement’ in action is observing essence transparency – it is knowing ‘who we are’. That form of recognition is essence duplication. The proposition that we can observe the Truth may well be the highest attainment of Realities properties, for Truth is knowledge. Consider the hypothesis of a human entity (an individual) being born in a black space with no other form of life in that environment. How could there be Agreement? How could there be Intelligence? How could there be Understanding? How could there be Recognition? How could there be Love? How could there be Law? How could there be Reason? All of the above principles are the transparent manifestation of Nature and Realities properties that are constantly evolving. They are ethical imperatives, and we have developed the positive properties of language to establish them for our use. We can only be defined through relationship principles for they offer us the best hope to recognize the factors that lead to complementation. There is a fundamental need to grasp simple common-sense essentials. The Here and Now is not a temporary transitional time phase that we move in and out of. It is a constant certainty that is essential to recognize, so that our focus of attention has a foundation. Centrism can imply a fixation, which also implies vulnerability, which can be perfectly true if it does not lead to extension. To understand who we are, it is essential that we recognize and become aware of the very principles that we operate from. They encapsulate all the measure of any human societies ethics, morals, and laws, which is a continuous evolutionary educational process within which the realization of its total essence is always available. To use the doctrine that reason is a reliable tool to discover Truth – therefore ‘mutual agreement’ in the context ‘correct information’ translates to the Truth to reason! Evolution is a constant dynamic process. The human phenomena of ‘who we are’ is only understood in our union with each other, and ‘what is’. The paradox again is that there never is any separation. Separation is a mythical non-existent. The principles that are our necessities have continuous expansion properties that as humans we are privileged to assist their propagation. The human constellation in its evolutionary march must use these fundamental principles to ensure continuity. To maintain coherence and consistency our source is centered in the principles and factors that we have interpreted from our association with Nature, and Reality. Whatever we write that is of any consequence, or at any other time, is written with the hope that stronger interpreters than us overtake what we present. To ‘see’ Reality as we have seen, and be intoxicated by it, as we have been, will ensure its progression.” == Discovery == The consciousness whole is the sum of all its parts and experiences. As we are all on an evolutionary path, our life and knowledge hopefully develop in the right direction. The exploration took us through a plethora of data and opinions about reality from authorities on science, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Nowhere could we find a definitive conclusive argument, or agreement, that met our needs. For us, the question came down to “Is there anything at all that provides some form of construction, and certainty?” Something that has its own inherent ethical standards. The alternative proposition to that is a nihilistic “nothingness”. A pathological proposition that makes no sense. Heraclitus’s “unity of opposites” seemed the most promising. Our understanding of that now made dichotomies a semantic illusion. If achieved in a mindful way it is the act of uniting them, providing a conscious correct experience of ‘what is’. We live our lives with secondary knowledge that everything that is – is always interconnected and interdependent. Yet our illusory experience belies that form of knowledge. It is here that we understood Heraclitus and his “unity of opposites”. Mentally uniting opposites replaces the existing illusion of their existence – there are no dichotomies! Once the illusion is gone a new solution manifests that is peculiar to the mindfulness operator, and belongs to a higher form of consciousness. Heraclitus was known as “The Weeping Philosopher”. He wept for the needless unconsciousness of mankind when the ‘unity of opposites” was always available. He was also known as Heraclitus The Obscure. A title we suspect that came about because the successful conclusion to uniting opposites and replacing the illusion, opened a door to a new dimension. Semantic description at this time may not have been available. This brings us to the ancient Yin and Yang symbol of the ‘unity of opposites’. As separate entities in Chinese philosophy, they are complementary, and in fusion they represent the whole. So as dichotomies they don’t exist. The whole is the elemental answer to any fusion of opposites, whatever that may be. Symbolize a line as being infinite in the sense that any line can be categorised as being infinite. Apply an infinite number of points in any line. Intersect any line through any point by another line then we have a specific identifiable point at the intersection, which at that point in time has an infinite quality, yet constant and complete. Any such point has Matter, Energy, Space, and Time, the epitome of the microcosm. We may locate a Reality point that establishes the Truth. Conventional mechanical ‘thought processes’ deal with dichotomies that are based on a comparative perspective ideology, and consequently, skew any real experience of that which is real. We must use correct ‘measuring sticks’ to secure proper standards, but from the point of view that there is a belief in dichotomies, it will always be a compelling argument that aspects of reality can be contradictory. The element of denial within human historical memory accumulates to establishing dichotomies as being real. We are defined not by how ‘different’ we are, but by our commonality of existence. When we locate that Reality point we will then know that the definition in itself has a whole, and complete explanation of ‘reason” in all possible senses. All the reality we can deal with is here, and now. There is no possibility that ‘infinite regress’ (an imagined reality) is any part of our immediate experience. Infinite regress through thought processes, deals with questionable imponderables. It is a descending spiral, which further removes one from reality, which only produces illusion, and correct meanings are always deferred. It is making a holy virtue out of complexity. The epitome of completeness is the active realization of the operational principle. Conclusion: A brick – a house. Each complete in themselves. A house is not composed of one single brick, but each brick in its composition is complete, and whole in itself in that it has matter, energy, space, and time. In that context, it is a microscopic whole which has implicit within it the macrocosmic whole, a house. We cannot define that which isn’t. We constantly use negative dichotomous terms in language, which are in essence factually indefinable, and therefore non-existent, but they are used as though we can support a view as to their existence. At this time we constantly use mythical concepts as though they had real substance. That erroneous belief in turn diminishes that which is real and compounds the problem of recognition of Reality. The flat earth society no doubt had to be persuaded of the mythical nature of their beliefs. This dictates that we must research ‘that which is” to achieve an understanding that supports that reality. Separation is the mythical measure we use in an attempt to justify the real identity of either ‘relationship’ or ‘completion’, but it has no substance in fact.That we are connected, that we are related, that we are communicating, that we agree that ‘mutual agreement’ exists, all of these factors fall into the category of ‘that which is. There is nothing that is real that is not immediately available to us, there is ‘mutual agreement’. Attempting to view true relationships as having a necessary separation link, or dichotomy is a clear misunderstanding of the nature and completeness of all that we are related to. == Connectedness. == A relationship is defined as we are by the measure of contact (especially homo sapiens) that is apparent. It would be true to say that I have a measure of relationship with everyone who reads this material. No matter how tenuous the link we have a measure of relationship with all life – we are related! Depending on the strength of that relationship defines ‘who we are’. ‘Who we are’ is not defined by any spurious separation from life, quite simply because we cannot be separated from it, we are engaged in it at every moment in time. Any attempt to establish ‘separation’ as a reality is an attempt to deny ‘who we are’, and another exercise in futility! Again artificial interioralisation of concepts or principles leads only to a denial of their external reality. We are all connected by the very simple fact that we all exist on this planet. It is a very simple axiom that all life on this planet is supported by the conditional properties this planet provides. It is also a very simple, and more reasonable axiom to conclude that no matter how tenuous the link that all life in this regard has very concrete and definitive forms of relationship. We all must breathe, we all must eat, and we all must drink, and if you need any further certainty of ‘completion’ relationships, we certainly, all must die! [[File:Wikimedia|thumb|center|]Arcimedes] To set in qualifications from the premise that there is a ‘separate mind’ (a kind of Platonic cave) to get outside of. This premise precludes either in part or in whole the evidence and experience of Nature, and Reality, within which our beingness is located. It would all be beyond our grasp if indeed our conventional concepts of consciousness was adhered to, which in effect attempts to deny us that direct ‘relationship’ to ‘what is’, and the completeness of that experience. Knowing or being, despite solipsistic theories to the contrary, does not exist in penetrating one other mind, but in the democratic recognition that we know and have our being in relationship, and the mutual, and natural convergence of everything there is. Homo sapiens (race, color, or creed aside) necessarily conduct themselves in ways that extend recognition, and understanding at every level, without the constant need of ‘completion’ recognition that is inherent in all our interrelated actions. The notion of completion may be beyond what you call your ‘conscious grasp’, and therein I suspect lays the difficulty in recognition. The flat earth society eventually moved on to a realization that their visionary scope was shrunken, and severely limited. They were deprived of a planetary (never mind a universal) relationship that one can only imagine severely curtailed the very expansion of consciousness necessary for humanity to progress. We have evolved some little way because of our understanding of the natural relationship. The centered in the mind condition - which connotes with the separation ideology - screams to be released from that mythology, and engage itself directly in real relationship with everything that is. = Relationship. = Separation is the mythical tool we attempt to use to maintain a false continuity of an imaginary individuality that does not exist. The taking for granted conditional mythologies (the flat earth society) engage the victims in what can best be described as serious problems in recognizing the very limitations that restrict their development. We must learn to view wholes, which equates with viewing ‘completeness’. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, but the parts are not necessarily separate conceptual parts. We can ‘see’ the whole when we are able to identify the factors that constitute their existence as a complete reality. That which is complete in Law = Agreements that produce secure and dependent outcomes. We know in essence the concept of ‘completeness’, and we demonstrate the evidence in myriad ways. Each act is a microcosm of the whole – view from the other end of the telescope! In the traffic analogy the driver, and all other drivers, conform to the law by driving off when the light turns green. There is an implicit agreement about the value of traffic laws, and traffic lights that control the flow of traffic. At that moment there is a complete relationship understanding of those values. The ‘complete’ or ‘wholesome’ activity of motorists waiting at traffic lights for the green signal to go, and they then move off, validates all the factors implicit within the properties of ‘mutual agreement’. Throw a ball from one side of the room to the other. The ‘whole’ or complete traverse of the ball is the instant it leaves your hand until it arrives at the other side of the room. You have already given credence to the concept of ‘mutual agreement’ as a reality. When there is a correct definition made in terms of ‘necessary factors’, then it has implicit within it the concepts of ‘completeness’ or ‘wholeness’ within the measure in which it is used. Whatever we communicate for the benefit of future generations should not be based on mythical assumptions, but should be based on necessary factors. It is ordinary life that portrays all the dignity, honor, and the complementary wonder of the human species. We are here – we are present – we are communicating. We have an obligation (which we necessarily fulfill) to make transparent the basic principles that govern our existence. That, which is factual, provides us with a correct motive for behavior, and we do a disservice to Reality when we attempt to deny it. We exist and live in a world where acts of ‘completeness’ expressed in one form as ‘mutual agreement’, are continually enacted. It is the form of expression, and continuance of processes that we constantly use to arrive at reasonable solutions, and we employ factors that are necessary to provide us with a clear, and unambiguous understanding. They motivate reasonable behavior toward activity that we can accept as being a logical process. == Natural Experience: == No form of life can exist in and of itself, it is brought into existence through a relationship with its own environment, or its species. The obvious egotistical monistic nature of oneness (if there was such an entity) could not leave any room for the realization of anything that might disturb its comfort zone. There is no real knowledge where any concentration is on the “I am” syndrome. "No man is an island, entire of itself; Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main." - John Donne, 'No Man Is An Island, Meditation XVII - Devotion Upon Emergent Occasion. “We are’ is an inclusive affirmation that deals with “what is’. There is no constructive dialogue, no real understanding, without a relationship. Based on personal experience, we are a distinct, and unique species born of Nature and Reality that has combined to provide us with the innate ability to recognize the very properties that created us, and utilize them through an evolutionary process toward ever-increasing transparency. That transparency can only become available through a matching process between innate knowledge, and the reality we share, a reality that is our heritage. We like all other forms of life are the product of Nature, and subject to its laws, and principles. Necessity created a language that evaluated Reality, and provided us with guidelines to emulate its constant properties. The measure, and quality of knowledge is dependent on the realization of ‘what is’. The crux of correct knowledge is to know the base that we function from. The principles that are implicit within Nature, and Reality we have now translated through the evolved language systems with symbols and definitions that we now use to share the experience. When principles are fundamentally true and recognized for what they are, misguided belief systems will evaporate. To ask what is the source of the principles we present is ipso facto to ask what is the source of Nature, and Reality, and we repeat, that is an exercise in futility, but that does not mean that we cannot recognize that which is natural to us, and express it, as best we can through language. The experience of ‘who we are’ is the Ultimate transparency that transcends all doubt, or denial. We can know with an understanding that is pure and indisputable, that is the motivational drive for evolutionary continuance. To understand who we are we must address Nature, and Reality, and ask ‘what is’ Here, and Now, with an understanding of the dichotomies that exist in language. The ‘Eureka’ moments, epiphanies, enlightenments, etc, are all evolutionary evidence of who we are, and when we can translate them into principles, and concepts, then the assertions of an Archimedes (and many others) are recognized, and properly used. Through Nature, and Reality we can establish what Truth is! Is it true to say that most people conform to the rules of the road? It would be more reasonable to assert that the answer is yes! Consequently, we can say that we have ‘Mutual agreement’, and ‘Co-operative Understanding’ as observable realities. There is no conceptual source through Time, or history where there is an end. There is only ‘beginning’. Here and Now is always the ‘beginning’, and a more reasonable platform to explore than any exploration into the past concerning our true identity. Contemporary terms like Absolute, Complete, End, we use to match our conditional understanding of ‘what is’. When we use contemporary conditional language to address concepts like Truth, Knowledge, Understanding, they are limited by the measure of our progression, but we use them all as stepping-stones. Language is a constantly evolving process. When we agree that there is ‘some certainty’ and ‘limited knowledge’ you have agreed to the concepts of certainty and knowledge as factors that are part of our natural reality. All of us function within the framework of certainty, and knowledge, to some degree. Given that we agree to their existence, these are the factors that can lead us to the experience of ‘who we are’. They are a part of us that can lead us to recognition of ‘what is’, and make a transparent reality of the very things we do on a daily basis. We do not need absolute and certain knowledge to perform everyday tasks, but those performances are structured contemporarily because of our advanced understanding of the things we do, based on our own innate reality. To honestly perceive the consistency of ‘what is’ (to be interdependent, and mutually connected) in interaction, can and does promote the visible reality of ‘who we are’. That visible evidence translates into the knowledge of our complete presence. We know with certainty that our beingness is of pure essence, and from that experience, we are obliged to formulate, as best we can, the structures that are responsible for making that transparent (witness the explosion of human progression, without the necessity in Time of experiencing fully ‘who we are’). To take a more reasonable stand please observe the multiplicity of human action where interdependence, and connection naturally proliferate. To realize that we are ‘interdependent, and mutually connected’ is the realization of a consistent fundamental truth – ‘what is’. Through identifying ‘what is’ as an internal reality we can make transparent the factors that are our natural construct. It is only through sharing this reality that we recognize it!! These factors are not based on any ideology, belief systems, or opinions; they are composed of the Reality that is available to us all. We are unique in that we have the opportunity to be able to use their value in the manner that is implicit within their structure. That use is evidence of our understanding of Reality. What could have happened without the assertion that traffic lights are a safe way to control crossroads, or the assertion that the rules of the road are beneficial for our safety? Any true experience, epiphany, enlightenment, etc, of ‘who we are’ provides fundamental, and indisputable knowledge of that Reality. Applying the recognized principles provided by Nature, and Reality consistently advances the evolutionary process, hence we have Science, Philosophy, Religion, Education, Art, and Law. When there is a Pure Realization of who ‘we are’ through relationship recognition, it is unquestionably the recognition of the encapsulated, and innate principles we all share, and there is no place for the dissolving of another Real identity through that recognition. Indeed it is a privileged insight into the epitome of purity. Nature and Reality can give us direction and guidance to our human existence, and we repeat, it is an exercise in futility to seek any cause to their beginnings. We have proffered the concept of two as a basis from which human reality can be ‘experienced’. To recognize through, and equate with the true substance, and essence of one other is to automatically experience the totality of ‘who we are’ in full measure. This does not mean that the terms ‘totality’ and ‘full measure’ convey an ‘end’ to ‘what is’. We have consistently offered recognizable facts (not assertions) that are part of our natural human activity, and give correct direction and meaning to our basic essence. We do function within the structure of ‘mutual agreement’, and we do communicate and ‘make known’ – basic obligations. These are evident simple examples of innate knowledge, and our understanding of ‘what is’ made transparent. To repeat we could not recognize anything without innate knowledge. All knowledge is a continual matching process 1 + 1 = 2. toward the realization of ‘who we are’ the development of language structures that correctly establish basic reality as it is, provides continuous knowledge that makes transparent the very nature of that reality. It is vitally important to recognize that we have active communal agreements concerning the existence of basic principles and concepts that form the very foundation of our lives. Constant change and movement in Space-Time - Energy - Matter are applicable absolutes to be recognised, which equates to evolution. There never will be a static property involved in the evolution advance. Evolution encompasses its own absolute properties to provide cognitive connection confirmation. The evolution of conceptual language exists to provide natural equality and to promote cognition between language states. No matter the languages spoken the concepts of air - food- water is the same and can provide a gateway to explore the future dynamics of human relationships. === Knowing. === Knowing what all the truth is is not some miraculous state of perception. Nor is it a high academic achievement of amassed information. It is simply an objective common-sense view of ‘what is” and in reality what must be. It is what must be for life to function within the principles that exist that are its natural foundation. We are always of necessity the living expression of a reality that must be experienced in the whole. Our recognition of the same principles operating universally is also our recognition of who we are. That proliferate ‘sameness’ is an evident easily recognizable identity. When a child is afraid of an imaginary monster in the dark, we generally do not accuse them of being absurd, or that they are lying. Appeasement comes with an explanation of reality at that level which is truthful. An explanation, which the child can grow up with, and find comfort. It is simply introducing a child to a level of truth that is more real to them. In every instance, the only reality that ever exists is truth. However, distorted it may be expressed. One of the major distortions as the result of thought processes is to consider that we can manufacture something other than the reality that exists. The ‘fact’ that you recognize contradictory or absurd statements is that behind them there is a measure of truth. The habitual liar lives in a world in which he or she imagines that truth is something they can manufacture. Where human ‘thought’ constructs its reality in terms of dichotomies it can never deal with the truth because it continually makes those comparative perception judgments. Those judgments are always in question because again they cannot deal with reality as it is. No matter how absurd or contradictory any statement is, that is the measure of truth expressed. Ergo whatever it is that is expressed, or made manifest, is the truth to some degree. Ergo everything that is, is the truth. It is our responsibility to recognize it for what it is. It may be appropriate to review previous observations on dichotomies and gradient scale. Consistently we have contended that there are no dichotomies, which then properly puts each principle into the category of an absolute. To identify ‘truth’ as an absolute in that category then everything that is must have a measure of truth. It is a very simple and sensible approach to establish ‘what is’. It is the means of identifying a reality that must have truth as a base – whatever it is, and however nonsensical it may appear. All principles have an elementary gradient scale that we must use to identify knowledge that is honest. That gradation scale knows no dichotomies. Dichotomies are always the imaginary properties of pseudo subjective reasoning. Necessary factors establish that gradient scale where only objective realities exist to furnish a healthy subjective reason with truth, and so we learn to apply the conjunction to address reality for what it is. Truth comes in an abundant variety of ways in its commonality – and therein lays its overall ‘complete’ power, despite any denial to the contrary. Embedded knowledge as we see it is neither experience nor knowledge without principle content. A person may be well educated in all aspects of the geography of a beautiful South Sea island, but have no practical experience at all of its beauty. Being clever about a subject does not necessarily equate to an understanding of the subject. Nor should it lend itself to posing as adjudicators on a proposition preset we imagine by the same adjudicators, or essentially the same school of embedded thought processes. Long before human evolution, the principle of leverage has always existed in all Nature (as have all other principles, wherever there is space – time – energy – matter). Our adaptation to the existence of principles has added to the sum total of ‘knowledge’ as we know it, including the concept of knowledge itself. That form of ‘knowledge’, and our ‘knowing’ is natural and not any personal or esoteric acquisition. Just as a fish knows what its natural habitat is, or a bird to fly in the air, the human species uses all available principles it recognizes to add to its knowledge (already said). Any valid theory of knowledge must have as its base constructive definitive principles to support it, and it is evident that our accumulated common knowledge equates to our common experience. No matter how erudite or convoluted any argument may be, if in the end it is reduced to inane observations that have no factual basis in principle, then it is time to abandon them. Do try to consider the sort of ‘mind’ processes that offers us up a world that knows nothing but separation. How can we possibly evaluate what ‘wholesomeness’ really is? How can we possibly evaluate ‘who we are’? How can there be any theory of knowledge without addressing Nature or our innate and biological relationship with it? Any attempt to debate ‘who we are’ and the completeness of that concept must have some sense of reality on the real meaning of ‘completeness’, and some understanding of the principles that are the nucleus of human society. To wrap any argument around a non-existent concept that can never be realized is apropos to attaching oneself to a system of belief in things that do not exist. One can make ponderous and convoluted statements about those beliefs but in reality, they are morally and ethically misguided. The ability to correlate correct definitions to the reality of life offers up that direct link to the truths that are common to us all. It corrects the presumptive notion that there can be ‘different’ perspectives on the same reality. There can be ‘differences’ but there can not be ‘different’ measuring sticks for the same reality. No matter the multiplicity of perspectives, they can never alter the core principle of ‘what is’. Historically evolutionary progress can best be measured by the adoption of recognized principles. Reality at whatever level we find it can only be understood by addressing ‘what is’. Nothing can be understood by attempting to relegate it to a non-entity through questionable theories of ‘knowledge’, which in essence negate the very content of knowledge itself. The perpetuation of any theory of knowledge, which cannot recognize the principles that are its foundation, can only be a shadow of its own reality. Construct the ‘necessary factors’ around the skeleton and a body will take form. If any particular theory of knowledge cannot identify simple truths, how can we possibly question how anyone ‘knows’? A dichotomy is the human attempt to deny the existence of a whole reality of a principle. We have the principle of leverage and its necessary gradient scale. Mutual agreements of a consistent reality, at a communal level, are a passive form of the Eureka moment, which recognizes fundamental principles that relates to truth. In every social structure, there are varying degrees of recognition, which determine social use. The mosaics of differences, which make up the rich pattern of life, are a testament to human creativity. Principles offer up a form of predictability in which our brain forms knowledge through the process of interaction. The experience accumulated through each moment, forms exponentially in use, or becomes transparent immediately in a Eureka moment, in which we know. Real knowledge is through the constant interaction with natural principles, much more than the transference of divided embedded information. The problem we face is that ‘knowing’ or ‘how we know” is never a personal possession. Any theory of knowledge no matter how in that respect, is true interaction. Peeling a potato and ‘knowing’ it, is rewarding enough! All principles are the repository of pure erudite knowledge. We recognize Universal principles in play at all times in Nature and its by-product – human societies. The correlation between determined interdependence to objective reality requires our intellect to ‘honestly observe ‘what is’, and assimilate that subjectively. Then the equality of the external and the internal becomes a reality and we ‘know’. Knowledge is the process of natural action, reaction, and interaction. It is nonsensical to ask how do we ‘know’.Every moment in time is complete because it must contain all the principles that form its nucleus. It can only be like that to facilitate the immediate experience of Eternity, or the wholesomeness of any of its principles. On the gradient scale of experience, we all exist somewhere on that scale. It is called life. === Relativism: === Relativism can be consistent with interconnectedness and a gradient scale of knowledge. What it cannot do is confuse the relationship that correct gradient scales of principles have in reality. Hot and cold would be on a temperature scale – no dichotomy! Leverage could only be measured by its own scale (say a child’s sea-saw to a high-rise industrial crane) – no dichotomy! The human being is a human being whether it is a child or an adult – no dichotomy! The domestic cat is the same animal species as a wild lion – no dichotomy! The domestic dog is the same animal species as a wolf – no dichotomy! How can we manage to classify these as dichotomies? Gradient scales are the natural human mechanisms used to recognize constant principles. They ensure the human perspective is aligned correctly to identify ‘what is’. The distorted human perspective is the result of human thought processes unable to establish constants that must exist in each moment of time. The problem with embedded information is that it becomes stultified and it can stifle healthy reaction. The injection of recognizable principles invigorates and brings new life that offers countless avenues for human energy to be released. More importantly, those energies are used to enhance the evolutionary process. We are collectively gifted with the potential to elevate life itself. We can correctly use such information by transforming its content so that its inherent truth is made recognizable. It would be impossible for life to function if it was composed of ‘different’ opposite realities. All theories of knowledge are in essence interconnected and can only contain validity when the principles that are the coalescent mechanisms are recognized. The unification of the truth that must exist in any theory needs to be harvested and used to offer up a body of ‘knowledge’ that has commonality of meaning. The identification of principles, truth, knowledge, and their subsequent establishment can only be achieved through direct interaction with Nature and life. Gifted with life we have an obligation to demonstrate its capacity to use every resource to sustain and nourish its own environment. We all know through the constant natural process of action – re-action – interaction. Depending on the quality of that process, knowledge will take its appropriate place on the gradient scale. That we ‘know’ is natural. It is not some extraordinary esoteric attainment, posited by a body of theories that, by their very nature, look for difficulties where none exists. Universal belief systems based on mythologies can have an entrenched view of good principles being established because of their beliefs. Indeed the perpetuation of the beliefs throughout history offers a dynamic that is counterproductive to the ‘realization’ of principles that are necessarily true. Principles used in this approximate way, paradoxically hold no real meaning, and in fact, impose unhealthy dysfunctionality. When there is a critical change toward establishing correct principles, it is axiomatic that the diffusion of mythologies becomes an automatic process. True interaction lies in the knowledge that correct action is its own reward Any other interpretation is less than tangible. The accuracy in interpreting basic principles, and the alternate knowledge implicit in the interpretation, will always establish the primary principle sought. Archimedes et al. Truth can be found in the oddest places. (Archimedes bath image here please) Archimedes cognition on how to weigh metals in water through displacement. === Truth. === Language is the construct of human action and the word “truth” seems to hold pride of place by the power of its usage and the meanings it evokes. It is preferable if we could turn our attention to the unity of principles (including truth) that are the construct of every language we use. By uniting the principal terms we can elevate the meanings we desire. Reasonable constructs and the correct duality of established principles always lead toward meaning. It is the only form of meaning that leads to its own extension eg. how to weigh metals – how else could it be? All principles have reciprocal value one to the other. No foundation principle can stand alone. They can only exist in a union, one with the other, the source of reciprocity. All absolutes are universal. There is no hierarchy beyond the meanings they evoke in their joint construction. The binary connotations, however, one may express them, provide a constant reality beyond conventional consciousness. That experience is the immediate reward through disciplined application of their use. That discipline takes the form in all human action (such as the bathing scene above) disposed toward the correct functionality of basic principles. The daily connections we make always include the distinct possibility of their recognition, when we make those connections in a mindful state. From any common sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’. That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the realities of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. ‘More reasonable’ seems to have the particular philosophical motivation, not toward simple, sensible, and reasonable evidence, but more likely toward that ‘immaterialism’ ideology, and continually seeking for an elusive protracted answer is hardly ‘more reasonable'. Since we are apparently confined to a human perspective, we must settle with the latter position: the apparent state of representation of the world. The de-materializing of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance, etc. However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality. === Truth and Reason. === The reason could easily be defined, and validated, as the correct application of common sense. More expressions of common sense can only endorse the completeness of any concept. A true experience of reality does not require endless explanations as to its ‘wholeness’. It just is. Truth is in reality a network of implicit principles in which it is the predominant energy in each of them. They are identifiable by their interdependent nature (see network below) not the least of which is common sense. Dictionary given definitions of ‘truth’ place it in a very common sense acceptable category. One of which is ‘accuracy of representation’. Note how the two definitions in this paragraph coalesce. The human drive toward recognizing and understanding the place of principles (constants) correlates to the energy we expend on questioning ‘who we are". The constant principles of action, reaction, interaction, are the automated natural impulse toward ‘establishing’ a human reality, and human identity. The process of evolving within that process has an egalitarian dynamic that powers it. In essence, it is a natural gift that we must accept. Each life and its identity contains all its personal experiences which can never be known to anyone else. In a sense, we can never “know” another person. Their life is sacrosanct. We can know a lot about them, and there it ends. Truth is at the top of the gradient scale that measures the veracity of all things that are complete and related and paradoxically all reality is the truth. It gets back squarely to ‘who we are” and where we exist on that scale. To view gradient scales as having no truth to their structures is denying truth itself. For the entire interconnected, interdependent network of principles, each of them has a gradient scale whereby each measure expresses truth in its own manner. All forms of leverage, from the minuscule to the lever that will move the world, are in of themselves, true and exact at that point. It is the only way we can recognize their existence, and use that complete truth at that time, to move up the scale. Time is the relative measuring stick that determines the amount of knowledge we can absorb. Consider the advanced extensions to the Archimedes principle of leverage throughout time. Network scale example. Truth Knowledge Common sense Responsibility Reason Understanding Intelligence All interdependent, and interconnected with all other principles and absolutes. No ‘thought processes’ or ‘mind’ constructs can create reality. All we can ever do to gain knowledge is ‘act’ react’ and ‘interact’ within the confines of our immediate reality. The quality of that action is determined by the nature of available information. When there is freedom from embedded thought processes, there is a natural human ability to relate to the existence of truth as it is expressed in reality, and our brain records it accordingly. Thus, the principles of civilized societies evolve. Where there are predominant belief systems, the implicit energy will naturally direct itself toward human standards that blend all ethics together. That implicit energy will find its true home in the principles it seeks. The connected strength of those principles offers sanctity of experience that demands no sacrifice. Everything that is, must of necessity, have a true comparative value (not a distorted dichotomy value) for honest recognition to be realized. which is to ‘know’. All things are relative but only within their own true scale. It is the process by which we can identify reality, as it is. Principles cannot operate on any scale practicing negative discrimination. Thus a healthy individual can be at the top of the scale and someone with various health issues can be near the bottom of the scale. But that is how Healthy they are. There can be no relativity when ‘mind’ or ‘thought processes’ believe in mythical dichotomies. When human perception is distorted by such beliefs, they create a false reality and deny access to the true state. Where there is a network of connected basic standards that are universal, then it is possible to use them and be nourished accordingly. The scale of natural human progression provides recognizable evidence that we are constantly developing. Reality is the direct and conclusive evidence of possibilities realized. Therefore, the reality is always the source of all possibilities where truth exists. When the truth is used as the universal measure of ‘what is" there can be no discord as to its accuracy. It can only measure the principles that are implicit in everything there is, its natural milieu! Truth can only deal with ‘something’, it cannot measure an imaginative negative counterpart. Truth is the constant implicit property in every universal scale of principles. Thus, reality becomes transparent. Have writ large on the value of distorted comparative perception judgments. The standard of correct knowledge always carries with it, its own appraisal. Where principles are concerned there is an obvious scale of identification (e.g., leverage and the numerous references) that is all-inclusive and provides us with evidence of its existence. We could say with some truth, that the industrial crane has more leverage than a child’s see-saw, but we cannot deny the truth at the lower level or the reason applied. Where principles are concerned, truth is not a possibility, it is a constant reality (e.g., leverage). When mythological dichotomies are recognized and established for what they are, the process of ‘ironing’ them out and experiencing their constant reality will translate into the reality, which they are, and used accordingly. To evoke that new sense of reality, the mechanisms of ‘selective immaterialism’ need to be dismantled. Where human experience is presented with something it does not understand and is unable to appreciate the principles involved, the reaction can invoke a sense of fear. That condition can be a primary breeding ground to establish a language of dichotomies and put a selective name to something it does not deserve. The diffusion of a false singular dichotomy into the natural healthy state of the common good puts responsibility into its proper place. Within the process of diffusion, there is the natural and equal absorption of our true reality. The transition between separation and inclusion will be a seamless process because it is our natural state. Objectivity and Commonsense: Explore the plethora of principles - truths - constants that are the mark and phenomena of Homo sapiens. We cannot have any doubt about our existence in this present reality. The truth of reality is and can be experienced wholly and completely by anyone at any point in time. All human progress is the result of such experiences, manifest in principles throughout time and their subsequent ‘use’ evolves exponentially. The overwhelming evidence is our reality, now. A simple analogy of objectivity and commonsense. Somewhere in our early development, someone put the ingredients of a loaf of bread together, somehow baked it, and hey presto, the first experience of a loaf of bread. It is now a form of sustenance, which feeds billions of people. We no longer need to experience that ‘truth’ that ‘knowledge’. It is unnecessary because it is subjective assimilation and the act of external and internal activity. Because ‘our’ brain functions in a manner that can identify the natural elements it exists in –space, time, energy, matter, we learn to ‘know’ and recognize ‘completely’ a child’s see-saw. Knowing is a natural evolutionary function. The quality of ‘knowing’ has its own natural determinants which of necessity contain the measure of principles required for universal recognition. An Archimedes insight (or anyone else’s) could not become a universal reality unless those determinants were in play. I know the very same way we all know – by experience via action, reaction, and interaction. Truth persists and what Archimedes experienced was true and complete. Any experience of any truth, principle, or constant can be as ‘complete’ within a grain of sand, or knowledge of a pyramid. All experience of that nature is an experience in ‘time’, and when it is the truth, we use it accordingly. There is no mechanical translation, or opinion of ‘necessary factors’ as they are constant universals. That, which is ‘complete’, is transparent universal knowledge e.g., the principle of leverage. The precision of terms must include ‘necessary factors’. Necessary factors translate into a common universal language so there is no loss of meaning. All truth – principles-constants – absolutes, that stands the test of time we use accordingly. Thus, human societies evolve, and we evolve without the necessity of having to re-experience any of the principles we recognize and establish. That simply would not be a ‘natural’ commonsense proposition and an entire waste of unnecessary energy. The truth of any principle at any point in time, and at that point in time, can be experienced completely by anyone. Whatever it may be if the principle is established – from then on, it will evolve. There are some misguided notions that ‘truth’ ‘knowledge’ and ‘experience’ have some secret value that is unattainable by ordinary experience. It is a ‘natural’ evolutionary reality that what we ‘know’ becomes useful. We have a mutual responsibility to recognize, use and honor the principles, which are the common property we share. = Human consciousness. = [[File:Lane past Coombshead Farm - geograph.org.uk - 589598.jpg|center|thumb|369x369px|"The roads half travelled when you know the way"]] [[File:Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg|center|300x300px]] === The Universe === ''<big>We do not own Space</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Time</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Energy</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Matter</big>'' The human capacity to understand the question of sovereignty or ownership of Space - Time - Energy - or Matter can only be accepted when any basis of dispute includes two dispositions - human and spiritual indigenous ties throughtout history. With the evolutionary appearance of indigenous peoples throughout this planet, their way of life should make it paramount that their existence be recognised as a natural law that has providence! Their culture and way of life has its own identity in which Space - Time - Energy - Matter is expressed as they experience it. That proof also lies in the existence of caves thousands of years old, and the existence their art and culture. So the constructs defined below are a new approach to understanding the concept of ‘knowledge’ and its proper place in an evolutionary expanding universe. Knowledge acquisition requires appropriate recognition through action, reaction, interaction, in which proper perception and comsciousnessvalues are applied. That form of construction requires the dismantling of previously embedded information. This requires a new direction to formulate a sound basis from which to extend. Construction of an analytical methodology to establish a form of ‘knowledge’ that is best suited to distinguish in a contemporary reality. A reality that adequately conforms to common notions of that which is true, and can only exist without any false relation to that which does not exist. All science needs the certainty that established absolutes provide. A pragmatic construction of real knowledge would propose that all reality expresses a form of evidence or proof and that the observer and the observed contain innate properties necessary to establish a foundational agreement. That form of agreement would necessarily function on the basis that everything that is – is truth. Any other interpretation would be a disconnect from reality, and the interdependent correspondence that must exist for true recognition of any absolute. Controversy will always emerge when the discourse on bifurcation and the introduction of non-existent dichotomies are used as arguments to be explored. Pragmatism would say that the human species would need basic properties to formulate any form of reliable epistemological analysis to explain and simplify the reality that forms their existence. That reality could well be recognized initially as the absolutes of space-time - energy-matter, through innate perceptual data that corresponds to an outward structure that is constantly evolving. That which is absolute is the determinative factor in establishing the existence of truth. When a chair, is a chair, is a chair, its recognition is established when we ‘commonly’ apply subjective and objective measures to that which is truly external to that which is truly internal. That which does exist becomes ‘common’ knowledge, and accepted as being true. Thus, the distinction between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge no longer exists. Where there is consensus, everything is. The formulation of absolute criteria that offers ‘simplicity’ as a tool to measure all and everything, dispenses with the confusion of ‘difficulties’ historical philosophies engage in. It also offers an observable synthesis that clarifies the confusion. Within the combined properties of those absolutes then everything potentially would be. Everything that is by that definition is original, ipso facto, everything that has no false relationship, and therefore true (no dichotomies). Given contemporary human development, it would be ‘common’ pragmatism to accept the proposition that we exist within the absolutes of space-time – energy-matter. Within those absolutes and their innate properties, it would also be pragmatic to assert that ‘everything then is’ (whatever everything may be). Pragmatism would also dictate that ‘everything that is, is its own form of truth, and must contain available constructs of meaning. Therefore knowledge and understanding would be obtainable to that common experience, and at whatever level that experience is activated it is in interdependent unison with the source. The continuing establishment of basic absolute principles (their generalities and their specifics) forms our reason. 1+1= 2 is a ‘simple’ but true universal constant generality. That form of generality is used because we recognize the specific principles of a balanced equation that adds up and makes sense. Simple generalities with their inclusive specifics form the foundation of human reason and its constant evolution. Simplicity is the bane of a ‘mind’ that must have difficulties. = Availability. = The unifying feature that makes ‘knowledge’ available to us all, are the innate universal principles in all things. Archimedes established the principle of leverage. To paraphrase - ‘give me a lever, and I will move the world’. Once the law is established it can then be put to good use. The principle of leverage is manifest in countless ways, and put to good use! The principle of leverage is a constant available to us all, and always has been. Through his application Archimedes conveyed his insight in practical terms, and made aware of the principle and the laws governing it. We now use those laws. We no longer need to philosophise on its existence as a truth. Similarly whenever 2+2 = 4.  Whatever we use to make the equation – apples, oranges, bricks, the mathematical equation is a constant, and the principle of correctness applies. Here 2+2 =4 is empirical proof that the principle of correctness and agreement exist. Principle, or law: ‘a fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning’.           If it were otherwise we could not measure anything. That which appears abstract then, requires no implausible argument as to its non-existence. Such is the nature of all universal principles, they exist whether the notion of a ‘mind’ can perceive their existence, or not. Because ‘thought’ does not create the reality of principles – universals- truth, it cannot from its mythical standpoint understand the simplicity of a Reality where ‘everything is’, nor the simple and factual conclusion – how could it be otherwise! Where ‘everything is’ evidently encompasses the whole evolutionary dimension. It is not an ideological enclosed static that stultifies expansion of an unfolding Reality. Any pure knowledge experience that ‘everything is’ ,(quite apart from the common-sense truth of the statement) is to experience the Absolute in any immediate part of anything that exists, which establishes its own truth forever. To examine a road code of law with that knowledge, and view the actions of drivers at traffic lights, it is more than reasonable to conclude with some conviction that there is  to some degree, Agreement – Knowledge – Understanding, and Conformity to that code of law. It becomes a ‘more reasonable’ proposition within Reality to understand that that code of law is multiplied exponentially, and the principles practised,  wherever drivers, motorcars, and traffic lights exist. It is the nature of the type of knowledge we are measuring that determines the measure of reason that can be applied to any given form of Reality. We can conclude that 2+2 = 4 is a reasonable mathematical calculation that contains the principles of Agreement – Understanding – Conformity. Given the accepted knowledge of these innate principles we can with more reason apply such a calculation Universally. Knowing is agreement with ‘what is’. Knowledge is not the attempted denial of any existing reality. That is a contradiction in terms. Mechanistic observation is akin to viewing from the outside, a straw in a glass of water. The straw always looks bent, but when removed from the glass we realise it is straight. To claim an experience of that which is Absolute, is not a claim of an experience from a higher domain, or an  isolated incident – it is common-place, numbered by just how many we are. Attempting to denigrate such experience is denying the everyday actions that contain the innate principles of a constant Reality. All life functions within the constraints of the laws that are the constructs of Nature and Reality. All life is an expression of the Absolute. It is when that expression is realised, not only in an instinctive sense, but in a real sense, that we penetrate reality beyond a comparative framework of mythology. To claim that you ‘know’ intrinsically what the principle of leverage is, or the principle behind the mathematical equation 2+2=4 is to claim experience of the Absolute. The Absolute is not some abstract esoteric truth – it is that which is immediate. Whether in awareness or not, we constantly comply, to some degree, with the laws of a constant reality. Therein lies the difficulty for a comparative framework mythology – the Absolute is everything! = Basic Equation. = However much the simplicity of the equation is, it contains the properties of correctness – balance – equality – mutual identity – meaning, which in its ‘simplicity’ presages all future mathematical equations. In that universal meaning, there is particular knowledge of consistent truth. That form of ‘simple’ consistency, creates its own natural equilibrium, and its ‘usefulness’ evolves exponentially up the reality scale. Here is where we need to give proper credence to ‘that which is’. All generalities have profound and specific principles as their ‘common’ identity, which are absolute. Unless those components are recognized, both objectively and subjectively, they are reduced to a comparative value spectrum (using dichotomies) as a misguided ‘simplistic’ factor. Deductive reasoning is then deprived of all value, and leads to the inevitable spurious question ‘how do we know? Given the above criteria to establish a correct basis for knowledge that is recognizable, and of a kind that can be used universally, ‘simplicity’ can be recognized as a tool that promotes its own established formula. That which we constantly use. Everything is the truth with regard to the methodology. How that truth or generality is expressed denotes the measure of the principle that is at its core, and forms that measure of reasoning we enjoy. Fortunately, although the truth is an innate property, it is not a ‘personal’ property per se, nor is the ‘experience’ of its reality. Its natural evolution is progressive. In that progression we are in common, the beneficent recipients that ‘evidently’ conform to its constant existence. Philosophical dissertations have become a monopolistic form of opinions that always seem to presume the ‘rightness’ of difficulties in establishing the source of our being, and are unable to put in ‘simple’ terms the question of ‘who we are’. There comes with that the denial of evidence that permeates human history, which establishes the principles of our ‘common’ reality. Those opinions carry with them a colossal library of questionable erudition that becomes embedded, using questionable values to support their argument. The most distinguished opponent of such arguments (Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1203018418|title=Tractatus logico-philosophicus|last=author.|first=Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951,|isbn=978-1-78527-656-9|oclc=1203018418}}</ref>) proposed that language logic was a necessary tool to dismantle the convoluted ‘mind’ propositions that have permeated the philosophical hierarchy. Those ‘mind’ propositions only served to construct meaningless concepts as to ‘who we are’. Although he gained prominence in philosophical circles, his work was directed more toward academia. In his Tractatus Logico – Philosophies he quotes: “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world - What cannot be shown cannot be said”, and “There can be no representation of the logic of facts”. Having a belief in mystical truths that were inexpressible, his statements above are indicative of the embedded language of dichotomies. His form of ‘knowledge’ ‘philosophy’ gave (without question) the concept of ‘mind’ credence to formulate its own logic to clarify its own form of reasoning. Wittgenstein, by not recognizing within the language the distortion that dichotomies create, was unable to approach the evident constructs of true meaning that lie within the interdependent relationship of absolutes, and their constant existence. Evidential reality is all there ever is. The ‘meaning’ or ‘knowledge’ that becomes evident in reality is ‘commonly’ accepted and used accordingly. To repeat, the evidential reality is all there ever is. In that regard, the exponential drive toward ‘difficulties’ amassed a historical discourse of misinformation, which is used to address the very ‘difficulties’ created by spurious value systems. In effect, dealing with ‘nothingness’. We have managed to turn ‘truth’ into a problem, into a difficulty, when the truth is simplicity itself. An oxymoron of gargantuan proportions. This contemporary malady solidifies a diversion that discounts the reality of continuous progression. Progression in which ‘common sense’ is a motivating principle that promotes human evolution. The consistency of specific principles allows us to achieve correspondence. Real knowledge is not a fabrication of convoluted prescriptions. It is the ‘coalescence’ of ‘what is’ to internal reality. That established, evolutionary progress is assured, and reality factors are recognized for what they are. True meaning can best be attained by the interaction and interdependence of natural principles and so recognized as such. That meaning which contains all the specific components of reality is experienced as ‘true knowledge’, measure by measure by anyone. That form of ‘experience’ is not a ‘mind’ process, but a very natural state of realization consistent with our level of action, reaction, and interaction. A correct and pragmatically form of knowledge-seeking foundational answers to perennial questions would seek a direct passage to our ‘commonality’, the beacon that offers guidance. Consider the quantity and quality of knowledge we all pursue that has meaning and usefulness. To posit the notion that there are no dichotomies is a cataclysmic proposition that seems nonsensical to established embedded constructs of knowledge. Constructs of knowledge that offer only confusion, and continually pose impossible questions, whose absence would provide clarity. That absence of confusion would dispel and dismantle a reality of ‘mind’, which functions on its own selection of problems. To address reality as having only absolute constructs dispels the confusion of duality and its inability to ‘use’ relativism in its proper fashion. All general absolutes contain specific principles representing facts; the essential properties that confirm reality. This reference directs the observer to observe, and go beyond the restrictions of a ‘mind’ governed by dualism, monism, or any other spurious form of philosophy that distorts the very reality it exists in. Where there are no dichotomies, all we can deal with is ‘what is’, and the logic of ‘necessary factors’ thus destroying the possible inclusion of anything described as a “paradox”. = Pure Experience. = To design a chair our brain requires to exercise the qualities and properties necessary for its manifestation e.g., strength, balance , design, functionality etc, etc. A chair, is a chair, is a chair, the product of innate knowledge.   If we did address any tentative agreement that ‘I’  is a ‘fiction’, could not our ‘conscious experience’ of that ‘fiction’ be just as fictitious. It would follow that whatever perception of Reality we experience must also be fiction. Our contention, as always, has been that ’I think - therefore I am’ by Descartes is the greater fiction for reasons already explained. To consider to whatever degree that we can function on the basis of a fictional ’I’ precludes any attempt to honestly address ’who we are’. Saying that ‘conscious perspectives’ are limited and inconsistent with apparent reality are quite correct. It then brings into question the validity of ‘conscious perspectives’ to guide us toward ‘what is’. The entangled fictional relationship between ‘mind’ ‘I’ ‘thought’ ‘consciousness’ impose formidable barriers to that which is evident. Base observations on the construct and interpretation of what ‘knowledge’ is. Human experience is limited by its mechanical interpretation of Reality, especially ‘cogito ergo sum’. If everything that is, is its own measure of Reality (the differences) then everything must be measured, at whatever level, as being that part of the whole with all principles intact, making that measure available to be experienced as the Absolute. With absolutes there is no antagonism. We cannot exist or experience anything without a Universal complementary source of identification. It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality. Not experiencing Reality as it is, is equivalent to not experiencing ‘who we are’, and is indeed the only human source and validity of truth, although Descartes held the erroneous belief that such knowledge was independent of any experience. That belief we suspect was some form of impetus toward his ’cogito ergo sum’.                   Knowledge and experience are co-existing ‘necessary factors’ So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), therefore any ‘knowledge’ derived from experience will be incomplete. Clearly it is the quality of ‘knowledge’ that one experiences (e.g., Archimedes) that leads to a common certainty of evidence realised through direct experience. That quality of knowledge can be available when we observe directly the activity of drivers at traffic lights with the knowledge that it is a very common activity recognized internationally. In every case we can logically pronounce the premises to be true, therefore we have a conclusion that is also true - whether that conclusion is defined as Mutual Agreement, or Common Acceptance, it does not matter - they are mutual principles. It is this form of logical knowledge of innate principles that is the precursor to knowledge of the Absolute logically defined within all reason for ‘what it is’ . Where the basic premise is true that there is ‘Mutual Agreement’ between a multiplicity of drivers at traffic lights then we can with certainty conclude that the same principles exist Universally. We can also draw concrete conclusions, and establish knowledge, that it is not ‘absolutely necessary’ to experience by observation the multiplicity of drivers conforming to their particular road code. We have already established that knowledge. Knowledge and experience are not separate philosophical theories. One cannot be without the other.. Everyone has the potential to experience the Absolute paradoxically, in part or in whole. Everything that is, must contain the properties of the Absolute, otherwise nothing could be. To ask questions about human experience based solely and inevitably on our interpretation of ‘knowledge’, and co-existing with that, its particular meaning in human existence. So long as we can only deal with our conscious interpretation as representing Reality then we derive functionally less meaning than we are entitled to. When we see other humans consistently using levers to open crates then we can recognize a ‘social intelligence’ operating which equates to understanding that is not based on opinion, but is a clear expression of human activity that has correspondence. All of the principles involved in that experience can coalesce to provide that form of Reality that requires no interpretation. It becomes recognizable knowledge. How we understand that knowledge is through the realisation and identification of the principles involved, which become immediately transparent. The Absolute could be categorised as a knowledge experience that encompasses all and everything. Whatever is manifest is that measure (complete in itself) of the Whole with all its principles intact. Where there are at least two actions that are identical we can reach a common-sense conclusion that a definitive principle is operating. When that corresponds with innate knowledge then we have the complete cycle. The definition itself is language opening the door to an experience of Reality. No one can know in isolation. An imaginary ‘I’ restricts any experience of who “we are”,  and is not a necessary part of human experience.   Explaining experience beyond imaginary thought processes requires a definitive language that deals with the principles of Reality itself. Pure experience. The world-wide disposition that has no grounding in Nature and Reality becomes captive to any mythical fear that  offers a target to give some form of direction or stability. There is nothing more simple than to make Reality transparent - its evidence abounds. We can pronounce the principle properties that provide guidelines to its existence whereby the reality is made apparent. = Expansion. = To address concerns on ‘negativity’. Negativity is in essence the inability to establish a measure of Reality. Mechanistic processes of denial are the attempt to understand and make transparent that which is apparently unexplainable, and resolve a condition whose energy is driven toward finding that core of affirmation. The evolutionary principle from all available evidence is that human beings as a species progress. This seems a paradoxical contradiction to the embedded proposition that we can never know the ‘truth’. The consequence of such a traditional premise is that denial and negativity both hold paramount positions. We are conditioned to accept the premise that there is in fact no premise that will enable us to go beyond presently accepted norms of experience. We are conditioned to accept that the ‘truth’ is inexpressible. The evolution of the human species is constantly subject to contemporary ingrained social habits, which give some kind of credence to that particular point of existence. Indirect conscious interpretation classifies itself as a solid perspective to govern and justify human activity, which in many historical ways has proved disastrous.                   Our continued intention is to expose detrimental barriers to the realisation of ‘who we are’, and in that process establish a smoother, more realistic approach to ‘who we are’. The Archimedes legacy. When we establish knowledge of something that exists through a multiplicity of experience and evidence, then from every reasonable standard we can establish that it is true, ergo that which is true is Absolute. The principle of leverage is well grounded in social intelligence, and our natural knowledge of that does not need erudite explanations of its presence, nor any ‘conscious interpretation’ to realise its existence, or its practice. Evolution eventually removes restrictive passages to direct experience, the very purpose of evolution. The principle of leverage is not a matter of opinion, it is the realisation of actuality and our continued ‘more reasonable’ response each time the principle is applied. Children learn to speak their language primarily through experience without any direct, or indirect conscious interpretation, and so, universally we ‘know’ the most powerful means to communicate. Were we to move 50 miles in any compass direction from the town we live in, there is a certain predictability that we will meet others who speak the same English language that we do. If in that experience we find that these premises we have drawn about our travels were true, then the conclusion we would come to in particular, is that when we communicate we make known what we know. …………………………………………………………. '''Please note the date:''' '''Oct 2005.''' I am offering up this older material below to provide insight as to the progression of this work. There may well be some duplication to date. During this period my wife and I worked in collaboration to ensure an equality of experience. = Stepping Stones 1. = There is nothing other than what is – there is no hidden Reality that we need to seek, it embraces us at every turn. The Archimedes experience is the pure experience of Ultimate Reality, which provides indisputable knowledge. Reality is the source of complete knowledge, it is the constant source that has provided us with all human development, from the writings of William Shakespeare, to the computer development of Bill Gates. What they have produced is now an evident part of our reality that we can engage in. We can experience ‘mutual agreement’ through epiphanies, insights, enlightenment , understanding, Eureka moments etc, they are all one and the same. Implicit within the macrocosm is the microcosm – it cannot be otherwise. The more we conform within the microcosm the more we begin to appreciate that Reality contains everything, and that we can realise through experience its manifestation. Each Eureka moment is that personal point of experience that connects us with the Truth. The principle of leverage was always available, it took an Archimedes to explain it to us. Each Eureka moment necessarily engages with the reality of complete knowledge, and utilises its share at that time. When we have complete knowledge of who we are in that personal moment, then we understand that these, egalitarian properties, are rightfully shared by everyone and that we have experienced that which is infinite. It does not mean that the process of evolution is over – it has only just begun. It does mean that we can no longer continue coasting through this existence in a near comatose state. If there is a hypnotic fixation in holding the principles of Reality as being separate, and different, then the potential realisation of their immediate unity, and communion, becomes problematic. Knowledge, and experience are one and the same – they are not different!! Experience = Immediate knowledge of basic reality that is factually correct, and that we can reasonably use. Knowledge = Immediate experience of secure, and accurate information that is constantly stable, and sustains principles. Reality = Complete Knowledge. As the microcosmic part of the total macrocosm we are immersed in reality. The real question should be, ‘how can one not know Reality, or ‘who we are’. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the bank, and deal with money transactions. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the supermarket and exchange money for goods. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can send our children to school to enhance their education. Evident proof is validation of what is – it is not a matter of anyone’s opinion, nor is it an assumption of ours. Neither do we assume, or offer any opinion, on the Universal Reality that there is ‘mutual agreement’ that we need air, food, and water to sustain us. Evident proof is also the basis for the mechanics toward realisation of ‘complete knowledge ‘ of who we are. Reality can be realised through concentration on its basic principles. We use language to express our understanding of who we are.It is relatively easy, it is reasonable, and it is responsible. We convey through language our measure of intelligence, and to the best of our ability conform to the basic rule of communication – ‘we make known’ Implicit within that exercise is ‘mutual agreement’. We may differ in some specifics, but we meet the basic obligation of communication – ‘we make known’, and always we progress to some degree. Simultaneity is one of the constant principles that we all share and they come from Here, Now, the Present, where they have always been. Everything is. Our being is always engaged in the present, and we each have an obligation to understand our relationship to what is. The present is the only point of contact we can ever have with Reality. To some degree or another, each one of us is directly connected to Reality (we do not have any choice in the matter), and we can potentially evaluate ‘what is’ through the utilisation, and examination of factual reality. We are the microcosmic part of that Universal Macrocosm, and because we already have that innate information it is a matching process when we have a Eureka moment, an epiphany, an understanding beyond question. Nothing enters our minds - we already know! Everyone has innate knowledge of the principle of leverage. It requires correct examination of ‘what is’ for realisation to occur. It is then a relief to have ‘mutual agreement’ on the things we would wish to make transparent to others. To use a traffic analogy, it is evident that there is ‘en masse’ mutual agreement when we know to drive off when the traffic light turns green. Mutual agreement is translated into people obeying traffic rules (otherwise chaos). Two cars, two drivers, sitting directly alongside each other at traffic lights, discuss their understanding of their Road Code in this particular position, and what they should do. When the light turns green there are a myriad of principles that apply when they drive off simultaneously. They have both demonstrated their ‘complete knowledge’ of the significance of the green light from this perspective. There is Mutual Agreement. There is Predictable Conformity. There is Common Ground. Each one complements the other. They are both right. One more remove: From an outsider’s point of view – they both know! The green light could be categorised as a Eureka moment, it sets in play all the above principles, whether the drivers are aware of it or not. From the perspective of two outside objective observers who know the traffic rules, if asked, did the two drivers at the lights obey the rules – the answer would be yes, there would be mutual agreement. They have complete knowledge of this particular circumstance concerning drivers, and green lights. Could it be that certain schools of thought are curtailed by a questionable refusal to recognize what is, and have a preference for creating a difficulty where none exists! No one can examine what isn’t! There is no such thing as ‘nothing’. Something is – what is it? A Scottish engineer functions on the same principles as an Italian Pope. Because Archimedes was prominent as a mathematician, his realisation of the principle of leverage, and his understanding of the difference in water displacement between silver and gold was widely reported. This does not mean that realisation of ‘what is’ is an exclusive experience. As said previously Archimedes did not realise something new – it has always existed, and all forms of life would have utilised the leverage principle to some degree or another (watch a bird build a nest). At that time there were probably many thousands of people who had some understanding of the principle, but Archimedes was the one who made statements about it. As in any Eureka moment, we can experience infinity and who we are. It is mutual agreement (an understanding) between the part, and the whole. It is when the principles are in unison Eureka! Reality is there to be examined, and experienced, it is not separate from us, nor should we try to make it so. = Stepping stones 2. = Knowledge is not conditional by the activities of what may be called ‘thought’ or ‘consciousness processes’. Real knowledge is that which is available to all, and to be shared by all. It cannot be contained by the ‘experiencer’ and then not ‘known’ by the accident of experience. It is the actual innate experience itself which conclusively establishes the truth. It can only deal in the truth which is its modus operandi of dissemination. For me to say that ‘everything is’, is a statement of fact which cannot be denied, and an intellectual dishonesty to attempt to deny the evidence by philosophical machinations. Hostility toward the truth leads inevitably toward attempted negation - looking for nothingness! ‘Being here’ demands its own recognition - attempting to deny it is simply perverse. Knowledge is the realisation of ‘what is’.. Rene Descartes ‘I think - therefore I am ‘did no service to human evolution, or education. It established in Western societies especially, the culture of individualism, with the precursor that so-called ‘thought’ was the inward evidence for existence, and for the following unfortunate claim that we have a ‘mind’, or to use the euphemism, a soul! Experience is true knowledge. When that experience marries up with its innate counterpart then recognition is realised (cognition). In simple terms, a light goes on in the brain. There can be no real knowledge without truth. All thought qualifies experience and attempts to reduce truth to near nothingness which is a widespread conditional activity. We cannot manufacture knowledge, or the principles which are its properties. No matter the amount of correct information anyone can ingest, it does not become knowledge until there is tripartite coalescence between inherent knowledge - ingested correct information - and ‘what is’. Then we truly recognize that which is Absolute. Within Nature we have the distinct privilege of evolving in a Universe that can only recognize the attributes of social cohesion. Knowledge is not anyone’s personal possession. Whatever measure of experience we may have of it, it is only available as a Universal sharing experience to be beneficially used. Human activity whereby we witness people using tools for leverage, or drivers at traffic lights obeying the rules of the road, are observable markers that contain the properties for understanding our own reality. Unless seen for what they are, they are only mechanical platitudes with an equally mechanical response. We could rightly claim that that at least is some response, but of no real value. The natural process that operates when we see that which is innate, overrides any erudite explanation from an academic base however intellectual its original source. ‘Thinking’ for oneself cannot make judgments about a ‘natural’ experience. When we see human duplicate functions in operation then we are in communion, and at another level we recognize who we are. When we actively see the activities of the human brain in action we are not dealing with any internal ‘will - o’ - the wisp’ that no one can ever experience. We exercise that prerogative (human activity) at every moment in time, but quite apparently without that focus of attention that denotes realistic recognition. To seek identity in sectarian, or secular belief systems to overcome the contemporary feeling of loss of identity leads to the acceptance of anything that offers some form of stability. That is then used to strengthen that which is euphemistically addressed as the ’self’. To retain that security the acceptance of information transmitted throughout generations, is absorbed into the culture, and defended to the death against those who would question that belief system. The greatest knowledge we can ever have is our own and it has the potential to transcend all else and provide insight into infinity. The most tragic human condition is the lack of experience of identity in a multiplicity of identities in which we all share. The real problem is not one of ‘identity’, but a lack of ’communion’. Whether we like it or not, whether we are aware of it or not, the principle of ’communion’ must always exist to some degree for evolution to proceed. It is within the experience of that principle that we understand the fallaciousness of that much heralded ‘self’ which draws down so much energy in an attempt to establish itself as a reality. Within positive language structure possibilities (no dichotomies), there should be the disposition toward the realisation that our relationships to cognize into ‘communion’ must be addressed as specifically dependent. Social attempts to be ‘independent’ are the very remove from reality and signify reduction attempts toward nothingness. Adherence to, and the cultivation of faith and belief systems give little elbow room for any factual occurrence to be anything other than a comparison to the myths that are held. The cultural and educational socialisation of generations of children must carry with it, its historical belief systems that overwhelm the natural instincts. Observe an animal out of its natural habitat and locked in a cage for its entire life. It would be a salutary exercise if we could dispense with the term ‘mind’ from our vocabulary and magnify the use of the word brain to promote a realistic discussion on ‘who we are’. My action of levering open a wooden crate and knowledge of it is one and the same. Our remarkable brain functions like that, the purpose of a brain, the natural repository of innate knowledge. The assertion of principles is critical to avoid all activity being submerged by questioning their very existence, and being unable to see directly. It would be a rarity today, if anyone using a lever to pry open a wooden crate would have the same enormity of experience that Archimedes had, nor the need to make pronouncements about it. It has all been done prior to our awareness of its value with the accompanying data attached. Our brain knows the value of a lever and activates our body accordingly when needed. It could be categorised as evolutionary transmission. The observance of someone prying open a crate with a lever, or drivers conforming to the road code at traffic lights, is a function of the brain in action, not a mythical entity in a singular locality that denies its own senses. When the brain is not burdened by distorted belief systems it then has the potential to experience ’that which is’, which is always constant. When we understand the function of a lever, or the presence of traffic lights, then we can activate the principles involved because we already know how! The negative impact in the use of dichotomies in language lies in their distraction from the truth, as our brain processes the words we use in relation to Reality. The tendency to attempt to separate inherent truths through the words we use disrupts that natural correspondence necessary for identification. A chair, is a chair, is a chair. = Stepping stones 3. = Where principles are concerned the constituent linkages in language are identity markers to that which is real - reference points. Without dichotomies there is no separation, or ambiguity between what we experience, and ‘what is’. Philosophy in its attempt to address something through denial is an elementary confusion. To say that that is a chair, and then attempt to deny it invoking philosophical theorems concerning the human ability to experience it, is a severe contradiction on the existence of the object , and the observer. When this form of contradiction is then taken as a constant, it then precludes any common-sense and definitive answer to the existence of a chair. '''For philosophers, George Orwell’s ’to see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle’ would be apt.''' Real concepts cannot exist in any mythology, therefore all that we experience is inevitably the truth that is there to beproperly categorised for what it is. The proper use of language in this context will identify whatever it is to correspond with present reality. Misuse of language (dichotomies and mythologies) leads only to the acceptance of a fractured state where nothing is whole and represents confusion. The dissipation of the supposed problem is never realised. Fiction has been elevated to the status of an accepted reality. Very early evolutionary physical dangers allowed the development of fictions that offered some form of imaginary protection beyond limited physical ability. That contemporary humanity endorses the mythology of ‘I’ is testament to the psychological fear that still exists and requires its proper recognition. Emphasis must be placed in the relationship between language and reality for understanding to proceed. The persistence of dichotomies has their own persistent confusion which then promotes a false reality through misleading information. Microcosm and macrocosm are one and the same in a Universe where ‘everything is’. Isolated viewpoints are exactly that, and are unable to view the expanse in which we are encompassed. We must learn to view reality through both ends of the same telescope. When we understand the extensive scope of ‘truth’, then we know that its values and properties do not change - which relates to ‘completeness’. Philosophical, ideological, and intellectual endeavour , try to shape the structure of ‘what is’ based on pre-dispositional knowledge, which can only ask the same questions, and look for the same answers. Not to experience that which is absolute or whole is the normal result of the confusion of language which has no correspondence to that which is real. To discuss with a philosopher the possibility that ’mind’ per se does not exist, and to dissolve it as a concept would place them in a realistic position, would indeed be a difficult proposition. The strength of that difficulty lies in another imaginary concept, that that ‘mind’ represents ’I’, and it is anathema to that fiction to consider its own demise! = Stepping stones 4. = There are no dichotomies. Everything is, and everything that is, is complete, everything is an Absolute complete Reality. You are experiencing your measure of that reality. It cannot be otherwise that you are experiencing that measure of completeness. When we come to terms with it we have the innate capacity to see the Absolute in a grain of sand. That is knowledge. Belief in dichotomies is the mythical barrier to that particular experience - which is only denial, supported by erudite protestations that human construct dichotomies exist. At a mechanical level Intelligence and Stupidity appear to be separate identifiable conditions, and they appear to be antagonistic. Stupidity is in Reality a measure of the Intelligence which is always constant. If someone was in a state of mythical utter and complete stupidity we would not attempt any form of emancipation from that condition. We know that that is misguided and proceed with techniques to advance intelligence. Consider the proposition that there are no dichotomies, and within that possibility all questions become irrelevant. Presuming that there are no dichotomies allows the process of establishing ‘necessary factors’ to proceed, and allows each measure of wholesomeness to be realised. Experience is the criteria for knowledge. Some Reality experiences were simply transposed into particular belief systems and elevated into a pseudo spiritual dimension, or a philosophical conundrum. Where there is a belief in a divisive fiction (dichotomies) there is automatic mechanistic restriction to that which is Real. There is a capacity beyond ego and intellect which can commune with ‘what is’, and recognize its properties. Reality is constant. Within the accepted comparative framework there is the view of principles as having different divisive categories e.g., as above, Intelligence and Stupidity, and classify them within ‘thought’ structure as dichotomies and give credence to them as being an antagonistic reality. The consequence of that, is, that one is always a remove from recognizing the structural properties of immediate existence. Any construct of knowledge necessary to evaluate ’what is’ will address the properties (principles) that are the constituent constant markers available in that which is the microcosm and the macrocosm. That identity (the Absolute) is found in any sphere of Reality.Everything is - and everything that is, must be experienced for what it is, and not for what anyone denies it to be. There is no mythical human construction that can deny ’what is”. Everything is - without dichotomies. To repeat, we do not have the ability to create ‘nothingness’ - ‘that which is’ has no imaginary comparative human construct. To attempt to deal with such constructs, and give credence to them is always the denial of ‘what is’, and adherence to ‘thought’ processes whose only purpose is to cement that activity. Indeed realising that the concepts of dichotomies are human mythical constructs, denying true perspective, is the beginning of insight. The dissipation of such processes through addressing the principles of Reality allows us the potential to experience directly ‘what is’, in simple terms -the truth! Intelligence is a ‘necessary factor’. Addressing stupidity is a denial of reality at whatever level we find it. Intelligence and Stupidity are not antagonistic, they are one and the same principle with measurable degrees of existence. Only from a comparative framework standpoint is credence given to any mythical form. The above observation is not negating the process, it is questioning the markers which evolve into imaginary separation (trapped in a comparative framework mythology). That particular process can and does create a false mythical reality that appears divisive. We cannot exist within a divisive reality! Reality must be complete for us to recognize its existence. Where there are no dichotomies within the premise that ‘everything is’, there exists no antagonistic position. The distinction between human constructs of positive and negative are matters of mythical perspective wherein no experience of the Absolute is available. It is because the human ’mind’ per se places its own construction on its immediate experience, and must have its particular interpretation based on what it considers ’knowledge’. There is a difference between ’mechanical knowledge’, and ’pure knowledge’. From the mechanical knowledge standpoint which can only deal ‘in indirect conscious interpretation’, it is quite correct to say that that form of knowledge is incomplete, and it always will be. Pure knowledge experienced via our brain knows no separation, nor antagonism, and is responsible for our ability to recognize the actions of others who may pry open wooden crates with a lever, or drive off uniformly at traffic lights. Within that cohesive activity it precludes ’a matter of opinion’ and by themselves can become subjects of a pure knowledge experience. To repeat, it is a form of ’communion’ with ’what is’, and available to all. Where drivers at traffic lights universally conform to their particular road code, and where universally there is a language which identifies their activity as Mutual Agreement, or any other logical definition, we can concur with the common-sense conclusion that we have universally established that within language and common activity, there is indeed a truth formed. The coalescence between universal language and universal activity are the logical constructs that create civilizations. There is a vast social network of common activity that solidifies the logic into an honest and persuasive conclusion that confirms innate common principles –knowledge. = Stepping stones 5. = The Art of making sense of everything. How to understand principles. # Principle. A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning. # All principles are interdependent, interconnected, and infinite. # Each one is dependent on the other two. Examples of a principles template and how to define them without dichotomies. Communication. Truth. Standard. Proof. Express. Contribute. Mutual. Direction. Advance. Comfort. Organize. Certain. Immediate. Interest. Improve. Present. Constructive. Gain. Trust. Progress. Source. Knowledge. Basic. Original Reality. Awareness.Freedom. Purpose. Connect. Understand. Support. Peace. Cause. Unity. Ability. Rights. Honest. Discover. Positive. Energy. Balance. Good. Courage. Willing.  Control. Use. Association.  Observe. Reason. Easy. Wealth. Simple. Law. Increase. Order. Flow.Co-operation. Exact. Quality. Accuracy. Strength. Responsible. Operating. Creative. Measure. Recognition. Accept. Constant. Obligation. Include. Dependence. Relationship. Value. Success. Principle. Equality. Stable. Share. Love. Sustenance. Action. Identity. Intelligence. Education. Secure. Facts. Agreement. Information. For. Rules.Clear. Yield. Example: Success = Securing facts                = Responsible co-operation               = Constructive knowledge So success by definition is : Securing facts through constructive knowledge and cooperating  responsibly. All definitions of success from your template are infinite. You will find your own suitable definition. ==== There are no dichotomies! ==== Any principle is correctly defined by any two other principles. You create a new language of Absolutes. Using conjunctions you can write your own book. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 Amen to that! “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman” Simone de Beauvoir. “Time does not change us. It just unfolds us” Max Frisch. We experience ourselves our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future. = Who we are. =   It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality for what it is..   For anyone to say that ‘everything is’ is a simple linguistic absolute that no amount of ‘more reasonable’ requests (above) can deny. Those requests only appear to be governed by the difficulties of ‘mental complexities’, and embedded ideologies. To accept that ‘everything is’ as an absolute, is a realistic basis to establish any reality, and comprises the basis for reason to be activated. If there is ‘nothing’, nothing can be achieved. Within that which is Absolute there are no dichotomies. Therefore there are no antagonistic positions available. Everything that is, is a measure of the Absolute.  We are always in the present, everyone and everything. Instant elementary ‘knowledge’ which we all share, and must admit to. In being alive, we do not have the ability to not be here, and we do not have the ability to not know! To have a problem in addressing what Truth and Knowledge are, to the point of denying their existence, then that problem exists well below the scale of Reality. To repeat knowledge is not the proprietary right of any individual, it is enshrined in the principle of agreement that we mutually exercise to establish its own reality. The reality of experience is not, nor ever will be, a personal possession that we can have and hold. Its reality becomes more alive when we see the same activity being practised by others. Then we know we are sharing that reality, and that experience. We cannot "have" the principles that exist, but when we undrestand them then we are obliged to use them with integrity. That form of integrity in any language, is an added foundation stone to any belief system Mechanistic ‘I’ has no concept or understanding of ‘pure knowledge’. Only when we break free of the myth that some clarity becomes apparent, and we have the opportunity to engage with what is real. Philosophy it appears to me is constrained by individual ‘thought’ processes, which (without experience) cannot escape from that individuality. Those ‘thought’ processes conjure up a human history of inflexible, and impossible propositions which only serve to protect that individuality. Descartes ‘cogito ergo sum’ has compounded the difficulties by strengthening the incorrect premise of a false individuality. ‘I’ is a phantom consciousness much like a phantom pain experienced after a limb is amputated. The brain registers the pain signifying that something should be there. Likewise our brain has that same relationship with Nature and Reality. It is analogous to our brain dealing with a ‘phantom reality’ knowing that something is missing but is continuing to evolve to establish the whole. There exists a ‘phantom chasm’ between our brain and Reality and an understanding of its properties. We are robbed of real meaning. Evidence, recognition, and the truth are the principles it uses to reform. Within their structure is the meaning of reforms. Nature does not impose any morality on us, the principles implied in morality are there for us to understand and use. Our brain has the capacity, once reality is correctly examined, to recognize ‘that which is’. Once realised it becomes embedded. That ‘phantom consciousness’ is an experience removed from its proper environment. It takes its proper place when we experience reality for ‘what it is’, which provides the totality of meaning. True experience allows us entry to the quality of knowledge that is a continuous reality. So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), any ‘knowledge’ derived from that experience will be incomplete. That form of philosophical negative conclusion can come down to not believing that Reality exists (a chair is not a chair, is not a chair etc,), or that our experience of ourselves and others is real, and discount any other form of knowledge that threatens that belief. There is an intellectual dishonesty in denying the existence of principles. Hostility towards the truth leads inevitably to negativity. Being here demands, not denial, but the right to be recognized. We are the recipients of a ubiquitous communication system – making known. We can only understand that which we know. We make known all the time. Knowledge of Reality – Truth – the Absolute is a collective inclusive experience of the principles we share, and never the property of any individual. To ‘know’ ‘who we are’ is an inclusive experience of the principles involved. Never ‘cogito ergo sum’.   Philosophers in investigating the nature of knowledge and the Universe, firmly established for themselves that the source of reason and logic was located in a mythical concept ‘the mind’. From the wrong basis evolved elaborate and metaphysical constructions which removed the investigations further, and further, from the truth. To comprehend the material world, and give it credibility, the recognition of implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct a language that provides that form of recognition. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects is misguided by the injection of a mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. That erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound Reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion, is compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every human view available. We cannot manufacture knowledge that leads to a mechanistic understanding of ‘what is’ , nor the principles which are its properties – however much dogma is practised. We can only aspire to relate to ‘necessary factors’ that are the implicit fundamentals of existence. For me to use a lever to open a crate is a form of communion with Archimedes through the principle he enunciated. It is now not ‘necessary’ for me to go through the same experience as Archimedes to establish that ‘necessary factor’ or ‘principle’. It is now common-place, and common-sense to utilise the principle. The extract below provides some explanation of the brain processes in action Universally, and coincides with any reasoning on the observance of the leverage principle, and the actions of motorists conforming to the Road Code wherever traffic lights exist. ''The right-to-left shift of mental control looked increasingly like a universal phenomenon, capturing the essence of every learning process on every time scale, from hours to years. An individual faced with a truly novel situation or problem tackles it mostly with the right hemisphere. But once the situation becomes familiar and is mastered, the dominant role of the left hemisphere becomes evident. It looked like the empowering patterns capturing the essence of the situations (or rather the whole class of similar situations) were, once formed, stored in the left hemisphere. (The Wisdom Paradox. Professor Elkhonon Goldberg. P202)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandermeulen|first=Jo|date=2008-08|title=Verstand komt met de jaren|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03077135|journal=Neuropraxis|volume=12|issue=4|pages=137–139|doi=10.1007/bf03077135|issn=1387-5817}}</ref>'' = Limitations. = However limited our view of connectedness is, or however tenuous the reality our experience is, ‘everything is’, and everything is connected. Innate knowledge and the fundamental nature of Man is the prior source of knowledge that seeks and identifies that connectedness. Attempting to address what we don’t know is that mythical infinite regress toward that parallel mythical ‘nothingness’. To always address what we know establishes Reality. To establish knowledge of principles, start from ‘we are here’. The natural principles within the diversity of human culture and activity when recognized as mutual ‘necessary factors’ will have the effect of enhancing and directing vital energy toward the very process of  the communion we seek, and the gradual penetration of a reality that always exists. Knowledge of Reality is not ‘different’ in other locales. The fundamental principles are the same. Addressing ‘what is’ instead of denying ‘what is’ is the basic construction of real knowledge. Within the structure of the Absolute we are all the same with a magnificent differential in our expression of the principles of necessity. That expression is our ongoing effort toward its own experience which gives it life and meaning. That experience in turn exposes us to an immediate Reality that is in communion with the fundamental structure of our being. All that we can contribute toward that is 50%, the other half is in our momentary relationship with Reality – then we know! That form of knowledge is always available through that form of experience, and it always comes in the form of confirmation which reforms. Until that experience our prior condition appears mechanistic, without direction, or understanding. Reality, life, is not mechanistic. We are the recipients of innate principles with the constant potential to experience those principles in action (Archimedes et al). Dogmas, ideologies, are the restrictive practices used to blur the recognition of principles operating to a level that understanding of that common and constant activity is virtually denied. Our natural capital (principles) is degraded to the point that their factual evidence is reduced even to the point that they are categorised as a ‘perceptual illusion”. We can trust facts 2+2=4. Simplicity has its own majesty. Anything circumscribed by reason requires control of our emotions. To comprehend the material world, bring it alive, and give it credibility, the recognition of its implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct the language that provides evidence of that Reality. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects, is misinformed by the injection of that mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. The erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion’, is paradoxically compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every other human view available, thus it then makes its own sense, form and justification to the illusion! The evident question we must ask, ‘how does a ‘mind’ conclude that ‘immaterialism’ exists universally? Surely it is a simple but massive contradiction in terms. If there is nothing there but ‘perceptual illusion’, how can you attribute it to other ‘minds’. The oxymoronic effect of narcissism is that it is the very denial of ‘who we are’. Man is not composed of an overwhelming self-love. That mythical embedded belief cannot consider the possibility of underlying principles that are the real life force of Man in his relationship with Reality. The truth of that, is that humankind (in spite of itself), evolves towards its own Reality. The only human values that exist, lie in Man’s recognition of the principles involved that provide human direction. Our ‘material brain’ is a product of Nature's evolutionary process, and has innate within it the same principles that exist in all matter. That ‘which is’, is the truth, and our brain evolves to process that at every level, and we constantly manifest that in every action we take – whether we like it or not. The fundamental similarities between human beings is that we are not only evidently human, but that we also function and construct societies that we recognize as beneficial to our immediate well-being. All social function is determined by our brain capacity and its ability to postulate the relationship it has with Universal principles. = Illusion. = Considering that we can contradict things is an illusion. We can never contradict the truth. We do not have the ability to create proprietary constructs of reality. That ‘which is’, can only make its basic properties transparent to us through direct experience. Imaginary concepts must in the end conform to a measurable construct that we can identify. Within the structure of any philosophical theory of ‘knowledge’ it must contain the basic elements of truth at all times, or there is nothing!! To say that ‘everything is’ is motivated by pure reason experience as an objective, and subjective reality and as an axiomatic grammatical premise that no amount of mental acrobatics can deny. We can only deal with ‘something’, whatever it may be. There is no metaphysical construct that can provide evidence that ‘nothing’ exists, outside a mythical mind. Explaining experience beyond ‘thought’ processes requires a definitive language that deals with the reality itself. We all Know. It is innate. The ‘difference’ between us is only the measure of the knowledge that is made manifest, and that knowledge continually proliferates. The ‘individual perspective’, and the illusory ‘I’ which dominates, is the barrier to any relation to ‘what is’, and the malady of never experiencing the truth directly!   Truth, knowledge, agreement are the abundant and embedded Absolutes that form the structure of human evolution. That we constantly utilise and improve on their use is evidence of their reality, and the material transparency within every social structure. The survival and proliferation of such realities should be the evidence to establish that ‘that which is’ is Absolute. When we focus our ‘perspective’, opinion, or a hypothetical consideration of a space, time, or identity to question a Universally accepted fact, it is hardly a categorical argument to dismiss that which is true as nonsensical. Any denial that 2+2=4 is a fundamental truth hardly takes into account that the reality of such basics are vital to the success of higher mathematics. Unless the basics are continually correct, and evidently so, then no correct solutions could evolve. We know that within any basic structural ‘use’ that the calculation is correct. We commonly accept its correctness as an embedded reality. All forms of lower or higher mathematics would have the axiomatic principle of ‘correctness’ as their basis to extend from. Also, they would have as an axiom that the reverse is true. The 2+2=4 is, in its reality, the epitome of balance and construction. The 2+2 reality forms its correct conclusion when the principles of mathematics are propounded and they conform to transparent truth and arrive at 4. Only when it ‘adds up’, does it become a truth that we all recognize. Our greatest ignorance is taking for granted the proliferation of such truths through an ideological blinkered perspective. Because truth takes a commonplace form it is no less fundamental. Unless there is correct knowledge as to the existence of fundamental truth, that ‘which is’, goes unrecognised. That form of truth must be applicable to all. Truth exists in everything – it is an evidential reality. Searching for an esoteric truth is chasing shadows. Every truth is a ‘necessary factor’, and fundamental to our existence. Because of the imposed limited perspectives (via education, ideology, beliefs) that which is evidently true, and transparent, is delegated to a position of simple practicality with conditions placed on it which further deletes its substance, and we have the awful predilection of conforming to the attempted destruction of that which is true. Do we have a problem with seeing something, which is correct, as also being true? All truths are fundamental. They are not subject to attempted denial because of any diminished realisation at any point in time. Where there is reasonable evidence of balance, equity, and agreement we can conclude that a truth exists. Once innate information of that truth becomes transparent, it becomes an embedded useful human utility that must have some measure of fundamental truth as their starting point. From any common-sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’.  That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the reality of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. The dematerialization of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance etc.  However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality.   = Human representation. When we understand the validity and existence of principles in all things, it is easy to understand that ideological dogmas are never the foundation for real knowledge, or that direct experience of ‘what is’. Our real perspective is not some individualistic experience that confines us, it is that expanse in which we exist that offers us the view of that expanse. Everyone has the potential to go beyond their ‘apparent’ human perspective limitations. Shifting our sense of perception toward that which is basic, paradoxically extends the experience of that which is true. Let general knowledge be directed toward the performance that identifies the measure of principles that are enacted. Therein lies the production of knowledge that offers a sustainable growth of that vital universal aspect of knowledge, where, reason and truth, can prevail. Any correct definition is language itself, opening the door to that reality experience which is critical. Only when we know and experience that the same reality (with all its principles intact) exists for all of us can we then recognize the mythical distinctions that are taken as being real. The majestic experience of that reality goes well beyond historical beliefs. Exploring simple ‘necessities’ is not based on any sacred text, but the privilege of recognizing a sensible evolutionary path through life. Whatever may be in the future, is implicit in the material world now, and it has always been so. ma9r2bhx08bns2tjdltenlqmlbx67f8 2412763 2412755 2022-08-09T04:17:57Z Hamish84 1362807 /* Time. */ Added Media wikitext text/x-wiki = <ref>'''William Shakespeare''' (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616</ref>A message. = What humanity needs is not any individual approach but a governance powerful body of excellence that has modern technology, knowledge, and freedom they can use to disseminate clear information. Clear information about a new language structure of absolutes beneficial to an International forum, and eventually to reach a Universal status.Its benefits reach toward conceptual language on a planet that speaks more than 7,000 languages. No matter the language spoken the concepts of: Air - Food - Water are recognised. The overall development of conceptual language can only be beneficial and will be as appropriate to Absolutes definitions. Reaching for the Stars might show us the way. Universal Language of Absolutes. "A very grand title but it took many years to explain its value" = Our history. = Born in Scotland in 1927 left school at 14 years of age. Married at 21 years of age and we had two children. We emigrated to New Zealand in 1953 and lived there for approximately thirty years. During our stay there I did a Liberal Studies Course at Canterbury University Christchurch and graduated. We have since had ten books published through Google books on the subject matter at hand and my wife Jean Caldwell McMillan is the co-author to most of the work presented here. My wife Jean was an avid reader of many works on philosophy and psychology. She was influenced by the works of Erich Fromm. Jean died 9th of January 2011. To refresh the original purpose of  our  earlier writings my wife and I  went on an odyssey  looking for any data, ancient or otherwise, on human consciousness, specifically related to Alzheimer’s disease. Now at 95 years of age (well past my used by date) it may well be that I am a candidate with a focus on my own pending dementia. If so, then the theory and the method I now write about is holding it at bay. To address the health of my mind in this way could be the catalyst that retains its own functional activity. The creation of a  semantic template is well documented below. No semantic definition of absolutes or principles can be ill-defined. They are always interconnected, interdependent and infinite. Each configuration constructed by anyone has meaning particular to them, although its value is universal. That  is why it is never personal property! [[File:JimNJean.png|center|thumb|228x228px|Jim and Jean]] = The Beginning. = "The road's half traveled when you know the way" [[File:Tree lined path - geograph.org.uk - 2269906.jpg|center|thumb]] Oxford dictionary definitions: Principle: "A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning". Absolute: " Complete - Entire - Perfect - Pure. These particular dictionary given definitions offers us guidelines to ‘existing conditions’ necessary for complementary understanding, and experience. We can only examine that which is real, basic evidence, that is fundamentally true, and we must ‘use’ it, to establish that which is reasonable. The general consensus is that there are no Absolutes. The following material is set out to show the very reverse is true and that everything that is is Absolute. Establish that there are no dichotomies that will leave the primary terms alone to create a semantic template. There are no dichotomies. Mythical dichotomies distort Reality. Everything is: The computer you use today has always existed, it is the arrangement of particles that have materialized it. The subject matter "Universal Language of Absolutes' is promoted to provide a new understanding of spoken language. This understanding was initially constructed by the cognitive experiences of both my wife and myself many years ago. Just like the principle of a jigsaw puzzle, meaning lies significantly in the fact that all pieces of the puzzle are interdependent and interconnected. When completed they provide a picture of the whole. We have endeavoured to produce a picture of the evolutionary process of language in human history because the evolution of language prefixes all modes of thought in human culture. The material directs the reader towards a new view that all that evolves is in a vertical direction, not the linear direction commonly understood. Human consciousness is of itself the phenomenon of evolution and to recognize its existence is part of the process. Shakespeare expressed this succinctly through the voice of Juliet who proclaimed, “a rose by any other name- would smell as sweet.” [[File:Comestible rose in the Laquenexy orchard garden, Moselle, France (01).jpg|thumb|center|237x237px]] === Conceptual language. === My wife and I recognized how profound the extension of this observation would mean conceptually. Of all the languages spoken on this planet, it would be fair to say that all of them would contain the properties of, air, food, and water conceptually, etc. This is a form of consciousness equality that is available to us all. It points to the reality of our constant relation to each other and our existence. We can never exist in a world of individuality, but only in relation to the consciousness of one another. Consequently, that exceptional experience can only be shared superficially. We cannot ‘know’ any other life experiences other than our own introspection. <gallery> File:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg </gallery>" ''Albert Einstein 1921. We experience our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us."'' ''Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future,p.99'' Einstein came very close. In reality, every human being has a backpack from the day they were conceived. In the backpack every experience in their mother’s womb is experienced. At birth and throughout their lives, everything that happens to them in life is registered and creates their personality. That life with all its experiences can never be known to anyone else, consequently, we can never “know” another person. It creates equality of consciousness that we must understand. We can know details about a person, but that is all. That life is sacrosanct. Who we are really goes beyond normal human experience and into the realm of the Absolute. Werner Karl Heisenberg (physicist). The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. As a young layman with no knowledge of Heisenberg but interested in principles it seemed to me that the Uncertainty Principle was just a contradiction in terms. In later years I found that Heraclitus describes life as being in a state of flux a replica of the Uncertainty Principle which in fact can be defined as an absolute state. Within the context of knowing who we are and the backpack we carry our life in, we can never know each individual life as that life experience is singularly their own and sacrosanct. It now seems that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle can fall into the category of being an Absolute. Evolution proceeds in advance of our need to evolve. In our pure active state, we are.There is no static end (an abomination) - only beginning. As we cannot know what tomorrow will bring, living with expectations is rather futile. Nature has its own agenda. Zen Koan recorded 1228: 'An instant realization sees endless time. Endless time is as one moment. When one comprehends the endless moment He, or she, realizes the person who is seeing it.' We do not own Space. We do not own Time We do not own Energy We do not own Matter [[File:Universum.jpg|center|thumb]] "What we call the beginning is often the end And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time" T.S Eliot = Everything is in scale. = The present moment is the point in which Eternity has placed us – we all live in that moment, and whether we like it or not, we exist in it, experience it, have knowledge of it, and we all share it, measure by measure. There are no dichotomies. Illusion is a measure of Reality, as Stupidity is a measure of Intelligence If one keeps measuring illusion it is an attempted downward spiral to nothingness.There is no opposite to Reality – that illusion is a measure of Reality. There is no such thing as ‘nothing’ in the elemental construction of Homo sapiens. All the innate ‘something’s’ are the fundamentals of our being human and all our experiences. The correct use, and understanding of who we are, is an extension therefrom. Does it require any interpretation on anyones part to say ‘we are? Any attempted denial of that statement would be perverse use of the language, and delusional. === Try saying ‘we are not” === ‘We are’ is the foundation of all affirmation, and within that spectrum, we can know, and be. ‘We are’ is self-evident Truth. We can neither know, nor experience what isn’t. Eternity is the here and now, that is why it is possible to explain the experience of Eternity. Nothing is ever lost in Time. We are located in a vast Universe. ‘twas a moment’s pause,- All that took place within me came and went As in a moment; yet with Time it dwells, And grateful memory, as a thing divine. Wordsworth Prelude, Book V111 We already know – the ''basic'' condition that must exist for us to re-cognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. Unless there was mutual identity we could not know anything. It is why we are urged to evacuate the Platonic cave. Sadly most prefer the shadows rather than confront who they are. We already know – the basic condition that must exist for us to recognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. == Lost Shadows == [[File:People Shadow.JPG|left|thumb]] The shadows move Lost in confusion Lost in despair Imagination shrouds the real Looking back Looking forward Is this the Centre? James Brines. = Basic Principles. = We are all in the business of living and attempting to understand the principles involved in that human process up to the end of life. The implicit principles necessary for life eventually disappear and all measurable criteria pronounce a body to be devoid of life. Throughout historical agreement we know what that means, and we act accordingly on *common knowledge*. We know that dying is a necessary factor of life. It is a Natural law that if we live - we also die. Natural law is Universal, for us to *know* that a body lives; we also *know* that a body’s life will end. Albeit that reports tell us that today millions of people die of disease, starvation, wars, we of necessity accept that as the ongoing reality because again we are universally connected and know the results of such carnage. Because it is in our realm of common knowledge we have graveyards, crematoriums, undertakers, doctors who pronounce bodies to have died. We understand the consequences of leaving such bodies unburied, the diseases that would prevail. Again, please explore the definition of principle (Universal principle) and try to go to the limitations of the definition without using mythical dichotomies. [[File:( A great picture of outer space ).jpg|center|thumb]] Principle: A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning. All of these questions are based on singularity (the Cartesian dogma)… If Descartes had only introduced inclusion into his musings (they were taken as conservative singularity) he may have realized the difficulty of addressing thought as reality. He then may have quite easily concluded that universally - *We are!!* That pronouncement is inclusive, and conclusive in every way, *we are - and we know!!* Because my knowledge is not a private, personal piece of property concerning principles, but Universal (Archimedes et al), then that innate knowledge has completeness we can share. Whatever identical resonance we may be able to share (concerning completeness), that can only be accomplished by understanding the principles involved and their constant relationship to each of us. Clearly the plethora of present and past discoveries establishes the existence of that which is fundamentally true, and the foundation for law. The principles are established, and always have been, we are in the business of making them transparent and complete. However tenuous the link we are all connected through communication, the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the universe we live in, the common principles we live by. We all must have sustenance to survive, or we will not live. (See above) <nowiki>*</nowiki>There is nothing else to experience.* When we actively explore the reality of anything, all principles involved in that exploration are complementary, and honest, and we understand the wasteful divisive mythology that people attempt to attach to them. We cannot */partially know/* the truth, it must be complete. Dichotomies attempt to deny the existence of truth, and are misleading. How do we more reasonably completely know anything? The complexity of language systems with contemporary usage requires new and creative structures to provide clear information. Internal and external reasoning capacities can only develop in concert with Man’s recognition of the principles that essentially form our lives. The inevitability of human consciousness rising beyond its historical beginnings posits a future outside our normal perceptions, and  a factual reality that points to the existence of new perceptions that are infinite.   It is natural to know when we are no longer trapped in any mythical ideologies that gives credence to dichotomies that stifle the recognition of simple principles. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed.* Ask yourself - ‘how do you know to ask any questions at all?’ There is no hidden dimension or mystical world. The only philosophical reality is ‘that which is’. To access that we need a new structure to explore ‘knowledge’, a new transformational language. Real knowledge is not amassed information, nor is it the establishment of dogmas, isms, or mythical belief systems. Basic principles are the source and foundation of all /*knowledge*/e. Until that is recognized, extension from mythical sources only leads to a denial of one’s own senses. Trying to conceive of a contemporary world without principles is to posit a world without reason, or intelligence. The principle of pure knowledge could be said to exist in another dimension given the present state of human understanding. To progress that mistaken belief there would be strong support in the need for a comparative reality. Curiously it seems that philosophy (the seeking of knowledge) constantly discounts any knowledge that does not come within the sphere of established philosophy, and the comparative reality dictum. That consequence profoundly distils the purity of any experience and alienates the observer in their confrontation of that which is real. The measure of that ‘comparative reality’ knowledge bounded by dichotomies is so restrictive that it lies in a mythical dimension where denial of its very purpose is the order of the day. Evidently it will not allow doubt to undermine its own denials. A basic principle of Nature is /*knowledge*/ and it constantly communicates innately in every living structure. How to grow, develop, and disseminate. Knowledge is reciprocal truth that depends on our relationship and the recognition of principles operating. Knowledge (unlike information) is not stored in an individual box; it is ubiquitously manifest in everything we do. Knowledge is the experience of a positive reality, and its true construction is a dependable source of secure information (not to be misused). We daily have the opportunity of witnessing ‘knowledge’ in action as expressed by the ‘the principles of knowledge’, namely the principles themselves. The questions lie in a continuing mythical belief in a mystical unknown (the Cartesian stance) which because of its non-existence can never be known. It is a belief that is detrimental (because it attempts to deny all existing factual knowledge) to dealing with Nature and Reality and the fundamental necessity of our relationship with them. Making that relationship transparent is our basic obligation and the ongoing evolutionary activity. Although there is an obvious avoidance to address the definition of principle itself, it is a factor that must be paid attention to, to realize that ‘common knowledge’ is the only reality that exists. Amazingly although there is avoidance of principles - truth - reason etc, there is acceptance of the Cartesian dogma,. Paradoxically this determined acceptance of Descartes supports the reality of innate knowledge existing (I think - therefore I am) which establishes for him innate knowledge; however mistaken he is concerning the interpretation of his experience. = Leverage. = Long before I read of Archimedes and his various principle discoveries I was using the principle of leverage in a variety of ways, prying lids off boxes, moving articles with a lever well beyond my physical strength to do so without said lever, and I knew how to do it. Transferring that knowledge to a student or apprentice is relatively easy because innately they also /*know*/ how to do it. Every aspect of human industry uses the principle in a myriad of ways because it is our obligation to constantly progress the principle and confirm the constant utilization of knowledge. We wholeheartedly adopted Archimedes principles (et al) because we recognized their fundamental utility. It is preposterous to question the widespread /*factual knowledge*/ of all principles, more especially so when we cannot escape their ubiquitous daily existence in all our lives - Nature and Reality do not lie. One may abstain from admitting their existence. To do so is simply attempting the impossible, and is devoid of all reason. Real knowledge has been put into the realm of the mystical unknowable even to the point that knowledge practitioners go to the outer extremes and deny the gift of their natural senses. With their adherence to what they consider is knowledge they become captive automatons to any prescription for life that is expressed in that ’knowledge medium’, which then becomes the authority. When ’knowledge’ is addressed as having a collective source in Universal principles then we have the potential to experience its complete reality (microcosm - macrocosm) without any imaginary, or divisive comparative content. There is then a re-orientation process toward our true being and recognition of our own reality in relation to the natural processes we share. Real knowledge is elementary and Natural. We know, because that which is knowable is constantly expressed by the principles involved. We all share those principles and can correctly infer the most simple and obvious truths. All social life functions by our adherence to the implicit laws operating within them. Seeking experimental contradiction to a fact of life offers us nothing but proof which is the establishing of ‘complete knowledge’ however ‘more reasonably’ one wishes to extend the exercise. The construction of new philosophies must seek a mandate to fully explore the relationship between experience and innate knowledge as the foundation for pure knowledge to emerge. To repeat, knowledge or truth do not reside in any individual domain, nor are they the private possession of any human being. We know, because ’knowledge’ is an innate natural possession that we constantly share - otherwise civilization could not exist. == Knowledge: Evident facts about mutual standards that provide us with security. == We do not become human beings because we can ‘think’; we become more human because we learn to conform to the implicit principles in Nature and Reality. Denying them - denies our being. It is natural to know. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed. Knowledge is an evolutionary process. Human beings developed from primitive innate instinctual knowledge to contemporary cultures. Some know more than others through experience, and make that knowledge transparent. Insistence on how we can ’completely’ know is an ephemeral philosophical question that attempts to deny that we can have ’knowledge’ at all, as you understand it. Knowing that we ’know’ the inherent completeness of everything through the existence of principles, is the natural catalyst to make ’that which is’ transparent. Heraclitus: "No man steps in the same river twice " He believed in the "Unity of Opposites (Absolutes). He cried for the needless unconsciousness of mankind.. “Exploration of a mythical dichotomy below for the purpose of establishing principles. Principles that are not a 'mind' construct, but the very essence of our being. Independence, is the curious and dangerous malady where humanity has lionized negative mythology in denial of its own reality. The human fundamental reality has at its base the simple natural law that we are dependent beings. From conception, the human embryo is entirely dependent on the health and well-being of its mother to provide it adequate healthy sustenance to enable its entry into the world. That form of innate dependability the human species carries with it throughout its spectrum of life. Every aspect of human activity is premised on the availability of air, food, and water without which the organism cannot survive (this would be an incontrovertible 'more reasonable' truism or an Absolute). In a perverse way, that which is our natural state has become the target for what appears to be open defiance of the laws that govern our behavior. When a basic premise is either used mistakenly, or deliberately, its consequences can be socially far reaching, for any deviation however far it is extended is a distortion of the truth, and a denial of who we are. The erroneous conclusion through exercising responsibility that we can confer independence to our actions has gained a distorting and ubiquitous influence which paradoxically undermines the very responsibility practiced. Within the context of being dependent we can correctly be responsible for our own actions but with the surety of knowledge that that responsibility is contingent on the measure of life giving forces available that we are dependent on. The mythical dichotomy 'independence' connotes with the myth of separateness, division, alienation, and the force of these particular myths is expressed in wars, genocide, criminality. Alarmingly the mythological term has become a residual in our lexicon and is used more widely with acclaim than its true counterpart. To uphold delusional 'independence' as a value to strive for erodes our human heritage by diverting useless energy toward a dubious goal, and consequences that leave us questioning our means of arrival. Sadly it is a loss of being with the paradoxical view that the energy expended will deliver up a personal reality. The cult of independent individuality with its mythical ideology based on personal intimacy is now taken for granted, which then passes into the acceptance of the spurious dichotomy as a tangible reality. This in turn disposes the adherents to discredit the very essence of their being, and in the process dehumanizes many cultures. The presumption of independent individuality leading hopefully to a superior future is in fact counter-productive to the purpose, and leads eventually to corrupt power, and subsequently the invention of immoral policies that continue the negative spiral, which in the end has no ethical base to extend from. The alienation from our substantial being creates inevitable tension anxiety, and the need to somehow relieve that anxiety with any artificial means available. = Responsibility. = Being responsible for any social activity would best be enacted with regard to the effect it will have (directly or indirectly) on the lives of those who are dependent on a beneficial outcome. To recognize with some significance the basic structure of our being in turn significantly increases the measure of our understanding of human relationships. Being dependent is not a mental construct choice - it is a state of being, and there can be no being-ness without at least one other being, there is then the possibility that the principle of true egalitarianism becomes the manifest reality. Being-ness can only be identified and expressed in relationship. [[File:Togetherness - Wiki Conference India - CGC - Mohali 2016-08-06 7666.JPG|center|thumb]] This is why the cult of 'independence' is eventually so socially destructive, as it creates that alienation which attempts to deny each real human need, and leads to a depravation of honesty. Human relationships between children and adults where independence is the accepted norm is severely undermined when the educational process predominantly teaches an unnatural form of living (either intentionally or unintentionally). The educational process is then reduced to the adoption of a fiction, which in turn puts at risk any educational program. The effect of interpreting mythical dichotomies as described here is symptomatically ascribed to the existence of all other principles that govern life. The construction of any ethological debate should not be premised on comparative perspectives, based on human thought, but rather on the issues that we can recognize as being universally compatible, therein lies the common denominator point of extension. The focus of attention on comparative perspectives denies justice to 'what is'. To contemplate the 'right or wrong' of any circumstance is a deviation from the truth. The correctness of any debate (however minute the finding), is the justifiable extension, and the only true trajectory we are morally obliged to travel. Truth is not defined, nor experienced by comparison, but by 'what we are'. An orange is to an orange, what an orange is to an orange. To define correctly there should be careful and disciplined action toward establishing 'true factors' that we constantly use to promote reasonable standards. = Time. = In that moment of time, we have the potential to merge on an equal basis with the reality that exists, and to know what true interaction is. That is the point of 'direct experience'. It is then that we know the truth about ourselves and the beauty of this Universe which also reveals to us the folly of our present conditioning. In that experience, it becomes very clear that all so called cerebral activity has nothing to do with reality. The fundamental repository of our knowledge and relationship with life is our being-ness, which is not located inside a mental box to be analyzed, accepted, or discarded at will, but the very privileged natural gift of being. What some scholars deal with is the appearance of life prescribed by the illusion of comparative perspective which functions on the basis of dichotomous ideology. It is in effect a denial of our humanity to conclude that all things that exist [from our perspective] exist only in the mind, that is, they are purely notional. It compounds the denial of 'what is', and an extraordinary refusal to observe transparent life. It should be noted that there is ample contemporary exposure to the Cartesian doctrine, and in this regard, I would refer you to the works of Professor Gilbert Ryle, notably his publication The Concept of Mind.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Professor Gilbert Ryle|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/lxxxvi.341.1-s|journal=Mind|volume=LXXXVI|issue=341|pages=1–s-1|doi=10.1093/mind/lxxxvi.341.1-s|issn=0026-4423}}</ref> The heuristic principle applies throughout when establishing our connectedness with reality. It is only through our contact with reality that we can discover, and equate with the mutual structure of the principles that govern all existence. Have already noted that it is also a peculiar form of arrogance that presumes that life is only a notional existence beyond the boundaries of the 'mind in a box' assertion. It would be foolish of anyone to assert that ice cream has a cold smooth satisfying texture and taste on a warm summers day unless they had actually experienced it, preferably on more than one occasion. For anyone who has never enjoyed that experience, it would be foolish of them to discount the very numerous accounts of such an experience that is available just because they had not been party to that event. From a logical point of view, given the avowed experiences of ice cream eaters, we could reasonably ascertain the validity of each experience by documenting their separate opinions. Each participant would have 'direct experience' in the consumption of ice cream, which at that point in time has the potential for that participant to experience the full measure of that factual reality. We have the natural capacity to experience coldness, smoothness, which equates with the reality that exists, and the potential for those realities to unify. It is not a question of how to get outside of our minds (mind in a box position); we are constantly outside our so-called minds performing acts of transparency throughout our entire existence. The belief that our constant engagement with reality can never be based on a rational acceptance of 'what is', is at the least, very sad. The Platonic Cave shadows are a metaphor for the (mind in a box) syndrome. [[File:An Illustration of The Allegory of the Cave, from Plato’s Republic.jpg|center|thumb]] The need to reach simple, and obvious conclusions and accept them for the reality they are provides the opportunity to engage the complete reality of the moment. It is indeed going too far beyond the reality of the moment searching for philosophical profoundness which does not exist, that fails to establish the constant principles that always operate. Pure principles are not amorphous shadowy ideals; they are represented in everything that exists. The only way we can equate our inner knowledge of reality is through direct experience of its truth. Within that context then, life cannot take on a notional existence but is an existence that is very real, and that we continually share through our innate knowledge. That our so-called minds are defined by comparison - incompleteness - dualism would have extreme difficulty in pursuing the proposition that we are defined by our direct relationship with reality which is expressed in our innate ability to directly interact with 'what is'. The reality of interconnection, and interaction, are not idealistic concepts of a notional nature, but actual and consistent transparent realities. We do not live in a shadowy world that is hidden from our direct experience, but we are constantly engaged in the process of life, and we do not have the right, nor the choice, to deny it. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 == Create your own semantic template. == That will consist of an alphabetical list of Absolutes that are all interdependent and interconnected. Their unifying construction creates a ‘new’ consciousness meaning. That ‘meaning’ is yours specifically. The greatest knowledge you can ever have is your own! That meaning also creates its own moral construction that cannot be misused . The semantic template is available to everyone, and its dissemination is our responsibility. “Consider that the language structure, concepts, and definitions now in use no longer always deliver, accurate, reasonable, and responsible information. Indeed at times, they can be quite ambiguous. The statement ‘mutual agreement’, and its physical manifestation in whatever form, is its own dialectic, and will carry within it all other principles necessary for the activity to proceed. Given the Socratic assertion that if something is true then it cannot lead to false consequences no matter how circular any argument may be. Then extrapolating the statement into extended definitions must only lead to a better understanding of the inherent truths available. This can promote recognition of the underlying essence of all things, which can become more real than our conventional understanding of Reality. There is a contemporary need to find new definitions, new paradigms to explore the concepts that govern our existence. Where a circular argument is based on an untruth, then it cannot lead to a truth. The reverse of that is that when the truth is established, it cannot be denied. Establishing ‘mutual agreement’ as a center from which we can reach out for extended knowledge in its ever-evolving radius, is not a limitation, or a stop, it is only a beginning! When any concept is truly established the superficial exemplification ceases to dominate, and we can truly experience the apparent essence of ‘what is’. Paradoxically to resource innate knowledge, we must recognize our profound ignorance of Nature, and Reality. Completeness does not lie in individuality. This is an extreme form of monastic expectation. There can be no individuality (or completeness) unless there is at least one other individual. This is the true foundation of completeness. Whenever we are privileged to experience that instantaneous essence of one other, then we know in that moment that we experience ourselves. It is complete complementation with the knowledge paradoxically that it is an endless process. There are many paradoxes we live within that strain our conventional views of what is ‘more reasonable’. Any true relationship experience is not based on a causality premise, but on an experience that is necessarily complementation. Individuality in terms of completeness is a fundamental circular argument back to one, which in its form of denial excludes any form of reasonable argument to the contrary. It is a non sequitur, which denies the pressure of facts that are in abundance, despite the evidence of their reality. To observe ‘mutual agreement’ is looking at things as they are. True observation of ‘mutual agreement’ in action is observing essence transparency – it is knowing ‘who we are’. That form of recognition is essence duplication. The proposition that we can observe the Truth may well be the highest attainment of Realities properties, for Truth is knowledge. Consider the hypothesis of a human entity (an individual) being born in a black space with no other form of life in that environment. How could there be Agreement? How could there be Intelligence? How could there be Understanding? How could there be Recognition? How could there be Love? How could there be Law? How could there be Reason? All of the above principles are the transparent manifestation of Nature and Realities properties that are constantly evolving. They are ethical imperatives, and we have developed the positive properties of language to establish them for our use. We can only be defined through relationship principles for they offer us the best hope to recognize the factors that lead to complementation. There is a fundamental need to grasp simple common-sense essentials. The Here and Now is not a temporary transitional time phase that we move in and out of. It is a constant certainty that is essential to recognize, so that our focus of attention has a foundation. Centrism can imply a fixation, which also implies vulnerability, which can be perfectly true if it does not lead to extension. To understand who we are, it is essential that we recognize and become aware of the very principles that we operate from. They encapsulate all the measure of any human societies ethics, morals, and laws, which is a continuous evolutionary educational process within which the realization of its total essence is always available. To use the doctrine that reason is a reliable tool to discover Truth – therefore ‘mutual agreement’ in the context ‘correct information’ translates to the Truth to reason! Evolution is a constant dynamic process. The human phenomena of ‘who we are’ is only understood in our union with each other, and ‘what is’. The paradox again is that there never is any separation. Separation is a mythical non-existent. The principles that are our necessities have continuous expansion properties that as humans we are privileged to assist their propagation. The human constellation in its evolutionary march must use these fundamental principles to ensure continuity. To maintain coherence and consistency our source is centered in the principles and factors that we have interpreted from our association with Nature, and Reality. Whatever we write that is of any consequence, or at any other time, is written with the hope that stronger interpreters than us overtake what we present. To ‘see’ Reality as we have seen, and be intoxicated by it, as we have been, will ensure its progression.” == Discovery == The consciousness whole is the sum of all its parts and experiences. As we are all on an evolutionary path, our life and knowledge hopefully develop in the right direction. The exploration took us through a plethora of data and opinions about reality from authorities on science, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Nowhere could we find a definitive conclusive argument, or agreement, that met our needs. For us, the question came down to “Is there anything at all that provides some form of construction, and certainty?” Something that has its own inherent ethical standards. The alternative proposition to that is a nihilistic “nothingness”. A pathological proposition that makes no sense. Heraclitus’s “unity of opposites” seemed the most promising. Our understanding of that now made dichotomies a semantic illusion. If achieved in a mindful way it is the act of uniting them, providing a conscious correct experience of ‘what is’. We live our lives with secondary knowledge that everything that is – is always interconnected and interdependent. Yet our illusory experience belies that form of knowledge. It is here that we understood Heraclitus and his “unity of opposites”. Mentally uniting opposites replaces the existing illusion of their existence – there are no dichotomies! Once the illusion is gone a new solution manifests that is peculiar to the mindfulness operator, and belongs to a higher form of consciousness. Heraclitus was known as “The Weeping Philosopher”. He wept for the needless unconsciousness of mankind when the ‘unity of opposites” was always available. He was also known as Heraclitus The Obscure. A title we suspect that came about because the successful conclusion to uniting opposites and replacing the illusion, opened a door to a new dimension. Semantic description at this time may not have been available. This brings us to the ancient Yin and Yang symbol of the ‘unity of opposites’. As separate entities in Chinese philosophy, they are complementary, and in fusion they represent the whole. So as dichotomies they don’t exist. The whole is the elemental answer to any fusion of opposites, whatever that may be. Symbolize a line as being infinite in the sense that any line can be categorised as being infinite. Apply an infinite number of points in any line. Intersect any line through any point by another line then we have a specific identifiable point at the intersection, which at that point in time has an infinite quality, yet constant and complete. Any such point has Matter, Energy, Space, and Time, the epitome of the microcosm. We may locate a Reality point that establishes the Truth. Conventional mechanical ‘thought processes’ deal with dichotomies that are based on a comparative perspective ideology, and consequently, skew any real experience of that which is real. We must use correct ‘measuring sticks’ to secure proper standards, but from the point of view that there is a belief in dichotomies, it will always be a compelling argument that aspects of reality can be contradictory. The element of denial within human historical memory accumulates to establishing dichotomies as being real. We are defined not by how ‘different’ we are, but by our commonality of existence. When we locate that Reality point we will then know that the definition in itself has a whole, and complete explanation of ‘reason” in all possible senses. All the reality we can deal with is here, and now. There is no possibility that ‘infinite regress’ (an imagined reality) is any part of our immediate experience. Infinite regress through thought processes, deals with questionable imponderables. It is a descending spiral, which further removes one from reality, which only produces illusion, and correct meanings are always deferred. It is making a holy virtue out of complexity. The epitome of completeness is the active realization of the operational principle. Conclusion: A brick – a house. Each complete in themselves. A house is not composed of one single brick, but each brick in its composition is complete, and whole in itself in that it has matter, energy, space, and time. In that context, it is a microscopic whole which has implicit within it the macrocosmic whole, a house. We cannot define that which isn’t. We constantly use negative dichotomous terms in language, which are in essence factually indefinable, and therefore non-existent, but they are used as though we can support a view as to their existence. At this time we constantly use mythical concepts as though they had real substance. That erroneous belief in turn diminishes that which is real and compounds the problem of recognition of Reality. The flat earth society no doubt had to be persuaded of the mythical nature of their beliefs. This dictates that we must research ‘that which is” to achieve an understanding that supports that reality. Separation is the mythical measure we use in an attempt to justify the real identity of either ‘relationship’ or ‘completion’, but it has no substance in fact.That we are connected, that we are related, that we are communicating, that we agree that ‘mutual agreement’ exists, all of these factors fall into the category of ‘that which is. There is nothing that is real that is not immediately available to us, there is ‘mutual agreement’. Attempting to view true relationships as having a necessary separation link, or dichotomy is a clear misunderstanding of the nature and completeness of all that we are related to. == Connectedness. == A relationship is defined as we are by the measure of contact (especially homo sapiens) that is apparent. It would be true to say that I have a measure of relationship with everyone who reads this material. No matter how tenuous the link we have a measure of relationship with all life – we are related! Depending on the strength of that relationship defines ‘who we are’. ‘Who we are’ is not defined by any spurious separation from life, quite simply because we cannot be separated from it, we are engaged in it at every moment in time. Any attempt to establish ‘separation’ as a reality is an attempt to deny ‘who we are’, and another exercise in futility! Again artificial interioralisation of concepts or principles leads only to a denial of their external reality. We are all connected by the very simple fact that we all exist on this planet. It is a very simple axiom that all life on this planet is supported by the conditional properties this planet provides. It is also a very simple, and more reasonable axiom to conclude that no matter how tenuous the link that all life in this regard has very concrete and definitive forms of relationship. We all must breathe, we all must eat, and we all must drink, and if you need any further certainty of ‘completion’ relationships, we certainly, all must die! [[File:Wikimedia|thumb|center|]Arcimedes] To set in qualifications from the premise that there is a ‘separate mind’ (a kind of Platonic cave) to get outside of. This premise precludes either in part or in whole the evidence and experience of Nature, and Reality, within which our beingness is located. It would all be beyond our grasp if indeed our conventional concepts of consciousness was adhered to, which in effect attempts to deny us that direct ‘relationship’ to ‘what is’, and the completeness of that experience. Knowing or being, despite solipsistic theories to the contrary, does not exist in penetrating one other mind, but in the democratic recognition that we know and have our being in relationship, and the mutual, and natural convergence of everything there is. Homo sapiens (race, color, or creed aside) necessarily conduct themselves in ways that extend recognition, and understanding at every level, without the constant need of ‘completion’ recognition that is inherent in all our interrelated actions. The notion of completion may be beyond what you call your ‘conscious grasp’, and therein I suspect lays the difficulty in recognition. The flat earth society eventually moved on to a realization that their visionary scope was shrunken, and severely limited. They were deprived of a planetary (never mind a universal) relationship that one can only imagine severely curtailed the very expansion of consciousness necessary for humanity to progress. We have evolved some little way because of our understanding of the natural relationship. The centered in the mind condition - which connotes with the separation ideology - screams to be released from that mythology, and engage itself directly in real relationship with everything that is. = Relationship. = Separation is the mythical tool we attempt to use to maintain a false continuity of an imaginary individuality that does not exist. The taking for granted conditional mythologies (the flat earth society) engage the victims in what can best be described as serious problems in recognizing the very limitations that restrict their development. We must learn to view wholes, which equates with viewing ‘completeness’. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, but the parts are not necessarily separate conceptual parts. We can ‘see’ the whole when we are able to identify the factors that constitute their existence as a complete reality. That which is complete in Law = Agreements that produce secure and dependent outcomes. We know in essence the concept of ‘completeness’, and we demonstrate the evidence in myriad ways. Each act is a microcosm of the whole – view from the other end of the telescope! In the traffic analogy the driver, and all other drivers, conform to the law by driving off when the light turns green. There is an implicit agreement about the value of traffic laws, and traffic lights that control the flow of traffic. At that moment there is a complete relationship understanding of those values. The ‘complete’ or ‘wholesome’ activity of motorists waiting at traffic lights for the green signal to go, and they then move off, validates all the factors implicit within the properties of ‘mutual agreement’. Throw a ball from one side of the room to the other. The ‘whole’ or complete traverse of the ball is the instant it leaves your hand until it arrives at the other side of the room. You have already given credence to the concept of ‘mutual agreement’ as a reality. When there is a correct definition made in terms of ‘necessary factors’, then it has implicit within it the concepts of ‘completeness’ or ‘wholeness’ within the measure in which it is used. Whatever we communicate for the benefit of future generations should not be based on mythical assumptions, but should be based on necessary factors. It is ordinary life that portrays all the dignity, honor, and the complementary wonder of the human species. We are here – we are present – we are communicating. We have an obligation (which we necessarily fulfill) to make transparent the basic principles that govern our existence. That, which is factual, provides us with a correct motive for behavior, and we do a disservice to Reality when we attempt to deny it. We exist and live in a world where acts of ‘completeness’ expressed in one form as ‘mutual agreement’, are continually enacted. It is the form of expression, and continuance of processes that we constantly use to arrive at reasonable solutions, and we employ factors that are necessary to provide us with a clear, and unambiguous understanding. They motivate reasonable behavior toward activity that we can accept as being a logical process. == Natural Experience: == No form of life can exist in and of itself, it is brought into existence through a relationship with its own environment, or its species. The obvious egotistical monistic nature of oneness (if there was such an entity) could not leave any room for the realization of anything that might disturb its comfort zone. There is no real knowledge where any concentration is on the “I am” syndrome. "No man is an island, entire of itself; Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main." - John Donne, 'No Man Is An Island, Meditation XVII - Devotion Upon Emergent Occasion. “We are’ is an inclusive affirmation that deals with “what is’. There is no constructive dialogue, no real understanding, without a relationship. Based on personal experience, we are a distinct, and unique species born of Nature and Reality that has combined to provide us with the innate ability to recognize the very properties that created us, and utilize them through an evolutionary process toward ever-increasing transparency. That transparency can only become available through a matching process between innate knowledge, and the reality we share, a reality that is our heritage. We like all other forms of life are the product of Nature, and subject to its laws, and principles. Necessity created a language that evaluated Reality, and provided us with guidelines to emulate its constant properties. The measure, and quality of knowledge is dependent on the realization of ‘what is’. The crux of correct knowledge is to know the base that we function from. The principles that are implicit within Nature, and Reality we have now translated through the evolved language systems with symbols and definitions that we now use to share the experience. When principles are fundamentally true and recognized for what they are, misguided belief systems will evaporate. To ask what is the source of the principles we present is ipso facto to ask what is the source of Nature, and Reality, and we repeat, that is an exercise in futility, but that does not mean that we cannot recognize that which is natural to us, and express it, as best we can through language. The experience of ‘who we are’ is the Ultimate transparency that transcends all doubt, or denial. We can know with an understanding that is pure and indisputable, that is the motivational drive for evolutionary continuance. To understand who we are we must address Nature, and Reality, and ask ‘what is’ Here, and Now, with an understanding of the dichotomies that exist in language. The ‘Eureka’ moments, epiphanies, enlightenments, etc, are all evolutionary evidence of who we are, and when we can translate them into principles, and concepts, then the assertions of an Archimedes (and many others) are recognized, and properly used. Through Nature, and Reality we can establish what Truth is! Is it true to say that most people conform to the rules of the road? It would be more reasonable to assert that the answer is yes! Consequently, we can say that we have ‘Mutual agreement’, and ‘Co-operative Understanding’ as observable realities. There is no conceptual source through Time, or history where there is an end. There is only ‘beginning’. Here and Now is always the ‘beginning’, and a more reasonable platform to explore than any exploration into the past concerning our true identity. Contemporary terms like Absolute, Complete, End, we use to match our conditional understanding of ‘what is’. When we use contemporary conditional language to address concepts like Truth, Knowledge, Understanding, they are limited by the measure of our progression, but we use them all as stepping-stones. Language is a constantly evolving process. When we agree that there is ‘some certainty’ and ‘limited knowledge’ you have agreed to the concepts of certainty and knowledge as factors that are part of our natural reality. All of us function within the framework of certainty, and knowledge, to some degree. Given that we agree to their existence, these are the factors that can lead us to the experience of ‘who we are’. They are a part of us that can lead us to recognition of ‘what is’, and make a transparent reality of the very things we do on a daily basis. We do not need absolute and certain knowledge to perform everyday tasks, but those performances are structured contemporarily because of our advanced understanding of the things we do, based on our own innate reality. To honestly perceive the consistency of ‘what is’ (to be interdependent, and mutually connected) in interaction, can and does promote the visible reality of ‘who we are’. That visible evidence translates into the knowledge of our complete presence. We know with certainty that our beingness is of pure essence, and from that experience, we are obliged to formulate, as best we can, the structures that are responsible for making that transparent (witness the explosion of human progression, without the necessity in Time of experiencing fully ‘who we are’). To take a more reasonable stand please observe the multiplicity of human action where interdependence, and connection naturally proliferate. To realize that we are ‘interdependent, and mutually connected’ is the realization of a consistent fundamental truth – ‘what is’. Through identifying ‘what is’ as an internal reality we can make transparent the factors that are our natural construct. It is only through sharing this reality that we recognize it!! These factors are not based on any ideology, belief systems, or opinions; they are composed of the Reality that is available to us all. We are unique in that we have the opportunity to be able to use their value in the manner that is implicit within their structure. That use is evidence of our understanding of Reality. What could have happened without the assertion that traffic lights are a safe way to control crossroads, or the assertion that the rules of the road are beneficial for our safety? Any true experience, epiphany, enlightenment, etc, of ‘who we are’ provides fundamental, and indisputable knowledge of that Reality. Applying the recognized principles provided by Nature, and Reality consistently advances the evolutionary process, hence we have Science, Philosophy, Religion, Education, Art, and Law. When there is a Pure Realization of who ‘we are’ through relationship recognition, it is unquestionably the recognition of the encapsulated, and innate principles we all share, and there is no place for the dissolving of another Real identity through that recognition. Indeed it is a privileged insight into the epitome of purity. Nature and Reality can give us direction and guidance to our human existence, and we repeat, it is an exercise in futility to seek any cause to their beginnings. We have proffered the concept of two as a basis from which human reality can be ‘experienced’. To recognize through, and equate with the true substance, and essence of one other is to automatically experience the totality of ‘who we are’ in full measure. This does not mean that the terms ‘totality’ and ‘full measure’ convey an ‘end’ to ‘what is’. We have consistently offered recognizable facts (not assertions) that are part of our natural human activity, and give correct direction and meaning to our basic essence. We do function within the structure of ‘mutual agreement’, and we do communicate and ‘make known’ – basic obligations. These are evident simple examples of innate knowledge, and our understanding of ‘what is’ made transparent. To repeat we could not recognize anything without innate knowledge. All knowledge is a continual matching process 1 + 1 = 2. toward the realization of ‘who we are’ the development of language structures that correctly establish basic reality as it is, provides continuous knowledge that makes transparent the very nature of that reality. It is vitally important to recognize that we have active communal agreements concerning the existence of basic principles and concepts that form the very foundation of our lives. Constant change and movement in Space-Time - Energy - Matter are applicable absolutes to be recognised, which equates to evolution. There never will be a static property involved in the evolution advance. Evolution encompasses its own absolute properties to provide cognitive connection confirmation. The evolution of conceptual language exists to provide natural equality and to promote cognition between language states. No matter the languages spoken the concepts of air - food- water is the same and can provide a gateway to explore the future dynamics of human relationships. === Knowing. === Knowing what all the truth is is not some miraculous state of perception. Nor is it a high academic achievement of amassed information. It is simply an objective common-sense view of ‘what is” and in reality what must be. It is what must be for life to function within the principles that exist that are its natural foundation. We are always of necessity the living expression of a reality that must be experienced in the whole. Our recognition of the same principles operating universally is also our recognition of who we are. That proliferate ‘sameness’ is an evident easily recognizable identity. When a child is afraid of an imaginary monster in the dark, we generally do not accuse them of being absurd, or that they are lying. Appeasement comes with an explanation of reality at that level which is truthful. An explanation, which the child can grow up with, and find comfort. It is simply introducing a child to a level of truth that is more real to them. In every instance, the only reality that ever exists is truth. However, distorted it may be expressed. One of the major distortions as the result of thought processes is to consider that we can manufacture something other than the reality that exists. The ‘fact’ that you recognize contradictory or absurd statements is that behind them there is a measure of truth. The habitual liar lives in a world in which he or she imagines that truth is something they can manufacture. Where human ‘thought’ constructs its reality in terms of dichotomies it can never deal with the truth because it continually makes those comparative perception judgments. Those judgments are always in question because again they cannot deal with reality as it is. No matter how absurd or contradictory any statement is, that is the measure of truth expressed. Ergo whatever it is that is expressed, or made manifest, is the truth to some degree. Ergo everything that is, is the truth. It is our responsibility to recognize it for what it is. It may be appropriate to review previous observations on dichotomies and gradient scale. Consistently we have contended that there are no dichotomies, which then properly puts each principle into the category of an absolute. To identify ‘truth’ as an absolute in that category then everything that is must have a measure of truth. It is a very simple and sensible approach to establish ‘what is’. It is the means of identifying a reality that must have truth as a base – whatever it is, and however nonsensical it may appear. All principles have an elementary gradient scale that we must use to identify knowledge that is honest. That gradation scale knows no dichotomies. Dichotomies are always the imaginary properties of pseudo subjective reasoning. Necessary factors establish that gradient scale where only objective realities exist to furnish a healthy subjective reason with truth, and so we learn to apply the conjunction to address reality for what it is. Truth comes in an abundant variety of ways in its commonality – and therein lays its overall ‘complete’ power, despite any denial to the contrary. Embedded knowledge as we see it is neither experience nor knowledge without principle content. A person may be well educated in all aspects of the geography of a beautiful South Sea island, but have no practical experience at all of its beauty. Being clever about a subject does not necessarily equate to an understanding of the subject. Nor should it lend itself to posing as adjudicators on a proposition preset we imagine by the same adjudicators, or essentially the same school of embedded thought processes. Long before human evolution, the principle of leverage has always existed in all Nature (as have all other principles, wherever there is space – time – energy – matter). Our adaptation to the existence of principles has added to the sum total of ‘knowledge’ as we know it, including the concept of knowledge itself. That form of ‘knowledge’, and our ‘knowing’ is natural and not any personal or esoteric acquisition. Just as a fish knows what its natural habitat is, or a bird to fly in the air, the human species uses all available principles it recognizes to add to its knowledge (already said). Any valid theory of knowledge must have as its base constructive definitive principles to support it, and it is evident that our accumulated common knowledge equates to our common experience. No matter how erudite or convoluted any argument may be, if in the end it is reduced to inane observations that have no factual basis in principle, then it is time to abandon them. Do try to consider the sort of ‘mind’ processes that offers us up a world that knows nothing but separation. How can we possibly evaluate what ‘wholesomeness’ really is? How can we possibly evaluate ‘who we are’? How can there be any theory of knowledge without addressing Nature or our innate and biological relationship with it? Any attempt to debate ‘who we are’ and the completeness of that concept must have some sense of reality on the real meaning of ‘completeness’, and some understanding of the principles that are the nucleus of human society. To wrap any argument around a non-existent concept that can never be realized is apropos to attaching oneself to a system of belief in things that do not exist. One can make ponderous and convoluted statements about those beliefs but in reality, they are morally and ethically misguided. The ability to correlate correct definitions to the reality of life offers up that direct link to the truths that are common to us all. It corrects the presumptive notion that there can be ‘different’ perspectives on the same reality. There can be ‘differences’ but there can not be ‘different’ measuring sticks for the same reality. No matter the multiplicity of perspectives, they can never alter the core principle of ‘what is’. Historically evolutionary progress can best be measured by the adoption of recognized principles. Reality at whatever level we find it can only be understood by addressing ‘what is’. Nothing can be understood by attempting to relegate it to a non-entity through questionable theories of ‘knowledge’, which in essence negate the very content of knowledge itself. The perpetuation of any theory of knowledge, which cannot recognize the principles that are its foundation, can only be a shadow of its own reality. Construct the ‘necessary factors’ around the skeleton and a body will take form. If any particular theory of knowledge cannot identify simple truths, how can we possibly question how anyone ‘knows’? A dichotomy is the human attempt to deny the existence of a whole reality of a principle. We have the principle of leverage and its necessary gradient scale. Mutual agreements of a consistent reality, at a communal level, are a passive form of the Eureka moment, which recognizes fundamental principles that relates to truth. In every social structure, there are varying degrees of recognition, which determine social use. The mosaics of differences, which make up the rich pattern of life, are a testament to human creativity. Principles offer up a form of predictability in which our brain forms knowledge through the process of interaction. The experience accumulated through each moment, forms exponentially in use, or becomes transparent immediately in a Eureka moment, in which we know. Real knowledge is through the constant interaction with natural principles, much more than the transference of divided embedded information. The problem we face is that ‘knowing’ or ‘how we know” is never a personal possession. Any theory of knowledge no matter how in that respect, is true interaction. Peeling a potato and ‘knowing’ it, is rewarding enough! All principles are the repository of pure erudite knowledge. We recognize Universal principles in play at all times in Nature and its by-product – human societies. The correlation between determined interdependence to objective reality requires our intellect to ‘honestly observe ‘what is’, and assimilate that subjectively. Then the equality of the external and the internal becomes a reality and we ‘know’. Knowledge is the process of natural action, reaction, and interaction. It is nonsensical to ask how do we ‘know’.Every moment in time is complete because it must contain all the principles that form its nucleus. It can only be like that to facilitate the immediate experience of Eternity, or the wholesomeness of any of its principles. On the gradient scale of experience, we all exist somewhere on that scale. It is called life. === Relativism: === Relativism can be consistent with interconnectedness and a gradient scale of knowledge. What it cannot do is confuse the relationship that correct gradient scales of principles have in reality. Hot and cold would be on a temperature scale – no dichotomy! Leverage could only be measured by its own scale (say a child’s sea-saw to a high-rise industrial crane) – no dichotomy! The human being is a human being whether it is a child or an adult – no dichotomy! The domestic cat is the same animal species as a wild lion – no dichotomy! The domestic dog is the same animal species as a wolf – no dichotomy! How can we manage to classify these as dichotomies? Gradient scales are the natural human mechanisms used to recognize constant principles. They ensure the human perspective is aligned correctly to identify ‘what is’. The distorted human perspective is the result of human thought processes unable to establish constants that must exist in each moment of time. The problem with embedded information is that it becomes stultified and it can stifle healthy reaction. The injection of recognizable principles invigorates and brings new life that offers countless avenues for human energy to be released. More importantly, those energies are used to enhance the evolutionary process. We are collectively gifted with the potential to elevate life itself. We can correctly use such information by transforming its content so that its inherent truth is made recognizable. It would be impossible for life to function if it was composed of ‘different’ opposite realities. All theories of knowledge are in essence interconnected and can only contain validity when the principles that are the coalescent mechanisms are recognized. The unification of the truth that must exist in any theory needs to be harvested and used to offer up a body of ‘knowledge’ that has commonality of meaning. The identification of principles, truth, knowledge, and their subsequent establishment can only be achieved through direct interaction with Nature and life. Gifted with life we have an obligation to demonstrate its capacity to use every resource to sustain and nourish its own environment. We all know through the constant natural process of action – re-action – interaction. Depending on the quality of that process, knowledge will take its appropriate place on the gradient scale. That we ‘know’ is natural. It is not some extraordinary esoteric attainment, posited by a body of theories that, by their very nature, look for difficulties where none exists. Universal belief systems based on mythologies can have an entrenched view of good principles being established because of their beliefs. Indeed the perpetuation of the beliefs throughout history offers a dynamic that is counterproductive to the ‘realization’ of principles that are necessarily true. Principles used in this approximate way, paradoxically hold no real meaning, and in fact, impose unhealthy dysfunctionality. When there is a critical change toward establishing correct principles, it is axiomatic that the diffusion of mythologies becomes an automatic process. True interaction lies in the knowledge that correct action is its own reward Any other interpretation is less than tangible. The accuracy in interpreting basic principles, and the alternate knowledge implicit in the interpretation, will always establish the primary principle sought. Archimedes et al. Truth can be found in the oddest places. (Archimedes bath image here please) Archimedes cognition on how to weigh metals in water through displacement. === Truth. === Language is the construct of human action and the word “truth” seems to hold pride of place by the power of its usage and the meanings it evokes. It is preferable if we could turn our attention to the unity of principles (including truth) that are the construct of every language we use. By uniting the principal terms we can elevate the meanings we desire. Reasonable constructs and the correct duality of established principles always lead toward meaning. It is the only form of meaning that leads to its own extension eg. how to weigh metals – how else could it be? All principles have reciprocal value one to the other. No foundation principle can stand alone. They can only exist in a union, one with the other, the source of reciprocity. All absolutes are universal. There is no hierarchy beyond the meanings they evoke in their joint construction. The binary connotations, however, one may express them, provide a constant reality beyond conventional consciousness. That experience is the immediate reward through disciplined application of their use. That discipline takes the form in all human action (such as the bathing scene above) disposed toward the correct functionality of basic principles. The daily connections we make always include the distinct possibility of their recognition, when we make those connections in a mindful state. From any common sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’. That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the realities of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. ‘More reasonable’ seems to have the particular philosophical motivation, not toward simple, sensible, and reasonable evidence, but more likely toward that ‘immaterialism’ ideology, and continually seeking for an elusive protracted answer is hardly ‘more reasonable'. Since we are apparently confined to a human perspective, we must settle with the latter position: the apparent state of representation of the world. The de-materializing of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance, etc. However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality. === Truth and Reason. === The reason could easily be defined, and validated, as the correct application of common sense. More expressions of common sense can only endorse the completeness of any concept. A true experience of reality does not require endless explanations as to its ‘wholeness’. It just is. Truth is in reality a network of implicit principles in which it is the predominant energy in each of them. They are identifiable by their interdependent nature (see network below) not the least of which is common sense. Dictionary given definitions of ‘truth’ place it in a very common sense acceptable category. One of which is ‘accuracy of representation’. Note how the two definitions in this paragraph coalesce. The human drive toward recognizing and understanding the place of principles (constants) correlates to the energy we expend on questioning ‘who we are". The constant principles of action, reaction, interaction, are the automated natural impulse toward ‘establishing’ a human reality, and human identity. The process of evolving within that process has an egalitarian dynamic that powers it. In essence, it is a natural gift that we must accept. Each life and its identity contains all its personal experiences which can never be known to anyone else. In a sense, we can never “know” another person. Their life is sacrosanct. We can know a lot about them, and there it ends. Truth is at the top of the gradient scale that measures the veracity of all things that are complete and related and paradoxically all reality is the truth. It gets back squarely to ‘who we are” and where we exist on that scale. To view gradient scales as having no truth to their structures is denying truth itself. For the entire interconnected, interdependent network of principles, each of them has a gradient scale whereby each measure expresses truth in its own manner. All forms of leverage, from the minuscule to the lever that will move the world, are in of themselves, true and exact at that point. It is the only way we can recognize their existence, and use that complete truth at that time, to move up the scale. Time is the relative measuring stick that determines the amount of knowledge we can absorb. Consider the advanced extensions to the Archimedes principle of leverage throughout time. Network scale example. Truth Knowledge Common sense Responsibility Reason Understanding Intelligence All interdependent, and interconnected with all other principles and absolutes. No ‘thought processes’ or ‘mind’ constructs can create reality. All we can ever do to gain knowledge is ‘act’ react’ and ‘interact’ within the confines of our immediate reality. The quality of that action is determined by the nature of available information. When there is freedom from embedded thought processes, there is a natural human ability to relate to the existence of truth as it is expressed in reality, and our brain records it accordingly. Thus, the principles of civilized societies evolve. Where there are predominant belief systems, the implicit energy will naturally direct itself toward human standards that blend all ethics together. That implicit energy will find its true home in the principles it seeks. The connected strength of those principles offers sanctity of experience that demands no sacrifice. Everything that is, must of necessity, have a true comparative value (not a distorted dichotomy value) for honest recognition to be realized. which is to ‘know’. All things are relative but only within their own true scale. It is the process by which we can identify reality, as it is. Principles cannot operate on any scale practicing negative discrimination. Thus a healthy individual can be at the top of the scale and someone with various health issues can be near the bottom of the scale. But that is how Healthy they are. There can be no relativity when ‘mind’ or ‘thought processes’ believe in mythical dichotomies. When human perception is distorted by such beliefs, they create a false reality and deny access to the true state. Where there is a network of connected basic standards that are universal, then it is possible to use them and be nourished accordingly. The scale of natural human progression provides recognizable evidence that we are constantly developing. Reality is the direct and conclusive evidence of possibilities realized. Therefore, the reality is always the source of all possibilities where truth exists. When the truth is used as the universal measure of ‘what is" there can be no discord as to its accuracy. It can only measure the principles that are implicit in everything there is, its natural milieu! Truth can only deal with ‘something’, it cannot measure an imaginative negative counterpart. Truth is the constant implicit property in every universal scale of principles. Thus, reality becomes transparent. Have writ large on the value of distorted comparative perception judgments. The standard of correct knowledge always carries with it, its own appraisal. Where principles are concerned there is an obvious scale of identification (e.g., leverage and the numerous references) that is all-inclusive and provides us with evidence of its existence. We could say with some truth, that the industrial crane has more leverage than a child’s see-saw, but we cannot deny the truth at the lower level or the reason applied. Where principles are concerned, truth is not a possibility, it is a constant reality (e.g., leverage). When mythological dichotomies are recognized and established for what they are, the process of ‘ironing’ them out and experiencing their constant reality will translate into the reality, which they are, and used accordingly. To evoke that new sense of reality, the mechanisms of ‘selective immaterialism’ need to be dismantled. Where human experience is presented with something it does not understand and is unable to appreciate the principles involved, the reaction can invoke a sense of fear. That condition can be a primary breeding ground to establish a language of dichotomies and put a selective name to something it does not deserve. The diffusion of a false singular dichotomy into the natural healthy state of the common good puts responsibility into its proper place. Within the process of diffusion, there is the natural and equal absorption of our true reality. The transition between separation and inclusion will be a seamless process because it is our natural state. Objectivity and Commonsense: Explore the plethora of principles - truths - constants that are the mark and phenomena of Homo sapiens. We cannot have any doubt about our existence in this present reality. The truth of reality is and can be experienced wholly and completely by anyone at any point in time. All human progress is the result of such experiences, manifest in principles throughout time and their subsequent ‘use’ evolves exponentially. The overwhelming evidence is our reality, now. A simple analogy of objectivity and commonsense. Somewhere in our early development, someone put the ingredients of a loaf of bread together, somehow baked it, and hey presto, the first experience of a loaf of bread. It is now a form of sustenance, which feeds billions of people. We no longer need to experience that ‘truth’ that ‘knowledge’. It is unnecessary because it is subjective assimilation and the act of external and internal activity. Because ‘our’ brain functions in a manner that can identify the natural elements it exists in –space, time, energy, matter, we learn to ‘know’ and recognize ‘completely’ a child’s see-saw. Knowing is a natural evolutionary function. The quality of ‘knowing’ has its own natural determinants which of necessity contain the measure of principles required for universal recognition. An Archimedes insight (or anyone else’s) could not become a universal reality unless those determinants were in play. I know the very same way we all know – by experience via action, reaction, and interaction. Truth persists and what Archimedes experienced was true and complete. Any experience of any truth, principle, or constant can be as ‘complete’ within a grain of sand, or knowledge of a pyramid. All experience of that nature is an experience in ‘time’, and when it is the truth, we use it accordingly. There is no mechanical translation, or opinion of ‘necessary factors’ as they are constant universals. That, which is ‘complete’, is transparent universal knowledge e.g., the principle of leverage. The precision of terms must include ‘necessary factors’. Necessary factors translate into a common universal language so there is no loss of meaning. All truth – principles-constants – absolutes, that stands the test of time we use accordingly. Thus, human societies evolve, and we evolve without the necessity of having to re-experience any of the principles we recognize and establish. That simply would not be a ‘natural’ commonsense proposition and an entire waste of unnecessary energy. The truth of any principle at any point in time, and at that point in time, can be experienced completely by anyone. Whatever it may be if the principle is established – from then on, it will evolve. There are some misguided notions that ‘truth’ ‘knowledge’ and ‘experience’ have some secret value that is unattainable by ordinary experience. It is a ‘natural’ evolutionary reality that what we ‘know’ becomes useful. We have a mutual responsibility to recognize, use and honor the principles, which are the common property we share. = Human consciousness. = [[File:Lane past Coombshead Farm - geograph.org.uk - 589598.jpg|center|thumb|369x369px|"The roads half travelled when you know the way"]] [[File:Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg|center|300x300px]] === The Universe === ''<big>We do not own Space</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Time</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Energy</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Matter</big>'' The human capacity to understand the question of sovereignty or ownership of Space - Time - Energy - or Matter can only be accepted when any basis of dispute includes two dispositions - human and spiritual indigenous ties throughtout history. With the evolutionary appearance of indigenous peoples throughout this planet, their way of life should make it paramount that their existence be recognised as a natural law that has providence! Their culture and way of life has its own identity in which Space - Time - Energy - Matter is expressed as they experience it. That proof also lies in the existence of caves thousands of years old, and the existence their art and culture. So the constructs defined below are a new approach to understanding the concept of ‘knowledge’ and its proper place in an evolutionary expanding universe. Knowledge acquisition requires appropriate recognition through action, reaction, interaction, in which proper perception and comsciousnessvalues are applied. That form of construction requires the dismantling of previously embedded information. This requires a new direction to formulate a sound basis from which to extend. Construction of an analytical methodology to establish a form of ‘knowledge’ that is best suited to distinguish in a contemporary reality. A reality that adequately conforms to common notions of that which is true, and can only exist without any false relation to that which does not exist. All science needs the certainty that established absolutes provide. A pragmatic construction of real knowledge would propose that all reality expresses a form of evidence or proof and that the observer and the observed contain innate properties necessary to establish a foundational agreement. That form of agreement would necessarily function on the basis that everything that is – is truth. Any other interpretation would be a disconnect from reality, and the interdependent correspondence that must exist for true recognition of any absolute. Controversy will always emerge when the discourse on bifurcation and the introduction of non-existent dichotomies are used as arguments to be explored. Pragmatism would say that the human species would need basic properties to formulate any form of reliable epistemological analysis to explain and simplify the reality that forms their existence. That reality could well be recognized initially as the absolutes of space-time - energy-matter, through innate perceptual data that corresponds to an outward structure that is constantly evolving. That which is absolute is the determinative factor in establishing the existence of truth. When a chair, is a chair, is a chair, its recognition is established when we ‘commonly’ apply subjective and objective measures to that which is truly external to that which is truly internal. That which does exist becomes ‘common’ knowledge, and accepted as being true. Thus, the distinction between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge no longer exists. Where there is consensus, everything is. The formulation of absolute criteria that offers ‘simplicity’ as a tool to measure all and everything, dispenses with the confusion of ‘difficulties’ historical philosophies engage in. It also offers an observable synthesis that clarifies the confusion. Within the combined properties of those absolutes then everything potentially would be. Everything that is by that definition is original, ipso facto, everything that has no false relationship, and therefore true (no dichotomies). Given contemporary human development, it would be ‘common’ pragmatism to accept the proposition that we exist within the absolutes of space-time – energy-matter. Within those absolutes and their innate properties, it would also be pragmatic to assert that ‘everything then is’ (whatever everything may be). Pragmatism would also dictate that ‘everything that is, is its own form of truth, and must contain available constructs of meaning. Therefore knowledge and understanding would be obtainable to that common experience, and at whatever level that experience is activated it is in interdependent unison with the source. The continuing establishment of basic absolute principles (their generalities and their specifics) forms our reason. 1+1= 2 is a ‘simple’ but true universal constant generality. That form of generality is used because we recognize the specific principles of a balanced equation that adds up and makes sense. Simple generalities with their inclusive specifics form the foundation of human reason and its constant evolution. Simplicity is the bane of a ‘mind’ that must have difficulties. = Availability. = The unifying feature that makes ‘knowledge’ available to us all, are the innate universal principles in all things. Archimedes established the principle of leverage. To paraphrase - ‘give me a lever, and I will move the world’. Once the law is established it can then be put to good use. The principle of leverage is manifest in countless ways, and put to good use! The principle of leverage is a constant available to us all, and always has been. Through his application Archimedes conveyed his insight in practical terms, and made aware of the principle and the laws governing it. We now use those laws. We no longer need to philosophise on its existence as a truth. Similarly whenever 2+2 = 4.  Whatever we use to make the equation – apples, oranges, bricks, the mathematical equation is a constant, and the principle of correctness applies. Here 2+2 =4 is empirical proof that the principle of correctness and agreement exist. Principle, or law: ‘a fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning’.           If it were otherwise we could not measure anything. That which appears abstract then, requires no implausible argument as to its non-existence. Such is the nature of all universal principles, they exist whether the notion of a ‘mind’ can perceive their existence, or not. Because ‘thought’ does not create the reality of principles – universals- truth, it cannot from its mythical standpoint understand the simplicity of a Reality where ‘everything is’, nor the simple and factual conclusion – how could it be otherwise! Where ‘everything is’ evidently encompasses the whole evolutionary dimension. It is not an ideological enclosed static that stultifies expansion of an unfolding Reality. Any pure knowledge experience that ‘everything is’ ,(quite apart from the common-sense truth of the statement) is to experience the Absolute in any immediate part of anything that exists, which establishes its own truth forever. To examine a road code of law with that knowledge, and view the actions of drivers at traffic lights, it is more than reasonable to conclude with some conviction that there is  to some degree, Agreement – Knowledge – Understanding, and Conformity to that code of law. It becomes a ‘more reasonable’ proposition within Reality to understand that that code of law is multiplied exponentially, and the principles practised,  wherever drivers, motorcars, and traffic lights exist. It is the nature of the type of knowledge we are measuring that determines the measure of reason that can be applied to any given form of Reality. We can conclude that 2+2 = 4 is a reasonable mathematical calculation that contains the principles of Agreement – Understanding – Conformity. Given the accepted knowledge of these innate principles we can with more reason apply such a calculation Universally. Knowing is agreement with ‘what is’. Knowledge is not the attempted denial of any existing reality. That is a contradiction in terms. Mechanistic observation is akin to viewing from the outside, a straw in a glass of water. The straw always looks bent, but when removed from the glass we realise it is straight. To claim an experience of that which is Absolute, is not a claim of an experience from a higher domain, or an  isolated incident – it is common-place, numbered by just how many we are. Attempting to denigrate such experience is denying the everyday actions that contain the innate principles of a constant Reality. All life functions within the constraints of the laws that are the constructs of Nature and Reality. All life is an expression of the Absolute. It is when that expression is realised, not only in an instinctive sense, but in a real sense, that we penetrate reality beyond a comparative framework of mythology. To claim that you ‘know’ intrinsically what the principle of leverage is, or the principle behind the mathematical equation 2+2=4 is to claim experience of the Absolute. The Absolute is not some abstract esoteric truth – it is that which is immediate. Whether in awareness or not, we constantly comply, to some degree, with the laws of a constant reality. Therein lies the difficulty for a comparative framework mythology – the Absolute is everything! = Basic Equation. = However much the simplicity of the equation is, it contains the properties of correctness – balance – equality – mutual identity – meaning, which in its ‘simplicity’ presages all future mathematical equations. In that universal meaning, there is particular knowledge of consistent truth. That form of ‘simple’ consistency, creates its own natural equilibrium, and its ‘usefulness’ evolves exponentially up the reality scale. Here is where we need to give proper credence to ‘that which is’. All generalities have profound and specific principles as their ‘common’ identity, which are absolute. Unless those components are recognized, both objectively and subjectively, they are reduced to a comparative value spectrum (using dichotomies) as a misguided ‘simplistic’ factor. Deductive reasoning is then deprived of all value, and leads to the inevitable spurious question ‘how do we know? Given the above criteria to establish a correct basis for knowledge that is recognizable, and of a kind that can be used universally, ‘simplicity’ can be recognized as a tool that promotes its own established formula. That which we constantly use. Everything is the truth with regard to the methodology. How that truth or generality is expressed denotes the measure of the principle that is at its core, and forms that measure of reasoning we enjoy. Fortunately, although the truth is an innate property, it is not a ‘personal’ property per se, nor is the ‘experience’ of its reality. Its natural evolution is progressive. In that progression we are in common, the beneficent recipients that ‘evidently’ conform to its constant existence. Philosophical dissertations have become a monopolistic form of opinions that always seem to presume the ‘rightness’ of difficulties in establishing the source of our being, and are unable to put in ‘simple’ terms the question of ‘who we are’. There comes with that the denial of evidence that permeates human history, which establishes the principles of our ‘common’ reality. Those opinions carry with them a colossal library of questionable erudition that becomes embedded, using questionable values to support their argument. The most distinguished opponent of such arguments (Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1203018418|title=Tractatus logico-philosophicus|last=author.|first=Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951,|isbn=978-1-78527-656-9|oclc=1203018418}}</ref>) proposed that language logic was a necessary tool to dismantle the convoluted ‘mind’ propositions that have permeated the philosophical hierarchy. Those ‘mind’ propositions only served to construct meaningless concepts as to ‘who we are’. Although he gained prominence in philosophical circles, his work was directed more toward academia. In his Tractatus Logico – Philosophies he quotes: “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world - What cannot be shown cannot be said”, and “There can be no representation of the logic of facts”. Having a belief in mystical truths that were inexpressible, his statements above are indicative of the embedded language of dichotomies. His form of ‘knowledge’ ‘philosophy’ gave (without question) the concept of ‘mind’ credence to formulate its own logic to clarify its own form of reasoning. Wittgenstein, by not recognizing within the language the distortion that dichotomies create, was unable to approach the evident constructs of true meaning that lie within the interdependent relationship of absolutes, and their constant existence. Evidential reality is all there ever is. The ‘meaning’ or ‘knowledge’ that becomes evident in reality is ‘commonly’ accepted and used accordingly. To repeat, the evidential reality is all there ever is. In that regard, the exponential drive toward ‘difficulties’ amassed a historical discourse of misinformation, which is used to address the very ‘difficulties’ created by spurious value systems. In effect, dealing with ‘nothingness’. We have managed to turn ‘truth’ into a problem, into a difficulty, when the truth is simplicity itself. An oxymoron of gargantuan proportions. This contemporary malady solidifies a diversion that discounts the reality of continuous progression. Progression in which ‘common sense’ is a motivating principle that promotes human evolution. The consistency of specific principles allows us to achieve correspondence. Real knowledge is not a fabrication of convoluted prescriptions. It is the ‘coalescence’ of ‘what is’ to internal reality. That established, evolutionary progress is assured, and reality factors are recognized for what they are. True meaning can best be attained by the interaction and interdependence of natural principles and so recognized as such. That meaning which contains all the specific components of reality is experienced as ‘true knowledge’, measure by measure by anyone. That form of ‘experience’ is not a ‘mind’ process, but a very natural state of realization consistent with our level of action, reaction, and interaction. A correct and pragmatically form of knowledge-seeking foundational answers to perennial questions would seek a direct passage to our ‘commonality’, the beacon that offers guidance. Consider the quantity and quality of knowledge we all pursue that has meaning and usefulness. To posit the notion that there are no dichotomies is a cataclysmic proposition that seems nonsensical to established embedded constructs of knowledge. Constructs of knowledge that offer only confusion, and continually pose impossible questions, whose absence would provide clarity. That absence of confusion would dispel and dismantle a reality of ‘mind’, which functions on its own selection of problems. To address reality as having only absolute constructs dispels the confusion of duality and its inability to ‘use’ relativism in its proper fashion. All general absolutes contain specific principles representing facts; the essential properties that confirm reality. This reference directs the observer to observe, and go beyond the restrictions of a ‘mind’ governed by dualism, monism, or any other spurious form of philosophy that distorts the very reality it exists in. Where there are no dichotomies, all we can deal with is ‘what is’, and the logic of ‘necessary factors’ thus destroying the possible inclusion of anything described as a “paradox”. = Pure Experience. = To design a chair our brain requires to exercise the qualities and properties necessary for its manifestation e.g., strength, balance , design, functionality etc, etc. A chair, is a chair, is a chair, the product of innate knowledge.   If we did address any tentative agreement that ‘I’  is a ‘fiction’, could not our ‘conscious experience’ of that ‘fiction’ be just as fictitious. It would follow that whatever perception of Reality we experience must also be fiction. Our contention, as always, has been that ’I think - therefore I am’ by Descartes is the greater fiction for reasons already explained. To consider to whatever degree that we can function on the basis of a fictional ’I’ precludes any attempt to honestly address ’who we are’. Saying that ‘conscious perspectives’ are limited and inconsistent with apparent reality are quite correct. It then brings into question the validity of ‘conscious perspectives’ to guide us toward ‘what is’. The entangled fictional relationship between ‘mind’ ‘I’ ‘thought’ ‘consciousness’ impose formidable barriers to that which is evident. Base observations on the construct and interpretation of what ‘knowledge’ is. Human experience is limited by its mechanical interpretation of Reality, especially ‘cogito ergo sum’. If everything that is, is its own measure of Reality (the differences) then everything must be measured, at whatever level, as being that part of the whole with all principles intact, making that measure available to be experienced as the Absolute. With absolutes there is no antagonism. We cannot exist or experience anything without a Universal complementary source of identification. It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality. Not experiencing Reality as it is, is equivalent to not experiencing ‘who we are’, and is indeed the only human source and validity of truth, although Descartes held the erroneous belief that such knowledge was independent of any experience. That belief we suspect was some form of impetus toward his ’cogito ergo sum’.                   Knowledge and experience are co-existing ‘necessary factors’ So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), therefore any ‘knowledge’ derived from experience will be incomplete. Clearly it is the quality of ‘knowledge’ that one experiences (e.g., Archimedes) that leads to a common certainty of evidence realised through direct experience. That quality of knowledge can be available when we observe directly the activity of drivers at traffic lights with the knowledge that it is a very common activity recognized internationally. In every case we can logically pronounce the premises to be true, therefore we have a conclusion that is also true - whether that conclusion is defined as Mutual Agreement, or Common Acceptance, it does not matter - they are mutual principles. It is this form of logical knowledge of innate principles that is the precursor to knowledge of the Absolute logically defined within all reason for ‘what it is’ . Where the basic premise is true that there is ‘Mutual Agreement’ between a multiplicity of drivers at traffic lights then we can with certainty conclude that the same principles exist Universally. We can also draw concrete conclusions, and establish knowledge, that it is not ‘absolutely necessary’ to experience by observation the multiplicity of drivers conforming to their particular road code. We have already established that knowledge. Knowledge and experience are not separate philosophical theories. One cannot be without the other.. Everyone has the potential to experience the Absolute paradoxically, in part or in whole. Everything that is, must contain the properties of the Absolute, otherwise nothing could be. To ask questions about human experience based solely and inevitably on our interpretation of ‘knowledge’, and co-existing with that, its particular meaning in human existence. So long as we can only deal with our conscious interpretation as representing Reality then we derive functionally less meaning than we are entitled to. When we see other humans consistently using levers to open crates then we can recognize a ‘social intelligence’ operating which equates to understanding that is not based on opinion, but is a clear expression of human activity that has correspondence. All of the principles involved in that experience can coalesce to provide that form of Reality that requires no interpretation. It becomes recognizable knowledge. How we understand that knowledge is through the realisation and identification of the principles involved, which become immediately transparent. The Absolute could be categorised as a knowledge experience that encompasses all and everything. Whatever is manifest is that measure (complete in itself) of the Whole with all its principles intact. Where there are at least two actions that are identical we can reach a common-sense conclusion that a definitive principle is operating. When that corresponds with innate knowledge then we have the complete cycle. The definition itself is language opening the door to an experience of Reality. No one can know in isolation. An imaginary ‘I’ restricts any experience of who “we are”,  and is not a necessary part of human experience.   Explaining experience beyond imaginary thought processes requires a definitive language that deals with the principles of Reality itself. Pure experience. The world-wide disposition that has no grounding in Nature and Reality becomes captive to any mythical fear that  offers a target to give some form of direction or stability. There is nothing more simple than to make Reality transparent - its evidence abounds. We can pronounce the principle properties that provide guidelines to its existence whereby the reality is made apparent. = Expansion. = To address concerns on ‘negativity’. Negativity is in essence the inability to establish a measure of Reality. Mechanistic processes of denial are the attempt to understand and make transparent that which is apparently unexplainable, and resolve a condition whose energy is driven toward finding that core of affirmation. The evolutionary principle from all available evidence is that human beings as a species progress. This seems a paradoxical contradiction to the embedded proposition that we can never know the ‘truth’. The consequence of such a traditional premise is that denial and negativity both hold paramount positions. We are conditioned to accept the premise that there is in fact no premise that will enable us to go beyond presently accepted norms of experience. We are conditioned to accept that the ‘truth’ is inexpressible. The evolution of the human species is constantly subject to contemporary ingrained social habits, which give some kind of credence to that particular point of existence. Indirect conscious interpretation classifies itself as a solid perspective to govern and justify human activity, which in many historical ways has proved disastrous.                   Our continued intention is to expose detrimental barriers to the realisation of ‘who we are’, and in that process establish a smoother, more realistic approach to ‘who we are’. The Archimedes legacy. When we establish knowledge of something that exists through a multiplicity of experience and evidence, then from every reasonable standard we can establish that it is true, ergo that which is true is Absolute. The principle of leverage is well grounded in social intelligence, and our natural knowledge of that does not need erudite explanations of its presence, nor any ‘conscious interpretation’ to realise its existence, or its practice. Evolution eventually removes restrictive passages to direct experience, the very purpose of evolution. The principle of leverage is not a matter of opinion, it is the realisation of actuality and our continued ‘more reasonable’ response each time the principle is applied. Children learn to speak their language primarily through experience without any direct, or indirect conscious interpretation, and so, universally we ‘know’ the most powerful means to communicate. Were we to move 50 miles in any compass direction from the town we live in, there is a certain predictability that we will meet others who speak the same English language that we do. If in that experience we find that these premises we have drawn about our travels were true, then the conclusion we would come to in particular, is that when we communicate we make known what we know. …………………………………………………………. '''Please note the date:''' '''Oct 2005.''' I am offering up this older material below to provide insight as to the progression of this work. There may well be some duplication to date. During this period my wife and I worked in collaboration to ensure an equality of experience. = Stepping Stones 1. = There is nothing other than what is – there is no hidden Reality that we need to seek, it embraces us at every turn. The Archimedes experience is the pure experience of Ultimate Reality, which provides indisputable knowledge. Reality is the source of complete knowledge, it is the constant source that has provided us with all human development, from the writings of William Shakespeare, to the computer development of Bill Gates. What they have produced is now an evident part of our reality that we can engage in. We can experience ‘mutual agreement’ through epiphanies, insights, enlightenment , understanding, Eureka moments etc, they are all one and the same. Implicit within the macrocosm is the microcosm – it cannot be otherwise. The more we conform within the microcosm the more we begin to appreciate that Reality contains everything, and that we can realise through experience its manifestation. Each Eureka moment is that personal point of experience that connects us with the Truth. The principle of leverage was always available, it took an Archimedes to explain it to us. Each Eureka moment necessarily engages with the reality of complete knowledge, and utilises its share at that time. When we have complete knowledge of who we are in that personal moment, then we understand that these, egalitarian properties, are rightfully shared by everyone and that we have experienced that which is infinite. It does not mean that the process of evolution is over – it has only just begun. It does mean that we can no longer continue coasting through this existence in a near comatose state. If there is a hypnotic fixation in holding the principles of Reality as being separate, and different, then the potential realisation of their immediate unity, and communion, becomes problematic. Knowledge, and experience are one and the same – they are not different!! Experience = Immediate knowledge of basic reality that is factually correct, and that we can reasonably use. Knowledge = Immediate experience of secure, and accurate information that is constantly stable, and sustains principles. Reality = Complete Knowledge. As the microcosmic part of the total macrocosm we are immersed in reality. The real question should be, ‘how can one not know Reality, or ‘who we are’. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the bank, and deal with money transactions. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the supermarket and exchange money for goods. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can send our children to school to enhance their education. Evident proof is validation of what is – it is not a matter of anyone’s opinion, nor is it an assumption of ours. Neither do we assume, or offer any opinion, on the Universal Reality that there is ‘mutual agreement’ that we need air, food, and water to sustain us. Evident proof is also the basis for the mechanics toward realisation of ‘complete knowledge ‘ of who we are. Reality can be realised through concentration on its basic principles. We use language to express our understanding of who we are.It is relatively easy, it is reasonable, and it is responsible. We convey through language our measure of intelligence, and to the best of our ability conform to the basic rule of communication – ‘we make known’ Implicit within that exercise is ‘mutual agreement’. We may differ in some specifics, but we meet the basic obligation of communication – ‘we make known’, and always we progress to some degree. Simultaneity is one of the constant principles that we all share and they come from Here, Now, the Present, where they have always been. Everything is. Our being is always engaged in the present, and we each have an obligation to understand our relationship to what is. The present is the only point of contact we can ever have with Reality. To some degree or another, each one of us is directly connected to Reality (we do not have any choice in the matter), and we can potentially evaluate ‘what is’ through the utilisation, and examination of factual reality. We are the microcosmic part of that Universal Macrocosm, and because we already have that innate information it is a matching process when we have a Eureka moment, an epiphany, an understanding beyond question. Nothing enters our minds - we already know! Everyone has innate knowledge of the principle of leverage. It requires correct examination of ‘what is’ for realisation to occur. It is then a relief to have ‘mutual agreement’ on the things we would wish to make transparent to others. To use a traffic analogy, it is evident that there is ‘en masse’ mutual agreement when we know to drive off when the traffic light turns green. Mutual agreement is translated into people obeying traffic rules (otherwise chaos). Two cars, two drivers, sitting directly alongside each other at traffic lights, discuss their understanding of their Road Code in this particular position, and what they should do. When the light turns green there are a myriad of principles that apply when they drive off simultaneously. They have both demonstrated their ‘complete knowledge’ of the significance of the green light from this perspective. There is Mutual Agreement. There is Predictable Conformity. There is Common Ground. Each one complements the other. They are both right. One more remove: From an outsider’s point of view – they both know! The green light could be categorised as a Eureka moment, it sets in play all the above principles, whether the drivers are aware of it or not. From the perspective of two outside objective observers who know the traffic rules, if asked, did the two drivers at the lights obey the rules – the answer would be yes, there would be mutual agreement. They have complete knowledge of this particular circumstance concerning drivers, and green lights. Could it be that certain schools of thought are curtailed by a questionable refusal to recognize what is, and have a preference for creating a difficulty where none exists! No one can examine what isn’t! There is no such thing as ‘nothing’. Something is – what is it? A Scottish engineer functions on the same principles as an Italian Pope. Because Archimedes was prominent as a mathematician, his realisation of the principle of leverage, and his understanding of the difference in water displacement between silver and gold was widely reported. This does not mean that realisation of ‘what is’ is an exclusive experience. As said previously Archimedes did not realise something new – it has always existed, and all forms of life would have utilised the leverage principle to some degree or another (watch a bird build a nest). At that time there were probably many thousands of people who had some understanding of the principle, but Archimedes was the one who made statements about it. As in any Eureka moment, we can experience infinity and who we are. It is mutual agreement (an understanding) between the part, and the whole. It is when the principles are in unison Eureka! Reality is there to be examined, and experienced, it is not separate from us, nor should we try to make it so. = Stepping stones 2. = Knowledge is not conditional by the activities of what may be called ‘thought’ or ‘consciousness processes’. Real knowledge is that which is available to all, and to be shared by all. It cannot be contained by the ‘experiencer’ and then not ‘known’ by the accident of experience. It is the actual innate experience itself which conclusively establishes the truth. It can only deal in the truth which is its modus operandi of dissemination. For me to say that ‘everything is’, is a statement of fact which cannot be denied, and an intellectual dishonesty to attempt to deny the evidence by philosophical machinations. Hostility toward the truth leads inevitably toward attempted negation - looking for nothingness! ‘Being here’ demands its own recognition - attempting to deny it is simply perverse. Knowledge is the realisation of ‘what is’.. Rene Descartes ‘I think - therefore I am ‘did no service to human evolution, or education. It established in Western societies especially, the culture of individualism, with the precursor that so-called ‘thought’ was the inward evidence for existence, and for the following unfortunate claim that we have a ‘mind’, or to use the euphemism, a soul! Experience is true knowledge. When that experience marries up with its innate counterpart then recognition is realised (cognition). In simple terms, a light goes on in the brain. There can be no real knowledge without truth. All thought qualifies experience and attempts to reduce truth to near nothingness which is a widespread conditional activity. We cannot manufacture knowledge, or the principles which are its properties. No matter the amount of correct information anyone can ingest, it does not become knowledge until there is tripartite coalescence between inherent knowledge - ingested correct information - and ‘what is’. Then we truly recognize that which is Absolute. Within Nature we have the distinct privilege of evolving in a Universe that can only recognize the attributes of social cohesion. Knowledge is not anyone’s personal possession. Whatever measure of experience we may have of it, it is only available as a Universal sharing experience to be beneficially used. Human activity whereby we witness people using tools for leverage, or drivers at traffic lights obeying the rules of the road, are observable markers that contain the properties for understanding our own reality. Unless seen for what they are, they are only mechanical platitudes with an equally mechanical response. We could rightly claim that that at least is some response, but of no real value. The natural process that operates when we see that which is innate, overrides any erudite explanation from an academic base however intellectual its original source. ‘Thinking’ for oneself cannot make judgments about a ‘natural’ experience. When we see human duplicate functions in operation then we are in communion, and at another level we recognize who we are. When we actively see the activities of the human brain in action we are not dealing with any internal ‘will - o’ - the wisp’ that no one can ever experience. We exercise that prerogative (human activity) at every moment in time, but quite apparently without that focus of attention that denotes realistic recognition. To seek identity in sectarian, or secular belief systems to overcome the contemporary feeling of loss of identity leads to the acceptance of anything that offers some form of stability. That is then used to strengthen that which is euphemistically addressed as the ’self’. To retain that security the acceptance of information transmitted throughout generations, is absorbed into the culture, and defended to the death against those who would question that belief system. The greatest knowledge we can ever have is our own and it has the potential to transcend all else and provide insight into infinity. The most tragic human condition is the lack of experience of identity in a multiplicity of identities in which we all share. The real problem is not one of ‘identity’, but a lack of ’communion’. Whether we like it or not, whether we are aware of it or not, the principle of ’communion’ must always exist to some degree for evolution to proceed. It is within the experience of that principle that we understand the fallaciousness of that much heralded ‘self’ which draws down so much energy in an attempt to establish itself as a reality. Within positive language structure possibilities (no dichotomies), there should be the disposition toward the realisation that our relationships to cognize into ‘communion’ must be addressed as specifically dependent. Social attempts to be ‘independent’ are the very remove from reality and signify reduction attempts toward nothingness. Adherence to, and the cultivation of faith and belief systems give little elbow room for any factual occurrence to be anything other than a comparison to the myths that are held. The cultural and educational socialisation of generations of children must carry with it, its historical belief systems that overwhelm the natural instincts. Observe an animal out of its natural habitat and locked in a cage for its entire life. It would be a salutary exercise if we could dispense with the term ‘mind’ from our vocabulary and magnify the use of the word brain to promote a realistic discussion on ‘who we are’. My action of levering open a wooden crate and knowledge of it is one and the same. Our remarkable brain functions like that, the purpose of a brain, the natural repository of innate knowledge. The assertion of principles is critical to avoid all activity being submerged by questioning their very existence, and being unable to see directly. It would be a rarity today, if anyone using a lever to pry open a wooden crate would have the same enormity of experience that Archimedes had, nor the need to make pronouncements about it. It has all been done prior to our awareness of its value with the accompanying data attached. Our brain knows the value of a lever and activates our body accordingly when needed. It could be categorised as evolutionary transmission. The observance of someone prying open a crate with a lever, or drivers conforming to the road code at traffic lights, is a function of the brain in action, not a mythical entity in a singular locality that denies its own senses. When the brain is not burdened by distorted belief systems it then has the potential to experience ’that which is’, which is always constant. When we understand the function of a lever, or the presence of traffic lights, then we can activate the principles involved because we already know how! The negative impact in the use of dichotomies in language lies in their distraction from the truth, as our brain processes the words we use in relation to Reality. The tendency to attempt to separate inherent truths through the words we use disrupts that natural correspondence necessary for identification. A chair, is a chair, is a chair. = Stepping stones 3. = Where principles are concerned the constituent linkages in language are identity markers to that which is real - reference points. Without dichotomies there is no separation, or ambiguity between what we experience, and ‘what is’. Philosophy in its attempt to address something through denial is an elementary confusion. To say that that is a chair, and then attempt to deny it invoking philosophical theorems concerning the human ability to experience it, is a severe contradiction on the existence of the object , and the observer. When this form of contradiction is then taken as a constant, it then precludes any common-sense and definitive answer to the existence of a chair. '''For philosophers, George Orwell’s ’to see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle’ would be apt.''' Real concepts cannot exist in any mythology, therefore all that we experience is inevitably the truth that is there to beproperly categorised for what it is. The proper use of language in this context will identify whatever it is to correspond with present reality. Misuse of language (dichotomies and mythologies) leads only to the acceptance of a fractured state where nothing is whole and represents confusion. The dissipation of the supposed problem is never realised. Fiction has been elevated to the status of an accepted reality. Very early evolutionary physical dangers allowed the development of fictions that offered some form of imaginary protection beyond limited physical ability. That contemporary humanity endorses the mythology of ‘I’ is testament to the psychological fear that still exists and requires its proper recognition. Emphasis must be placed in the relationship between language and reality for understanding to proceed. The persistence of dichotomies has their own persistent confusion which then promotes a false reality through misleading information. Microcosm and macrocosm are one and the same in a Universe where ‘everything is’. Isolated viewpoints are exactly that, and are unable to view the expanse in which we are encompassed. We must learn to view reality through both ends of the same telescope. When we understand the extensive scope of ‘truth’, then we know that its values and properties do not change - which relates to ‘completeness’. Philosophical, ideological, and intellectual endeavour , try to shape the structure of ‘what is’ based on pre-dispositional knowledge, which can only ask the same questions, and look for the same answers. Not to experience that which is absolute or whole is the normal result of the confusion of language which has no correspondence to that which is real. To discuss with a philosopher the possibility that ’mind’ per se does not exist, and to dissolve it as a concept would place them in a realistic position, would indeed be a difficult proposition. The strength of that difficulty lies in another imaginary concept, that that ‘mind’ represents ’I’, and it is anathema to that fiction to consider its own demise! = Stepping stones 4. = There are no dichotomies. Everything is, and everything that is, is complete, everything is an Absolute complete Reality. You are experiencing your measure of that reality. It cannot be otherwise that you are experiencing that measure of completeness. When we come to terms with it we have the innate capacity to see the Absolute in a grain of sand. That is knowledge. Belief in dichotomies is the mythical barrier to that particular experience - which is only denial, supported by erudite protestations that human construct dichotomies exist. At a mechanical level Intelligence and Stupidity appear to be separate identifiable conditions, and they appear to be antagonistic. Stupidity is in Reality a measure of the Intelligence which is always constant. If someone was in a state of mythical utter and complete stupidity we would not attempt any form of emancipation from that condition. We know that that is misguided and proceed with techniques to advance intelligence. Consider the proposition that there are no dichotomies, and within that possibility all questions become irrelevant. Presuming that there are no dichotomies allows the process of establishing ‘necessary factors’ to proceed, and allows each measure of wholesomeness to be realised. Experience is the criteria for knowledge. Some Reality experiences were simply transposed into particular belief systems and elevated into a pseudo spiritual dimension, or a philosophical conundrum. Where there is a belief in a divisive fiction (dichotomies) there is automatic mechanistic restriction to that which is Real. There is a capacity beyond ego and intellect which can commune with ‘what is’, and recognize its properties. Reality is constant. Within the accepted comparative framework there is the view of principles as having different divisive categories e.g., as above, Intelligence and Stupidity, and classify them within ‘thought’ structure as dichotomies and give credence to them as being an antagonistic reality. The consequence of that, is, that one is always a remove from recognizing the structural properties of immediate existence. Any construct of knowledge necessary to evaluate ’what is’ will address the properties (principles) that are the constituent constant markers available in that which is the microcosm and the macrocosm. That identity (the Absolute) is found in any sphere of Reality.Everything is - and everything that is, must be experienced for what it is, and not for what anyone denies it to be. There is no mythical human construction that can deny ’what is”. Everything is - without dichotomies. To repeat, we do not have the ability to create ‘nothingness’ - ‘that which is’ has no imaginary comparative human construct. To attempt to deal with such constructs, and give credence to them is always the denial of ‘what is’, and adherence to ‘thought’ processes whose only purpose is to cement that activity. Indeed realising that the concepts of dichotomies are human mythical constructs, denying true perspective, is the beginning of insight. The dissipation of such processes through addressing the principles of Reality allows us the potential to experience directly ‘what is’, in simple terms -the truth! Intelligence is a ‘necessary factor’. Addressing stupidity is a denial of reality at whatever level we find it. Intelligence and Stupidity are not antagonistic, they are one and the same principle with measurable degrees of existence. Only from a comparative framework standpoint is credence given to any mythical form. The above observation is not negating the process, it is questioning the markers which evolve into imaginary separation (trapped in a comparative framework mythology). That particular process can and does create a false mythical reality that appears divisive. We cannot exist within a divisive reality! Reality must be complete for us to recognize its existence. Where there are no dichotomies within the premise that ‘everything is’, there exists no antagonistic position. The distinction between human constructs of positive and negative are matters of mythical perspective wherein no experience of the Absolute is available. It is because the human ’mind’ per se places its own construction on its immediate experience, and must have its particular interpretation based on what it considers ’knowledge’. There is a difference between ’mechanical knowledge’, and ’pure knowledge’. From the mechanical knowledge standpoint which can only deal ‘in indirect conscious interpretation’, it is quite correct to say that that form of knowledge is incomplete, and it always will be. Pure knowledge experienced via our brain knows no separation, nor antagonism, and is responsible for our ability to recognize the actions of others who may pry open wooden crates with a lever, or drive off uniformly at traffic lights. Within that cohesive activity it precludes ’a matter of opinion’ and by themselves can become subjects of a pure knowledge experience. To repeat, it is a form of ’communion’ with ’what is’, and available to all. Where drivers at traffic lights universally conform to their particular road code, and where universally there is a language which identifies their activity as Mutual Agreement, or any other logical definition, we can concur with the common-sense conclusion that we have universally established that within language and common activity, there is indeed a truth formed. The coalescence between universal language and universal activity are the logical constructs that create civilizations. There is a vast social network of common activity that solidifies the logic into an honest and persuasive conclusion that confirms innate common principles –knowledge. = Stepping stones 5. = The Art of making sense of everything. How to understand principles. # Principle. A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning. # All principles are interdependent, interconnected, and infinite. # Each one is dependent on the other two. Examples of a principles template and how to define them without dichotomies. Communication. Truth. Standard. Proof. Express. Contribute. Mutual. Direction. Advance. Comfort. Organize. Certain. Immediate. Interest. Improve. Present. Constructive. Gain. Trust. Progress. Source. Knowledge. Basic. Original Reality. Awareness.Freedom. Purpose. Connect. Understand. Support. Peace. Cause. Unity. Ability. Rights. Honest. Discover. Positive. Energy. Balance. Good. Courage. Willing.  Control. Use. Association.  Observe. Reason. Easy. Wealth. Simple. Law. Increase. Order. Flow.Co-operation. Exact. Quality. Accuracy. Strength. Responsible. Operating. Creative. Measure. Recognition. Accept. Constant. Obligation. Include. Dependence. Relationship. Value. Success. Principle. Equality. Stable. Share. Love. Sustenance. Action. Identity. Intelligence. Education. Secure. Facts. Agreement. Information. For. Rules.Clear. Yield. Example: Success = Securing facts                = Responsible co-operation               = Constructive knowledge So success by definition is : Securing facts through constructive knowledge and cooperating  responsibly. All definitions of success from your template are infinite. You will find your own suitable definition. ==== There are no dichotomies! ==== Any principle is correctly defined by any two other principles. You create a new language of Absolutes. Using conjunctions you can write your own book. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 Amen to that! “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman” Simone de Beauvoir. “Time does not change us. It just unfolds us” Max Frisch. We experience ourselves our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future. = Who we are. =   It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality for what it is..   For anyone to say that ‘everything is’ is a simple linguistic absolute that no amount of ‘more reasonable’ requests (above) can deny. Those requests only appear to be governed by the difficulties of ‘mental complexities’, and embedded ideologies. To accept that ‘everything is’ as an absolute, is a realistic basis to establish any reality, and comprises the basis for reason to be activated. If there is ‘nothing’, nothing can be achieved. Within that which is Absolute there are no dichotomies. Therefore there are no antagonistic positions available. Everything that is, is a measure of the Absolute.  We are always in the present, everyone and everything. Instant elementary ‘knowledge’ which we all share, and must admit to. In being alive, we do not have the ability to not be here, and we do not have the ability to not know! To have a problem in addressing what Truth and Knowledge are, to the point of denying their existence, then that problem exists well below the scale of Reality. To repeat knowledge is not the proprietary right of any individual, it is enshrined in the principle of agreement that we mutually exercise to establish its own reality. The reality of experience is not, nor ever will be, a personal possession that we can have and hold. Its reality becomes more alive when we see the same activity being practised by others. Then we know we are sharing that reality, and that experience. We cannot "have" the principles that exist, but when we undrestand them then we are obliged to use them with integrity. That form of integrity in any language, is an added foundation stone to any belief system Mechanistic ‘I’ has no concept or understanding of ‘pure knowledge’. Only when we break free of the myth that some clarity becomes apparent, and we have the opportunity to engage with what is real. Philosophy it appears to me is constrained by individual ‘thought’ processes, which (without experience) cannot escape from that individuality. Those ‘thought’ processes conjure up a human history of inflexible, and impossible propositions which only serve to protect that individuality. Descartes ‘cogito ergo sum’ has compounded the difficulties by strengthening the incorrect premise of a false individuality. ‘I’ is a phantom consciousness much like a phantom pain experienced after a limb is amputated. The brain registers the pain signifying that something should be there. Likewise our brain has that same relationship with Nature and Reality. It is analogous to our brain dealing with a ‘phantom reality’ knowing that something is missing but is continuing to evolve to establish the whole. There exists a ‘phantom chasm’ between our brain and Reality and an understanding of its properties. We are robbed of real meaning. Evidence, recognition, and the truth are the principles it uses to reform. Within their structure is the meaning of reforms. Nature does not impose any morality on us, the principles implied in morality are there for us to understand and use. Our brain has the capacity, once reality is correctly examined, to recognize ‘that which is’. Once realised it becomes embedded. That ‘phantom consciousness’ is an experience removed from its proper environment. It takes its proper place when we experience reality for ‘what it is’, which provides the totality of meaning. True experience allows us entry to the quality of knowledge that is a continuous reality. So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), any ‘knowledge’ derived from that experience will be incomplete. That form of philosophical negative conclusion can come down to not believing that Reality exists (a chair is not a chair, is not a chair etc,), or that our experience of ourselves and others is real, and discount any other form of knowledge that threatens that belief. There is an intellectual dishonesty in denying the existence of principles. Hostility towards the truth leads inevitably to negativity. Being here demands, not denial, but the right to be recognized. We are the recipients of a ubiquitous communication system – making known. We can only understand that which we know. We make known all the time. Knowledge of Reality – Truth – the Absolute is a collective inclusive experience of the principles we share, and never the property of any individual. To ‘know’ ‘who we are’ is an inclusive experience of the principles involved. Never ‘cogito ergo sum’.   Philosophers in investigating the nature of knowledge and the Universe, firmly established for themselves that the source of reason and logic was located in a mythical concept ‘the mind’. From the wrong basis evolved elaborate and metaphysical constructions which removed the investigations further, and further, from the truth. To comprehend the material world, and give it credibility, the recognition of implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct a language that provides that form of recognition. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects is misguided by the injection of a mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. That erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound Reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion, is compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every human view available. We cannot manufacture knowledge that leads to a mechanistic understanding of ‘what is’ , nor the principles which are its properties – however much dogma is practised. We can only aspire to relate to ‘necessary factors’ that are the implicit fundamentals of existence. For me to use a lever to open a crate is a form of communion with Archimedes through the principle he enunciated. It is now not ‘necessary’ for me to go through the same experience as Archimedes to establish that ‘necessary factor’ or ‘principle’. It is now common-place, and common-sense to utilise the principle. The extract below provides some explanation of the brain processes in action Universally, and coincides with any reasoning on the observance of the leverage principle, and the actions of motorists conforming to the Road Code wherever traffic lights exist. ''The right-to-left shift of mental control looked increasingly like a universal phenomenon, capturing the essence of every learning process on every time scale, from hours to years. An individual faced with a truly novel situation or problem tackles it mostly with the right hemisphere. But once the situation becomes familiar and is mastered, the dominant role of the left hemisphere becomes evident. It looked like the empowering patterns capturing the essence of the situations (or rather the whole class of similar situations) were, once formed, stored in the left hemisphere. (The Wisdom Paradox. Professor Elkhonon Goldberg. P202)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandermeulen|first=Jo|date=2008-08|title=Verstand komt met de jaren|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03077135|journal=Neuropraxis|volume=12|issue=4|pages=137–139|doi=10.1007/bf03077135|issn=1387-5817}}</ref>'' = Limitations. = However limited our view of connectedness is, or however tenuous the reality our experience is, ‘everything is’, and everything is connected. Innate knowledge and the fundamental nature of Man is the prior source of knowledge that seeks and identifies that connectedness. Attempting to address what we don’t know is that mythical infinite regress toward that parallel mythical ‘nothingness’. To always address what we know establishes Reality. To establish knowledge of principles, start from ‘we are here’. The natural principles within the diversity of human culture and activity when recognized as mutual ‘necessary factors’ will have the effect of enhancing and directing vital energy toward the very process of  the communion we seek, and the gradual penetration of a reality that always exists. Knowledge of Reality is not ‘different’ in other locales. The fundamental principles are the same. Addressing ‘what is’ instead of denying ‘what is’ is the basic construction of real knowledge. Within the structure of the Absolute we are all the same with a magnificent differential in our expression of the principles of necessity. That expression is our ongoing effort toward its own experience which gives it life and meaning. That experience in turn exposes us to an immediate Reality that is in communion with the fundamental structure of our being. All that we can contribute toward that is 50%, the other half is in our momentary relationship with Reality – then we know! That form of knowledge is always available through that form of experience, and it always comes in the form of confirmation which reforms. Until that experience our prior condition appears mechanistic, without direction, or understanding. Reality, life, is not mechanistic. We are the recipients of innate principles with the constant potential to experience those principles in action (Archimedes et al). Dogmas, ideologies, are the restrictive practices used to blur the recognition of principles operating to a level that understanding of that common and constant activity is virtually denied. Our natural capital (principles) is degraded to the point that their factual evidence is reduced even to the point that they are categorised as a ‘perceptual illusion”. We can trust facts 2+2=4. Simplicity has its own majesty. Anything circumscribed by reason requires control of our emotions. To comprehend the material world, bring it alive, and give it credibility, the recognition of its implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct the language that provides evidence of that Reality. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects, is misinformed by the injection of that mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. The erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion’, is paradoxically compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every other human view available, thus it then makes its own sense, form and justification to the illusion! The evident question we must ask, ‘how does a ‘mind’ conclude that ‘immaterialism’ exists universally? Surely it is a simple but massive contradiction in terms. If there is nothing there but ‘perceptual illusion’, how can you attribute it to other ‘minds’. The oxymoronic effect of narcissism is that it is the very denial of ‘who we are’. Man is not composed of an overwhelming self-love. That mythical embedded belief cannot consider the possibility of underlying principles that are the real life force of Man in his relationship with Reality. The truth of that, is that humankind (in spite of itself), evolves towards its own Reality. The only human values that exist, lie in Man’s recognition of the principles involved that provide human direction. Our ‘material brain’ is a product of Nature's evolutionary process, and has innate within it the same principles that exist in all matter. That ‘which is’, is the truth, and our brain evolves to process that at every level, and we constantly manifest that in every action we take – whether we like it or not. The fundamental similarities between human beings is that we are not only evidently human, but that we also function and construct societies that we recognize as beneficial to our immediate well-being. All social function is determined by our brain capacity and its ability to postulate the relationship it has with Universal principles. = Illusion. = Considering that we can contradict things is an illusion. We can never contradict the truth. We do not have the ability to create proprietary constructs of reality. That ‘which is’, can only make its basic properties transparent to us through direct experience. Imaginary concepts must in the end conform to a measurable construct that we can identify. Within the structure of any philosophical theory of ‘knowledge’ it must contain the basic elements of truth at all times, or there is nothing!! To say that ‘everything is’ is motivated by pure reason experience as an objective, and subjective reality and as an axiomatic grammatical premise that no amount of mental acrobatics can deny. We can only deal with ‘something’, whatever it may be. There is no metaphysical construct that can provide evidence that ‘nothing’ exists, outside a mythical mind. Explaining experience beyond ‘thought’ processes requires a definitive language that deals with the reality itself. We all Know. It is innate. The ‘difference’ between us is only the measure of the knowledge that is made manifest, and that knowledge continually proliferates. The ‘individual perspective’, and the illusory ‘I’ which dominates, is the barrier to any relation to ‘what is’, and the malady of never experiencing the truth directly!   Truth, knowledge, agreement are the abundant and embedded Absolutes that form the structure of human evolution. That we constantly utilise and improve on their use is evidence of their reality, and the material transparency within every social structure. The survival and proliferation of such realities should be the evidence to establish that ‘that which is’ is Absolute. When we focus our ‘perspective’, opinion, or a hypothetical consideration of a space, time, or identity to question a Universally accepted fact, it is hardly a categorical argument to dismiss that which is true as nonsensical. Any denial that 2+2=4 is a fundamental truth hardly takes into account that the reality of such basics are vital to the success of higher mathematics. Unless the basics are continually correct, and evidently so, then no correct solutions could evolve. We know that within any basic structural ‘use’ that the calculation is correct. We commonly accept its correctness as an embedded reality. All forms of lower or higher mathematics would have the axiomatic principle of ‘correctness’ as their basis to extend from. Also, they would have as an axiom that the reverse is true. The 2+2=4 is, in its reality, the epitome of balance and construction. The 2+2 reality forms its correct conclusion when the principles of mathematics are propounded and they conform to transparent truth and arrive at 4. Only when it ‘adds up’, does it become a truth that we all recognize. Our greatest ignorance is taking for granted the proliferation of such truths through an ideological blinkered perspective. Because truth takes a commonplace form it is no less fundamental. Unless there is correct knowledge as to the existence of fundamental truth, that ‘which is’, goes unrecognised. That form of truth must be applicable to all. Truth exists in everything – it is an evidential reality. Searching for an esoteric truth is chasing shadows. Every truth is a ‘necessary factor’, and fundamental to our existence. Because of the imposed limited perspectives (via education, ideology, beliefs) that which is evidently true, and transparent, is delegated to a position of simple practicality with conditions placed on it which further deletes its substance, and we have the awful predilection of conforming to the attempted destruction of that which is true. Do we have a problem with seeing something, which is correct, as also being true? All truths are fundamental. They are not subject to attempted denial because of any diminished realisation at any point in time. Where there is reasonable evidence of balance, equity, and agreement we can conclude that a truth exists. Once innate information of that truth becomes transparent, it becomes an embedded useful human utility that must have some measure of fundamental truth as their starting point. From any common-sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’.  That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the reality of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. The dematerialization of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance etc.  However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality.   = Human representation. When we understand the validity and existence of principles in all things, it is easy to understand that ideological dogmas are never the foundation for real knowledge, or that direct experience of ‘what is’. Our real perspective is not some individualistic experience that confines us, it is that expanse in which we exist that offers us the view of that expanse. Everyone has the potential to go beyond their ‘apparent’ human perspective limitations. Shifting our sense of perception toward that which is basic, paradoxically extends the experience of that which is true. Let general knowledge be directed toward the performance that identifies the measure of principles that are enacted. Therein lies the production of knowledge that offers a sustainable growth of that vital universal aspect of knowledge, where, reason and truth, can prevail. Any correct definition is language itself, opening the door to that reality experience which is critical. Only when we know and experience that the same reality (with all its principles intact) exists for all of us can we then recognize the mythical distinctions that are taken as being real. The majestic experience of that reality goes well beyond historical beliefs. Exploring simple ‘necessities’ is not based on any sacred text, but the privilege of recognizing a sensible evolutionary path through life. Whatever may be in the future, is implicit in the material world now, and it has always been so. tvintg8gxkdczp8nh997srlqzk0vpkd 2412772 2412763 2022-08-09T08:18:13Z Hamish84 1362807 /* Time. */ Added Media wikitext text/x-wiki = <ref>'''William Shakespeare''' (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616</ref>A message. = What humanity needs is not any individual approach but a governance powerful body of excellence that has modern technology, knowledge, and freedom they can use to disseminate clear information. Clear information about a new language structure of absolutes beneficial to an International forum, and eventually to reach a Universal status.Its benefits reach toward conceptual language on a planet that speaks more than 7,000 languages. No matter the language spoken the concepts of: Air - Food - Water are recognised. The overall development of conceptual language can only be beneficial and will be as appropriate to Absolutes definitions. Reaching for the Stars might show us the way. Universal Language of Absolutes. "A very grand title but it took many years to explain its value" = Our history. = Born in Scotland in 1927 left school at 14 years of age. Married at 21 years of age and we had two children. We emigrated to New Zealand in 1953 and lived there for approximately thirty years. During our stay there I did a Liberal Studies Course at Canterbury University Christchurch and graduated. We have since had ten books published through Google books on the subject matter at hand and my wife Jean Caldwell McMillan is the co-author to most of the work presented here. My wife Jean was an avid reader of many works on philosophy and psychology. She was influenced by the works of Erich Fromm. Jean died 9th of January 2011. To refresh the original purpose of  our  earlier writings my wife and I  went on an odyssey  looking for any data, ancient or otherwise, on human consciousness, specifically related to Alzheimer’s disease. Now at 95 years of age (well past my used by date) it may well be that I am a candidate with a focus on my own pending dementia. If so, then the theory and the method I now write about is holding it at bay. To address the health of my mind in this way could be the catalyst that retains its own functional activity. The creation of a  semantic template is well documented below. No semantic definition of absolutes or principles can be ill-defined. They are always interconnected, interdependent and infinite. Each configuration constructed by anyone has meaning particular to them, although its value is universal. That  is why it is never personal property! [[File:JimNJean.png|center|thumb|228x228px|Jim and Jean]] = The Beginning. = "The road's half traveled when you know the way" [[File:Tree lined path - geograph.org.uk - 2269906.jpg|center|thumb]] Oxford dictionary definitions: Principle: "A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning". Absolute: " Complete - Entire - Perfect - Pure. These particular dictionary given definitions offers us guidelines to ‘existing conditions’ necessary for complementary understanding, and experience. We can only examine that which is real, basic evidence, that is fundamentally true, and we must ‘use’ it, to establish that which is reasonable. The general consensus is that there are no Absolutes. The following material is set out to show the very reverse is true and that everything that is is Absolute. Establish that there are no dichotomies that will leave the primary terms alone to create a semantic template. There are no dichotomies. Mythical dichotomies distort Reality. Everything is: The computer you use today has always existed, it is the arrangement of particles that have materialized it. The subject matter "Universal Language of Absolutes' is promoted to provide a new understanding of spoken language. This understanding was initially constructed by the cognitive experiences of both my wife and myself many years ago. Just like the principle of a jigsaw puzzle, meaning lies significantly in the fact that all pieces of the puzzle are interdependent and interconnected. When completed they provide a picture of the whole. We have endeavoured to produce a picture of the evolutionary process of language in human history because the evolution of language prefixes all modes of thought in human culture. The material directs the reader towards a new view that all that evolves is in a vertical direction, not the linear direction commonly understood. Human consciousness is of itself the phenomenon of evolution and to recognize its existence is part of the process. Shakespeare expressed this succinctly through the voice of Juliet who proclaimed, “a rose by any other name- would smell as sweet.” [[File:Comestible rose in the Laquenexy orchard garden, Moselle, France (01).jpg|thumb|center|237x237px]] === Conceptual language. === My wife and I recognized how profound the extension of this observation would mean conceptually. Of all the languages spoken on this planet, it would be fair to say that all of them would contain the properties of, air, food, and water conceptually, etc. This is a form of consciousness equality that is available to us all. It points to the reality of our constant relation to each other and our existence. We can never exist in a world of individuality, but only in relation to the consciousness of one another. Consequently, that exceptional experience can only be shared superficially. We cannot ‘know’ any other life experiences other than our own introspection. <gallery> File:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg </gallery>" ''Albert Einstein 1921. We experience our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us."'' ''Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future,p.99'' Einstein came very close. In reality, every human being has a backpack from the day they were conceived. In the backpack every experience in their mother’s womb is experienced. At birth and throughout their lives, everything that happens to them in life is registered and creates their personality. That life with all its experiences can never be known to anyone else, consequently, we can never “know” another person. It creates equality of consciousness that we must understand. We can know details about a person, but that is all. That life is sacrosanct. Who we are really goes beyond normal human experience and into the realm of the Absolute. Werner Karl Heisenberg (physicist). The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. As a young layman with no knowledge of Heisenberg but interested in principles it seemed to me that the Uncertainty Principle was just a contradiction in terms. In later years I found that Heraclitus describes life as being in a state of flux a replica of the Uncertainty Principle which in fact can be defined as an absolute state. Within the context of knowing who we are and the backpack we carry our life in, we can never know each individual life as that life experience is singularly their own and sacrosanct. It now seems that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle can fall into the category of being an Absolute. Evolution proceeds in advance of our need to evolve. In our pure active state, we are.There is no static end (an abomination) - only beginning. As we cannot know what tomorrow will bring, living with expectations is rather futile. Nature has its own agenda. Zen Koan recorded 1228: 'An instant realization sees endless time. Endless time is as one moment. When one comprehends the endless moment He, or she, realizes the person who is seeing it.' We do not own Space. We do not own Time We do not own Energy We do not own Matter [[File:Universum.jpg|center|thumb]] "What we call the beginning is often the end And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time" T.S Eliot = Everything is in scale. = The present moment is the point in which Eternity has placed us – we all live in that moment, and whether we like it or not, we exist in it, experience it, have knowledge of it, and we all share it, measure by measure. There are no dichotomies. Illusion is a measure of Reality, as Stupidity is a measure of Intelligence If one keeps measuring illusion it is an attempted downward spiral to nothingness.There is no opposite to Reality – that illusion is a measure of Reality. There is no such thing as ‘nothing’ in the elemental construction of Homo sapiens. All the innate ‘something’s’ are the fundamentals of our being human and all our experiences. The correct use, and understanding of who we are, is an extension therefrom. Does it require any interpretation on anyones part to say ‘we are? Any attempted denial of that statement would be perverse use of the language, and delusional. === Try saying ‘we are not” === ‘We are’ is the foundation of all affirmation, and within that spectrum, we can know, and be. ‘We are’ is self-evident Truth. We can neither know, nor experience what isn’t. Eternity is the here and now, that is why it is possible to explain the experience of Eternity. Nothing is ever lost in Time. We are located in a vast Universe. ‘twas a moment’s pause,- All that took place within me came and went As in a moment; yet with Time it dwells, And grateful memory, as a thing divine. Wordsworth Prelude, Book V111 We already know – the ''basic'' condition that must exist for us to re-cognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. Unless there was mutual identity we could not know anything. It is why we are urged to evacuate the Platonic cave. Sadly most prefer the shadows rather than confront who they are. We already know – the basic condition that must exist for us to recognise. It is at that moment of pure affirmation, when all that is, is manifest. == Lost Shadows == [[File:People Shadow.JPG|left|thumb]] The shadows move Lost in confusion Lost in despair Imagination shrouds the real Looking back Looking forward Is this the Centre? James Brines. = Basic Principles. = We are all in the business of living and attempting to understand the principles involved in that human process up to the end of life. The implicit principles necessary for life eventually disappear and all measurable criteria pronounce a body to be devoid of life. Throughout historical agreement we know what that means, and we act accordingly on *common knowledge*. We know that dying is a necessary factor of life. It is a Natural law that if we live - we also die. Natural law is Universal, for us to *know* that a body lives; we also *know* that a body’s life will end. Albeit that reports tell us that today millions of people die of disease, starvation, wars, we of necessity accept that as the ongoing reality because again we are universally connected and know the results of such carnage. Because it is in our realm of common knowledge we have graveyards, crematoriums, undertakers, doctors who pronounce bodies to have died. We understand the consequences of leaving such bodies unburied, the diseases that would prevail. Again, please explore the definition of principle (Universal principle) and try to go to the limitations of the definition without using mythical dichotomies. [[File:( A great picture of outer space ).jpg|center|thumb]] Principle: A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning. All of these questions are based on singularity (the Cartesian dogma)… If Descartes had only introduced inclusion into his musings (they were taken as conservative singularity) he may have realized the difficulty of addressing thought as reality. He then may have quite easily concluded that universally - *We are!!* That pronouncement is inclusive, and conclusive in every way, *we are - and we know!!* Because my knowledge is not a private, personal piece of property concerning principles, but Universal (Archimedes et al), then that innate knowledge has completeness we can share. Whatever identical resonance we may be able to share (concerning completeness), that can only be accomplished by understanding the principles involved and their constant relationship to each of us. Clearly the plethora of present and past discoveries establishes the existence of that which is fundamentally true, and the foundation for law. The principles are established, and always have been, we are in the business of making them transparent and complete. However tenuous the link we are all connected through communication, the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the universe we live in, the common principles we live by. We all must have sustenance to survive, or we will not live. (See above) <nowiki>*</nowiki>There is nothing else to experience.* When we actively explore the reality of anything, all principles involved in that exploration are complementary, and honest, and we understand the wasteful divisive mythology that people attempt to attach to them. We cannot */partially know/* the truth, it must be complete. Dichotomies attempt to deny the existence of truth, and are misleading. How do we more reasonably completely know anything? The complexity of language systems with contemporary usage requires new and creative structures to provide clear information. Internal and external reasoning capacities can only develop in concert with Man’s recognition of the principles that essentially form our lives. The inevitability of human consciousness rising beyond its historical beginnings posits a future outside our normal perceptions, and  a factual reality that points to the existence of new perceptions that are infinite.   It is natural to know when we are no longer trapped in any mythical ideologies that gives credence to dichotomies that stifle the recognition of simple principles. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed.* Ask yourself - ‘how do you know to ask any questions at all?’ There is no hidden dimension or mystical world. The only philosophical reality is ‘that which is’. To access that we need a new structure to explore ‘knowledge’, a new transformational language. Real knowledge is not amassed information, nor is it the establishment of dogmas, isms, or mythical belief systems. Basic principles are the source and foundation of all /*knowledge*/e. Until that is recognized, extension from mythical sources only leads to a denial of one’s own senses. Trying to conceive of a contemporary world without principles is to posit a world without reason, or intelligence. The principle of pure knowledge could be said to exist in another dimension given the present state of human understanding. To progress that mistaken belief there would be strong support in the need for a comparative reality. Curiously it seems that philosophy (the seeking of knowledge) constantly discounts any knowledge that does not come within the sphere of established philosophy, and the comparative reality dictum. That consequence profoundly distils the purity of any experience and alienates the observer in their confrontation of that which is real. The measure of that ‘comparative reality’ knowledge bounded by dichotomies is so restrictive that it lies in a mythical dimension where denial of its very purpose is the order of the day. Evidently it will not allow doubt to undermine its own denials. A basic principle of Nature is /*knowledge*/ and it constantly communicates innately in every living structure. How to grow, develop, and disseminate. Knowledge is reciprocal truth that depends on our relationship and the recognition of principles operating. Knowledge (unlike information) is not stored in an individual box; it is ubiquitously manifest in everything we do. Knowledge is the experience of a positive reality, and its true construction is a dependable source of secure information (not to be misused). We daily have the opportunity of witnessing ‘knowledge’ in action as expressed by the ‘the principles of knowledge’, namely the principles themselves. The questions lie in a continuing mythical belief in a mystical unknown (the Cartesian stance) which because of its non-existence can never be known. It is a belief that is detrimental (because it attempts to deny all existing factual knowledge) to dealing with Nature and Reality and the fundamental necessity of our relationship with them. Making that relationship transparent is our basic obligation and the ongoing evolutionary activity. Although there is an obvious avoidance to address the definition of principle itself, it is a factor that must be paid attention to, to realize that ‘common knowledge’ is the only reality that exists. Amazingly although there is avoidance of principles - truth - reason etc, there is acceptance of the Cartesian dogma,. Paradoxically this determined acceptance of Descartes supports the reality of innate knowledge existing (I think - therefore I am) which establishes for him innate knowledge; however mistaken he is concerning the interpretation of his experience. = Leverage. = Long before I read of Archimedes and his various principle discoveries I was using the principle of leverage in a variety of ways, prying lids off boxes, moving articles with a lever well beyond my physical strength to do so without said lever, and I knew how to do it. Transferring that knowledge to a student or apprentice is relatively easy because innately they also /*know*/ how to do it. Every aspect of human industry uses the principle in a myriad of ways because it is our obligation to constantly progress the principle and confirm the constant utilization of knowledge. We wholeheartedly adopted Archimedes principles (et al) because we recognized their fundamental utility. It is preposterous to question the widespread /*factual knowledge*/ of all principles, more especially so when we cannot escape their ubiquitous daily existence in all our lives - Nature and Reality do not lie. One may abstain from admitting their existence. To do so is simply attempting the impossible, and is devoid of all reason. Real knowledge has been put into the realm of the mystical unknowable even to the point that knowledge practitioners go to the outer extremes and deny the gift of their natural senses. With their adherence to what they consider is knowledge they become captive automatons to any prescription for life that is expressed in that ’knowledge medium’, which then becomes the authority. When ’knowledge’ is addressed as having a collective source in Universal principles then we have the potential to experience its complete reality (microcosm - macrocosm) without any imaginary, or divisive comparative content. There is then a re-orientation process toward our true being and recognition of our own reality in relation to the natural processes we share. Real knowledge is elementary and Natural. We know, because that which is knowable is constantly expressed by the principles involved. We all share those principles and can correctly infer the most simple and obvious truths. All social life functions by our adherence to the implicit laws operating within them. Seeking experimental contradiction to a fact of life offers us nothing but proof which is the establishing of ‘complete knowledge’ however ‘more reasonably’ one wishes to extend the exercise. The construction of new philosophies must seek a mandate to fully explore the relationship between experience and innate knowledge as the foundation for pure knowledge to emerge. To repeat, knowledge or truth do not reside in any individual domain, nor are they the private possession of any human being. We know, because ’knowledge’ is an innate natural possession that we constantly share - otherwise civilization could not exist. == Knowledge: Evident facts about mutual standards that provide us with security. == We do not become human beings because we can ‘think’; we become more human because we learn to conform to the implicit principles in Nature and Reality. Denying them - denies our being. It is natural to know. There was no cause for knowledge to be established - it has always existed. Knowledge is an evolutionary process. Human beings developed from primitive innate instinctual knowledge to contemporary cultures. Some know more than others through experience, and make that knowledge transparent. Insistence on how we can ’completely’ know is an ephemeral philosophical question that attempts to deny that we can have ’knowledge’ at all, as you understand it. Knowing that we ’know’ the inherent completeness of everything through the existence of principles, is the natural catalyst to make ’that which is’ transparent. Heraclitus: "No man steps in the same river twice " He believed in the "Unity of Opposites (Absolutes). He cried for the needless unconsciousness of mankind.. “Exploration of a mythical dichotomy below for the purpose of establishing principles. Principles that are not a 'mind' construct, but the very essence of our being. Independence, is the curious and dangerous malady where humanity has lionized negative mythology in denial of its own reality. The human fundamental reality has at its base the simple natural law that we are dependent beings. From conception, the human embryo is entirely dependent on the health and well-being of its mother to provide it adequate healthy sustenance to enable its entry into the world. That form of innate dependability the human species carries with it throughout its spectrum of life. Every aspect of human activity is premised on the availability of air, food, and water without which the organism cannot survive (this would be an incontrovertible 'more reasonable' truism or an Absolute). In a perverse way, that which is our natural state has become the target for what appears to be open defiance of the laws that govern our behavior. When a basic premise is either used mistakenly, or deliberately, its consequences can be socially far reaching, for any deviation however far it is extended is a distortion of the truth, and a denial of who we are. The erroneous conclusion through exercising responsibility that we can confer independence to our actions has gained a distorting and ubiquitous influence which paradoxically undermines the very responsibility practiced. Within the context of being dependent we can correctly be responsible for our own actions but with the surety of knowledge that that responsibility is contingent on the measure of life giving forces available that we are dependent on. The mythical dichotomy 'independence' connotes with the myth of separateness, division, alienation, and the force of these particular myths is expressed in wars, genocide, criminality. Alarmingly the mythological term has become a residual in our lexicon and is used more widely with acclaim than its true counterpart. To uphold delusional 'independence' as a value to strive for erodes our human heritage by diverting useless energy toward a dubious goal, and consequences that leave us questioning our means of arrival. Sadly it is a loss of being with the paradoxical view that the energy expended will deliver up a personal reality. The cult of independent individuality with its mythical ideology based on personal intimacy is now taken for granted, which then passes into the acceptance of the spurious dichotomy as a tangible reality. This in turn disposes the adherents to discredit the very essence of their being, and in the process dehumanizes many cultures. The presumption of independent individuality leading hopefully to a superior future is in fact counter-productive to the purpose, and leads eventually to corrupt power, and subsequently the invention of immoral policies that continue the negative spiral, which in the end has no ethical base to extend from. The alienation from our substantial being creates inevitable tension anxiety, and the need to somehow relieve that anxiety with any artificial means available. = Responsibility. = Being responsible for any social activity would best be enacted with regard to the effect it will have (directly or indirectly) on the lives of those who are dependent on a beneficial outcome. To recognize with some significance the basic structure of our being in turn significantly increases the measure of our understanding of human relationships. Being dependent is not a mental construct choice - it is a state of being, and there can be no being-ness without at least one other being, there is then the possibility that the principle of true egalitarianism becomes the manifest reality. Being-ness can only be identified and expressed in relationship. [[File:Togetherness - Wiki Conference India - CGC - Mohali 2016-08-06 7666.JPG|center|thumb]] This is why the cult of 'independence' is eventually so socially destructive, as it creates that alienation which attempts to deny each real human need, and leads to a depravation of honesty. Human relationships between children and adults where independence is the accepted norm is severely undermined when the educational process predominantly teaches an unnatural form of living (either intentionally or unintentionally). The educational process is then reduced to the adoption of a fiction, which in turn puts at risk any educational program. The effect of interpreting mythical dichotomies as described here is symptomatically ascribed to the existence of all other principles that govern life. The construction of any ethological debate should not be premised on comparative perspectives, based on human thought, but rather on the issues that we can recognize as being universally compatible, therein lies the common denominator point of extension. The focus of attention on comparative perspectives denies justice to 'what is'. To contemplate the 'right or wrong' of any circumstance is a deviation from the truth. The correctness of any debate (however minute the finding), is the justifiable extension, and the only true trajectory we are morally obliged to travel. Truth is not defined, nor experienced by comparison, but by 'what we are'. An orange is to an orange, what an orange is to an orange. To define correctly there should be careful and disciplined action toward establishing 'true factors' that we constantly use to promote reasonable standards. = Time. = In that moment of time, we have the potential to merge on an equal basis with the reality that exists, and to know what true interaction is. That is the point of 'direct experience'. It is then that we know the truth about ourselves and the beauty of this Universe which also reveals to us the folly of our present conditioning. In that experience, it becomes very clear that all so called cerebral activity has nothing to do with reality. The fundamental repository of our knowledge and relationship with life is our being-ness, which is not located inside a mental box to be analyzed, accepted, or discarded at will, but the very privileged natural gift of being. What some scholars deal with is the appearance of life prescribed by the illusion of comparative perspective which functions on the basis of dichotomous ideology. It is in effect a denial of our humanity to conclude that all things that exist [from our perspective] exist only in the mind, that is, they are purely notional. It compounds the denial of 'what is', and an extraordinary refusal to observe transparent life. It should be noted that there is ample contemporary exposure to the Cartesian doctrine, and in this regard, I would refer you to the works of Professor Gilbert Ryle, notably his publication The Concept of Mind.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Professor Gilbert Ryle|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/lxxxvi.341.1-s|journal=Mind|volume=LXXXVI|issue=341|pages=1–s-1|doi=10.1093/mind/lxxxvi.341.1-s|issn=0026-4423}}</ref> The heuristic principle applies throughout when establishing our connectedness with reality. It is only through our contact with reality that we can discover, and equate with the mutual structure of the principles that govern all existence. Have already noted that it is also a peculiar form of arrogance that presumes that life is only a notional existence beyond the boundaries of the 'mind in a box' assertion. It would be foolish of anyone to assert that ice cream has a cold smooth satisfying texture and taste on a warm summers day unless they had actually experienced it, preferably on more than one occasion. For anyone who has never enjoyed that experience, it would be foolish of them to discount the very numerous accounts of such an experience that is available just because they had not been party to that event. From a logical point of view, given the avowed experiences of ice cream eaters, we could reasonably ascertain the validity of each experience by documenting their separate opinions. Each participant would have 'direct experience' in the consumption of ice cream, which at that point in time has the potential for that participant to experience the full measure of that factual reality. We have the natural capacity to experience coldness, smoothness, which equates with the reality that exists, and the potential for those realities to unify. It is not a question of how to get outside of our minds (mind in a box position); we are constantly outside our so-called minds performing acts of transparency throughout our entire existence. The belief that our constant engagement with reality can never be based on a rational acceptance of 'what is', is at the least, very sad. The Platonic Cave shadows are a metaphor for the (mind in a box) syndrome. [[File:An Illustration of The Allegory of the Cave, from Plato’s Republic.jpg|center|thumb]] The need to reach simple, and obvious conclusions and accept them for the reality they are provides the opportunity to engage the complete reality of the moment. It is indeed going too far beyond the reality of the moment searching for philosophical profoundness which does not exist, that fails to establish the constant principles that always operate. Pure principles are not amorphous shadowy ideals; they are represented in everything that exists. The only way we can equate our inner knowledge of reality is through direct experience of its truth. [[File:JUL Soul Iris.png|center|thumb]] Within that context then, life cannot take on a notional existence but is an existence that is very real, and that we continually share through our innate knowledge. That our so-called minds are defined by comparison - incompleteness - dualism would have extreme difficulty in pursuing the proposition that we are defined by our direct relationship with reality which is expressed in our innate ability to directly interact with 'what is'. The reality of interconnection, and interaction, are not idealistic concepts of a notional nature, but actual and consistent transparent realities. We do not live in a shadowy world that is hidden from our direct experience, but we are constantly engaged in the process of life, and we do not have the right, nor the choice, to deny it. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 == Create your own semantic template. == That will consist of an alphabetical list of Absolutes that are all interdependent and interconnected. Their unifying construction creates a ‘new’ consciousness meaning. That ‘meaning’ is yours specifically. The greatest knowledge you can ever have is your own! That meaning also creates its own moral construction that cannot be misused . The semantic template is available to everyone, and its dissemination is our responsibility. “Consider that the language structure, concepts, and definitions now in use no longer always deliver, accurate, reasonable, and responsible information. Indeed at times, they can be quite ambiguous. The statement ‘mutual agreement’, and its physical manifestation in whatever form, is its own dialectic, and will carry within it all other principles necessary for the activity to proceed. Given the Socratic assertion that if something is true then it cannot lead to false consequences no matter how circular any argument may be. Then extrapolating the statement into extended definitions must only lead to a better understanding of the inherent truths available. This can promote recognition of the underlying essence of all things, which can become more real than our conventional understanding of Reality. There is a contemporary need to find new definitions, new paradigms to explore the concepts that govern our existence. Where a circular argument is based on an untruth, then it cannot lead to a truth. The reverse of that is that when the truth is established, it cannot be denied. Establishing ‘mutual agreement’ as a center from which we can reach out for extended knowledge in its ever-evolving radius, is not a limitation, or a stop, it is only a beginning! When any concept is truly established the superficial exemplification ceases to dominate, and we can truly experience the apparent essence of ‘what is’. Paradoxically to resource innate knowledge, we must recognize our profound ignorance of Nature, and Reality. Completeness does not lie in individuality. This is an extreme form of monastic expectation. There can be no individuality (or completeness) unless there is at least one other individual. This is the true foundation of completeness. Whenever we are privileged to experience that instantaneous essence of one other, then we know in that moment that we experience ourselves. It is complete complementation with the knowledge paradoxically that it is an endless process. There are many paradoxes we live within that strain our conventional views of what is ‘more reasonable’. Any true relationship experience is not based on a causality premise, but on an experience that is necessarily complementation. Individuality in terms of completeness is a fundamental circular argument back to one, which in its form of denial excludes any form of reasonable argument to the contrary. It is a non sequitur, which denies the pressure of facts that are in abundance, despite the evidence of their reality. To observe ‘mutual agreement’ is looking at things as they are. True observation of ‘mutual agreement’ in action is observing essence transparency – it is knowing ‘who we are’. That form of recognition is essence duplication. The proposition that we can observe the Truth may well be the highest attainment of Realities properties, for Truth is knowledge. Consider the hypothesis of a human entity (an individual) being born in a black space with no other form of life in that environment. How could there be Agreement? How could there be Intelligence? How could there be Understanding? How could there be Recognition? How could there be Love? How could there be Law? How could there be Reason? All of the above principles are the transparent manifestation of Nature and Realities properties that are constantly evolving. They are ethical imperatives, and we have developed the positive properties of language to establish them for our use. We can only be defined through relationship principles for they offer us the best hope to recognize the factors that lead to complementation. There is a fundamental need to grasp simple common-sense essentials. The Here and Now is not a temporary transitional time phase that we move in and out of. It is a constant certainty that is essential to recognize, so that our focus of attention has a foundation. Centrism can imply a fixation, which also implies vulnerability, which can be perfectly true if it does not lead to extension. To understand who we are, it is essential that we recognize and become aware of the very principles that we operate from. They encapsulate all the measure of any human societies ethics, morals, and laws, which is a continuous evolutionary educational process within which the realization of its total essence is always available. To use the doctrine that reason is a reliable tool to discover Truth – therefore ‘mutual agreement’ in the context ‘correct information’ translates to the Truth to reason! Evolution is a constant dynamic process. The human phenomena of ‘who we are’ is only understood in our union with each other, and ‘what is’. The paradox again is that there never is any separation. Separation is a mythical non-existent. The principles that are our necessities have continuous expansion properties that as humans we are privileged to assist their propagation. The human constellation in its evolutionary march must use these fundamental principles to ensure continuity. To maintain coherence and consistency our source is centered in the principles and factors that we have interpreted from our association with Nature, and Reality. Whatever we write that is of any consequence, or at any other time, is written with the hope that stronger interpreters than us overtake what we present. To ‘see’ Reality as we have seen, and be intoxicated by it, as we have been, will ensure its progression.” == Discovery == The consciousness whole is the sum of all its parts and experiences. As we are all on an evolutionary path, our life and knowledge hopefully develop in the right direction. The exploration took us through a plethora of data and opinions about reality from authorities on science, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Nowhere could we find a definitive conclusive argument, or agreement, that met our needs. For us, the question came down to “Is there anything at all that provides some form of construction, and certainty?” Something that has its own inherent ethical standards. The alternative proposition to that is a nihilistic “nothingness”. A pathological proposition that makes no sense. Heraclitus’s “unity of opposites” seemed the most promising. Our understanding of that now made dichotomies a semantic illusion. If achieved in a mindful way it is the act of uniting them, providing a conscious correct experience of ‘what is’. We live our lives with secondary knowledge that everything that is – is always interconnected and interdependent. Yet our illusory experience belies that form of knowledge. It is here that we understood Heraclitus and his “unity of opposites”. Mentally uniting opposites replaces the existing illusion of their existence – there are no dichotomies! Once the illusion is gone a new solution manifests that is peculiar to the mindfulness operator, and belongs to a higher form of consciousness. Heraclitus was known as “The Weeping Philosopher”. He wept for the needless unconsciousness of mankind when the ‘unity of opposites” was always available. He was also known as Heraclitus The Obscure. A title we suspect that came about because the successful conclusion to uniting opposites and replacing the illusion, opened a door to a new dimension. Semantic description at this time may not have been available. This brings us to the ancient Yin and Yang symbol of the ‘unity of opposites’. As separate entities in Chinese philosophy, they are complementary, and in fusion they represent the whole. So as dichotomies they don’t exist. The whole is the elemental answer to any fusion of opposites, whatever that may be. Symbolize a line as being infinite in the sense that any line can be categorised as being infinite. Apply an infinite number of points in any line. Intersect any line through any point by another line then we have a specific identifiable point at the intersection, which at that point in time has an infinite quality, yet constant and complete. Any such point has Matter, Energy, Space, and Time, the epitome of the microcosm. We may locate a Reality point that establishes the Truth. Conventional mechanical ‘thought processes’ deal with dichotomies that are based on a comparative perspective ideology, and consequently, skew any real experience of that which is real. We must use correct ‘measuring sticks’ to secure proper standards, but from the point of view that there is a belief in dichotomies, it will always be a compelling argument that aspects of reality can be contradictory. The element of denial within human historical memory accumulates to establishing dichotomies as being real. We are defined not by how ‘different’ we are, but by our commonality of existence. When we locate that Reality point we will then know that the definition in itself has a whole, and complete explanation of ‘reason” in all possible senses. All the reality we can deal with is here, and now. There is no possibility that ‘infinite regress’ (an imagined reality) is any part of our immediate experience. Infinite regress through thought processes, deals with questionable imponderables. It is a descending spiral, which further removes one from reality, which only produces illusion, and correct meanings are always deferred. It is making a holy virtue out of complexity. The epitome of completeness is the active realization of the operational principle. Conclusion: A brick – a house. Each complete in themselves. A house is not composed of one single brick, but each brick in its composition is complete, and whole in itself in that it has matter, energy, space, and time. In that context, it is a microscopic whole which has implicit within it the macrocosmic whole, a house. We cannot define that which isn’t. We constantly use negative dichotomous terms in language, which are in essence factually indefinable, and therefore non-existent, but they are used as though we can support a view as to their existence. At this time we constantly use mythical concepts as though they had real substance. That erroneous belief in turn diminishes that which is real and compounds the problem of recognition of Reality. The flat earth society no doubt had to be persuaded of the mythical nature of their beliefs. This dictates that we must research ‘that which is” to achieve an understanding that supports that reality. Separation is the mythical measure we use in an attempt to justify the real identity of either ‘relationship’ or ‘completion’, but it has no substance in fact.That we are connected, that we are related, that we are communicating, that we agree that ‘mutual agreement’ exists, all of these factors fall into the category of ‘that which is. There is nothing that is real that is not immediately available to us, there is ‘mutual agreement’. Attempting to view true relationships as having a necessary separation link, or dichotomy is a clear misunderstanding of the nature and completeness of all that we are related to. == Connectedness. == A relationship is defined as we are by the measure of contact (especially homo sapiens) that is apparent. It would be true to say that I have a measure of relationship with everyone who reads this material. No matter how tenuous the link we have a measure of relationship with all life – we are related! Depending on the strength of that relationship defines ‘who we are’. ‘Who we are’ is not defined by any spurious separation from life, quite simply because we cannot be separated from it, we are engaged in it at every moment in time. Any attempt to establish ‘separation’ as a reality is an attempt to deny ‘who we are’, and another exercise in futility! Again artificial interioralisation of concepts or principles leads only to a denial of their external reality. We are all connected by the very simple fact that we all exist on this planet. It is a very simple axiom that all life on this planet is supported by the conditional properties this planet provides. It is also a very simple, and more reasonable axiom to conclude that no matter how tenuous the link that all life in this regard has very concrete and definitive forms of relationship. We all must breathe, we all must eat, and we all must drink, and if you need any further certainty of ‘completion’ relationships, we certainly, all must die! [[File:Wikimedia|thumb|center|]Arcimedes] To set in qualifications from the premise that there is a ‘separate mind’ (a kind of Platonic cave) to get outside of. This premise precludes either in part or in whole the evidence and experience of Nature, and Reality, within which our beingness is located. It would all be beyond our grasp if indeed our conventional concepts of consciousness was adhered to, which in effect attempts to deny us that direct ‘relationship’ to ‘what is’, and the completeness of that experience. Knowing or being, despite solipsistic theories to the contrary, does not exist in penetrating one other mind, but in the democratic recognition that we know and have our being in relationship, and the mutual, and natural convergence of everything there is. Homo sapiens (race, color, or creed aside) necessarily conduct themselves in ways that extend recognition, and understanding at every level, without the constant need of ‘completion’ recognition that is inherent in all our interrelated actions. The notion of completion may be beyond what you call your ‘conscious grasp’, and therein I suspect lays the difficulty in recognition. The flat earth society eventually moved on to a realization that their visionary scope was shrunken, and severely limited. They were deprived of a planetary (never mind a universal) relationship that one can only imagine severely curtailed the very expansion of consciousness necessary for humanity to progress. We have evolved some little way because of our understanding of the natural relationship. The centered in the mind condition - which connotes with the separation ideology - screams to be released from that mythology, and engage itself directly in real relationship with everything that is. = Relationship. = Separation is the mythical tool we attempt to use to maintain a false continuity of an imaginary individuality that does not exist. The taking for granted conditional mythologies (the flat earth society) engage the victims in what can best be described as serious problems in recognizing the very limitations that restrict their development. We must learn to view wholes, which equates with viewing ‘completeness’. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, but the parts are not necessarily separate conceptual parts. We can ‘see’ the whole when we are able to identify the factors that constitute their existence as a complete reality. That which is complete in Law = Agreements that produce secure and dependent outcomes. We know in essence the concept of ‘completeness’, and we demonstrate the evidence in myriad ways. Each act is a microcosm of the whole – view from the other end of the telescope! In the traffic analogy the driver, and all other drivers, conform to the law by driving off when the light turns green. There is an implicit agreement about the value of traffic laws, and traffic lights that control the flow of traffic. At that moment there is a complete relationship understanding of those values. The ‘complete’ or ‘wholesome’ activity of motorists waiting at traffic lights for the green signal to go, and they then move off, validates all the factors implicit within the properties of ‘mutual agreement’. Throw a ball from one side of the room to the other. The ‘whole’ or complete traverse of the ball is the instant it leaves your hand until it arrives at the other side of the room. You have already given credence to the concept of ‘mutual agreement’ as a reality. When there is a correct definition made in terms of ‘necessary factors’, then it has implicit within it the concepts of ‘completeness’ or ‘wholeness’ within the measure in which it is used. Whatever we communicate for the benefit of future generations should not be based on mythical assumptions, but should be based on necessary factors. It is ordinary life that portrays all the dignity, honor, and the complementary wonder of the human species. We are here – we are present – we are communicating. We have an obligation (which we necessarily fulfill) to make transparent the basic principles that govern our existence. That, which is factual, provides us with a correct motive for behavior, and we do a disservice to Reality when we attempt to deny it. We exist and live in a world where acts of ‘completeness’ expressed in one form as ‘mutual agreement’, are continually enacted. It is the form of expression, and continuance of processes that we constantly use to arrive at reasonable solutions, and we employ factors that are necessary to provide us with a clear, and unambiguous understanding. They motivate reasonable behavior toward activity that we can accept as being a logical process. == Natural Experience: == No form of life can exist in and of itself, it is brought into existence through a relationship with its own environment, or its species. The obvious egotistical monistic nature of oneness (if there was such an entity) could not leave any room for the realization of anything that might disturb its comfort zone. There is no real knowledge where any concentration is on the “I am” syndrome. "No man is an island, entire of itself; Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main." - John Donne, 'No Man Is An Island, Meditation XVII - Devotion Upon Emergent Occasion. “We are’ is an inclusive affirmation that deals with “what is’. There is no constructive dialogue, no real understanding, without a relationship. Based on personal experience, we are a distinct, and unique species born of Nature and Reality that has combined to provide us with the innate ability to recognize the very properties that created us, and utilize them through an evolutionary process toward ever-increasing transparency. That transparency can only become available through a matching process between innate knowledge, and the reality we share, a reality that is our heritage. We like all other forms of life are the product of Nature, and subject to its laws, and principles. Necessity created a language that evaluated Reality, and provided us with guidelines to emulate its constant properties. The measure, and quality of knowledge is dependent on the realization of ‘what is’. The crux of correct knowledge is to know the base that we function from. The principles that are implicit within Nature, and Reality we have now translated through the evolved language systems with symbols and definitions that we now use to share the experience. When principles are fundamentally true and recognized for what they are, misguided belief systems will evaporate. To ask what is the source of the principles we present is ipso facto to ask what is the source of Nature, and Reality, and we repeat, that is an exercise in futility, but that does not mean that we cannot recognize that which is natural to us, and express it, as best we can through language. The experience of ‘who we are’ is the Ultimate transparency that transcends all doubt, or denial. We can know with an understanding that is pure and indisputable, that is the motivational drive for evolutionary continuance. To understand who we are we must address Nature, and Reality, and ask ‘what is’ Here, and Now, with an understanding of the dichotomies that exist in language. The ‘Eureka’ moments, epiphanies, enlightenments, etc, are all evolutionary evidence of who we are, and when we can translate them into principles, and concepts, then the assertions of an Archimedes (and many others) are recognized, and properly used. Through Nature, and Reality we can establish what Truth is! Is it true to say that most people conform to the rules of the road? It would be more reasonable to assert that the answer is yes! Consequently, we can say that we have ‘Mutual agreement’, and ‘Co-operative Understanding’ as observable realities. There is no conceptual source through Time, or history where there is an end. There is only ‘beginning’. Here and Now is always the ‘beginning’, and a more reasonable platform to explore than any exploration into the past concerning our true identity. Contemporary terms like Absolute, Complete, End, we use to match our conditional understanding of ‘what is’. When we use contemporary conditional language to address concepts like Truth, Knowledge, Understanding, they are limited by the measure of our progression, but we use them all as stepping-stones. Language is a constantly evolving process. When we agree that there is ‘some certainty’ and ‘limited knowledge’ you have agreed to the concepts of certainty and knowledge as factors that are part of our natural reality. All of us function within the framework of certainty, and knowledge, to some degree. Given that we agree to their existence, these are the factors that can lead us to the experience of ‘who we are’. They are a part of us that can lead us to recognition of ‘what is’, and make a transparent reality of the very things we do on a daily basis. We do not need absolute and certain knowledge to perform everyday tasks, but those performances are structured contemporarily because of our advanced understanding of the things we do, based on our own innate reality. To honestly perceive the consistency of ‘what is’ (to be interdependent, and mutually connected) in interaction, can and does promote the visible reality of ‘who we are’. That visible evidence translates into the knowledge of our complete presence. We know with certainty that our beingness is of pure essence, and from that experience, we are obliged to formulate, as best we can, the structures that are responsible for making that transparent (witness the explosion of human progression, without the necessity in Time of experiencing fully ‘who we are’). To take a more reasonable stand please observe the multiplicity of human action where interdependence, and connection naturally proliferate. To realize that we are ‘interdependent, and mutually connected’ is the realization of a consistent fundamental truth – ‘what is’. Through identifying ‘what is’ as an internal reality we can make transparent the factors that are our natural construct. It is only through sharing this reality that we recognize it!! These factors are not based on any ideology, belief systems, or opinions; they are composed of the Reality that is available to us all. We are unique in that we have the opportunity to be able to use their value in the manner that is implicit within their structure. That use is evidence of our understanding of Reality. What could have happened without the assertion that traffic lights are a safe way to control crossroads, or the assertion that the rules of the road are beneficial for our safety? Any true experience, epiphany, enlightenment, etc, of ‘who we are’ provides fundamental, and indisputable knowledge of that Reality. Applying the recognized principles provided by Nature, and Reality consistently advances the evolutionary process, hence we have Science, Philosophy, Religion, Education, Art, and Law. When there is a Pure Realization of who ‘we are’ through relationship recognition, it is unquestionably the recognition of the encapsulated, and innate principles we all share, and there is no place for the dissolving of another Real identity through that recognition. Indeed it is a privileged insight into the epitome of purity. Nature and Reality can give us direction and guidance to our human existence, and we repeat, it is an exercise in futility to seek any cause to their beginnings. We have proffered the concept of two as a basis from which human reality can be ‘experienced’. To recognize through, and equate with the true substance, and essence of one other is to automatically experience the totality of ‘who we are’ in full measure. This does not mean that the terms ‘totality’ and ‘full measure’ convey an ‘end’ to ‘what is’. We have consistently offered recognizable facts (not assertions) that are part of our natural human activity, and give correct direction and meaning to our basic essence. We do function within the structure of ‘mutual agreement’, and we do communicate and ‘make known’ – basic obligations. These are evident simple examples of innate knowledge, and our understanding of ‘what is’ made transparent. To repeat we could not recognize anything without innate knowledge. All knowledge is a continual matching process 1 + 1 = 2. toward the realization of ‘who we are’ the development of language structures that correctly establish basic reality as it is, provides continuous knowledge that makes transparent the very nature of that reality. It is vitally important to recognize that we have active communal agreements concerning the existence of basic principles and concepts that form the very foundation of our lives. Constant change and movement in Space-Time - Energy - Matter are applicable absolutes to be recognised, which equates to evolution. There never will be a static property involved in the evolution advance. Evolution encompasses its own absolute properties to provide cognitive connection confirmation. The evolution of conceptual language exists to provide natural equality and to promote cognition between language states. No matter the languages spoken the concepts of air - food- water is the same and can provide a gateway to explore the future dynamics of human relationships. === Knowing. === Knowing what all the truth is is not some miraculous state of perception. Nor is it a high academic achievement of amassed information. It is simply an objective common-sense view of ‘what is” and in reality what must be. It is what must be for life to function within the principles that exist that are its natural foundation. We are always of necessity the living expression of a reality that must be experienced in the whole. Our recognition of the same principles operating universally is also our recognition of who we are. That proliferate ‘sameness’ is an evident easily recognizable identity. When a child is afraid of an imaginary monster in the dark, we generally do not accuse them of being absurd, or that they are lying. Appeasement comes with an explanation of reality at that level which is truthful. An explanation, which the child can grow up with, and find comfort. It is simply introducing a child to a level of truth that is more real to them. In every instance, the only reality that ever exists is truth. However, distorted it may be expressed. One of the major distortions as the result of thought processes is to consider that we can manufacture something other than the reality that exists. The ‘fact’ that you recognize contradictory or absurd statements is that behind them there is a measure of truth. The habitual liar lives in a world in which he or she imagines that truth is something they can manufacture. Where human ‘thought’ constructs its reality in terms of dichotomies it can never deal with the truth because it continually makes those comparative perception judgments. Those judgments are always in question because again they cannot deal with reality as it is. No matter how absurd or contradictory any statement is, that is the measure of truth expressed. Ergo whatever it is that is expressed, or made manifest, is the truth to some degree. Ergo everything that is, is the truth. It is our responsibility to recognize it for what it is. It may be appropriate to review previous observations on dichotomies and gradient scale. Consistently we have contended that there are no dichotomies, which then properly puts each principle into the category of an absolute. To identify ‘truth’ as an absolute in that category then everything that is must have a measure of truth. It is a very simple and sensible approach to establish ‘what is’. It is the means of identifying a reality that must have truth as a base – whatever it is, and however nonsensical it may appear. All principles have an elementary gradient scale that we must use to identify knowledge that is honest. That gradation scale knows no dichotomies. Dichotomies are always the imaginary properties of pseudo subjective reasoning. Necessary factors establish that gradient scale where only objective realities exist to furnish a healthy subjective reason with truth, and so we learn to apply the conjunction to address reality for what it is. Truth comes in an abundant variety of ways in its commonality – and therein lays its overall ‘complete’ power, despite any denial to the contrary. Embedded knowledge as we see it is neither experience nor knowledge without principle content. A person may be well educated in all aspects of the geography of a beautiful South Sea island, but have no practical experience at all of its beauty. Being clever about a subject does not necessarily equate to an understanding of the subject. Nor should it lend itself to posing as adjudicators on a proposition preset we imagine by the same adjudicators, or essentially the same school of embedded thought processes. Long before human evolution, the principle of leverage has always existed in all Nature (as have all other principles, wherever there is space – time – energy – matter). Our adaptation to the existence of principles has added to the sum total of ‘knowledge’ as we know it, including the concept of knowledge itself. That form of ‘knowledge’, and our ‘knowing’ is natural and not any personal or esoteric acquisition. Just as a fish knows what its natural habitat is, or a bird to fly in the air, the human species uses all available principles it recognizes to add to its knowledge (already said). Any valid theory of knowledge must have as its base constructive definitive principles to support it, and it is evident that our accumulated common knowledge equates to our common experience. No matter how erudite or convoluted any argument may be, if in the end it is reduced to inane observations that have no factual basis in principle, then it is time to abandon them. Do try to consider the sort of ‘mind’ processes that offers us up a world that knows nothing but separation. How can we possibly evaluate what ‘wholesomeness’ really is? How can we possibly evaluate ‘who we are’? How can there be any theory of knowledge without addressing Nature or our innate and biological relationship with it? Any attempt to debate ‘who we are’ and the completeness of that concept must have some sense of reality on the real meaning of ‘completeness’, and some understanding of the principles that are the nucleus of human society. To wrap any argument around a non-existent concept that can never be realized is apropos to attaching oneself to a system of belief in things that do not exist. One can make ponderous and convoluted statements about those beliefs but in reality, they are morally and ethically misguided. The ability to correlate correct definitions to the reality of life offers up that direct link to the truths that are common to us all. It corrects the presumptive notion that there can be ‘different’ perspectives on the same reality. There can be ‘differences’ but there can not be ‘different’ measuring sticks for the same reality. No matter the multiplicity of perspectives, they can never alter the core principle of ‘what is’. Historically evolutionary progress can best be measured by the adoption of recognized principles. Reality at whatever level we find it can only be understood by addressing ‘what is’. Nothing can be understood by attempting to relegate it to a non-entity through questionable theories of ‘knowledge’, which in essence negate the very content of knowledge itself. The perpetuation of any theory of knowledge, which cannot recognize the principles that are its foundation, can only be a shadow of its own reality. Construct the ‘necessary factors’ around the skeleton and a body will take form. If any particular theory of knowledge cannot identify simple truths, how can we possibly question how anyone ‘knows’? A dichotomy is the human attempt to deny the existence of a whole reality of a principle. We have the principle of leverage and its necessary gradient scale. Mutual agreements of a consistent reality, at a communal level, are a passive form of the Eureka moment, which recognizes fundamental principles that relates to truth. In every social structure, there are varying degrees of recognition, which determine social use. The mosaics of differences, which make up the rich pattern of life, are a testament to human creativity. Principles offer up a form of predictability in which our brain forms knowledge through the process of interaction. The experience accumulated through each moment, forms exponentially in use, or becomes transparent immediately in a Eureka moment, in which we know. Real knowledge is through the constant interaction with natural principles, much more than the transference of divided embedded information. The problem we face is that ‘knowing’ or ‘how we know” is never a personal possession. Any theory of knowledge no matter how in that respect, is true interaction. Peeling a potato and ‘knowing’ it, is rewarding enough! All principles are the repository of pure erudite knowledge. We recognize Universal principles in play at all times in Nature and its by-product – human societies. The correlation between determined interdependence to objective reality requires our intellect to ‘honestly observe ‘what is’, and assimilate that subjectively. Then the equality of the external and the internal becomes a reality and we ‘know’. Knowledge is the process of natural action, reaction, and interaction. It is nonsensical to ask how do we ‘know’.Every moment in time is complete because it must contain all the principles that form its nucleus. It can only be like that to facilitate the immediate experience of Eternity, or the wholesomeness of any of its principles. On the gradient scale of experience, we all exist somewhere on that scale. It is called life. === Relativism: === Relativism can be consistent with interconnectedness and a gradient scale of knowledge. What it cannot do is confuse the relationship that correct gradient scales of principles have in reality. Hot and cold would be on a temperature scale – no dichotomy! Leverage could only be measured by its own scale (say a child’s sea-saw to a high-rise industrial crane) – no dichotomy! The human being is a human being whether it is a child or an adult – no dichotomy! The domestic cat is the same animal species as a wild lion – no dichotomy! The domestic dog is the same animal species as a wolf – no dichotomy! How can we manage to classify these as dichotomies? Gradient scales are the natural human mechanisms used to recognize constant principles. They ensure the human perspective is aligned correctly to identify ‘what is’. The distorted human perspective is the result of human thought processes unable to establish constants that must exist in each moment of time. The problem with embedded information is that it becomes stultified and it can stifle healthy reaction. The injection of recognizable principles invigorates and brings new life that offers countless avenues for human energy to be released. More importantly, those energies are used to enhance the evolutionary process. We are collectively gifted with the potential to elevate life itself. We can correctly use such information by transforming its content so that its inherent truth is made recognizable. It would be impossible for life to function if it was composed of ‘different’ opposite realities. All theories of knowledge are in essence interconnected and can only contain validity when the principles that are the coalescent mechanisms are recognized. The unification of the truth that must exist in any theory needs to be harvested and used to offer up a body of ‘knowledge’ that has commonality of meaning. The identification of principles, truth, knowledge, and their subsequent establishment can only be achieved through direct interaction with Nature and life. Gifted with life we have an obligation to demonstrate its capacity to use every resource to sustain and nourish its own environment. We all know through the constant natural process of action – re-action – interaction. Depending on the quality of that process, knowledge will take its appropriate place on the gradient scale. That we ‘know’ is natural. It is not some extraordinary esoteric attainment, posited by a body of theories that, by their very nature, look for difficulties where none exists. Universal belief systems based on mythologies can have an entrenched view of good principles being established because of their beliefs. Indeed the perpetuation of the beliefs throughout history offers a dynamic that is counterproductive to the ‘realization’ of principles that are necessarily true. Principles used in this approximate way, paradoxically hold no real meaning, and in fact, impose unhealthy dysfunctionality. When there is a critical change toward establishing correct principles, it is axiomatic that the diffusion of mythologies becomes an automatic process. True interaction lies in the knowledge that correct action is its own reward Any other interpretation is less than tangible. The accuracy in interpreting basic principles, and the alternate knowledge implicit in the interpretation, will always establish the primary principle sought. Archimedes et al. Truth can be found in the oddest places. (Archimedes bath image here please) Archimedes cognition on how to weigh metals in water through displacement. === Truth. === Language is the construct of human action and the word “truth” seems to hold pride of place by the power of its usage and the meanings it evokes. It is preferable if we could turn our attention to the unity of principles (including truth) that are the construct of every language we use. By uniting the principal terms we can elevate the meanings we desire. Reasonable constructs and the correct duality of established principles always lead toward meaning. It is the only form of meaning that leads to its own extension eg. how to weigh metals – how else could it be? All principles have reciprocal value one to the other. No foundation principle can stand alone. They can only exist in a union, one with the other, the source of reciprocity. All absolutes are universal. There is no hierarchy beyond the meanings they evoke in their joint construction. The binary connotations, however, one may express them, provide a constant reality beyond conventional consciousness. That experience is the immediate reward through disciplined application of their use. That discipline takes the form in all human action (such as the bathing scene above) disposed toward the correct functionality of basic principles. The daily connections we make always include the distinct possibility of their recognition, when we make those connections in a mindful state. From any common sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’. That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the realities of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. ‘More reasonable’ seems to have the particular philosophical motivation, not toward simple, sensible, and reasonable evidence, but more likely toward that ‘immaterialism’ ideology, and continually seeking for an elusive protracted answer is hardly ‘more reasonable'. Since we are apparently confined to a human perspective, we must settle with the latter position: the apparent state of representation of the world. The de-materializing of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance, etc. However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality. === Truth and Reason. === The reason could easily be defined, and validated, as the correct application of common sense. More expressions of common sense can only endorse the completeness of any concept. A true experience of reality does not require endless explanations as to its ‘wholeness’. It just is. Truth is in reality a network of implicit principles in which it is the predominant energy in each of them. They are identifiable by their interdependent nature (see network below) not the least of which is common sense. Dictionary given definitions of ‘truth’ place it in a very common sense acceptable category. One of which is ‘accuracy of representation’. Note how the two definitions in this paragraph coalesce. The human drive toward recognizing and understanding the place of principles (constants) correlates to the energy we expend on questioning ‘who we are". The constant principles of action, reaction, interaction, are the automated natural impulse toward ‘establishing’ a human reality, and human identity. The process of evolving within that process has an egalitarian dynamic that powers it. In essence, it is a natural gift that we must accept. Each life and its identity contains all its personal experiences which can never be known to anyone else. In a sense, we can never “know” another person. Their life is sacrosanct. We can know a lot about them, and there it ends. Truth is at the top of the gradient scale that measures the veracity of all things that are complete and related and paradoxically all reality is the truth. It gets back squarely to ‘who we are” and where we exist on that scale. To view gradient scales as having no truth to their structures is denying truth itself. For the entire interconnected, interdependent network of principles, each of them has a gradient scale whereby each measure expresses truth in its own manner. All forms of leverage, from the minuscule to the lever that will move the world, are in of themselves, true and exact at that point. It is the only way we can recognize their existence, and use that complete truth at that time, to move up the scale. Time is the relative measuring stick that determines the amount of knowledge we can absorb. Consider the advanced extensions to the Archimedes principle of leverage throughout time. Network scale example. Truth Knowledge Common sense Responsibility Reason Understanding Intelligence All interdependent, and interconnected with all other principles and absolutes. No ‘thought processes’ or ‘mind’ constructs can create reality. All we can ever do to gain knowledge is ‘act’ react’ and ‘interact’ within the confines of our immediate reality. The quality of that action is determined by the nature of available information. When there is freedom from embedded thought processes, there is a natural human ability to relate to the existence of truth as it is expressed in reality, and our brain records it accordingly. Thus, the principles of civilized societies evolve. Where there are predominant belief systems, the implicit energy will naturally direct itself toward human standards that blend all ethics together. That implicit energy will find its true home in the principles it seeks. The connected strength of those principles offers sanctity of experience that demands no sacrifice. Everything that is, must of necessity, have a true comparative value (not a distorted dichotomy value) for honest recognition to be realized. which is to ‘know’. All things are relative but only within their own true scale. It is the process by which we can identify reality, as it is. Principles cannot operate on any scale practicing negative discrimination. Thus a healthy individual can be at the top of the scale and someone with various health issues can be near the bottom of the scale. But that is how Healthy they are. There can be no relativity when ‘mind’ or ‘thought processes’ believe in mythical dichotomies. When human perception is distorted by such beliefs, they create a false reality and deny access to the true state. Where there is a network of connected basic standards that are universal, then it is possible to use them and be nourished accordingly. The scale of natural human progression provides recognizable evidence that we are constantly developing. Reality is the direct and conclusive evidence of possibilities realized. Therefore, the reality is always the source of all possibilities where truth exists. When the truth is used as the universal measure of ‘what is" there can be no discord as to its accuracy. It can only measure the principles that are implicit in everything there is, its natural milieu! Truth can only deal with ‘something’, it cannot measure an imaginative negative counterpart. Truth is the constant implicit property in every universal scale of principles. Thus, reality becomes transparent. Have writ large on the value of distorted comparative perception judgments. The standard of correct knowledge always carries with it, its own appraisal. Where principles are concerned there is an obvious scale of identification (e.g., leverage and the numerous references) that is all-inclusive and provides us with evidence of its existence. We could say with some truth, that the industrial crane has more leverage than a child’s see-saw, but we cannot deny the truth at the lower level or the reason applied. Where principles are concerned, truth is not a possibility, it is a constant reality (e.g., leverage). When mythological dichotomies are recognized and established for what they are, the process of ‘ironing’ them out and experiencing their constant reality will translate into the reality, which they are, and used accordingly. To evoke that new sense of reality, the mechanisms of ‘selective immaterialism’ need to be dismantled. Where human experience is presented with something it does not understand and is unable to appreciate the principles involved, the reaction can invoke a sense of fear. That condition can be a primary breeding ground to establish a language of dichotomies and put a selective name to something it does not deserve. The diffusion of a false singular dichotomy into the natural healthy state of the common good puts responsibility into its proper place. Within the process of diffusion, there is the natural and equal absorption of our true reality. The transition between separation and inclusion will be a seamless process because it is our natural state. Objectivity and Commonsense: Explore the plethora of principles - truths - constants that are the mark and phenomena of Homo sapiens. We cannot have any doubt about our existence in this present reality. The truth of reality is and can be experienced wholly and completely by anyone at any point in time. All human progress is the result of such experiences, manifest in principles throughout time and their subsequent ‘use’ evolves exponentially. The overwhelming evidence is our reality, now. A simple analogy of objectivity and commonsense. Somewhere in our early development, someone put the ingredients of a loaf of bread together, somehow baked it, and hey presto, the first experience of a loaf of bread. It is now a form of sustenance, which feeds billions of people. We no longer need to experience that ‘truth’ that ‘knowledge’. It is unnecessary because it is subjective assimilation and the act of external and internal activity. Because ‘our’ brain functions in a manner that can identify the natural elements it exists in –space, time, energy, matter, we learn to ‘know’ and recognize ‘completely’ a child’s see-saw. Knowing is a natural evolutionary function. The quality of ‘knowing’ has its own natural determinants which of necessity contain the measure of principles required for universal recognition. An Archimedes insight (or anyone else’s) could not become a universal reality unless those determinants were in play. I know the very same way we all know – by experience via action, reaction, and interaction. Truth persists and what Archimedes experienced was true and complete. Any experience of any truth, principle, or constant can be as ‘complete’ within a grain of sand, or knowledge of a pyramid. All experience of that nature is an experience in ‘time’, and when it is the truth, we use it accordingly. There is no mechanical translation, or opinion of ‘necessary factors’ as they are constant universals. That, which is ‘complete’, is transparent universal knowledge e.g., the principle of leverage. The precision of terms must include ‘necessary factors’. Necessary factors translate into a common universal language so there is no loss of meaning. All truth – principles-constants – absolutes, that stands the test of time we use accordingly. Thus, human societies evolve, and we evolve without the necessity of having to re-experience any of the principles we recognize and establish. That simply would not be a ‘natural’ commonsense proposition and an entire waste of unnecessary energy. The truth of any principle at any point in time, and at that point in time, can be experienced completely by anyone. Whatever it may be if the principle is established – from then on, it will evolve. There are some misguided notions that ‘truth’ ‘knowledge’ and ‘experience’ have some secret value that is unattainable by ordinary experience. It is a ‘natural’ evolutionary reality that what we ‘know’ becomes useful. We have a mutual responsibility to recognize, use and honor the principles, which are the common property we share. = Human consciousness. = [[File:Lane past Coombshead Farm - geograph.org.uk - 589598.jpg|center|thumb|369x369px|"The roads half travelled when you know the way"]] [[File:Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg|center|300x300px]] === The Universe === ''<big>We do not own Space</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Time</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Energy</big>'' ''<big>We do not own Matter</big>'' The human capacity to understand the question of sovereignty or ownership of Space - Time - Energy - or Matter can only be accepted when any basis of dispute includes two dispositions - human and spiritual indigenous ties throughtout history. With the evolutionary appearance of indigenous peoples throughout this planet, their way of life should make it paramount that their existence be recognised as a natural law that has providence! Their culture and way of life has its own identity in which Space - Time - Energy - Matter is expressed as they experience it. That proof also lies in the existence of caves thousands of years old, and the existence their art and culture. So the constructs defined below are a new approach to understanding the concept of ‘knowledge’ and its proper place in an evolutionary expanding universe. Knowledge acquisition requires appropriate recognition through action, reaction, interaction, in which proper perception and comsciousnessvalues are applied. That form of construction requires the dismantling of previously embedded information. This requires a new direction to formulate a sound basis from which to extend. Construction of an analytical methodology to establish a form of ‘knowledge’ that is best suited to distinguish in a contemporary reality. A reality that adequately conforms to common notions of that which is true, and can only exist without any false relation to that which does not exist. All science needs the certainty that established absolutes provide. A pragmatic construction of real knowledge would propose that all reality expresses a form of evidence or proof and that the observer and the observed contain innate properties necessary to establish a foundational agreement. That form of agreement would necessarily function on the basis that everything that is – is truth. Any other interpretation would be a disconnect from reality, and the interdependent correspondence that must exist for true recognition of any absolute. Controversy will always emerge when the discourse on bifurcation and the introduction of non-existent dichotomies are used as arguments to be explored. Pragmatism would say that the human species would need basic properties to formulate any form of reliable epistemological analysis to explain and simplify the reality that forms their existence. That reality could well be recognized initially as the absolutes of space-time - energy-matter, through innate perceptual data that corresponds to an outward structure that is constantly evolving. That which is absolute is the determinative factor in establishing the existence of truth. When a chair, is a chair, is a chair, its recognition is established when we ‘commonly’ apply subjective and objective measures to that which is truly external to that which is truly internal. That which does exist becomes ‘common’ knowledge, and accepted as being true. Thus, the distinction between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge no longer exists. Where there is consensus, everything is. The formulation of absolute criteria that offers ‘simplicity’ as a tool to measure all and everything, dispenses with the confusion of ‘difficulties’ historical philosophies engage in. It also offers an observable synthesis that clarifies the confusion. Within the combined properties of those absolutes then everything potentially would be. Everything that is by that definition is original, ipso facto, everything that has no false relationship, and therefore true (no dichotomies). Given contemporary human development, it would be ‘common’ pragmatism to accept the proposition that we exist within the absolutes of space-time – energy-matter. Within those absolutes and their innate properties, it would also be pragmatic to assert that ‘everything then is’ (whatever everything may be). Pragmatism would also dictate that ‘everything that is, is its own form of truth, and must contain available constructs of meaning. Therefore knowledge and understanding would be obtainable to that common experience, and at whatever level that experience is activated it is in interdependent unison with the source. The continuing establishment of basic absolute principles (their generalities and their specifics) forms our reason. 1+1= 2 is a ‘simple’ but true universal constant generality. That form of generality is used because we recognize the specific principles of a balanced equation that adds up and makes sense. Simple generalities with their inclusive specifics form the foundation of human reason and its constant evolution. Simplicity is the bane of a ‘mind’ that must have difficulties. = Availability. = The unifying feature that makes ‘knowledge’ available to us all, are the innate universal principles in all things. Archimedes established the principle of leverage. To paraphrase - ‘give me a lever, and I will move the world’. Once the law is established it can then be put to good use. The principle of leverage is manifest in countless ways, and put to good use! The principle of leverage is a constant available to us all, and always has been. Through his application Archimedes conveyed his insight in practical terms, and made aware of the principle and the laws governing it. We now use those laws. We no longer need to philosophise on its existence as a truth. Similarly whenever 2+2 = 4.  Whatever we use to make the equation – apples, oranges, bricks, the mathematical equation is a constant, and the principle of correctness applies. Here 2+2 =4 is empirical proof that the principle of correctness and agreement exist. Principle, or law: ‘a fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning’.           If it were otherwise we could not measure anything. That which appears abstract then, requires no implausible argument as to its non-existence. Such is the nature of all universal principles, they exist whether the notion of a ‘mind’ can perceive their existence, or not. Because ‘thought’ does not create the reality of principles – universals- truth, it cannot from its mythical standpoint understand the simplicity of a Reality where ‘everything is’, nor the simple and factual conclusion – how could it be otherwise! Where ‘everything is’ evidently encompasses the whole evolutionary dimension. It is not an ideological enclosed static that stultifies expansion of an unfolding Reality. Any pure knowledge experience that ‘everything is’ ,(quite apart from the common-sense truth of the statement) is to experience the Absolute in any immediate part of anything that exists, which establishes its own truth forever. To examine a road code of law with that knowledge, and view the actions of drivers at traffic lights, it is more than reasonable to conclude with some conviction that there is  to some degree, Agreement – Knowledge – Understanding, and Conformity to that code of law. It becomes a ‘more reasonable’ proposition within Reality to understand that that code of law is multiplied exponentially, and the principles practised,  wherever drivers, motorcars, and traffic lights exist. It is the nature of the type of knowledge we are measuring that determines the measure of reason that can be applied to any given form of Reality. We can conclude that 2+2 = 4 is a reasonable mathematical calculation that contains the principles of Agreement – Understanding – Conformity. Given the accepted knowledge of these innate principles we can with more reason apply such a calculation Universally. Knowing is agreement with ‘what is’. Knowledge is not the attempted denial of any existing reality. That is a contradiction in terms. Mechanistic observation is akin to viewing from the outside, a straw in a glass of water. The straw always looks bent, but when removed from the glass we realise it is straight. To claim an experience of that which is Absolute, is not a claim of an experience from a higher domain, or an  isolated incident – it is common-place, numbered by just how many we are. Attempting to denigrate such experience is denying the everyday actions that contain the innate principles of a constant Reality. All life functions within the constraints of the laws that are the constructs of Nature and Reality. All life is an expression of the Absolute. It is when that expression is realised, not only in an instinctive sense, but in a real sense, that we penetrate reality beyond a comparative framework of mythology. To claim that you ‘know’ intrinsically what the principle of leverage is, or the principle behind the mathematical equation 2+2=4 is to claim experience of the Absolute. The Absolute is not some abstract esoteric truth – it is that which is immediate. Whether in awareness or not, we constantly comply, to some degree, with the laws of a constant reality. Therein lies the difficulty for a comparative framework mythology – the Absolute is everything! = Basic Equation. = However much the simplicity of the equation is, it contains the properties of correctness – balance – equality – mutual identity – meaning, which in its ‘simplicity’ presages all future mathematical equations. In that universal meaning, there is particular knowledge of consistent truth. That form of ‘simple’ consistency, creates its own natural equilibrium, and its ‘usefulness’ evolves exponentially up the reality scale. Here is where we need to give proper credence to ‘that which is’. All generalities have profound and specific principles as their ‘common’ identity, which are absolute. Unless those components are recognized, both objectively and subjectively, they are reduced to a comparative value spectrum (using dichotomies) as a misguided ‘simplistic’ factor. Deductive reasoning is then deprived of all value, and leads to the inevitable spurious question ‘how do we know? Given the above criteria to establish a correct basis for knowledge that is recognizable, and of a kind that can be used universally, ‘simplicity’ can be recognized as a tool that promotes its own established formula. That which we constantly use. Everything is the truth with regard to the methodology. How that truth or generality is expressed denotes the measure of the principle that is at its core, and forms that measure of reasoning we enjoy. Fortunately, although the truth is an innate property, it is not a ‘personal’ property per se, nor is the ‘experience’ of its reality. Its natural evolution is progressive. In that progression we are in common, the beneficent recipients that ‘evidently’ conform to its constant existence. Philosophical dissertations have become a monopolistic form of opinions that always seem to presume the ‘rightness’ of difficulties in establishing the source of our being, and are unable to put in ‘simple’ terms the question of ‘who we are’. There comes with that the denial of evidence that permeates human history, which establishes the principles of our ‘common’ reality. Those opinions carry with them a colossal library of questionable erudition that becomes embedded, using questionable values to support their argument. The most distinguished opponent of such arguments (Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1203018418|title=Tractatus logico-philosophicus|last=author.|first=Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951,|isbn=978-1-78527-656-9|oclc=1203018418}}</ref>) proposed that language logic was a necessary tool to dismantle the convoluted ‘mind’ propositions that have permeated the philosophical hierarchy. Those ‘mind’ propositions only served to construct meaningless concepts as to ‘who we are’. Although he gained prominence in philosophical circles, his work was directed more toward academia. In his Tractatus Logico – Philosophies he quotes: “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world - What cannot be shown cannot be said”, and “There can be no representation of the logic of facts”. Having a belief in mystical truths that were inexpressible, his statements above are indicative of the embedded language of dichotomies. His form of ‘knowledge’ ‘philosophy’ gave (without question) the concept of ‘mind’ credence to formulate its own logic to clarify its own form of reasoning. Wittgenstein, by not recognizing within the language the distortion that dichotomies create, was unable to approach the evident constructs of true meaning that lie within the interdependent relationship of absolutes, and their constant existence. Evidential reality is all there ever is. The ‘meaning’ or ‘knowledge’ that becomes evident in reality is ‘commonly’ accepted and used accordingly. To repeat, the evidential reality is all there ever is. In that regard, the exponential drive toward ‘difficulties’ amassed a historical discourse of misinformation, which is used to address the very ‘difficulties’ created by spurious value systems. In effect, dealing with ‘nothingness’. We have managed to turn ‘truth’ into a problem, into a difficulty, when the truth is simplicity itself. An oxymoron of gargantuan proportions. This contemporary malady solidifies a diversion that discounts the reality of continuous progression. Progression in which ‘common sense’ is a motivating principle that promotes human evolution. The consistency of specific principles allows us to achieve correspondence. Real knowledge is not a fabrication of convoluted prescriptions. It is the ‘coalescence’ of ‘what is’ to internal reality. That established, evolutionary progress is assured, and reality factors are recognized for what they are. True meaning can best be attained by the interaction and interdependence of natural principles and so recognized as such. That meaning which contains all the specific components of reality is experienced as ‘true knowledge’, measure by measure by anyone. That form of ‘experience’ is not a ‘mind’ process, but a very natural state of realization consistent with our level of action, reaction, and interaction. A correct and pragmatically form of knowledge-seeking foundational answers to perennial questions would seek a direct passage to our ‘commonality’, the beacon that offers guidance. Consider the quantity and quality of knowledge we all pursue that has meaning and usefulness. To posit the notion that there are no dichotomies is a cataclysmic proposition that seems nonsensical to established embedded constructs of knowledge. Constructs of knowledge that offer only confusion, and continually pose impossible questions, whose absence would provide clarity. That absence of confusion would dispel and dismantle a reality of ‘mind’, which functions on its own selection of problems. To address reality as having only absolute constructs dispels the confusion of duality and its inability to ‘use’ relativism in its proper fashion. All general absolutes contain specific principles representing facts; the essential properties that confirm reality. This reference directs the observer to observe, and go beyond the restrictions of a ‘mind’ governed by dualism, monism, or any other spurious form of philosophy that distorts the very reality it exists in. Where there are no dichotomies, all we can deal with is ‘what is’, and the logic of ‘necessary factors’ thus destroying the possible inclusion of anything described as a “paradox”. = Pure Experience. = To design a chair our brain requires to exercise the qualities and properties necessary for its manifestation e.g., strength, balance , design, functionality etc, etc. A chair, is a chair, is a chair, the product of innate knowledge.   If we did address any tentative agreement that ‘I’  is a ‘fiction’, could not our ‘conscious experience’ of that ‘fiction’ be just as fictitious. It would follow that whatever perception of Reality we experience must also be fiction. Our contention, as always, has been that ’I think - therefore I am’ by Descartes is the greater fiction for reasons already explained. To consider to whatever degree that we can function on the basis of a fictional ’I’ precludes any attempt to honestly address ’who we are’. Saying that ‘conscious perspectives’ are limited and inconsistent with apparent reality are quite correct. It then brings into question the validity of ‘conscious perspectives’ to guide us toward ‘what is’. The entangled fictional relationship between ‘mind’ ‘I’ ‘thought’ ‘consciousness’ impose formidable barriers to that which is evident. Base observations on the construct and interpretation of what ‘knowledge’ is. Human experience is limited by its mechanical interpretation of Reality, especially ‘cogito ergo sum’. If everything that is, is its own measure of Reality (the differences) then everything must be measured, at whatever level, as being that part of the whole with all principles intact, making that measure available to be experienced as the Absolute. With absolutes there is no antagonism. We cannot exist or experience anything without a Universal complementary source of identification. It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality. Not experiencing Reality as it is, is equivalent to not experiencing ‘who we are’, and is indeed the only human source and validity of truth, although Descartes held the erroneous belief that such knowledge was independent of any experience. That belief we suspect was some form of impetus toward his ’cogito ergo sum’.                   Knowledge and experience are co-existing ‘necessary factors’ So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), therefore any ‘knowledge’ derived from experience will be incomplete. Clearly it is the quality of ‘knowledge’ that one experiences (e.g., Archimedes) that leads to a common certainty of evidence realised through direct experience. That quality of knowledge can be available when we observe directly the activity of drivers at traffic lights with the knowledge that it is a very common activity recognized internationally. In every case we can logically pronounce the premises to be true, therefore we have a conclusion that is also true - whether that conclusion is defined as Mutual Agreement, or Common Acceptance, it does not matter - they are mutual principles. It is this form of logical knowledge of innate principles that is the precursor to knowledge of the Absolute logically defined within all reason for ‘what it is’ . Where the basic premise is true that there is ‘Mutual Agreement’ between a multiplicity of drivers at traffic lights then we can with certainty conclude that the same principles exist Universally. We can also draw concrete conclusions, and establish knowledge, that it is not ‘absolutely necessary’ to experience by observation the multiplicity of drivers conforming to their particular road code. We have already established that knowledge. Knowledge and experience are not separate philosophical theories. One cannot be without the other.. Everyone has the potential to experience the Absolute paradoxically, in part or in whole. Everything that is, must contain the properties of the Absolute, otherwise nothing could be. To ask questions about human experience based solely and inevitably on our interpretation of ‘knowledge’, and co-existing with that, its particular meaning in human existence. So long as we can only deal with our conscious interpretation as representing Reality then we derive functionally less meaning than we are entitled to. When we see other humans consistently using levers to open crates then we can recognize a ‘social intelligence’ operating which equates to understanding that is not based on opinion, but is a clear expression of human activity that has correspondence. All of the principles involved in that experience can coalesce to provide that form of Reality that requires no interpretation. It becomes recognizable knowledge. How we understand that knowledge is through the realisation and identification of the principles involved, which become immediately transparent. The Absolute could be categorised as a knowledge experience that encompasses all and everything. Whatever is manifest is that measure (complete in itself) of the Whole with all its principles intact. Where there are at least two actions that are identical we can reach a common-sense conclusion that a definitive principle is operating. When that corresponds with innate knowledge then we have the complete cycle. The definition itself is language opening the door to an experience of Reality. No one can know in isolation. An imaginary ‘I’ restricts any experience of who “we are”,  and is not a necessary part of human experience.   Explaining experience beyond imaginary thought processes requires a definitive language that deals with the principles of Reality itself. Pure experience. The world-wide disposition that has no grounding in Nature and Reality becomes captive to any mythical fear that  offers a target to give some form of direction or stability. There is nothing more simple than to make Reality transparent - its evidence abounds. We can pronounce the principle properties that provide guidelines to its existence whereby the reality is made apparent. = Expansion. = To address concerns on ‘negativity’. Negativity is in essence the inability to establish a measure of Reality. Mechanistic processes of denial are the attempt to understand and make transparent that which is apparently unexplainable, and resolve a condition whose energy is driven toward finding that core of affirmation. The evolutionary principle from all available evidence is that human beings as a species progress. This seems a paradoxical contradiction to the embedded proposition that we can never know the ‘truth’. The consequence of such a traditional premise is that denial and negativity both hold paramount positions. We are conditioned to accept the premise that there is in fact no premise that will enable us to go beyond presently accepted norms of experience. We are conditioned to accept that the ‘truth’ is inexpressible. The evolution of the human species is constantly subject to contemporary ingrained social habits, which give some kind of credence to that particular point of existence. Indirect conscious interpretation classifies itself as a solid perspective to govern and justify human activity, which in many historical ways has proved disastrous.                   Our continued intention is to expose detrimental barriers to the realisation of ‘who we are’, and in that process establish a smoother, more realistic approach to ‘who we are’. The Archimedes legacy. When we establish knowledge of something that exists through a multiplicity of experience and evidence, then from every reasonable standard we can establish that it is true, ergo that which is true is Absolute. The principle of leverage is well grounded in social intelligence, and our natural knowledge of that does not need erudite explanations of its presence, nor any ‘conscious interpretation’ to realise its existence, or its practice. Evolution eventually removes restrictive passages to direct experience, the very purpose of evolution. The principle of leverage is not a matter of opinion, it is the realisation of actuality and our continued ‘more reasonable’ response each time the principle is applied. Children learn to speak their language primarily through experience without any direct, or indirect conscious interpretation, and so, universally we ‘know’ the most powerful means to communicate. Were we to move 50 miles in any compass direction from the town we live in, there is a certain predictability that we will meet others who speak the same English language that we do. If in that experience we find that these premises we have drawn about our travels were true, then the conclusion we would come to in particular, is that when we communicate we make known what we know. …………………………………………………………. '''Please note the date:''' '''Oct 2005.''' I am offering up this older material below to provide insight as to the progression of this work. There may well be some duplication to date. During this period my wife and I worked in collaboration to ensure an equality of experience. = Stepping Stones 1. = There is nothing other than what is – there is no hidden Reality that we need to seek, it embraces us at every turn. The Archimedes experience is the pure experience of Ultimate Reality, which provides indisputable knowledge. Reality is the source of complete knowledge, it is the constant source that has provided us with all human development, from the writings of William Shakespeare, to the computer development of Bill Gates. What they have produced is now an evident part of our reality that we can engage in. We can experience ‘mutual agreement’ through epiphanies, insights, enlightenment , understanding, Eureka moments etc, they are all one and the same. Implicit within the macrocosm is the microcosm – it cannot be otherwise. The more we conform within the microcosm the more we begin to appreciate that Reality contains everything, and that we can realise through experience its manifestation. Each Eureka moment is that personal point of experience that connects us with the Truth. The principle of leverage was always available, it took an Archimedes to explain it to us. Each Eureka moment necessarily engages with the reality of complete knowledge, and utilises its share at that time. When we have complete knowledge of who we are in that personal moment, then we understand that these, egalitarian properties, are rightfully shared by everyone and that we have experienced that which is infinite. It does not mean that the process of evolution is over – it has only just begun. It does mean that we can no longer continue coasting through this existence in a near comatose state. If there is a hypnotic fixation in holding the principles of Reality as being separate, and different, then the potential realisation of their immediate unity, and communion, becomes problematic. Knowledge, and experience are one and the same – they are not different!! Experience = Immediate knowledge of basic reality that is factually correct, and that we can reasonably use. Knowledge = Immediate experience of secure, and accurate information that is constantly stable, and sustains principles. Reality = Complete Knowledge. As the microcosmic part of the total macrocosm we are immersed in reality. The real question should be, ‘how can one not know Reality, or ‘who we are’. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the bank, and deal with money transactions. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can go to the supermarket and exchange money for goods. Mutual agreement is evident when we know we can send our children to school to enhance their education. Evident proof is validation of what is – it is not a matter of anyone’s opinion, nor is it an assumption of ours. Neither do we assume, or offer any opinion, on the Universal Reality that there is ‘mutual agreement’ that we need air, food, and water to sustain us. Evident proof is also the basis for the mechanics toward realisation of ‘complete knowledge ‘ of who we are. Reality can be realised through concentration on its basic principles. We use language to express our understanding of who we are.It is relatively easy, it is reasonable, and it is responsible. We convey through language our measure of intelligence, and to the best of our ability conform to the basic rule of communication – ‘we make known’ Implicit within that exercise is ‘mutual agreement’. We may differ in some specifics, but we meet the basic obligation of communication – ‘we make known’, and always we progress to some degree. Simultaneity is one of the constant principles that we all share and they come from Here, Now, the Present, where they have always been. Everything is. Our being is always engaged in the present, and we each have an obligation to understand our relationship to what is. The present is the only point of contact we can ever have with Reality. To some degree or another, each one of us is directly connected to Reality (we do not have any choice in the matter), and we can potentially evaluate ‘what is’ through the utilisation, and examination of factual reality. We are the microcosmic part of that Universal Macrocosm, and because we already have that innate information it is a matching process when we have a Eureka moment, an epiphany, an understanding beyond question. Nothing enters our minds - we already know! Everyone has innate knowledge of the principle of leverage. It requires correct examination of ‘what is’ for realisation to occur. It is then a relief to have ‘mutual agreement’ on the things we would wish to make transparent to others. To use a traffic analogy, it is evident that there is ‘en masse’ mutual agreement when we know to drive off when the traffic light turns green. Mutual agreement is translated into people obeying traffic rules (otherwise chaos). Two cars, two drivers, sitting directly alongside each other at traffic lights, discuss their understanding of their Road Code in this particular position, and what they should do. When the light turns green there are a myriad of principles that apply when they drive off simultaneously. They have both demonstrated their ‘complete knowledge’ of the significance of the green light from this perspective. There is Mutual Agreement. There is Predictable Conformity. There is Common Ground. Each one complements the other. They are both right. One more remove: From an outsider’s point of view – they both know! The green light could be categorised as a Eureka moment, it sets in play all the above principles, whether the drivers are aware of it or not. From the perspective of two outside objective observers who know the traffic rules, if asked, did the two drivers at the lights obey the rules – the answer would be yes, there would be mutual agreement. They have complete knowledge of this particular circumstance concerning drivers, and green lights. Could it be that certain schools of thought are curtailed by a questionable refusal to recognize what is, and have a preference for creating a difficulty where none exists! No one can examine what isn’t! There is no such thing as ‘nothing’. Something is – what is it? A Scottish engineer functions on the same principles as an Italian Pope. Because Archimedes was prominent as a mathematician, his realisation of the principle of leverage, and his understanding of the difference in water displacement between silver and gold was widely reported. This does not mean that realisation of ‘what is’ is an exclusive experience. As said previously Archimedes did not realise something new – it has always existed, and all forms of life would have utilised the leverage principle to some degree or another (watch a bird build a nest). At that time there were probably many thousands of people who had some understanding of the principle, but Archimedes was the one who made statements about it. As in any Eureka moment, we can experience infinity and who we are. It is mutual agreement (an understanding) between the part, and the whole. It is when the principles are in unison Eureka! Reality is there to be examined, and experienced, it is not separate from us, nor should we try to make it so. = Stepping stones 2. = Knowledge is not conditional by the activities of what may be called ‘thought’ or ‘consciousness processes’. Real knowledge is that which is available to all, and to be shared by all. It cannot be contained by the ‘experiencer’ and then not ‘known’ by the accident of experience. It is the actual innate experience itself which conclusively establishes the truth. It can only deal in the truth which is its modus operandi of dissemination. For me to say that ‘everything is’, is a statement of fact which cannot be denied, and an intellectual dishonesty to attempt to deny the evidence by philosophical machinations. Hostility toward the truth leads inevitably toward attempted negation - looking for nothingness! ‘Being here’ demands its own recognition - attempting to deny it is simply perverse. Knowledge is the realisation of ‘what is’.. Rene Descartes ‘I think - therefore I am ‘did no service to human evolution, or education. It established in Western societies especially, the culture of individualism, with the precursor that so-called ‘thought’ was the inward evidence for existence, and for the following unfortunate claim that we have a ‘mind’, or to use the euphemism, a soul! Experience is true knowledge. When that experience marries up with its innate counterpart then recognition is realised (cognition). In simple terms, a light goes on in the brain. There can be no real knowledge without truth. All thought qualifies experience and attempts to reduce truth to near nothingness which is a widespread conditional activity. We cannot manufacture knowledge, or the principles which are its properties. No matter the amount of correct information anyone can ingest, it does not become knowledge until there is tripartite coalescence between inherent knowledge - ingested correct information - and ‘what is’. Then we truly recognize that which is Absolute. Within Nature we have the distinct privilege of evolving in a Universe that can only recognize the attributes of social cohesion. Knowledge is not anyone’s personal possession. Whatever measure of experience we may have of it, it is only available as a Universal sharing experience to be beneficially used. Human activity whereby we witness people using tools for leverage, or drivers at traffic lights obeying the rules of the road, are observable markers that contain the properties for understanding our own reality. Unless seen for what they are, they are only mechanical platitudes with an equally mechanical response. We could rightly claim that that at least is some response, but of no real value. The natural process that operates when we see that which is innate, overrides any erudite explanation from an academic base however intellectual its original source. ‘Thinking’ for oneself cannot make judgments about a ‘natural’ experience. When we see human duplicate functions in operation then we are in communion, and at another level we recognize who we are. When we actively see the activities of the human brain in action we are not dealing with any internal ‘will - o’ - the wisp’ that no one can ever experience. We exercise that prerogative (human activity) at every moment in time, but quite apparently without that focus of attention that denotes realistic recognition. To seek identity in sectarian, or secular belief systems to overcome the contemporary feeling of loss of identity leads to the acceptance of anything that offers some form of stability. That is then used to strengthen that which is euphemistically addressed as the ’self’. To retain that security the acceptance of information transmitted throughout generations, is absorbed into the culture, and defended to the death against those who would question that belief system. The greatest knowledge we can ever have is our own and it has the potential to transcend all else and provide insight into infinity. The most tragic human condition is the lack of experience of identity in a multiplicity of identities in which we all share. The real problem is not one of ‘identity’, but a lack of ’communion’. Whether we like it or not, whether we are aware of it or not, the principle of ’communion’ must always exist to some degree for evolution to proceed. It is within the experience of that principle that we understand the fallaciousness of that much heralded ‘self’ which draws down so much energy in an attempt to establish itself as a reality. Within positive language structure possibilities (no dichotomies), there should be the disposition toward the realisation that our relationships to cognize into ‘communion’ must be addressed as specifically dependent. Social attempts to be ‘independent’ are the very remove from reality and signify reduction attempts toward nothingness. Adherence to, and the cultivation of faith and belief systems give little elbow room for any factual occurrence to be anything other than a comparison to the myths that are held. The cultural and educational socialisation of generations of children must carry with it, its historical belief systems that overwhelm the natural instincts. Observe an animal out of its natural habitat and locked in a cage for its entire life. It would be a salutary exercise if we could dispense with the term ‘mind’ from our vocabulary and magnify the use of the word brain to promote a realistic discussion on ‘who we are’. My action of levering open a wooden crate and knowledge of it is one and the same. Our remarkable brain functions like that, the purpose of a brain, the natural repository of innate knowledge. The assertion of principles is critical to avoid all activity being submerged by questioning their very existence, and being unable to see directly. It would be a rarity today, if anyone using a lever to pry open a wooden crate would have the same enormity of experience that Archimedes had, nor the need to make pronouncements about it. It has all been done prior to our awareness of its value with the accompanying data attached. Our brain knows the value of a lever and activates our body accordingly when needed. It could be categorised as evolutionary transmission. The observance of someone prying open a crate with a lever, or drivers conforming to the road code at traffic lights, is a function of the brain in action, not a mythical entity in a singular locality that denies its own senses. When the brain is not burdened by distorted belief systems it then has the potential to experience ’that which is’, which is always constant. When we understand the function of a lever, or the presence of traffic lights, then we can activate the principles involved because we already know how! The negative impact in the use of dichotomies in language lies in their distraction from the truth, as our brain processes the words we use in relation to Reality. The tendency to attempt to separate inherent truths through the words we use disrupts that natural correspondence necessary for identification. A chair, is a chair, is a chair. = Stepping stones 3. = Where principles are concerned the constituent linkages in language are identity markers to that which is real - reference points. Without dichotomies there is no separation, or ambiguity between what we experience, and ‘what is’. Philosophy in its attempt to address something through denial is an elementary confusion. To say that that is a chair, and then attempt to deny it invoking philosophical theorems concerning the human ability to experience it, is a severe contradiction on the existence of the object , and the observer. When this form of contradiction is then taken as a constant, it then precludes any common-sense and definitive answer to the existence of a chair. '''For philosophers, George Orwell’s ’to see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle’ would be apt.''' Real concepts cannot exist in any mythology, therefore all that we experience is inevitably the truth that is there to beproperly categorised for what it is. The proper use of language in this context will identify whatever it is to correspond with present reality. Misuse of language (dichotomies and mythologies) leads only to the acceptance of a fractured state where nothing is whole and represents confusion. The dissipation of the supposed problem is never realised. Fiction has been elevated to the status of an accepted reality. Very early evolutionary physical dangers allowed the development of fictions that offered some form of imaginary protection beyond limited physical ability. That contemporary humanity endorses the mythology of ‘I’ is testament to the psychological fear that still exists and requires its proper recognition. Emphasis must be placed in the relationship between language and reality for understanding to proceed. The persistence of dichotomies has their own persistent confusion which then promotes a false reality through misleading information. Microcosm and macrocosm are one and the same in a Universe where ‘everything is’. Isolated viewpoints are exactly that, and are unable to view the expanse in which we are encompassed. We must learn to view reality through both ends of the same telescope. When we understand the extensive scope of ‘truth’, then we know that its values and properties do not change - which relates to ‘completeness’. Philosophical, ideological, and intellectual endeavour , try to shape the structure of ‘what is’ based on pre-dispositional knowledge, which can only ask the same questions, and look for the same answers. Not to experience that which is absolute or whole is the normal result of the confusion of language which has no correspondence to that which is real. To discuss with a philosopher the possibility that ’mind’ per se does not exist, and to dissolve it as a concept would place them in a realistic position, would indeed be a difficult proposition. The strength of that difficulty lies in another imaginary concept, that that ‘mind’ represents ’I’, and it is anathema to that fiction to consider its own demise! = Stepping stones 4. = There are no dichotomies. Everything is, and everything that is, is complete, everything is an Absolute complete Reality. You are experiencing your measure of that reality. It cannot be otherwise that you are experiencing that measure of completeness. When we come to terms with it we have the innate capacity to see the Absolute in a grain of sand. That is knowledge. Belief in dichotomies is the mythical barrier to that particular experience - which is only denial, supported by erudite protestations that human construct dichotomies exist. At a mechanical level Intelligence and Stupidity appear to be separate identifiable conditions, and they appear to be antagonistic. Stupidity is in Reality a measure of the Intelligence which is always constant. If someone was in a state of mythical utter and complete stupidity we would not attempt any form of emancipation from that condition. We know that that is misguided and proceed with techniques to advance intelligence. Consider the proposition that there are no dichotomies, and within that possibility all questions become irrelevant. Presuming that there are no dichotomies allows the process of establishing ‘necessary factors’ to proceed, and allows each measure of wholesomeness to be realised. Experience is the criteria for knowledge. Some Reality experiences were simply transposed into particular belief systems and elevated into a pseudo spiritual dimension, or a philosophical conundrum. Where there is a belief in a divisive fiction (dichotomies) there is automatic mechanistic restriction to that which is Real. There is a capacity beyond ego and intellect which can commune with ‘what is’, and recognize its properties. Reality is constant. Within the accepted comparative framework there is the view of principles as having different divisive categories e.g., as above, Intelligence and Stupidity, and classify them within ‘thought’ structure as dichotomies and give credence to them as being an antagonistic reality. The consequence of that, is, that one is always a remove from recognizing the structural properties of immediate existence. Any construct of knowledge necessary to evaluate ’what is’ will address the properties (principles) that are the constituent constant markers available in that which is the microcosm and the macrocosm. That identity (the Absolute) is found in any sphere of Reality.Everything is - and everything that is, must be experienced for what it is, and not for what anyone denies it to be. There is no mythical human construction that can deny ’what is”. Everything is - without dichotomies. To repeat, we do not have the ability to create ‘nothingness’ - ‘that which is’ has no imaginary comparative human construct. To attempt to deal with such constructs, and give credence to them is always the denial of ‘what is’, and adherence to ‘thought’ processes whose only purpose is to cement that activity. Indeed realising that the concepts of dichotomies are human mythical constructs, denying true perspective, is the beginning of insight. The dissipation of such processes through addressing the principles of Reality allows us the potential to experience directly ‘what is’, in simple terms -the truth! Intelligence is a ‘necessary factor’. Addressing stupidity is a denial of reality at whatever level we find it. Intelligence and Stupidity are not antagonistic, they are one and the same principle with measurable degrees of existence. Only from a comparative framework standpoint is credence given to any mythical form. The above observation is not negating the process, it is questioning the markers which evolve into imaginary separation (trapped in a comparative framework mythology). That particular process can and does create a false mythical reality that appears divisive. We cannot exist within a divisive reality! Reality must be complete for us to recognize its existence. Where there are no dichotomies within the premise that ‘everything is’, there exists no antagonistic position. The distinction between human constructs of positive and negative are matters of mythical perspective wherein no experience of the Absolute is available. It is because the human ’mind’ per se places its own construction on its immediate experience, and must have its particular interpretation based on what it considers ’knowledge’. There is a difference between ’mechanical knowledge’, and ’pure knowledge’. From the mechanical knowledge standpoint which can only deal ‘in indirect conscious interpretation’, it is quite correct to say that that form of knowledge is incomplete, and it always will be. Pure knowledge experienced via our brain knows no separation, nor antagonism, and is responsible for our ability to recognize the actions of others who may pry open wooden crates with a lever, or drive off uniformly at traffic lights. Within that cohesive activity it precludes ’a matter of opinion’ and by themselves can become subjects of a pure knowledge experience. To repeat, it is a form of ’communion’ with ’what is’, and available to all. Where drivers at traffic lights universally conform to their particular road code, and where universally there is a language which identifies their activity as Mutual Agreement, or any other logical definition, we can concur with the common-sense conclusion that we have universally established that within language and common activity, there is indeed a truth formed. The coalescence between universal language and universal activity are the logical constructs that create civilizations. There is a vast social network of common activity that solidifies the logic into an honest and persuasive conclusion that confirms innate common principles –knowledge. = Stepping stones 5. = The Art of making sense of everything. How to understand principles. # Principle. A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning. # All principles are interdependent, interconnected, and infinite. # Each one is dependent on the other two. Examples of a principles template and how to define them without dichotomies. Communication. Truth. Standard. Proof. Express. Contribute. Mutual. Direction. Advance. Comfort. Organize. Certain. Immediate. Interest. Improve. Present. Constructive. Gain. Trust. Progress. Source. Knowledge. Basic. Original Reality. Awareness.Freedom. Purpose. Connect. Understand. Support. Peace. Cause. Unity. Ability. Rights. Honest. Discover. Positive. Energy. Balance. Good. Courage. Willing.  Control. Use. Association.  Observe. Reason. Easy. Wealth. Simple. Law. Increase. Order. Flow.Co-operation. Exact. Quality. Accuracy. Strength. Responsible. Operating. Creative. Measure. Recognition. Accept. Constant. Obligation. Include. Dependence. Relationship. Value. Success. Principle. Equality. Stable. Share. Love. Sustenance. Action. Identity. Intelligence. Education. Secure. Facts. Agreement. Information. For. Rules.Clear. Yield. Example: Success = Securing facts                = Responsible co-operation               = Constructive knowledge So success by definition is : Securing facts through constructive knowledge and cooperating  responsibly. All definitions of success from your template are infinite. You will find your own suitable definition. ==== There are no dichotomies! ==== Any principle is correctly defined by any two other principles. You create a new language of Absolutes. Using conjunctions you can write your own book. The man whose book is filled with quotations has been said to creep along the shore of authors as if he were afraid to trust himself to the free compass of reasoning. I would rather defend such authors by a different allusion and ask whether honey is the worse for being gathered from many flowers. Anonymous, quoted in Tryon Edwards (1853) The World’s Laconics: Or, The Best Thoughts of the Best Authors. p. 232 Amen to that! “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman” Simone de Beauvoir. “Time does not change us. It just unfolds us” Max Frisch. We experience ourselves our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Albert Einstein, in One Home, One Family, One Future. = Who we are. =   It is notable that within the structure of Cartesian dualism, Descartes' personal address to innate knowledge he attributed to ‘thought’ which he identified as being distinct from his body. How different Western philosophy may have been if his attribution had been toward his brain and the existence and evidence of other physical entities that functioned every bit as efficiently as he did. The premise that Descartes operated from ‘never to accept anything as true’, was simply a wrong ended approach which brought him into conflict with his passing acceptance of innate knowledge, that the idea of God was innate to his being. To view the proposition that ‘everything is true’ allows reason to seek and identify that measure of truth. No quest can be productively based on cynicism or denial, nor adherence to belief systems that separate experience, knowledge, and Reality. We have the obligation to question whatever reality has placed before us , but if we constantly deny its existence and attempt to ‘disappear’ it from our experience, then we are in danger of never experiencing that reality for what it is..   For anyone to say that ‘everything is’ is a simple linguistic absolute that no amount of ‘more reasonable’ requests (above) can deny. Those requests only appear to be governed by the difficulties of ‘mental complexities’, and embedded ideologies. To accept that ‘everything is’ as an absolute, is a realistic basis to establish any reality, and comprises the basis for reason to be activated. If there is ‘nothing’, nothing can be achieved. Within that which is Absolute there are no dichotomies. Therefore there are no antagonistic positions available. Everything that is, is a measure of the Absolute.  We are always in the present, everyone and everything. Instant elementary ‘knowledge’ which we all share, and must admit to. In being alive, we do not have the ability to not be here, and we do not have the ability to not know! To have a problem in addressing what Truth and Knowledge are, to the point of denying their existence, then that problem exists well below the scale of Reality. To repeat knowledge is not the proprietary right of any individual, it is enshrined in the principle of agreement that we mutually exercise to establish its own reality. The reality of experience is not, nor ever will be, a personal possession that we can have and hold. Its reality becomes more alive when we see the same activity being practised by others. Then we know we are sharing that reality, and that experience. We cannot "have" the principles that exist, but when we undrestand them then we are obliged to use them with integrity. That form of integrity in any language, is an added foundation stone to any belief system Mechanistic ‘I’ has no concept or understanding of ‘pure knowledge’. Only when we break free of the myth that some clarity becomes apparent, and we have the opportunity to engage with what is real. Philosophy it appears to me is constrained by individual ‘thought’ processes, which (without experience) cannot escape from that individuality. Those ‘thought’ processes conjure up a human history of inflexible, and impossible propositions which only serve to protect that individuality. Descartes ‘cogito ergo sum’ has compounded the difficulties by strengthening the incorrect premise of a false individuality. ‘I’ is a phantom consciousness much like a phantom pain experienced after a limb is amputated. The brain registers the pain signifying that something should be there. Likewise our brain has that same relationship with Nature and Reality. It is analogous to our brain dealing with a ‘phantom reality’ knowing that something is missing but is continuing to evolve to establish the whole. There exists a ‘phantom chasm’ between our brain and Reality and an understanding of its properties. We are robbed of real meaning. Evidence, recognition, and the truth are the principles it uses to reform. Within their structure is the meaning of reforms. Nature does not impose any morality on us, the principles implied in morality are there for us to understand and use. Our brain has the capacity, once reality is correctly examined, to recognize ‘that which is’. Once realised it becomes embedded. That ‘phantom consciousness’ is an experience removed from its proper environment. It takes its proper place when we experience reality for ‘what it is’, which provides the totality of meaning. True experience allows us entry to the quality of knowledge that is a continuous reality. So long as anyone believes that human experience is based solely on indirect conscious interpretation (mechanical disposition), any ‘knowledge’ derived from that experience will be incomplete. That form of philosophical negative conclusion can come down to not believing that Reality exists (a chair is not a chair, is not a chair etc,), or that our experience of ourselves and others is real, and discount any other form of knowledge that threatens that belief. There is an intellectual dishonesty in denying the existence of principles. Hostility towards the truth leads inevitably to negativity. Being here demands, not denial, but the right to be recognized. We are the recipients of a ubiquitous communication system – making known. We can only understand that which we know. We make known all the time. Knowledge of Reality – Truth – the Absolute is a collective inclusive experience of the principles we share, and never the property of any individual. To ‘know’ ‘who we are’ is an inclusive experience of the principles involved. Never ‘cogito ergo sum’.   Philosophers in investigating the nature of knowledge and the Universe, firmly established for themselves that the source of reason and logic was located in a mythical concept ‘the mind’. From the wrong basis evolved elaborate and metaphysical constructions which removed the investigations further, and further, from the truth. To comprehend the material world, and give it credibility, the recognition of implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct a language that provides that form of recognition. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects is misguided by the injection of a mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. That erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound Reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion, is compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every human view available. We cannot manufacture knowledge that leads to a mechanistic understanding of ‘what is’ , nor the principles which are its properties – however much dogma is practised. We can only aspire to relate to ‘necessary factors’ that are the implicit fundamentals of existence. For me to use a lever to open a crate is a form of communion with Archimedes through the principle he enunciated. It is now not ‘necessary’ for me to go through the same experience as Archimedes to establish that ‘necessary factor’ or ‘principle’. It is now common-place, and common-sense to utilise the principle. The extract below provides some explanation of the brain processes in action Universally, and coincides with any reasoning on the observance of the leverage principle, and the actions of motorists conforming to the Road Code wherever traffic lights exist. ''The right-to-left shift of mental control looked increasingly like a universal phenomenon, capturing the essence of every learning process on every time scale, from hours to years. An individual faced with a truly novel situation or problem tackles it mostly with the right hemisphere. But once the situation becomes familiar and is mastered, the dominant role of the left hemisphere becomes evident. It looked like the empowering patterns capturing the essence of the situations (or rather the whole class of similar situations) were, once formed, stored in the left hemisphere. (The Wisdom Paradox. Professor Elkhonon Goldberg. P202)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandermeulen|first=Jo|date=2008-08|title=Verstand komt met de jaren|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03077135|journal=Neuropraxis|volume=12|issue=4|pages=137–139|doi=10.1007/bf03077135|issn=1387-5817}}</ref>'' = Limitations. = However limited our view of connectedness is, or however tenuous the reality our experience is, ‘everything is’, and everything is connected. Innate knowledge and the fundamental nature of Man is the prior source of knowledge that seeks and identifies that connectedness. Attempting to address what we don’t know is that mythical infinite regress toward that parallel mythical ‘nothingness’. To always address what we know establishes Reality. To establish knowledge of principles, start from ‘we are here’. The natural principles within the diversity of human culture and activity when recognized as mutual ‘necessary factors’ will have the effect of enhancing and directing vital energy toward the very process of  the communion we seek, and the gradual penetration of a reality that always exists. Knowledge of Reality is not ‘different’ in other locales. The fundamental principles are the same. Addressing ‘what is’ instead of denying ‘what is’ is the basic construction of real knowledge. Within the structure of the Absolute we are all the same with a magnificent differential in our expression of the principles of necessity. That expression is our ongoing effort toward its own experience which gives it life and meaning. That experience in turn exposes us to an immediate Reality that is in communion with the fundamental structure of our being. All that we can contribute toward that is 50%, the other half is in our momentary relationship with Reality – then we know! That form of knowledge is always available through that form of experience, and it always comes in the form of confirmation which reforms. Until that experience our prior condition appears mechanistic, without direction, or understanding. Reality, life, is not mechanistic. We are the recipients of innate principles with the constant potential to experience those principles in action (Archimedes et al). Dogmas, ideologies, are the restrictive practices used to blur the recognition of principles operating to a level that understanding of that common and constant activity is virtually denied. Our natural capital (principles) is degraded to the point that their factual evidence is reduced even to the point that they are categorised as a ‘perceptual illusion”. We can trust facts 2+2=4. Simplicity has its own majesty. Anything circumscribed by reason requires control of our emotions. To comprehend the material world, bring it alive, and give it credibility, the recognition of its implicit principles is paramount. We need to construct the language that provides evidence of that Reality. Any philosophical theory of ‘mind’ that will deny the evident structure of solid objects, is misinformed by the injection of that mythical entity (mind) that determines that seeing solid objects is a ‘perceptual illusion’. That form of determination is singularly narcissistic, empowered by the self-induced threat that venturing into a ‘materialistic’ world is a loss of that illusory self, and all the belief systems it has constructed to protect it. The erroneous established view that not addressing ‘materialism’ as a profound reality, and as only a ‘perceptual illusion’, is paradoxically compounded by the belief that that form of illusion is implicit in every other human view available, thus it then makes its own sense, form and justification to the illusion! The evident question we must ask, ‘how does a ‘mind’ conclude that ‘immaterialism’ exists universally? Surely it is a simple but massive contradiction in terms. If there is nothing there but ‘perceptual illusion’, how can you attribute it to other ‘minds’. The oxymoronic effect of narcissism is that it is the very denial of ‘who we are’. Man is not composed of an overwhelming self-love. That mythical embedded belief cannot consider the possibility of underlying principles that are the real life force of Man in his relationship with Reality. The truth of that, is that humankind (in spite of itself), evolves towards its own Reality. The only human values that exist, lie in Man’s recognition of the principles involved that provide human direction. Our ‘material brain’ is a product of Nature's evolutionary process, and has innate within it the same principles that exist in all matter. That ‘which is’, is the truth, and our brain evolves to process that at every level, and we constantly manifest that in every action we take – whether we like it or not. The fundamental similarities between human beings is that we are not only evidently human, but that we also function and construct societies that we recognize as beneficial to our immediate well-being. All social function is determined by our brain capacity and its ability to postulate the relationship it has with Universal principles. = Illusion. = Considering that we can contradict things is an illusion. We can never contradict the truth. We do not have the ability to create proprietary constructs of reality. That ‘which is’, can only make its basic properties transparent to us through direct experience. Imaginary concepts must in the end conform to a measurable construct that we can identify. Within the structure of any philosophical theory of ‘knowledge’ it must contain the basic elements of truth at all times, or there is nothing!! To say that ‘everything is’ is motivated by pure reason experience as an objective, and subjective reality and as an axiomatic grammatical premise that no amount of mental acrobatics can deny. We can only deal with ‘something’, whatever it may be. There is no metaphysical construct that can provide evidence that ‘nothing’ exists, outside a mythical mind. Explaining experience beyond ‘thought’ processes requires a definitive language that deals with the reality itself. We all Know. It is innate. The ‘difference’ between us is only the measure of the knowledge that is made manifest, and that knowledge continually proliferates. The ‘individual perspective’, and the illusory ‘I’ which dominates, is the barrier to any relation to ‘what is’, and the malady of never experiencing the truth directly!   Truth, knowledge, agreement are the abundant and embedded Absolutes that form the structure of human evolution. That we constantly utilise and improve on their use is evidence of their reality, and the material transparency within every social structure. The survival and proliferation of such realities should be the evidence to establish that ‘that which is’ is Absolute. When we focus our ‘perspective’, opinion, or a hypothetical consideration of a space, time, or identity to question a Universally accepted fact, it is hardly a categorical argument to dismiss that which is true as nonsensical. Any denial that 2+2=4 is a fundamental truth hardly takes into account that the reality of such basics are vital to the success of higher mathematics. Unless the basics are continually correct, and evidently so, then no correct solutions could evolve. We know that within any basic structural ‘use’ that the calculation is correct. We commonly accept its correctness as an embedded reality. All forms of lower or higher mathematics would have the axiomatic principle of ‘correctness’ as their basis to extend from. Also, they would have as an axiom that the reverse is true. The 2+2=4 is, in its reality, the epitome of balance and construction. The 2+2 reality forms its correct conclusion when the principles of mathematics are propounded and they conform to transparent truth and arrive at 4. Only when it ‘adds up’, does it become a truth that we all recognize. Our greatest ignorance is taking for granted the proliferation of such truths through an ideological blinkered perspective. Because truth takes a commonplace form it is no less fundamental. Unless there is correct knowledge as to the existence of fundamental truth, that ‘which is’, goes unrecognised. That form of truth must be applicable to all. Truth exists in everything – it is an evidential reality. Searching for an esoteric truth is chasing shadows. Every truth is a ‘necessary factor’, and fundamental to our existence. Because of the imposed limited perspectives (via education, ideology, beliefs) that which is evidently true, and transparent, is delegated to a position of simple practicality with conditions placed on it which further deletes its substance, and we have the awful predilection of conforming to the attempted destruction of that which is true. Do we have a problem with seeing something, which is correct, as also being true? All truths are fundamental. They are not subject to attempted denial because of any diminished realisation at any point in time. Where there is reasonable evidence of balance, equity, and agreement we can conclude that a truth exists. Once innate information of that truth becomes transparent, it becomes an embedded useful human utility that must have some measure of fundamental truth as their starting point. From any common-sense, or ‘more reasonable’ position, it would be more productive to view reality as possessing at every level the same innate values or principles consistent with our ability to measure, or recognize them. To view reality as having ‘different’, or antagonistic properties, is simply a misguided view of ‘what is’.  That form of perspective is counter productive when it attempts to establish mythical dichotomies as realities in their own right. When the reality of principles are made transparent, we can then ‘more reasonably’ make use of them to further their basic existence. Here we use reason to exemplify their necessary function, and once established it becomes (if necessary), ‘more reasonable’ to locate them in all things. The dematerialization of any object through the practice of ‘perceptual illusion’ is an attempt to deny the reality that exists. Where perceptual illusions are concerned, innate direct communion with that which is, suspends the effect of such illusions. All the properties in a chair are recognized as the reality that exists. That is materialism. A chair does have the principles of form, design, structure, colour, substance etc.  However it is analysed – it is a quantifiable reality.   = Human representation. When we understand the validity and existence of principles in all things, it is easy to understand that ideological dogmas are never the foundation for real knowledge, or that direct experience of ‘what is’. Our real perspective is not some individualistic experience that confines us, it is that expanse in which we exist that offers us the view of that expanse. Everyone has the potential to go beyond their ‘apparent’ human perspective limitations. Shifting our sense of perception toward that which is basic, paradoxically extends the experience of that which is true. Let general knowledge be directed toward the performance that identifies the measure of principles that are enacted. Therein lies the production of knowledge that offers a sustainable growth of that vital universal aspect of knowledge, where, reason and truth, can prevail. Any correct definition is language itself, opening the door to that reality experience which is critical. Only when we know and experience that the same reality (with all its principles intact) exists for all of us can we then recognize the mythical distinctions that are taken as being real. The majestic experience of that reality goes well beyond historical beliefs. Exploring simple ‘necessities’ is not based on any sacred text, but the privilege of recognizing a sensible evolutionary path through life. Whatever may be in the future, is implicit in the material world now, and it has always been so. bv0xolczdoctktv9a2a08xg3xllcdgw 0 285380 2412611 2412355 2022-08-08T13:44:04Z Young1lim 21186 /* Handling Series of Data */ wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.A.20220808.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.A.20180726.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.A.20220808.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20220418.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.11.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1App.Array.1.A.20220808.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series7.AppPoint.1.A.20200424.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3App.ArrayPointer.1.A.2022024.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming]] </br> hd3rz69efbmqiy69m5847nesxpipa17 0 285725 2412672 2412224 2022-08-08T18:24:43Z Greg at Higher Math Help 2911873 /* Registration links */ Added link to current time in Eastern Time, and revised wording. wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF; padding: 1rem; border: 2px solid; overflow: auto;"> <div style="float: left; width: 65%;"> ==Summer 2022 Eventmath workshops== ===Description=== Welcome! [[Eventmath]] is a new wiki for math lesson plans based on current events, powered by a community of math, statistics, and quantitative literacy educators — that's you! Thanks to support from the Wikimedia Foundation, all Eventmath resources are available for free, permanently. Each of the summer 2022 workshops is 90 minutes, held over Zoom, and run by Eventmath creators [[Eventmath/Participants#Greg Stanton (he/him)|Greg Stanton]] and [[Eventmath/Participants#Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)|Brendan Sullivan]]. Each is a standalone workshop, so no prior experience is needed for any of them. If you'd like to attend more than one workshop, we would love that! That means you could potentially help newcomers, add to what you started in previous workshops, and get more feedback. The first 20 minutes of each workshop will contain the same introductory presentation, so if you'd like to attend more than one session, feel free to skip that part. You would need to register separately for each workshop. ===Activities=== # Learn what Eventmath is and how it works. # Publish a starter lesson plan based on a news article or social media post. # Share feedback with a partner, if you wish. # Create a contributor profile for yourself, if you like. # Ask questions and provide feedback about Eventmath. Our mission is to help learners use math as a tool for understanding the world. By registering for a workshop listed below, you will be one of the pioneers that makes this project a success! ==Registration links== Pick one of the dates below, and click the corresponding link to register! We'll follow up with you by email with details about the event. Also, by filling out any of the forms, you'll ensure that you're notified of any future Eventmath workshops, office hours, or edit-a-thons. # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJA6Dhd5aMtiR-C5XQOOyAcRRCSIOnH_AjpejVqYKK8CEJIw/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 1 (Wednesday, August 17, 7:00 p.m.&ndash;8:30 p.m. Eastern Time)] # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScycUvzCGyyTHijICmbUE1vI-dPNgdnWCUXO3wCLghqG0b4YQ/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 2 (Thursday, August 18, 2:30 p.m.&ndash;4:00 p.m. Eastern Time)] # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYzvPtf0O5pdOxyH0yCmKv43BdhKrCwo6-WDexJT7vaB5Iyg/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 3 (Friday, August 19, 10:30 a.m.&ndash;noon Eastern Time)] Here's an easy way to [https://www.google.com/search?q=eastern+daylight+time+now compare your local time to Eastern Time]. ==Announcements== Check back here for any announcements. Any important announcements will also be communicated by email to those who register. ==Outcomes== We'll post outcomes from each workshop once they're all completed! </div> <div style="float: right; width: 25%"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|200px]] </div> </div> [[Category: Eventmath workshops]] du32ig1c9iiubayeutbtbxut9bx34n1 2412673 2412672 2022-08-08T18:28:56Z Greg at Higher Math Help 2911873 /* Registration links */ Revised wording. Updated link. wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF; padding: 1rem; border: 2px solid; overflow: auto;"> <div style="float: left; width: 65%;"> ==Summer 2022 Eventmath workshops== ===Description=== Welcome! [[Eventmath]] is a new wiki for math lesson plans based on current events, powered by a community of math, statistics, and quantitative literacy educators — that's you! Thanks to support from the Wikimedia Foundation, all Eventmath resources are available for free, permanently. Each of the summer 2022 workshops is 90 minutes, held over Zoom, and run by Eventmath creators [[Eventmath/Participants#Greg Stanton (he/him)|Greg Stanton]] and [[Eventmath/Participants#Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)|Brendan Sullivan]]. Each is a standalone workshop, so no prior experience is needed for any of them. If you'd like to attend more than one workshop, we would love that! That means you could potentially help newcomers, add to what you started in previous workshops, and get more feedback. The first 20 minutes of each workshop will contain the same introductory presentation, so if you'd like to attend more than one session, feel free to skip that part. You would need to register separately for each workshop. ===Activities=== # Learn what Eventmath is and how it works. # Publish a starter lesson plan based on a news article or social media post. # Share feedback with a partner, if you wish. # Create a contributor profile for yourself, if you like. # Ask questions and provide feedback about Eventmath. Our mission is to help learners use math as a tool for understanding the world. By registering for a workshop listed below, you will be one of the pioneers that makes this project a success! ==Registration links== Pick one of the dates below, and click the corresponding link to register! We'll follow up with you by email with details about the event. Also, by filling out any of the forms, you'll ensure that you're notified of any future Eventmath workshops, office hours, or edit-a-thons. # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJA6Dhd5aMtiR-C5XQOOyAcRRCSIOnH_AjpejVqYKK8CEJIw/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 1 (Wednesday, August 17, 7:00 p.m.&ndash;8:30 p.m. Eastern Time)] # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScycUvzCGyyTHijICmbUE1vI-dPNgdnWCUXO3wCLghqG0b4YQ/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 2 (Thursday, August 18, 2:30 p.m.&ndash;4:00 p.m. Eastern Time)] # [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYzvPtf0O5pdOxyH0yCmKv43BdhKrCwo6-WDexJT7vaB5Iyg/viewform?usp=sf_link Summer 2022 Eventmath Workshop 3 (Friday, August 19, 10:30 a.m.&ndash;noon Eastern Time)] In case you need to compare Eastern Time to your local time zone, here's [https://www.google.com/search?q=eastern+time+now the current time in Eastern Time]. ==Announcements== Check back here for any announcements. Any important announcements will also be communicated by email to those who register. ==Outcomes== We'll post outcomes from each workshop once they're all completed! </div> <div style="float: right; width: 25%"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|200px]] </div> </div> [[Category: Eventmath workshops]] hfsqdf793gegi07869nfmwq2l3w0ua9 0 285854 2412783 2410772 2022-08-09T10:45:02Z Jtneill 10242 /* Summary */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Topic selection - Guidelines}} <div style="text-align: center;">''Topic selection''</div> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --> <!-- Show this during semester -->{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents}} ==Summary== This optional, unweighted, early assessment exercise involves registering a Wikiversity account and signing up to a topic which will be used for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation]] No extensions or late submissions are available for this exercise. If you don't submit the topic selection, just move directly to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Development|topic development]]. ==Overview== # Weight: 0% # Due: {{/Due}} # Register a Wikiversity account # Sign up to a topic or propose a new topic # Topics must be approved by the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]]. Suitable topics are unique (i.e., aren't covered by [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous book chapters]]) and related to either [[motivation]] or [[emotion]]. ==Guidelines== Follow these general guidelines: # Pre-approved topics are available (see the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}). ## To sign up, [[Special:Userlogin/login|login to Wikiversity]], go to the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}, edit the page, add your Wikiversity user name alongside a topic which does not already have an author, and publish the page. ## Conduct an initial literature search to scope out whether there is sufficient theory and research to satisfy the [[#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. If not, propose a change to the topic by emailing the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] or sign up to a different topic. # New topics can be proposed by emailing the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] these details: ## Title ## Sub-title (in the form of a question) - see [[/Proposed|examples]] ## Wikiversity user name ## Details of any related previous book chapter topics (check via this [[Motivation and emotion/Book|search box]]) # Proposed changes and topics will be evaluated according to: ## Uniqueness: Topic must not covered by a [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous motivation and motivation book chapter]]. Search before making a proposal. If there are similar previous topics, make clear how the proposed topic builds on, and differs from, previous work. ## Theme: Topic must fit the overarching book theme: to help people to understand and improve their motivational and emotional lives using psychological science. ## Scope: Is there enough theory and research to warrant a dedicated chapter? If the topic is too narrow, it may be difficult to satisfy the [[#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. ==Submission and feedback== #Submit via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}. #The unit convener will check your submission and provide feedback. ==See also== * Assessment ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]] * Tutorials ** [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Tutorial 01: Topic selection]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection| ]] qja4n1097i0joambwozaq9qiyllxqpn 2412784 2412783 2022-08-09T10:45:26Z Jtneill 10242 /* Summary */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Topic selection - Guidelines}} <div style="text-align: center;">''Topic selection''</div> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --> <!-- Show this during semester -->{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents}} ==Summary== This optional, unweighted, early assessment exercise involves registering a Wikiversity account and signing up to a topic which will be used for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation]] No extensions or late submissions are available for this exercise. If you don't submit the topic selection, just move directly to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. ==Overview== # Weight: 0% # Due: {{/Due}} # Register a Wikiversity account # Sign up to a topic or propose a new topic # Topics must be approved by the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]]. Suitable topics are unique (i.e., aren't covered by [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous book chapters]]) and related to either [[motivation]] or [[emotion]]. ==Guidelines== Follow these general guidelines: # Pre-approved topics are available (see the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}). ## To sign up, [[Special:Userlogin/login|login to Wikiversity]], go to the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}, edit the page, add your Wikiversity user name alongside a topic which does not already have an author, and publish the page. ## Conduct an initial literature search to scope out whether there is sufficient theory and research to satisfy the [[#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. If not, propose a change to the topic by emailing the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] or sign up to a different topic. # New topics can be proposed by emailing the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] these details: ## Title ## Sub-title (in the form of a question) - see [[/Proposed|examples]] ## Wikiversity user name ## Details of any related previous book chapter topics (check via this [[Motivation and emotion/Book|search box]]) # Proposed changes and topics will be evaluated according to: ## Uniqueness: Topic must not covered by a [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous motivation and motivation book chapter]]. Search before making a proposal. If there are similar previous topics, make clear how the proposed topic builds on, and differs from, previous work. ## Theme: Topic must fit the overarching book theme: to help people to understand and improve their motivational and emotional lives using psychological science. ## Scope: Is there enough theory and research to warrant a dedicated chapter? If the topic is too narrow, it may be difficult to satisfy the [[#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. ==Submission and feedback== #Submit via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}. #The unit convener will check your submission and provide feedback. ==See also== * Assessment ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]] * Tutorials ** [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Tutorial 01: Topic selection]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection| ]] evd7en2ttb8aplvfvhlxs9m8jmdi69d 2 285867 2412739 2410891 2022-08-09T02:49:00Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 /* Freud, Sigmund (1856 - 1939) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund (1856 - 1939)]] === <hr /> [[File:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)]] [[File:FreudSignature.svg|thumb|Signature]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Neurologist & Father of Modern Psychology * The Neurological basis for the Archaic Forms of Universal Cognition * The Requirements of Evolving Culture, Developmentally-emergent Sexuality, and the Function of Taboo in Complex Societies * Psychoanalytic Therapy <br /><hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Freud, Sigmund}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> 3lfvzh7hlx2w9ugl582eicead8snxh4 2412744 2412739 2022-08-09T02:57:34Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund (1856 - 1939)]] === <hr /> [[File:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)]] [[File:FreudSignature.svg|thumb|Signature]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Neurologist & Father of Psychoanalysis * The Neurological basis for the universality of the ''Archaic Forms'' that arise in cognition as a result of the constraints imposed upon cognition by a shared nervous system architecture. * The Requirements of Evolving Culture, Developmentally-emergent Sexuality, and the Function of Taboo in Complex Societies <br /><hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Freud, Sigmund}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> 37mk9fh9eow9c8t402qz812t21w1toq 2412745 2412744 2022-08-09T03:03:05Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 /* Freud, Sigmund (1856 - 1939) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund (1856 - 1939)]] === <hr /> [[File:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)]] [[File:FreudSignature.svg|thumb|Signature]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Neurologist & Father of Psychoanalysis * Proposed neurological basis for a set of universally shared ''Archaic Forms'' that arise in cognition as a result of the constraints imposed upon cognition by a shared nervous system architecture. * The requirements of evolving culture, developmentally-emergent sexuality, and the function of ''Taboo'' in complex societies <br /><hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Freud, Sigmund}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> 8oxaqfxhe9llfz9g68vdj5zlzwrm11r 2 285901 2412773 2411182 2022-08-09T10:11:28Z 159.196.169.176 wikitext text/x-wiki About Me: I am an undergraduate student at the University of Canberra studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I work within an impatient mental health unit at the Canberra Hospital, and aspire to one day work as a Clinical Psychologist. Professional Profiles: [https://www.linkedin.com/in/gabrielle-eagling-556913126/ My LinkedIn Profile] ha3i82rckvd4klar1h9csmhebsjray7 2412789 2412773 2022-08-09T10:58:17Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == I am [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/user/view.php?id=48613 Gabrielle Eagling] . I am a student at the ''University of Canberra'', and I am in my third and final year of studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I am contributing to the 2022 [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|Motivation and Emotion Book]]. I am passionate about helping vulnerable populations access appropriate and timely mental health care supports, and I hope to be able to continue to do this as a Clinical Psychologist. == Hobbies == - Pilates - Gardening - Reading == Book Chapter == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Environmental grief#Main headings|Environmental Grief]] - What is eco-grief, what are its causes and consequences, and what can be done? == Professional Profiles: == [https://www.linkedin.com/in/gabrielle-eagling-556913126/ My LinkedIn Profile] 8xd7tuheuy1cag1w5ruk6lhtgm1tldj 0 285924 2412790 2411340 2022-08-09T10:59:15Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 /* Overview */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Environmental Grief== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 8i8kqa9cja4p6v5hzg0eeqsvc07df5v 2412791 2412790 2022-08-09T11:00:39Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 /* Main headings */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 4fivwzzb6tgu4ers0wc5ecgv217rii1 2412793 2412791 2022-08-09T11:10:14Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 /* Main headings */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Environmental Grief? == - Definition and description - A brief history (When did it prevalent and why, what is being done)? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. == What is an Emotion? == - brief overview and definition of emotion - How do our emotions affect environmental grief and visa versa === Emerging Theories === - Main theories surrounding Environmental grief ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Conclusion=== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] f7xd6rwjzcz6yb9zxhbwy4trs3fmmfp 2412794 2412793 2022-08-09T11:15:01Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Environmental Grief? == - Definition and description - A brief history (When did it prevalent and why, what is being done)? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. == What is an Emotion? == - brief overview and definition of emotion - How do our emotions affect environmental grief and visa versa === Emerging Theories === - Main theories surrounding Environmental grief ==Grief and Distress == - What do grief and distress look at, how are they similar and how are they different? - How do they relate to the Environment? == Grief and the Human Brain == - How does grief shape, change and rewire the human brain? ===Case studies=== Case study of grief and how the human brain reacts and adapts ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Conclusion=== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] l4a3b43mmjfnnfip5e3gy01ap4t5bxn 2412795 2412794 2022-08-09T11:24:51Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 /* What is an Emotion? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Environmental Grief? == - Definition and description - A brief history (When did it prevalent and why, what is being done)? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. === Emerging Theories === - Main theories surrounding Environmental grief == Grief and the Human Brain == - How does grief shape, change and rewire the human brain? === Case Studies === Case study of grief and how the human brain reacts and adapts ==The Causes of Environmental Grief == - What do grief and distress look at, how are they similar and how are they different? - How do they relate to the Environment? == The Consequences == - What are the consequences of environmental grief? == Is Environmental Grief Generational? == - Look at if Environmental grief is only emerging in the younger generations, or is it something that has always been around and is now only just being recognised? == Interventions Targeting Environmental Grief == [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. == Conclusion == Based on psychological theory and research, what is the answer to the question? - What are the answers to the focus questions? - What are the practical, take home messages? ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] k4uib6n55hmiv58vbfyf6ng9a5o6uzp 2412796 2412795 2022-08-09T11:25:17Z Gabrielle Eagling 2947522 /* Interventions Targeting Environmental Grief */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental Grief:<br>What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Environmental Grief? == - Definition and description - A brief history (When did it prevalent and why, what is being done)? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. === Emerging Theories === - Main theories surrounding Environmental grief == Grief and the Human Brain == - How does grief shape, change and rewire the human brain? === Case Studies === Case study of grief and how the human brain reacts and adapts ==The Causes of Environmental Grief == - What do grief and distress look at, how are they similar and how are they different? - How do they relate to the Environment? == The Consequences == - What are the consequences of environmental grief? == Is Environmental Grief Generational? == - Look at if Environmental grief is only emerging in the younger generations, or is it something that has always been around and is now only just being recognised? == Interventions == [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. == Conclusion == Based on psychological theory and research, what is the answer to the question? - What are the answers to the focus questions? - What are the practical, take home messages? ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 8hi1tvg15mb0h4yyluanx2eqtouja7k 0 285934 2412788 2412561 2022-08-09T10:55:57Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* Overview */ Editing wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Many people experience anxiety in different ways and different triggers responses vary from person to person. [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]] or other wise known as as (benzo) are group of medications that is commonly prescribed to people experiencing emotional disorders such as anxiety disorder, or panic attack. This book chapter will discuss how benzodiazepines effect emotions, activation in the brain region and different type types of benzo mainly prescribe for anxiety. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * What is ? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == Draft (Ideas for chapter) == 1) How Benzo effects people differently (positive and Negative) 2) Activation in brain region for the drug 3) different types of benzo ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" aijemae1991rggxgc85dsxaspjwpqt5 2412792 2412788 2022-08-09T11:05:32Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* Main headings */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Many people experience anxiety in different ways and different triggers responses vary from person to person. [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]] or other wise known as as (benzo) are group of medications that is commonly prescribed to people experiencing emotional disorders such as anxiety disorder, or panic attack. This book chapter will discuss how benzodiazepines effect emotions, activation in the brain region and different type types of benzo that are commonly prescribed by physicians. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==what are benzodiazepines?== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == Draft (Ideas for chapter) == 1) How Benzo effects people differently (positive and Negative) 2) Activation in brain region for the drug 3) different types of benzodiazepines ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" rr6qpos472uu7w5lywu9kvmm5dmb6sy 2412797 2412792 2022-08-09T11:27:54Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* what are benzodiazepines? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Many people experience anxiety in different ways and different triggers responses vary from person to person. [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]] or other wise known as as (benzo) are group of medications that is commonly prescribed to people experiencing emotional disorders such as anxiety disorder, or panic attack. This book chapter will discuss how benzodiazepines effect emotions, activation in the brain region and different type types of benzo that are commonly prescribed by physicians. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==what are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines are sedative drugs commonly used for treating anxiety and insomnia and these are groups of anxiolytics and hypnotics, such as diazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam. Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == Draft (Ideas for chapter) == 1) How Benzo effects people differently (positive and Negative) 2) Activation in brain region for the drug 3) different types of benzodiazepines ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" 3jbzch8latxzvp73nys588eg3p25hej 2 285935 2412781 2411381 2022-08-09T10:37:26Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* About me */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, I am Grace. Currently studying psychology in ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' Facts about me: * I started my course in Queensland at Griffith university in gold coast before moving here in 2019 * I first wanted to be a nurse and have diploma in nursing. I decided to study psychology because during my final placement I learned that I can not stand looking at the blood for long. * I have worked in aged care, disability, hospitality and currently working in Canberra hospital. ==== Book Chapter I'm working on ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Benzodiazepines and emotion|Benzodiazepines and emotion]] ==== Hobbies ==== * Evening walk * Catching up with friends [[File:2018 BOSS Strong cooking competition (43936998420).jpg|left|thumb|BOSS Strong cooking competition ]] * [[wikipedia:Cooking|Cooking]] === Pet === [[File:Black male domestic cat 02.jpg|left|thumb|Black male domestic cat ]] * [[wikipedia:Cat|Cat]] == social contributions == 25z0xwv7snzt6li5rfkmy83qllvaq5l 2412782 2412781 2022-08-09T10:39:33Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* Book Chapter I'm working on */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, I am Grace. Currently studying psychology in ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' Facts about me: * I started my course in Queensland at Griffith university in gold coast before moving here in 2019 * I first wanted to be a nurse and have diploma in nursing. I decided to study psychology because during my final placement I learned that I can not stand looking at the blood for long. * I have worked in aged care, disability, hospitality and currently working in Canberra hospital. ==== Book Chapter I'm working on ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Benzodiazepines and emotion|Benzodiazepines and emotion]], what is the effect of benzodiazepines on emotions? ==== Hobbies ==== * Evening walk * Catching up with friends [[File:2018 BOSS Strong cooking competition (43936998420).jpg|left|thumb|BOSS Strong cooking competition ]] * [[wikipedia:Cooking|Cooking]] === Pet === [[File:Black male domestic cat 02.jpg|left|thumb|Black male domestic cat ]] * [[wikipedia:Cat|Cat]] == social contributions == a0miez1mb3bbob6jkexf4cidyc0dion 2412785 2412782 2022-08-09T10:47:48Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* Pet */ deleted images wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, I am Grace. Currently studying psychology in ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' Facts about me: * I started my course in Queensland at Griffith university in gold coast before moving here in 2019 * I first wanted to be a nurse and have diploma in nursing. I decided to study psychology because during my final placement I learned that I can not stand looking at the blood for long. * I have worked in aged care, disability, hospitality and currently working in Canberra hospital. ==== Book Chapter I'm working on ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Benzodiazepines and emotion|Benzodiazepines and emotion]], what is the effect of benzodiazepines on emotions? ==== Hobbies ==== * Evening walk * Catching up with friends * [[wikipedia:Cooking|Cooking]] == social contributions == qz5gxrhup52chb9xzvlkaagkrmffezv 2412787 2412785 2022-08-09T10:50:18Z Ajeofula22 2947179 /* Book Chapter I'm working on */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, I am Grace. Currently studying psychology in ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' Facts about me: * I started my course in Queensland at Griffith university in gold coast before moving here in 2019 * I first wanted to be a nurse and have diploma in nursing. I decided to study psychology because during my final placement I learned that I can not stand looking at the blood for long. * I have worked in aged care, disability, hospitality and currently working in Canberra hospital. ==== Book Chapter I'm working on ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Benzodiazepines and emotion|Benzodiazepines and emotion]] - what are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions? ==== Hobbies ==== * Evening walk * Catching up with friends * [[wikipedia:Cooking|Cooking]] == social contributions == 1zjw7tk4h47yz5bvbtpfpsatb75qsns 118 286028 2412702 2412439 2022-08-09T02:01:02Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== hz3y1047t7bg4fwp332h8vvemmwy77g 2412703 2412702 2022-08-09T02:03:04Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> <math>2\pi = \tau_\text{b}(\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 7d1jk55qxpkv632e09xcbzvwepwpyjz 2412705 2412703 2022-08-09T02:03:28Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = \tau_\text{b}(\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== qm0dmvf1j9q9thpinuqe8o6aznynt6f 2412706 2412705 2022-08-09T02:04:14Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 2f96ze8nncg5g9n5o7grpyah0577ah2 2412707 2412706 2022-08-09T02:05:40Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== giyibo8h1ax0sfta8pfqmp7i6kjru7l 2412708 2412707 2022-08-09T02:07:37Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval (for <math>1<p/q<2</math> with <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 5i5e22q6an8fq51lw8253swovmqpsi8 2412709 2412708 2022-08-09T02:09:26Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>), where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 03gtwuso7u5ryj8da8m67e03e0r1e21 2412710 2412709 2022-08-09T02:09:38Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== <math>\tau_\text{beat}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== ktah1c8xcklj9cpbcpfh39nat11nkl3 2412711 2412710 2022-08-09T02:10:23Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== a3rqjfaekeew9gkhqf2vx62eka2wg2u 2412712 2412711 2022-08-09T02:12:49Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> is <math>pq\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== pe42biu8ngtkm7dwnk95kka4a6fh7l8 2412713 2412712 2022-08-09T02:15:28Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> is <math>pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== ik53rrub957rp0v4mc90vhurx2w8wpt 2412714 2412713 2022-08-09T02:15:43Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> is <math>pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 0kheufs0c2cz6r59v32bwy1ck84pdzu 2412715 2412714 2022-08-09T02:16:53Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_\text{b}</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== a53d5ey4zwb0h1fujijm6euv0ru6aph 2412716 2412715 2022-08-09T02:18:51Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi = (\omega_2-\omega_1)\tau_b</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== a9ciuwras3mvy9icc4ph88ttuy93fou 2412717 2412716 2022-08-09T02:20:44Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== tk2n5j8nfsb9d4443l3tzngmg4q3ajw 2412718 2412717 2022-08-09T02:22:11Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== hoc69igrwdd8scacju3y9ewx8svi55b 2412719 2412718 2022-08-09T02:25:13Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> math>2\pi / \tau_b = <math>(p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - (q+\Delta q)p\omega_0 </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 4bpd4qua9vubaywiwe5anw36wqt76es 2412720 2412719 2022-08-09T02:25:34Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - (q+\Delta q)p\omega_0 </math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== o1ho8ed9q1j03i0c3uaj15aqk4k4lti 2412721 2412720 2022-08-09T02:26:31Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> math>2\pi / \tau_b = aaa - bbb</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 7azjm33eurfy666nbb5sw6uqtcy4v4j 2412722 2412721 2022-08-09T02:26:44Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \Rarr</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = aaa - bbb</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 1jsiqg2n48hy3wk8ajoabwvqxld1btx 2412723 2412722 2022-08-09T02:28:00Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = aaa - bbb</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== ta1rvk0j41pcrppkfgfxsid4mc3np18 2412724 2412723 2022-08-09T02:28:21Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = aaa - bbb</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 8e3bwwmb063bp0v0bfqtfqe08zgig9y 2412725 2412724 2022-08-09T02:30:28Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - pq\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== m8uz5rx74nvb0ujquq49npqovlv5zqs 2412726 2412725 2022-08-09T02:30:58Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1.</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q\to q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 5cg46t7f4o0ws988kuhd3ypjxzn99rj 2412727 2412726 2022-08-09T02:33:37Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 \equiv 2\pi/\tau_b</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q\to q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 8wa30yyiu1w42fte1mykc05cm2j36xm 2412728 2412727 2022-08-09T02:36:16Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 \equiv \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2=\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q\to q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== f48ce0vds783pgrjzaz4ilwdqxt2m46 2412729 2412728 2022-08-09T02:36:34Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 \equiv \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2-\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q\to q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== krb7mrja8x9sibd9drq68r8tsjcnrrb 2412730 2412729 2022-08-09T02:36:58Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2-\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q\to q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 3wuncnrbscrdttla14aaiqxgzbsusuu 2412731 2412730 2022-08-09T02:39:04Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2-\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (\omega_2-\omega_1)</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== rah6tr9umfa3bti62xsfoglbdon9grv 2412732 2412731 2022-08-09T02:40:02Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2-\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|(\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 05b298fm20np40sw7w4m60rlbtvb0oj 2412733 2412732 2022-08-09T02:40:18Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\omega_2-\omega_1}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== cmgvwzi5db9i62bqdd4cjgixfha3581 2412734 2412733 2022-08-09T02:41:11Z Guy vandegrift 813252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 40a47tnw4pr3twv7pmv055d7e4fp754 2412735 2412734 2022-08-09T02:42:52Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right|</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== o3h6wmu6q66gta2m9ebomt3wqal4vqy 2412736 2412735 2022-08-09T02:45:15Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== qvsl11nhv27vivemaxmlv1ofumtflkt 2412737 2412736 2022-08-09T02:48:28Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>\tau_b=\frac{\left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|}{2\pi} ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 3mm4xx7ayozct8e9vcqkjog1mt0boxo 2412738 2412737 2022-08-09T02:48:58Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>\tau_b=\frac{\left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|}{2\pi}</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 8c3sjrkutvcggxl03kfltho0x8enakk 2412740 2412738 2022-08-09T02:49:40Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>\tau_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|</math> ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== 1yicoida5154bizmwhxznbbbakby4va 2412741 2412740 2022-08-09T02:51:14Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>\tau_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q f_p\right|</math> f ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== jskrq0uy7eornwnhzlc0ku5732sd9fy 2412742 2412741 2022-08-09T02:52:08Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>\tau_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> f ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== e5w5vc0tg1fzuz56otnyrt5ljgpr35o 2412743 2412742 2022-08-09T02:53:40Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* beats-angular frequency: Algebra */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] A '''beat''' is an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. The fundamentals of this topic are taught at some level in virtually every introductory high school or college course. [[w:Beat (acoustics)|Wikipedia]] features the figure shown and equations like, :<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{\tau_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> But topics beyond these fundamentals are rarely pursued, and for good reason. Much about how humans perceive beats in musical intervals is poorly understood. This Wikiversity resource is not so much aimed at answering difficult questions, but to offer students the the opportunity to [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "mess around"] in a way that enhances one's understanding of mathematics and computer programming. ===beats-angular frequency: Algebra=== Simple case (unison):<math>\tau_\text{simple}^{-1}=(2\pi)^{-1}(\omega_2-\omega_1) \implies</math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|</math> Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> <math>2\pi / \tau_b = \left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right|</math> <math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> f ==Fourier analysis== ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ==Footnotes== a8c6xhsq9n9m83ztb2nkq1943t0r617 100 286058 2412651 2412259 2022-08-08T17:01:21Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Courses */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the School of Religious Studies}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies|Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> <div align="center">''The School of Religious Studies is for multi-disciplinary and secular study of religion.''</div> '''Religious Studies''', also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. [[Image:Religions 4x5.png|thumb|275px|Symbols of religions]] While [[Theology]] attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes a more scientific and objective approach independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious Studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. The '''School of Religious Studies''' works in close cooperation with the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]. ==Areas of Study== Currently the School of Religious Studies is composed of the following areas of studies. {{Multicol}} ''' [[Portal:Western_Religions|Faculty of Western Religions]] ''' * Abrahamic Religions ** Judaism ** Christianity ** Islam ** Baháʼí ** ''Others'' * Iranian Religions ** Zoroastrianism ** Yazidism {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Eastern_Religions|Faculty of Eastern Religions]] ''' * East Asian ** Taoism ** Shinto *Indian ** Hinduism ** Buddhism ** Sikhism ** ''Others'' {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Indigenous_Religions|Faculty of Indigenous Religions]] ''' * Maori * Native American * Tibeto-Burmese * African * Ethnic {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:New_Movement_Religions|Faculty of New Movement Religions]] ''' ** Jediism ** Neoshamanism ** Scientology ** Spiritualism * Modern Paganism ** Druidry ** Heathenry ** Wicca {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Historic_Religions|Faculty of Historic Religions]] ''' * Pre-historic * Inca * Germanic * Mesopotamian ** Sumerian/Babylonian * Mithraism * Semitic {{Multicol-end}} ''If a religion you are looking for is not listed, check in the Faculty links above. Secular and Irreligious groups are not listed here.'' ==Core Curriculum== In order to form a basic understanding of religious studies, it is recommended that students visit the following courses below. After which it would benefit students and researchers to further thier studies by exploring the wikimedia resources below before considering a specialised Area of Study. {{Multicol}} '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] * [[w:History of Religion|History of Religion]] * [[w:Anthropology of Religion|Anthropology of Religion]] * [[w:Sociology of Religion|Sociology of Religion]] * [[w:Psychology of Religion|Psychology of Religion]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Methodology Courses''' * [[w:Phenomenology of Religion|Phenomenology of Religion]] * [[Political and historical methodology|Historical Methodology]] {{Multicol-end}} == Courses == {{Multicol}} '''Active''' {{Multicol-break}} '''Planned''' * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions {{Multicol-break}} '''Requested''' {{Multicol-end}} == Wikimedia Resources == {{Div col}} * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] article at Wikipedia * [[b:Subject:Subject:Religion|Related Religion]] textbooks at Wikibooks * [[c:Category:Religious_studies|Religious Studies]] media at Wikimedia Commons {{Div col end}} {{Multicol}} ==School news== * '''9 September 2006''' - Original [[Portal:Religious studies|Division]] (under Theology) founded! * '''4 August 2022''' - Division updated to School of Religious Studies! ==Things you can do!== * Clean up Religion topics through research. * Link 'Area of Study' titles above to existing 'Religion pages'. * Replace Core Curriculum source knowledge with actual courses. * Create new Courses of study! {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 4, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==How can I get involved?== ====As a learner==== Are you new to Wikiversity or the School of [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]]? You have come across an important resource in the development of interactive [[Open educational resources|Open Educational Resources]]. You are welcome here as a student browsing for resources to use in your studies. You may like to to sign up for a specific course. Either way you can use this area of cyberspace to keep notes while you study - but remember, they are open for other people to read! (You can create pages linked to your user page by adding "/subspacename" after your username when starting a new page). Please also use the discussion pages to give feed back about courses whether you like them or were disappointed. We also encourage more active involvement. You can help in the development of courses, adding to the bibliography, putting in links to wikipedia (use "w:" at the beginning of the box), correcting typos etc. If you are a newcomer, please see [[Help:The original tour for newcomers|this]] quick tour to help you familiarise yourself with wikiversity. ====As a teacher/facilitator==== We also encourage teachers to use wikiversity as a place to develop and share their teaching materials. For more general information, please look [[Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity|here]]. ====As a researcher==== In addition to Wikiversity's learning mission in various educational sectors, Wikiversity also hosts research. Please see [[Portal:Research]] for more information. ====As part of a Learning Community==== We also function as a learning community, sharing general maintenance tasks, discussing problems that arise and developing collaborative projects We keep a special [[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|page]] of things that need to be done for people who just want to jump in! *[[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|Get involved!]] Have any questions? Leave them on the School's [[School talk:Religious Studies|talk page]], or contact one of the active particpants. ==See also== {{Div col}} * [[School:Theology|School of Theology]] * [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies]] * [[Portal:Humanities]] * [[Peace studies|Peace Studies]] * [[Portal:Comparative_religion|Comparative Religion]] * [[Science_as_religion|Science as a Religion]] * [[Dominant_group/Religion|Dominant Group Characterization]] * [[w:Secularism|Secularism]] * [[w:Irreligion|Irreligion]] {{Div col end}} == External links == * [[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies Research Papers ]] in Religious Studies at Academia.edu * [[https://pluralism.org/home The Pluralism Project ]] at Harvard University * [[https://www.aarweb.org/ AAR ]] The American Academy of Religion [[Category:Wikiversity schools]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] sfev764blii8xlm9i6586uhlotb6wup 2412652 2412651 2022-08-08T17:03:12Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* School news */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the School of Religious Studies}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies|Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> <div align="center">''The School of Religious Studies is for multi-disciplinary and secular study of religion.''</div> '''Religious Studies''', also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. [[Image:Religions 4x5.png|thumb|275px|Symbols of religions]] While [[Theology]] attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes a more scientific and objective approach independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious Studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. The '''School of Religious Studies''' works in close cooperation with the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]. ==Areas of Study== Currently the School of Religious Studies is composed of the following areas of studies. {{Multicol}} ''' [[Portal:Western_Religions|Faculty of Western Religions]] ''' * Abrahamic Religions ** Judaism ** Christianity ** Islam ** Baháʼí ** ''Others'' * Iranian Religions ** Zoroastrianism ** Yazidism {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Eastern_Religions|Faculty of Eastern Religions]] ''' * East Asian ** Taoism ** Shinto *Indian ** Hinduism ** Buddhism ** Sikhism ** ''Others'' {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Indigenous_Religions|Faculty of Indigenous Religions]] ''' * Maori * Native American * Tibeto-Burmese * African * Ethnic {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:New_Movement_Religions|Faculty of New Movement Religions]] ''' ** Jediism ** Neoshamanism ** Scientology ** Spiritualism * Modern Paganism ** Druidry ** Heathenry ** Wicca {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Historic_Religions|Faculty of Historic Religions]] ''' * Pre-historic * Inca * Germanic * Mesopotamian ** Sumerian/Babylonian * Mithraism * Semitic {{Multicol-end}} ''If a religion you are looking for is not listed, check in the Faculty links above. Secular and Irreligious groups are not listed here.'' ==Core Curriculum== In order to form a basic understanding of religious studies, it is recommended that students visit the following courses below. After which it would benefit students and researchers to further thier studies by exploring the wikimedia resources below before considering a specialised Area of Study. {{Multicol}} '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] * [[w:History of Religion|History of Religion]] * [[w:Anthropology of Religion|Anthropology of Religion]] * [[w:Sociology of Religion|Sociology of Religion]] * [[w:Psychology of Religion|Psychology of Religion]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Methodology Courses''' * [[w:Phenomenology of Religion|Phenomenology of Religion]] * [[Political and historical methodology|Historical Methodology]] {{Multicol-end}} == Courses == {{Multicol}} '''Active''' {{Multicol-break}} '''Planned''' * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions {{Multicol-break}} '''Requested''' {{Multicol-end}} == Wikimedia Resources == {{Div col}} * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] article at Wikipedia * [[b:Subject:Subject:Religion|Related Religion]] textbooks at Wikibooks * [[c:Category:Religious_studies|Religious Studies]] media at Wikimedia Commons {{Div col end}} {{Multicol}} ==School news== * '''9 September 2006''' - Original [[Portal:Religious studies|Division]] (under Theology) founded! * '''4 August 2022''' - Division updated to School of Religious Studies! * '''5 August 2022''' - Areas of Study established. ==Things you can do!== * Clean up Religion topics through research. * Link 'Area of Study' titles above to existing 'Religion pages'. * Replace Core Curriculum source knowledge with actual courses. * Create new Courses of study! {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 4, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==How can I get involved?== ====As a learner==== Are you new to Wikiversity or the School of [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]]? You have come across an important resource in the development of interactive [[Open educational resources|Open Educational Resources]]. You are welcome here as a student browsing for resources to use in your studies. You may like to to sign up for a specific course. Either way you can use this area of cyberspace to keep notes while you study - but remember, they are open for other people to read! (You can create pages linked to your user page by adding "/subspacename" after your username when starting a new page). Please also use the discussion pages to give feed back about courses whether you like them or were disappointed. We also encourage more active involvement. You can help in the development of courses, adding to the bibliography, putting in links to wikipedia (use "w:" at the beginning of the box), correcting typos etc. If you are a newcomer, please see [[Help:The original tour for newcomers|this]] quick tour to help you familiarise yourself with wikiversity. ====As a teacher/facilitator==== We also encourage teachers to use wikiversity as a place to develop and share their teaching materials. For more general information, please look [[Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity|here]]. ====As a researcher==== In addition to Wikiversity's learning mission in various educational sectors, Wikiversity also hosts research. Please see [[Portal:Research]] for more information. ====As part of a Learning Community==== We also function as a learning community, sharing general maintenance tasks, discussing problems that arise and developing collaborative projects We keep a special [[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|page]] of things that need to be done for people who just want to jump in! *[[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|Get involved!]] Have any questions? Leave them on the School's [[School talk:Religious Studies|talk page]], or contact one of the active particpants. ==See also== {{Div col}} * [[School:Theology|School of Theology]] * [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies]] * [[Portal:Humanities]] * [[Peace studies|Peace Studies]] * [[Portal:Comparative_religion|Comparative Religion]] * [[Science_as_religion|Science as a Religion]] * [[Dominant_group/Religion|Dominant Group Characterization]] * [[w:Secularism|Secularism]] * [[w:Irreligion|Irreligion]] {{Div col end}} == External links == * [[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies Research Papers ]] in Religious Studies at Academia.edu * [[https://pluralism.org/home The Pluralism Project ]] at Harvard University * [[https://www.aarweb.org/ AAR ]] The American Academy of Religion [[Category:Wikiversity schools]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] 4964d1mgwmu85ilsl1p4e4h44bwvf2v 2412653 2412652 2022-08-08T17:03:51Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* School news */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the School of Religious Studies}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies|Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> <div align="center">''The School of Religious Studies is for multi-disciplinary and secular study of religion.''</div> '''Religious Studies''', also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. [[Image:Religions 4x5.png|thumb|275px|Symbols of religions]] While [[Theology]] attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes a more scientific and objective approach independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious Studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. The '''School of Religious Studies''' works in close cooperation with the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]. ==Areas of Study== Currently the School of Religious Studies is composed of the following areas of studies. {{Multicol}} ''' [[Portal:Western_Religions|Faculty of Western Religions]] ''' * Abrahamic Religions ** Judaism ** Christianity ** Islam ** Baháʼí ** ''Others'' * Iranian Religions ** Zoroastrianism ** Yazidism {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Eastern_Religions|Faculty of Eastern Religions]] ''' * East Asian ** Taoism ** Shinto *Indian ** Hinduism ** Buddhism ** Sikhism ** ''Others'' {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Indigenous_Religions|Faculty of Indigenous Religions]] ''' * Maori * Native American * Tibeto-Burmese * African * Ethnic {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:New_Movement_Religions|Faculty of New Movement Religions]] ''' ** Jediism ** Neoshamanism ** Scientology ** Spiritualism * Modern Paganism ** Druidry ** Heathenry ** Wicca {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Historic_Religions|Faculty of Historic Religions]] ''' * Pre-historic * Inca * Germanic * Mesopotamian ** Sumerian/Babylonian * Mithraism * Semitic {{Multicol-end}} ''If a religion you are looking for is not listed, check in the Faculty links above. Secular and Irreligious groups are not listed here.'' ==Core Curriculum== In order to form a basic understanding of religious studies, it is recommended that students visit the following courses below. After which it would benefit students and researchers to further thier studies by exploring the wikimedia resources below before considering a specialised Area of Study. {{Multicol}} '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] * [[w:History of Religion|History of Religion]] * [[w:Anthropology of Religion|Anthropology of Religion]] * [[w:Sociology of Religion|Sociology of Religion]] * [[w:Psychology of Religion|Psychology of Religion]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Methodology Courses''' * [[w:Phenomenology of Religion|Phenomenology of Religion]] * [[Political and historical methodology|Historical Methodology]] {{Multicol-end}} == Courses == {{Multicol}} '''Active''' {{Multicol-break}} '''Planned''' * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions {{Multicol-break}} '''Requested''' {{Multicol-end}} == Wikimedia Resources == {{Div col}} * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] article at Wikipedia * [[b:Subject:Subject:Religion|Related Religion]] textbooks at Wikibooks * [[c:Category:Religious_studies|Religious Studies]] media at Wikimedia Commons {{Div col end}} {{Multicol}} ==School news== * '''9 September 2006''' - Original [[Portal:Religious studies|Division]] (under Theology) founded! * '''4 August 2022''' - Division updated to School of Religious Studies! ==Things you can do!== * Clean up Religion topics through research. * Link 'Area of Study' titles above to existing 'Religion pages'. * Replace Core Curriculum source knowledge with actual courses. * Create new Courses of study! {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 4, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==How can I get involved?== ====As a learner==== Are you new to Wikiversity or the School of [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]]? You have come across an important resource in the development of interactive [[Open educational resources|Open Educational Resources]]. You are welcome here as a student browsing for resources to use in your studies. You may like to to sign up for a specific course. Either way you can use this area of cyberspace to keep notes while you study - but remember, they are open for other people to read! (You can create pages linked to your user page by adding "/subspacename" after your username when starting a new page). Please also use the discussion pages to give feed back about courses whether you like them or were disappointed. We also encourage more active involvement. You can help in the development of courses, adding to the bibliography, putting in links to wikipedia (use "w:" at the beginning of the box), correcting typos etc. If you are a newcomer, please see [[Help:The original tour for newcomers|this]] quick tour to help you familiarise yourself with wikiversity. ====As a teacher/facilitator==== We also encourage teachers to use wikiversity as a place to develop and share their teaching materials. For more general information, please look [[Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity|here]]. ====As a researcher==== In addition to Wikiversity's learning mission in various educational sectors, Wikiversity also hosts research. Please see [[Portal:Research]] for more information. ====As part of a Learning Community==== We also function as a learning community, sharing general maintenance tasks, discussing problems that arise and developing collaborative projects We keep a special [[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|page]] of things that need to be done for people who just want to jump in! *[[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|Get involved!]] Have any questions? Leave them on the School's [[School talk:Religious Studies|talk page]], or contact one of the active particpants. ==See also== {{Div col}} * [[School:Theology|School of Theology]] * [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies]] * [[Portal:Humanities]] * [[Peace studies|Peace Studies]] * [[Portal:Comparative_religion|Comparative Religion]] * [[Science_as_religion|Science as a Religion]] * [[Dominant_group/Religion|Dominant Group Characterization]] * [[w:Secularism|Secularism]] * [[w:Irreligion|Irreligion]] {{Div col end}} == External links == * [[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies Research Papers ]] in Religious Studies at Academia.edu * [[https://pluralism.org/home The Pluralism Project ]] at Harvard University * [[https://www.aarweb.org/ AAR ]] The American Academy of Religion [[Category:Wikiversity schools]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] sfev764blii8xlm9i6586uhlotb6wup 2412660 2412653 2022-08-08T17:30:59Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Core Curriculum */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the School of Religious Studies}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies|Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> <div align="center">''The School of Religious Studies is for multi-disciplinary and secular study of religion.''</div> '''Religious Studies''', also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. [[Image:Religions 4x5.png|thumb|275px|Symbols of religions]] While [[Theology]] attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes a more scientific and objective approach independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious Studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. The '''School of Religious Studies''' works in close cooperation with the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]. ==Areas of Study== Currently the School of Religious Studies is composed of the following areas of studies. {{Multicol}} ''' [[Portal:Western_Religions|Faculty of Western Religions]] ''' * Abrahamic Religions ** Judaism ** Christianity ** Islam ** Baháʼí ** ''Others'' * Iranian Religions ** Zoroastrianism ** Yazidism {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Eastern_Religions|Faculty of Eastern Religions]] ''' * East Asian ** Taoism ** Shinto *Indian ** Hinduism ** Buddhism ** Sikhism ** ''Others'' {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Indigenous_Religions|Faculty of Indigenous Religions]] ''' * Maori * Native American * Tibeto-Burmese * African * Ethnic {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:New_Movement_Religions|Faculty of New Movement Religions]] ''' ** Jediism ** Neoshamanism ** Scientology ** Spiritualism * Modern Paganism ** Druidry ** Heathenry ** Wicca {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Historic_Religions|Faculty of Historic Religions]] ''' * Pre-historic * Inca * Germanic * Mesopotamian ** Sumerian/Babylonian * Mithraism * Semitic {{Multicol-end}} ''If a religion you are looking for is not listed, check in the Faculty links above. Secular and Irreligious groups are not listed here.'' ==Core Curriculum== In order to form a basic understanding of religious studies, it is recommended that students visit the following courses below. After which it would benefit students and researchers to further thier studies by exploring the wikimedia resources below before considering a specialised Area of Study. {{Multicol}} '''Core Courses''' * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] * [[w:History of Religion|History of Religion]] * [[w:Anthropology of Religion|Anthropology of Religion]] * [[w:Sociology of Religion|Sociology of Religion]] * [[w:Psychology of Religion|Psychology of Religion]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Methodology Courses''' * [[w:Phenomenology of Religion|Phenomenology of Religion]] * [[Political and historical methodology|Historical Methodology]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Introductory Courses''' {{Multicol-end}} == Courses == {{Multicol}} '''Active''' {{Multicol-break}} '''Planned''' * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions {{Multicol-break}} '''Requested''' {{Multicol-end}} == Wikimedia Resources == {{Div col}} * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] article at Wikipedia * [[b:Subject:Subject:Religion|Related Religion]] textbooks at Wikibooks * [[c:Category:Religious_studies|Religious Studies]] media at Wikimedia Commons {{Div col end}} {{Multicol}} ==School news== * '''9 September 2006''' - Original [[Portal:Religious studies|Division]] (under Theology) founded! * '''4 August 2022''' - Division updated to School of Religious Studies! ==Things you can do!== * Clean up Religion topics through research. * Link 'Area of Study' titles above to existing 'Religion pages'. * Replace Core Curriculum source knowledge with actual courses. * Create new Courses of study! {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 4, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==How can I get involved?== ====As a learner==== Are you new to Wikiversity or the School of [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]]? You have come across an important resource in the development of interactive [[Open educational resources|Open Educational Resources]]. You are welcome here as a student browsing for resources to use in your studies. You may like to to sign up for a specific course. Either way you can use this area of cyberspace to keep notes while you study - but remember, they are open for other people to read! (You can create pages linked to your user page by adding "/subspacename" after your username when starting a new page). Please also use the discussion pages to give feed back about courses whether you like them or were disappointed. We also encourage more active involvement. You can help in the development of courses, adding to the bibliography, putting in links to wikipedia (use "w:" at the beginning of the box), correcting typos etc. If you are a newcomer, please see [[Help:The original tour for newcomers|this]] quick tour to help you familiarise yourself with wikiversity. ====As a teacher/facilitator==== We also encourage teachers to use wikiversity as a place to develop and share their teaching materials. For more general information, please look [[Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity|here]]. ====As a researcher==== In addition to Wikiversity's learning mission in various educational sectors, Wikiversity also hosts research. Please see [[Portal:Research]] for more information. ====As part of a Learning Community==== We also function as a learning community, sharing general maintenance tasks, discussing problems that arise and developing collaborative projects We keep a special [[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|page]] of things that need to be done for people who just want to jump in! *[[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|Get involved!]] Have any questions? Leave them on the School's [[School talk:Religious Studies|talk page]], or contact one of the active particpants. ==See also== {{Div col}} * [[School:Theology|School of Theology]] * [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies]] * [[Portal:Humanities]] * [[Peace studies|Peace Studies]] * [[Portal:Comparative_religion|Comparative Religion]] * [[Science_as_religion|Science as a Religion]] * [[Dominant_group/Religion|Dominant Group Characterization]] * [[w:Secularism|Secularism]] * [[w:Irreligion|Irreligion]] {{Div col end}} == External links == * [[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies Research Papers ]] in Religious Studies at Academia.edu * [[https://pluralism.org/home The Pluralism Project ]] at Harvard University * [[https://www.aarweb.org/ AAR ]] The American Academy of Religion [[Category:Wikiversity schools]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] 7b0alvml9d8ioblrrpb2xfjnhavn0g9 2412662 2412660 2022-08-08T17:35:10Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Core Curriculum */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the School of Religious Studies}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies|Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> <div align="center">''The School of Religious Studies is for multi-disciplinary and secular study of religion.''</div> '''Religious Studies''', also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. [[Image:Religions 4x5.png|thumb|275px|Symbols of religions]] While [[Theology]] attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes a more scientific and objective approach independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious Studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. The '''School of Religious Studies''' works in close cooperation with the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]. ==Areas of Study== Currently the School of Religious Studies is composed of the following areas of studies. {{Multicol}} ''' [[Portal:Western_Religions|Faculty of Western Religions]] ''' * Abrahamic Religions ** Judaism ** Christianity ** Islam ** Baháʼí ** ''Others'' * Iranian Religions ** Zoroastrianism ** Yazidism {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Eastern_Religions|Faculty of Eastern Religions]] ''' * East Asian ** Taoism ** Shinto *Indian ** Hinduism ** Buddhism ** Sikhism ** ''Others'' {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Indigenous_Religions|Faculty of Indigenous Religions]] ''' * Maori * Native American * Tibeto-Burmese * African * Ethnic {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:New_Movement_Religions|Faculty of New Movement Religions]] ''' ** Jediism ** Neoshamanism ** Scientology ** Spiritualism * Modern Paganism ** Druidry ** Heathenry ** Wicca {{Multicol-break}} ''' [[Portal:Historic_Religions|Faculty of Historic Religions]] ''' * Pre-historic * Inca * Germanic * Mesopotamian ** Sumerian/Babylonian * Mithraism * Semitic {{Multicol-end}} ''If a religion you are looking for is not listed, check in the Faculty links above. Secular and Irreligious groups are not listed here.'' ==Core Curriculum== In order to form a basic understanding of religious studies, it is recommended that students visit the following courses below. After which it would benefit students and researchers to further thier studies by exploring the wikimedia resources below before considering a specialised Area of Study. {{Multicol}} '''Core Courses''' * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] * [[w:History of Religion|History of Religion]] * [[w:Anthropology of Religion|Anthropology of Religion]] * [[w:Sociology of Religion|Sociology of Religion]] * [[w:Psychology of Religion|Psychology of Religion]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Methodology Courses''' * [[w:Phenomenology of Religion|Phenomenology of Religion]] * [[Political and historical methodology|Historical Methodology]] {{Multicol-break}} '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Western_religions|Western Religions]] * [[w:Eastern_religions|Eastern Religions]] * [[w:Indigenous_religion|Indigenous Religions]] * [[w:Ethnic_religion|Ethnic Religions]] * [[w:New_religious_movement|New Religious Movement]] {{Multicol-end}} == Courses == {{Multicol}} '''Active''' {{Multicol-break}} '''Planned''' * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions {{Multicol-break}} '''Requested''' {{Multicol-end}} == Wikimedia Resources == {{Div col}} * [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]] article at Wikipedia * [[b:Subject:Subject:Religion|Related Religion]] textbooks at Wikibooks * [[c:Category:Religious_studies|Religious Studies]] media at Wikimedia Commons {{Div col end}} {{Multicol}} ==School news== * '''9 September 2006''' - Original [[Portal:Religious studies|Division]] (under Theology) founded! * '''4 August 2022''' - Division updated to School of Religious Studies! ==Things you can do!== * Clean up Religion topics through research. * Link 'Area of Study' titles above to existing 'Religion pages'. * Replace Core Curriculum source knowledge with actual courses. * Create new Courses of study! {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 4, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==How can I get involved?== ====As a learner==== Are you new to Wikiversity or the School of [[w:Religious Studies|Religious Studies]]? You have come across an important resource in the development of interactive [[Open educational resources|Open Educational Resources]]. You are welcome here as a student browsing for resources to use in your studies. You may like to to sign up for a specific course. Either way you can use this area of cyberspace to keep notes while you study - but remember, they are open for other people to read! (You can create pages linked to your user page by adding "/subspacename" after your username when starting a new page). Please also use the discussion pages to give feed back about courses whether you like them or were disappointed. We also encourage more active involvement. You can help in the development of courses, adding to the bibliography, putting in links to wikipedia (use "w:" at the beginning of the box), correcting typos etc. If you are a newcomer, please see [[Help:The original tour for newcomers|this]] quick tour to help you familiarise yourself with wikiversity. ====As a teacher/facilitator==== We also encourage teachers to use wikiversity as a place to develop and share their teaching materials. For more general information, please look [[Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity|here]]. ====As a researcher==== In addition to Wikiversity's learning mission in various educational sectors, Wikiversity also hosts research. Please see [[Portal:Research]] for more information. ====As part of a Learning Community==== We also function as a learning community, sharing general maintenance tasks, discussing problems that arise and developing collaborative projects We keep a special [[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|page]] of things that need to be done for people who just want to jump in! *[[School:Religious_Studies/Tasks|Get involved!]] Have any questions? Leave them on the School's [[School talk:Religious Studies|talk page]], or contact one of the active particpants. ==See also== {{Div col}} * [[School:Theology|School of Theology]] * [[Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies]] * [[Portal:Humanities]] * [[Peace studies|Peace Studies]] * [[Portal:Comparative_religion|Comparative Religion]] * [[Science_as_religion|Science as a Religion]] * [[Dominant_group/Religion|Dominant Group Characterization]] * [[w:Secularism|Secularism]] * [[w:Irreligion|Irreligion]] {{Div col end}} == External links == * [[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies Research Papers ]] in Religious Studies at Academia.edu * [[https://pluralism.org/home The Pluralism Project ]] at Harvard University * [[https://www.aarweb.org/ AAR ]] The American Academy of Religion [[Category:Wikiversity schools]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] 26yxbsbcvvnovysrg619s4ee9q4ykdg 100 286062 2412655 2412260 2022-08-08T17:27:33Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Course Lists */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === === Course Lists === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === 24fjnooo4djfx4qlbnl94ee9swoekiq 2412656 2412655 2022-08-08T17:28:13Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Course Lists */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === === Course Lists === <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === bbil2zo8x4d0ex27ct85xyqy60nnn5l 2412657 2412656 2022-08-08T17:28:26Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Core Curriculum */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions === Course Lists === <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === mrz4eznl4vs72m98rw82r46tj1ec2qq 2412658 2412657 2022-08-08T17:29:01Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Core Curriculum */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion === Course Lists === <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === t4z61gx24bflker00wxlivwx3tglsik 2412659 2412658 2022-08-08T17:29:13Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Course Lists */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion === Course Lists === * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === fpyb2rf8r5nsblioi1m4i81kkxnmksl 2412663 2412659 2022-08-08T17:37:21Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Core Curriculum */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] === Core Curriculum === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Anthropology of Religion * Psychology of Religion === Course Lists === * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === hmfpcn1ffp9xifnzjf7pczdgthqlitd 2412664 2412663 2022-08-08T17:38:45Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* General */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Welcome to the [[School:History|School of Religious Studies]]'s Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments (Areas of Studies) can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] !</noinclude> == Administration == With the [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. Please be sure to add any categories your for Area of Study where appropriate. <br> === General === * Clean Up - [[Portal:Religious studies]] - purpose to avoid a lot of duplication of appearance and to direct students/searchers to the School page. === Core Curriculum === * Introduction to Religions Studies * Methods in the Study of Religion * History of Religion * Sociology of Religion * Philosophy of Religion * Anthropology of Religion * Psychology of Religion === Course Lists === * Introduction to Western Religions * Introduction to Eastern Religions * Introduction to Indigenous Religions * Introduction to New Movement Religions <br> == Departmental Task Pages == Each Department will have tasks listed below. If nothing listed, then no tasks exist. <br> === Western Religions === === Eastern Religions === === Indigenous Religions === === New Movement Religions === === Historic Religions === 0kz8iemkgzf04nfwqx5ghp620w1jqzq 2 286065 2412746 2412035 2022-08-09T03:09:29Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 /* Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895 - 1983) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Buckminster Fuller|Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895 - 1983)]] === <hr /> [[File:BuckminsterFuller cropped.jpg|thumb|Buckminster Fuller (1895 - 1983)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429)]] [[File:Buckminster Fuller teaching at the College of Design.jpg|thumb|Buckminster_Fuller_teaching_at_the_College_of_Design]] [[File:R. Buckminster Fuller 1972.jpg|thumb|Spartan Daily (San Jose State University) Wednesday, January 12, 1972]] [[File:Bucky TRIMTAB.jpg|thumb|Bucky TRIMTAB]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * [[w:Synergetics|Synergetics]] * [[w:Tensgresity|Tensgresity]] * [[w:Ephemeralization|Ephemeralization]] * [[w:Dymaxion Car|Dymaxion Car]] & [[w:Dymaxion House|Dymaxion House]] * [[w:Geodesic Dome|Geodesic Dome]] <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion Car}} |}<hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Fuller, R. Buckminster}} <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion House}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Biosphère Montréal}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller}} |}<hr /> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> s315vzmwbneegggteiucw5209dal5ho 2412747 2412746 2022-08-09T03:12:57Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Buckminster Fuller|Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895 - 1983)]] === <hr /> [[File:BuckminsterFuller cropped.jpg|thumb|Buckminster Fuller (1895 - 1983)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429)]] [[File:Buckminster Fuller teaching at the College of Design.jpg|thumb|Buckminster_Fuller_teaching_at_the_College_of_Design]] [[File:R. Buckminster Fuller 1972.jpg|thumb|Spartan Daily (San Jose State University) Wednesday, January 12, 1972]] [[File:Bucky TRIMTAB.jpg|thumb|Bucky TRIMTAB]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * [[w:Synergetics_(Fuller)|Synergetics]] * [[w:Tensgresity|Tensgresity]] * [[w:Ephemeralization|Ephemeralization]] * [[w:Dymaxion Car|Dymaxion Car]] & [[w:Dymaxion House|Dymaxion House]] * [[w:Geodesic Dome|Geodesic Dome]] <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion Car}} |}<hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Fuller, R. Buckminster}} <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion House}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Biosphère Montréal}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller}} |}<hr /> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> p3nownv7lbv3e7i2dafc5ssch3h9d65 2412748 2412747 2022-08-09T03:15:04Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Buckminster Fuller|Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895 - 1983)]] === <hr /> [[File:BuckminsterFuller cropped.jpg|thumb|Buckminster Fuller (1895 - 1983)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx92 SnelsonK Fuller 4cc--Sum1948-WmJoseph-EdeKooning-RBurkhardt (6506084311)]] [[File:BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429).jpg|thumb|BMCRP VM Bx89 Nakagawa Portraits 11ee--Sum1949 (6506073429)]] [[File:Buckminster Fuller teaching at the College of Design.jpg|thumb|Buckminster_Fuller_teaching_at_the_College_of_Design]] [[File:R. Buckminster Fuller 1972.jpg|thumb|Spartan Daily (San Jose State University) Wednesday, January 12, 1972]] [[File:Bucky TRIMTAB.jpg|thumb|Bucky TRIMTAB]] '''Notable Accomplishments''' * [[w:Synergetics_(Fuller)|Synergetics]] * [[w:Tensegrity|Tensegrity]] * [[w:Ephemeralization|Ephemeralization]] * [[w:Dymaxion Car|Dymaxion Car]] & [[w:Dymaxion House|Dymaxion House]] * [[w:Geodesic Dome|Geodesic Dome]] <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion Car}} |}<hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Fuller, R. Buckminster}} <br /><hr /> {| align= center | width= 640px |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Dymaxion House}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller - The Biosphère Montréal}} <br /><hr /> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Gallery/Buckminster Fuller}} |}<hr /> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> 0biu6co0jxms968qmqvul614p0q7w2r 102 286083 2412666 2412286 2022-08-08T17:42:13Z SotanScholar 2947466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of Western Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> The Western religions are the religions that originated within Western culture, which are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from Eastern, African and Iranian religions. The term Abrahamic religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) is often used instead of using the East and West terminology, as these originated in the Middle East. Western culture itself was significantly influenced by the emergence of Christianity and its adoption as the state church of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century and the term "Christendom" largely indicates this intertwined history. Western Christianity was significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion (notably neoplatonism) as well as the Roman imperial cult. Western Christianity is based on Roman Catholicism (Latin Rite), as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy, from which it was divided by the Great Schism of the 11th century, and further includes all Protestant traditions splitting off Roman Catholicism from the 16th century. Since the 19th century, Western religion has diversified into numerous new religious movements, including Occultism, Spiritism and diverse forms of Neopaganism. == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == ''' Abrahamic Religions ''' {{Multicol}} * Judaism ** Rabbinic ** Karaite ** Ethno-Cultural *** Hasidic *** Orthodox *** Zionist {{Multicol-break}} * Christianity ** Eastern Orthodox ** Catholicism ** Protestantism ** Independent Sacramental ** Miscellanious {{Multicol-break}} * Islam ** Sunnī ** Salafi ** Shi'a ** Sufism {{Multicol-break}} * Other ** Bábism ** Baháʼí ** Druze ** Ali-Illahism ** Mandaeism ** Rastafari {{Multicol-end}} ''' Iranian Religions ''' {{Multicol}} * Zoroastrianism * Yazidism * Yarsanism * Assianism/Uatsdin * Roshani {{Multicol-end}} == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Western_religions|Western Religions]] {{Multicol}} ==Division news== * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! ==Things you can do!== {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==See also== == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] 6qgix62ghxt21e7hqrscdgfstgji07u 102 286084 2412667 2412287 2022-08-08T17:43:37Z SotanScholar 2947466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of Eastern Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western, African and Iranian religions. This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, Sindoism, and Chinese folk religion, South Asian religions including Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion and Caodaism as well as animistic indigenous religions. This East-West religious distinction, just as with the East-West culture distinction, and the implications that arise from it, is broad and not precise. Furthermore, the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation. While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions, this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions. == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Eastern_religions|Eastern Religions]] {{Multicol}} ==Division news== * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! ==Things you can do!== {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==See also== == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] 6x2avqryr0rdxtmzi1x71t61mv7nwks 102 286085 2412668 2412292 2022-08-08T17:44:12Z SotanScholar 2947466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of Indigenous Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> Indigenous religions is a category used in the study of religion to demarcate the religious belief systems of communities described as being "indigenous". This category is often juxtaposed against others such as the "world religions" (Western & Eastern Religions) and "new religious movements". The term is commonly applied to a range of different belief systems across the Americas, Australasia, Asia, Africa, and Northern Europe, particularly to those practiced by communities living under the impact of colonialism. Another term often used for these type of Religions is 'Ethnic Religions'. == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:Indigenous_religion|Indigenous Religions]] * [[w:Ethnic_religion|Ethnic Religions]] {{Multicol}} == Division news == * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! ==Things you can do!== {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==See also== == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] 74m4mt4y5blgz3m1c4yowsv4pue0r5f 102 286086 2412661 2412293 2022-08-08T17:34:28Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Courses & Learning Materials */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of New Movement Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions. A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied. Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million. Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups. (Source: [[w:List_of_new_religious_movements|New Religious Movements]]) == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:New_religious_movement|New Religious Movement]] == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == (''NOTE: Some of the religions in this Faculty may overlap in other Faculties for a variety of reasons.'') {{Multicol}} == Division news == * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! ==Things you can do!== {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==See also== == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] fihg7ayodtnclqjv9tzbupvt4yunxl3 2412669 2412661 2022-08-08T17:44:45Z SotanScholar 2947466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of New Movement Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions. A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied. Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million. Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups. (Source: [[w:List_of_new_religious_movements|New Religious Movements]]) == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == (''NOTE: Some of the religions in this Faculty may overlap in other Faculties for a variety of reasons.'') == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * [[w:New_religious_movement|New Religious Movement]] {{Multicol}} == Division news == * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! ==Things you can do!== {{Multicol-break}} ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. ==Inactive participants== {{Multicol-end}} ==See also== == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] 58p52plschgy43hp19jd0fanwhfcgxb 102 286087 2412670 2412297 2022-08-08T17:45:21Z SotanScholar 2947466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<div align="center">{{font|size=x-large|Welcome to the Faculty of Historic Religions}}</div>''' <div align="center">''part of the [[School:Religious_Studies|School of Religious Studies]] and the [[School:Theology|School of Theology]]''</div> == List of Religious Groups & Denominations == * [[Portal:Ancient Egyprian Religion Studies|Division of Ancient Egyptian Religion Studies]] * [[Portal:Ancient Greek Religion Studies|Division of Ancient Greek Religion Studies]] * [[Portal:Ancient Slavic Religion Studies|Division of Ancient Slavic Religion Studies]] * [[Portal:Ancient Celtic Religion Studies|Division of Ancient Celtic Religion Studies]] * [[Portal:Ancient Norse Religion Studies|Division of Ancient Norse Religion Studies]] == Courses & Learning Materials == '''Introductory Courses''' * ''none at this time'' {{Multicol}} == Division news == * '''5 August 2022''' - Division founded! == Things you can do! == {{Multicol-break}} == Active participants == The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed). * [[user:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) as of Aug 5, 2022. == Inactive participants == {{Multicol-end}} == See also == == External links == [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Religious studies ]] [[Category:Theology ]] n0r57crjh09wv3wmsuytyf9yapmz9kv 6 286156 2412613 2022-08-08T13:45:31Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Applications 6A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Applications 6A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ns9g5w8omqhhj2niv0dpsh9dmgodbtz 6 286157 2412614 2022-08-08T13:46:27Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1: Arrays 1A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1: Arrays 1A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} c8u8l61sak3ztak4t9qaeh3swu6eqhk 6 286158 2412615 2022-08-08T13:47:49Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.3: Array Pointers 1A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.3: Array Pointers 1A (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} gwk2bb3vay2vbbtus8jhj0ygtbywnmt 6 286159 2412616 2022-08-08T13:48:58Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1App: Applications of Arrays 1A (20220808- 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1App: Applications of Arrays 1A (20220808- 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 936u1ikgdayyzijlp7mk3vmsmnv7x6g 6 286160 2412617 2022-08-08T13:50:01Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith.1.A: Variable Block Adders (2022080 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith.1.A: Variable Block Adders (2022080 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} m89ss1uy5yeogimkh2wdigy9ual4pju 2412618 2412617 2022-08-08T13:52:19Z Young1lim 21186 /* Summary */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith.1.A: Variable Block Adders (20220808 - 20220806) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} gnz4j8hfemkm448fmrvsc0zpolpfo33 3 286161 2412637 2022-08-08T14:41:51Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] SLoCE!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:41, 8 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} rurkug4au1ltdno0g8d5ayp45ey9r5l 3 286162 2412638 2022-08-08T14:42:19Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] U3131472!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:42, 8 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} mz1gx9dic7zizuf4y4kyus39uq0pdfi 3 286163 2412640 2022-08-08T14:44:57Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Wonderful CA!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:44, 8 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} qkt40uoxbnlkaua6nmzle9vdb25s679 3 286164 2412641 2022-08-08T14:45:05Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Silver Dovelet!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:45, 8 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} ej1d7vg6tlolixnrxrc418ugi8ysue0 101 286165 2412654 2022-08-08T17:26:27Z SotanScholar 2947466 /* Future of the Core Curriculum & Courses list */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Future of the Core Curriculum & Courses list == It is my vision and hope that the Core Curriculum and Courses list on the School page will eventually be replaced with an 'example list' or whatever equivalent structure not unlike university style degree programs. It will ideally have a Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate level style program for students and other Open Education institutions to refer to as a potential template for their educational offering in Religions Studies. [[User:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) 17:26, 8 August 2022 (UTC) 7f6q5f56a6zi1ku8ybc1ds435fj7yhr 2412682 2412654 2022-08-08T19:50:30Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 /* Future of the Core Curriculum & Courses list */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki == Future of the Core Curriculum & Courses list == It is my vision and hope that the Core Curriculum and Courses list on the School page will eventually be replaced with an 'example list' or whatever equivalent structure not unlike university style degree programs. It will ideally have a Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate level style program for students and other Open Education institutions to refer to as a potential template for their educational offering in Religions Studies. [[User:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]] ([[User talk:SotanScholar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SotanScholar|contribs]]) 17:26, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:SotanScholar|SotanScholar]]: Be sure to see [[Wikiversity:Scope]]. The focus here should be on Wikiversity courses rather than degrees that Wikiversity can't offer or recommend. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) mzu31x32hh6u50a16hipn575hhkwj9i 3 286166 2412698 2022-08-09T00:42:32Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] U3215103!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:42, 9 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} cf1889fvh027qht0oog7gzvd7oqcrij 2 286167 2412754 2022-08-09T03:45:06Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 New resource with "{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Richard Lewontin|Lewontin, Richard C.]] === <hr /> '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Evolutionary Biologist, Geneticist <br /> <hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Lewontin, Richard C.}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr />" wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Richard Lewontin|Lewontin, Richard C.]] === <hr /> '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Evolutionary Biologist, Geneticist <br /> <hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Lewontin, Richard C.}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> g2enxh8401ppueqxac47k0q1n6ovmuf 2412756 2412754 2022-08-09T03:47:03Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} === [[w:Richard Lewontin|Lewontin, Richard C. (1929 - 2021)]] === <hr /> '''Notable Accomplishments''' * Evolutionary Biologist, Geneticist <br /> <hr /> '''Publications''' {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Lewontin, Richard C.}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> 1qo0mtkfua7ystrxw54gnowo6wiaz4k